Dialectal vocabulary types of dialectisms. Dialectisms in Russian, examples of use

) etc. Dialectical phraseological units. Stable combinations found only in dialects. Give as a waste (expose yourself to attack), carry both from the Don and from the sea (talk nonsense), leave your feet behind (knock off your feet), bend a wheeze (work with tension). Ethnographic dialectisms. Local names of local items. Obednik, berezhnik, polunoshnik, shalonik (the names of the winds among the Pomors), crane (a lever for raising water from a well), cats (birch bark bast shoes), novina (a harsh canvas).

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what “phonetic dialectisms” are in other dictionaries:

phonetic dialectisms Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

phonetic dialectisms- Words that reflect the phonetic features of a particular dialect: barrel, Vankya (vm.: barrel, Vanka) - southern Russian dialectisms; kuricha, tsiasy (vg.: chicken, clock) – northwestern dialects... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Dialectisms- Dialectisms are linguistic features characteristic of territorial dialects, included in literary speech. Dialectisms stand out in the flow of literary speech as deviations from the (linguistic) norm. Phonetic dialectisms differ: for example, in ... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

- (from dialect) linguistic (phonetic, grammatical, etc.) features inherent in dialect speech, interspersed into the literary language. Sometimes used as a stylistic device in works of art... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from dialect), linguistic (phonetic, grammatical, etc.) features inherent in dialect speech, interspersed into the literary language. Sometimes used as a stylistic device in works of art. * * * DIALECTISM… … encyclopedic Dictionary

DIALECTISM- (from the Greek diálektos dialect, adverb), words or stable combinations in the literary language, characteristic of local dialects. D. are distinguished between phonetic (conveying the features of the sound system of the dialect), word-forming... ... Literary encyclopedic dictionary

Linguistic features characteristic of territorial dialects, interspersed in literary speech. D. stand out in the flow of literary speech as deviations from the norm. D. phonetic ones differ: for example, clicking, i.e. pronunciation ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

1) Words from different dialects are often used in the language of fiction for stylistic purposes (to create local color, to characterize the speech of characters). 2) Phonetic, morphological, syntactic,... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

dialectisms- (from the Greek dialektos dialect, adverb) words belonging to any dialect or dialects, used in the language of fiction to create local flavor, speech characteristics of characters; sometimes dialectisms are also considered... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism

This page is proposed to be merged with provincialism. Explanation of reasons and discussion on the Wikipedia page: Toward unification / December 15, 2012. Discussion for ... Wikipedia

Dialectal vocabulary. Penetration of dialect vocabulary into literary language

Throughout the history of the Russian literary language, its vocabulary has been replenished dialectisms. Among the words that go back to dialectisms, there are stylistically neutral ones ( taiga, hill, eagle owl, strawberry, smile, plow, very) and words with expressive connotations ( boring, clumsy, mumble, take a nap, nonsense, trouble). Many words of dialect origin are associated with the life and way of life of the peasantry ( farmhand, harrow, spindle, dugout). After 1917, the words grain grower, plowing, greenery, steam, mow, milkmaid, initiative, new settler entered the literary language.

The Russian literary language is also enriched with ethnographic vocabulary. In the 50-60s, Siberian ethnographic words were mastered fall, valley, sludge etc. In this regard, in modern lexicography an opinion is expressed about the need to revise the system of stylistic marks that limit the use of words by indicating their dialectal nature.

And yet, for the development of a modern literary language, dialect influence is not significant. On the contrary, despite isolated cases of borrowing dialect words into a literary language, it subjugates dialects, which leads to their leveling and gradual extinction.

Dialectisms in artistic speech

In artistic speech, dialectisms perform important stylistic functions: they help convey local flavor, the peculiarities of the characters’ speech, and finally, dialect vocabulary can be a source of speech expression.

The use of dialectisms in Russian fiction has its own history. Poetics of the 18th century. allowed dialect vocabulary only in low genres, mainly in comedy; dialectisms were a distinctive feature of the characters’ non-literary, predominantly peasant speech. At the same time, dialect features of various dialects were often mixed in the speech of one character.

Sentimentalist writers, prejudiced against coarse, “peasant” language, protected their style from dialect vocabulary.

Interest in dialectisms was caused by the desire of realist writers to truthfully reflect the life of the people, to convey the “common” flavor. Dialect sources were consulted by I.A. Krylov, A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, N.A. Nekrasov, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy and others. Turgenev, for example, often contains words from the Oryol and Tula dialects ( highway, gutorit, poneva, potion, inO lna, doctor, butchilo and etc.). Writers of the 19th century used dialectisms that corresponded to their aesthetic attitudes. This does not mean that only some poeticized dialect words were allowed into the literary language. Stylistically, the use of reduced dialect vocabulary could have been justified. For example: As if on purpose, the peasants met, all shabby(T.) - here dialectism with a negative emotional-expressive connotation in the context is combined with other reduced vocabulary ( the willow trees stood like beggars in rags; the peasants rode on bad nags).

Modern writers also use dialectisms when describing rural life, landscapes, and when conveying the characters’ speech patterns. Skillfully introduced dialect words are a grateful means of speech expression.

It is necessary to distinguish, on the one hand, from the “quotational” use of dialectisms, when they are present in the context as a different style element, and, on the other hand, their use on equal terms with the vocabulary of the literary language, with which dialectisms should stylistically merge.

When using dialecticisms in quotation terms, it is important to maintain a sense of proportion and remember that the language of the work must be understandable to the reader. For example: All the evenings, and even nights, [the guys] sit at the fires, speaking in the local language, and bake opalikhi, that is, potatoes(Abr.) - such use of dialectisms is stylistically justified. When assessing the aesthetic meaning of dialect vocabulary, one should proceed from its internal motivation and organic nature in the context. The mere presence of dialectisms cannot yet indicate a realistic reflection of local color. As rightly emphasized by A.M. Gorky, “everyday life needs to be laid in the foundation, and not stuck on the façade. Local flavor is not in the use of words: taiga, zaimka, shanga“It should stick out from the inside.”

A more complex problem is the use of dialectisms along with literary vocabulary as stylistically unambiguous speech means. In this case, a passion for dialectisms can lead to clogging of the language of the work. For example: Everything is amazing and captivating; Belozor swam in the distance; The slope is creeping up- such an introduction of dialectisms obscures the meaning.

When determining the aesthetic value of dialectisms in artistic speech, one should take into account what words the author chooses. Based on the requirement of accessibility and understandability of the text, the use of dialectisms that do not require additional explanation and are understandable in context is usually noted as proof of the writer’s skill. Therefore, writers often conditionally reflect the features of the local dialect, using several characteristic dialect words. As a result of this approach, dialectisms that have become widespread in fiction often become “all-Russian”, having lost connection with a specific folk dialect. The appeal of writers to the dialecticisms of this circle is no longer perceived by the modern reader as an expression of the author’s individual manner; it becomes a kind of literary cliche.

Writers should go beyond “interdialectal” vocabulary and strive for non-standard use of dialectisms. An example of a creative solution to this problem can be the prose of V.M. Shukshina. There are no incomprehensible dialect words in his works, but the speech of the heroes is always original and folk. For example, vivid expression distinguishes dialectisms in the story “How the Old Man Died”:

Yegor stood on the stove and put his hands under the old man.

- Hold on to my neck... That's it! How light it has become!..

- I threw up... (...)

- I’ll come by in the evening and check on you. (...)

“Don’t eat, that’s weakness,” the old woman remarked. - Maybe we’ll chop the trigger and make some broth? It's delicious when it's fresh... Eh? (...)

- No need. And we won’t eat, but we’ll decide to eat. (...)

- At least don’t fidget now!.. He’s standing there with one foot, and he’s making some noise. (...) Are you really dying, or what? Maybe he's gotten better.(...)

“Agnusha,” he said with difficulty, “forgive me... I was a little alarmed...

The processes of increasing spread of the literary language and the extinction of dialects, characteristic of our historical era, are manifested in the reduction of lexical dialectisms in artistic speech.

Stylistically unjustified use of dialectisms

Dialectisms as an expressive means of speech can be used only in those styles in which going beyond the normative boundaries of the vocabulary of a literary language into folk dialects is stylistically justified. In scientific and official business styles, dialectisms are not used.

The introduction of dialect vocabulary into works of journalistic style is possible, but requires great caution. In journalism, the use of dialecticisms along with literary vocabulary is undesirable; dialecticisms are especially unacceptable in the author’s narration. For example: Then Lushnikov saw Shirokikh, and they returned to the gathering place, built a fire and began to shout to their comrades; The icebreaker was moving quickly, but Stepan hoped to slip through to the right bank before the path on the river was destroyed- replacing dialectisms with commonly used words, sentences can be corrected as follows: ...they began to call their comrades; The icebreaker was moving quickly, but Stepan hoped to slip through to the right bank while the ice on the river was still intact (until the ice breaks).

It is completely unacceptable to use dialect words whose meaning is not entirely clear to the author. Thus, narrating about the anniversary voyage of the steam locomotive, the journalist writes: Everything was the same as 125 years ago, when the same steam locomotive passed through first route... However, he did not take into account that the word pervoputok means “the first winter journey on fresh snow.”

It should be borne in mind that the use of dialectisms is not justified even as a characterological means if the author cites the words of the characters spoken in an official setting. For example: ...It is necessary to inspect the animal in a timely manner and notify the veterinary service; The chefs bring food, the bridges are washed, the laundry is taken to the laundry. And sometimes they’ll just come over to have fun(speech of the characters in the essays). In such cases, dialectisms create an unacceptable diversity of speech means, because in conversations with journalists, rural residents try to speak in a literary language. The authors of the essays could write: ...We must take care of the animal on time; ...the floors will be washed; sometimes they'll just come in for dinner.

Question 49 Using jargon for stylistic purposes

Slang vocabulary

Jargon vocabulary, unlike professional vocabulary, denotes concepts that already have names in the common language. Jargon- a type of colloquial speech used by a certain circle of native speakers, united by common interests, occupations, and position in society. In modern Russian language there is youth slang, or slang(from the English slang - words and expressions used by people of certain professions or age groups). Many words and expressions have come from slang into colloquial speech: crib, cram, tail(academic debt), swim(perform poorly on an exam) fishing rod(satisfactory assessment), etc. The emergence of many jargons is associated with the desire of young people to express their attitude to a subject or phenomenon more clearly and emotionally. Hence these evaluative words: amazing, awesome, cool, laugh, go crazy, get high, play around, plow, sunbathe and so on. All of them are common only in oral speech and are often absent from dictionaries.

However, slang contains many words and expressions that are understandable only to the initiated. Let us take as an example a humoresque from the newspaper “University Life” (09.12.1991).

Notes of one cool student at one killer lecture.

Hammurabi was a strong politician. He literally rolled a barrel at the surrounding kents. At first he ran into Larsa, but actually broke off. Fighting with Larsa was no show to the sparrows, especially since their Rim-Sin was such a sophisticated cabinet that he had no problem gluing Hammurabi’s beard on. However, it was not so easy to take him for a show-off, Larsa became purely violet to him, and he turned the arrows on Marie. He managed to throw noodles into the ears of Zimrilim, who was also a tough man, but in this case he clicked his beak. Having become coryphal, they ran into Eshnuna, Uruk and Issin, who bounced their tails for a long time, but flew by like a flock of rasps.

For the uninitiated, such a set of slang words turns out to be an insurmountable obstacle to understanding the text, so let’s translate this passage into literary language.

Hammurabi was a skilled politician. He pursued an expansionist policy. At first, the ruler of Babylon tried to capture Larsa, but he failed. It turned out to be not so easy to fight Larsa, especially since their ruler Rim-Sin was such a resourceful diplomat that he easily forced Hammurabi to abandon his intention. But Hammurabi continued his campaigns of conquest in order to expand the territory of his state. And, abandoning attempts to conquer Larsa for a while, he changed his political course, and the Babylonian army rushed north. He managed to conclude an alliance with the ruler of Mari Zimrilim, who was also a good politician, but in this case he yielded to the military power of Hammurabi. The combined forces conquered Eshnunu, Uruk and Issin, who stubbornly defended themselves, but were eventually defeated.

When comparing these very different “editions,” one cannot deny the first, full of jargon, its liveliness and imagery. However, the inappropriateness of using slang in a history lecture is obvious.

The expressiveness of slang vocabulary contributes to the fact that words from slangs move into national colloquial and everyday speech, not bound by strict literary norms. Most words that have become widespread outside of jargons can be considered jargons only from a genetic point of view, and at the time of their consideration they already belong to the vernacular. This explains the inconsistency of labels for jargon in explanatory dictionaries. So, in the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” S.I. Ozhegova fall asleep in the meaning of “to fail” (colloquial), in the meaning of “to get caught, to be caught in something” (simple), and in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language”, ed. D.N. Ushakova, it has marks (colloquially, from the thieves' argot). At Ozhegov's cram(colloquial), and Ushakov gives a mark for this word (school slang). Many jargons in the newest dictionaries are given with a stylistic mark (simple) [for example, in Ozhegov: ancestors- “parents” (simple, joking); tail- “remainder, unfulfilled part of something, for example exams” (simple); new guy- “newcomer, recruit, junior in relation to elders” (simple), etc.]. Slang vocabulary is inferior to literary vocabulary in accuracy, which determines its inferiority as a means of communication. The meaning of jargon tends to vary depending on the context. For example, verb camp Can mean doze, sleep, rest; verb run over - threaten, extort, pursue, take revenge; adjective cool matter good, attractive, interesting, reliable etc.; This is the same meaning of the word lethal and a number of others. All this convinces us of the inappropriateness of replacing the rich, vibrant Russian language with slang.

A special socially limited group of words in modern Russian is camp jargon, which is used by people placed in special living conditions. He reflected the terrible life in places of detention: convict(a prisoner), veneer or trouble(search), gruel(soup), tower(execution), informer(informer), knock(convey) and under. Such jargon finds application in realistic descriptions of camp life by former “prisoners of conscience” who were given the opportunity to openly recall repressions. Let us quote one of the most talented Russian writers who did not have time to realize their creative potential for well-known reasons:

If you are called on duty, it means expect trouble. Either a punishment cell follows, or some other dirty trick...

...True, this time they didn’t put me in a punishment cell or even “deprive me of a stall.” “Deprive with a stall” or “deprive with a date” are bossy formulas that arose as a result of a tendency to laconicism, this is 50% of the economy of expression. “Deprive the right to use a kiosk” or “...date.” The bosses, completely tormented by the desire for the ideal, had to resort quite often to the saving tongue twister, and they naturally tried to save seconds. So, something unusual awaited me. Upon entering, I saw several guards and at their head - “Regime”. We, too, were inclined to brevity, though for other reasons: when danger was approaching, it was easier and more profitable to whisper: “Regime!” than to say: “Deputy head of the camp for the regime.”

Besides the “Regime”, the guards and me, there was someone else in the room, and I immediately stared at him.

(Julius Daniel)

From this passage one can get an idea of the very “mechanism” of the appearance of these strange jargons. I would like to hope that there will be no extralinguistic conditions for their consolidation in the Russian language and that they will quickly become part of the passive vocabulary.

This cannot be said about the language of the underworld (thieves, tramps, bandits). This slang variety of language is defined by the term argo (French argot - closed, inactive). Argo- secret, artificial language of criminals ( thug music), known only to initiates and existing only in oral form. Some argotisms are becoming widespread outside the argot: thieves, mokrushnik, feather(knife), raspberries(den) split up, nix, fraer etc., but at the same time they practically turn into the category of colloquial vocabulary and are given in dictionaries with the corresponding stylistic marks: “colloquial”, “coarsely colloquial”.

Dialectisms are linguistic features characteristic of a particular area. These can be individual words, as well as phrases and expressions.

The term comes from the Greek word dialektos - “talk, dialect”.
There are phonetic, grammatical, word-formation and lexical dialectisms.

Lexical dialectisms

Lexical dialectisms are heterogeneous; several groups can be distinguished: ethnographisms, lexical dialectisms proper, semantic and word-formative dialectisms.
Ethnographisms They name objects and concepts that are characteristic of everyday life and the economy of a given area, but do not have synonyms in the literary language.

Poneva

For example: poneva- a type of skirt (an element of Russian folk costume, a women's woolen skirt for married women made from several pieces of fabric).

Tues- a small birch bark box with a lid. The classic tub has a cylindrical shape. Shalonik- the name of one of the winds among the Pomors. Zybka- cradle.
Actually lexical dialectisms have corresponding synonyms in the literary language: kochet(rooster), basque(Beautiful), hefty(Very), beetroot(beet).
Semantic dialectisms have their own meaning, different from the meaning of the literary language: in a word "bridge" in some areas it is called a canopy; word "thin" means "bad" (thin person = bad person).

Grammatical dialectisms

In some areas, verbs in the 3rd person are pronounced with a soft [t]: he go, They take etc.
In the endings of nouns the letter changes: no longer(instead of his wife); from my sister(instead of from my sister).
The control of prepositions changes: came from Moscow; go to the house.

Word-formation dialectisms

In some areas the berry is called blueberry "blueberry"», « Cherniga", i.e. invent a new word based on a literary one. The calf is also called by its own name: heifer, heifer, heifer.

Phonetic dialectisms

The peculiarity of such dialect words is their specific pronunciation. For example, clicking: do[ts]ka, but[ts]; yak: [core], [five]; pronunciation [x] in place of [g] at the end of the word: sleep[x], other[x].

The use of dialectisms in fiction

In fiction, dialectisms are used to characterize the speech of characters, to create local color, i.e. for a realistic depiction of reality. If we read how the Cossack speaks in pure Moscow dialect, we would not believe the author of the work, we would deny his truthfulness. Elements of dialect speech (dialectisms) are found in the works of classical and modern literature by many Russian writers: V. I. Belov, V. G. Rasputin, V. P. Astafiev, M. A. Sholokhov, P. P. Bazhov, B. V. Shergin and others. The diversity of Russian dialects is reflected in numerous works of Russian folklore. Folklore is also used in modern art: folklore recordings in Russian dialects form the basis of the work of the Ivan Kupala group.

Group "Ivan Kupala"
But sometimes dialect words can be found in the speech of people who have not fully mastered the norms of the literary language.
A dialect is a layer of language that often does not have a written language.
French linguists, along with the term “dialecte”, use the term “patois”, which also denotes the locally limited speech of certain groups of the population, mainly rural.

History of dialects

Modern Russian dialect groups were formed as a result of interactions, transformations and regroupings of dialects of the Old Russian language. The Russian northern dialect developed as a result of contacts between Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal settlers who settled the Russian North from the 12th-13th centuries. Western and eastern Central Russian dialects developed within the more ancient parts of the territory of the Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal lands. A decisive role in the development of the “transitional character” of these dialects was played by their interaction with the southern Russian dialect region, which separated the southern Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal territories from the northern ones.
The Smolensk-Polotsk dialects gradually entered the sphere of influence of the southern Russian Akaya dialect, as a result of which the modern area of the southern dialect of the Russian language was formed, connected by a wide band of transitional dialects with dialects of the Belarusian language.

Workshop on building knowledge on the topic “Dialectisms”.

Dubinskaya V.K., school-gymnasium No. 3, Astana.

Tasks:

a) educational – familiarizing students with the features

dialect speech, deepening knowledge on the topic, enriching

students' vocabulary;

b) developing – developing the ability to find in texts

dialect words, determine their role;

c) educating - instilling respect for the Russian language, its

lexical norms.

Epigraph: “A local word can enrich the language if it is figurative,

euphonious and understandable"(K. Paustovsky).

During the classes.

I Mobilizing beginning of the lesson, message of the topic, motivation for learning.

II Repetition:

Blitz survey:

Vocabulary is...

What words are called unambiguous?

What words are called ambiguous?

What are the names of words known to all people?

What are the names of words that are not known to all speaking people?

in Russian?

Work on the card “Dialectisms” (to refresh your knowledge on the topic).

Dialectisms.

Dialect words (dialectisms) - words used only by residents of a certain area: beetroot(beet), sula(zander), kochet(rooster), hefty(Very); sash(belt), peplum(Beautiful), golitsy,(mittens), sorrel(Red Ribes), smoking(house), drone(speak) and etc.

Words known to all people and used by everyone are called commonly used. Words that are not known to all Russian speakers are called not commonly used. These include, for example, dialectal And professional words.

Dialect words- these are words used only by residents of a particular terrain.

The speech of the inhabitants of a particular area is called a dialect.

There are three main groups of dialects in the Russian language: North Russian dialects (or North Russian dialect), South Russian dialects (or South Russian dialect), Central Russian dialects (or Central Russian dialects).

Russian folk dialects are divided into two dialects: northern and southern. Between these dialects there are Central Russian dialects.

Note. The speech of the inhabitants of a particular area consists ofcommon and dialect words.There are fewer dialect words in each dialect than the common ones demanding.

The adverbs of the Russian language differ from each other, in addition, in their phonetics and grammar. For example, northerners pronounce the sound [o] in place of the letterABOUT before stress: [water]; this pronunciation is called okaya. Southerners pronounce letters on the spotABOUT sound [a]: [vada]; This pronunciation is called Akaya. Among the Central Russian dialects there are both okaya and akaya. In Siberia and the Far East There are settlements where they speak either a northern or a southern dialect.

The same objects (signs, actions) are often called differently in dialects and in the literary language.

Literary

words

Dialect words

Northern Russian

adverbs

South Russian

adverbs

rooster

duck

speak

belt

rooster

duck

beat up

hashnik

kochet

pitching

drone

belt

Dialect words are used in works of art to convey the speech characteristics of residents of a certain area.

Dialectal words used in works of art are called dialecticisms.

Dialectisms (in dialect words) are called words that are used predominantly by residents of one terrain. Yes, wordsmoking (house) used in dialect (dialect) of the Don Cossacks: rye shoots are called in the northwinter, and in the south - greenery; winter felted shoes in Siberia are calledpimami (pim - units h., im. etc.), and in the European part of Russia -felt boots.. For example, the word Yaruga(ravine) used comes out in speechrural residents of some places.

In Novgorod and some other northern regions they say - nagrezil (smeared), tina (tops), dyanki (mittens). In some southern regions they say demand (disdain), deja (knead), etc.

The dialects still preserve the names of objects of rural life and economy, flora and fauna, designations of natural phenomena, actions, qualities, etc. For example: rooster - “cocking”, “song”; lightning - "thunderbolt"; forest - “forest”, “gai”; road - "stitch", "way".

In the dialects of the northern dialect, only dialects are used

words, for example: kryga- “ice floe”, plow up- “sweep” basswhoa- "Beautiful"; in the dialects of the southern dialect - others, for example)

kochet- "rooster", rahmanny-"worthless."

In literary language, speaking verbs: talk, say, talk- correspond to dialect words such as babble, babble, babble, babble.

Talking is a special variety of the modern Russian language, developing according to its own laws.

Many dialect words become commonly used and are included in synonymous groups, for example: house(common) hut(Northern Russian), hut(South Russian).

Dialecticisms are usually used in works of art to convey local flavor. The eastern wind blows across the native steppe. Log was covered in snow. The valleys and ravines were leveled. There are no roads or paths (M. Sholokhov). Log - ravine. Padina – narrow hollow. Yar - steep steep bank of the river.

Answers to questions in the form of a brainstorming session.

What words are called dialectal?

What words are called commonly used?

What words are called uncommon?

What words does the speech of the inhabitants of a particular area consist of?

For what purpose do writers use dialectisms in fiction?

III Work on the topic.

Studying new material from the textbook and other sources (work in groups followed by defense).

Dialectisms (lexical) are words characteristic of local dialects.

a) Reading a dialogue between a grandmother and her grandson and answering the question: “Why didn’t the boy understand his grandmother?”

Granddaughter, go to the garden and bring some beetroot for borscht.

- What should I bring, grandma?

Burakov.

What is it?

- Well, in our village that’s what they call beets.

Word beet commonly used, it is known to all Russian speakers. Word beetroot used only in the speech of residents of a certain area. This is a dialect word.

Dialect words are outside the boundaries of the literary language; their use in oral and written speech instead of common literary words violates the norms of the literary language and is unacceptable. However, in the language of fiction, dialectisms are usually used for special stylistic purposes: the writer needs dialectisms mainly to create local color and speech characteristics of the characters, the author strives to give a more expressive speech characteristic of the hero, to evoke in the reader more vivid ideas about the place where the action develops . Thus, the bright and original language of M.A. Sholokhov is distinguished by the skillful use of dialectisms. Drawing in the novels “Quiet Don” and “Virgin Soil Upturned” the life of the Don Cossacks, the author uses the word kuren instead of the word hut and hut; a place in the yard fenced for livestock is called a base, a garden grove is called a levada, etc., for example: From pipes kuren in the mornings with scaffolding straight orange trunks of smoke rise. (“Virgin Soil Upturned.”)

“Where is the owner?” - “No-ma.” - “How? not at all? - “Absolutely.” - “And the hostess?” - “I ran into the settlement.” - “Who will open the door for me?” - I said, kicking her.

Such masters of artistic expression as Turgenev, L. Tolstoy, Nekrasov, Leskov, Melnikov-Pechersky, M. Sholokhov, F. Gladkov, A. Fadeev and others resorted to dialectisms. However, the abuse of dialect words clogs speech and obscures its meaning. But, as we said, writers, for the authenticity and persuasiveness of the created pictures of human life, use the entire wealth of lexical means of the Russian language, therefore, in the fabric of a work of art, along with general literary words, words that are used only by residents of a certain area can sometimes be included - dialectisms, for example: kochet (rooster), gutarit (talk), ravine (ravine), buchilo (deep hole with spring water).

Some dialectisms, becoming commonly used, gradually enter the literary language, enriching it. Examples include the words strawberry, plowing, tentacle, clumsy and others, included in literary speech from local dialects.

We see that there is no blank wall between the national and dialect dictionaries: many words that were dialectic words have entered the literary language. Among them are such as nonsense, owl, frail, boring, smile, take a nap, farmhand, mumble, clumsy and many others.

Some of the most commonly used dialect words in works of art are included in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language. With them, a litter of the region is given. (i.e. regional).

Turgenev introduced the dialectic rustle into literary use. In the story “Bezhin Meadow” this word was accompanied by the author’s explanation: “as they say here in the Oryol province.”

d) Example - a situation in a lesson with a girl who spoke a dialect.

-Anya! Go to the board! - the teacher addresses the girl sitting at the first desk. - Write the word station.

The girl writes hesitantly: station.

The teacher shakes her head negatively:

- Remember! After all, I explained that it is wrong to pronounceulisa, sinisa,_stancia. Learn to speak and write C!

The girl perked up. She briskly tapped the chalk on blackboard

She remembered! The word is written. But why does the teacher shake her head again? After all, Anya corrected the mistake! On the board it is written: _tstan tion.

We understand that the girl, having corrected the mistake, immediately made another, and rather strange one. Why did this happen? Why are the errors so unusual? Why station? And where did it come from station? Well I wrote would_stantsya - Got it.

~ Why, actually, is it clear? Well, how about it? ts in Russian it is always hard. But in words fish, cheese, soap we write after the hard ones s, and then ts- And. There are, however, exceptions - all the words in the phrase “The gypsy on tiptoe said “tsyts” to the chicken” - but this changes little

Station– this is not a defect in Anya’s individual speech. That's what everyone around her says. Since childhood, Anya had not heard the sound Ts around her: after all, her grandmother, and parents, and all her friends in her village spoke kurisa, Yayso. That's why she said so herself. For her C And WITH always merged into one sound before WITH.

As you can see, it is not easy for someone who has spoken a dialect since childhood to master the norms of a literary language. Therefore, dialects live on despite the existence of radio, newspapers, cinema, and television.

2. About V.I. Dahl's dictionary.

There are special dialect dictionaries, or dictionaries of Russian folk dialects. In Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl’s “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” there are many dialect words collected by him in different parts of Russia.

For example, dialect words are names of the wind used in the north.

In the speech of northerners, a system of names for all main winds: north(northern), letnik(southern), west(west), east(Oriental), Glubnik(northwestern), shelonik(southwestern), night owl(northeastern), dinner person(southeastern).

3. Reading the dialogue from V. Shukshin’s story “Stubborn”.

Read the dialogue from V. Shukshin’s story “Stubborn”, highlight the dialecticisms. Who do they belong to? What can replace them? For what purpose does the writer use dialectisms? Compare the speech of your interlocutors: do the remarks of one of them differ from those of the other in stylistic terms?

- Why are you like this today? - asked the grandmother when they were sitting having breakfast.

- Which? - Monya asked calmly and condescendingly.

- Satisfied. I squinted like a cat in the sun... I had a dream, what?

- I dreamed that I found ten thousand rubles in a briefcase.

- Go to hell! - The old woman grinned, paused and asked:

- So what would you do with the name?

What? … What about you?

4. Reading a fragment from N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Peasant Children.”

Read an excerpt from N. A. Nekrasov’s poem “Peasant Children” and find d dialect word in the speech of a peasant boy. What common word corresponds to it?

- Hello, lad!

- „Get past it!"

- You're too formidable, as I can see!Where do the firewood come from?

From the forest, of course. Father, do you hear him chopping? And I'll take it.

5. Game “Who is faster?”

Explain the meaning of dialectisms and indicate in which works they were found.

Buchilo is a deep hole with spring water. (“Notes of a Hunter” by Turgenev.)

Yaruga is a ravine. (“Notes of a Hunter” by Turgenev.)

Greenery - rye shoots in the south. (“Notes of a Hunter” by Turgenev.)

Yar is a steep, steep bank of the river. (“Notes of a Hunter” by Turgenev,

"Dead Souls" by Gogol.)

Kuren is a house among the Don Cossacks, the same as a hut. ("Taras Bulba"

Gogol, “Virgin Soil Upturned” by Sholokhov.)

Base - a place in the yard, fenced for livestock. (“Notes of a Hunter”

Turgenev, “Virgin Soil Upturned” and “Quiet Don” by Sholokhov.)

6. Conclusions on the topic.

The variety of language is due to the fact that, in addition to the generally accepted normative literary language, there is also vernacular language. It is not easy for someone who has spoken a dialect since childhood to master the norms of a literary language. Therefore, dialects live on despite the existence of radio, newspapers, cinema, and television. Dialects are a special variety of the modern Russian language that develops according to its own laws. Some features are widespread over a vast territory (for example, “Okanye”), others are found only in isolated islands. But they are always associated with a specific area and can be indicated on the map. Such an area, the territory in which this or that linguistic feature is widespread, is called an area. And the variety of the Russian language itself, containing such features, is called a territorial dialect, or patois.

Russian folk dialects are numerous and varied. They are mainly common in rural areas, which is historically associated with the great isolation of life and life in the village, with the fact that there is a more stable, permanent population, and long-distance travel is rare.

So, a strictly standardized literary language, processed by masters of words - and the living, unorganized element of vernacular speech; the result of the fragmentation of distant feudal times that has survived to this day - territorial dialects - and professional “languages” that are rapidly developing in the age of scientific and technological revolution - this is what, it turns out, a complex thing is the Russian language. How many varieties, options, how many “languages” there are in it! It is not surprising that it is not so easy to understand all the patterns, all the subtleties, all the complexities in the structure of this language! It is also not surprising that a lot of effort is required to perfectly master its literary norms.

7. Creative work - writing an essay on a topic or a fragment of a literary text using dialectisms.

8. Reflection.

Summing up the lesson.

Using dialectisms in speech, we must remember the words of K. Paustovsky: “A local word can enrich the language if it is figurative, euphonious and understandable.”

Homework - learn the meaning of terms and create an assignment on the topic of this lesson.

The introduction of dialect vocabulary into works of journalistic style is possible, but requires great caution. In journalism, the use of dialecticisms along with literary vocabulary is undesirable; dialecticisms are especially unacceptable in the author’s narration. For example : Then Lushnikov saw Shirokikh, and they returned to the gathering place, built a fire and began to shout to their comrades; The icebreaker was moving quickly, but Stepan hoped to slip through to the right bank before the path on the river was destroyed - replacing dialectisms with commonly used words, the sentences can be corrected as follows: ... they began to call their comrades; The icebreaker was moving quickly, but Stepan hoped to slip through to the right bank while the ice on the river was still intact (until the ice began to move).

It is completely unacceptable to use dialect words whose meaning is not entirely clear to the author. Thus, narrating the anniversary voyage of the steam locomotive, the journalist writes: Everything was the same as 125 years ago, when the same steam train passed along the first route... However, he did not take into account that the word n first route means " first winter trek on fresh snow».

In such cases, dialectisms create an unacceptable diversity of speech means, because in conversations with journalists, rural residents try to speak in a literary language. The authors of the essays could write: ...We must take care of the animal on time; ...the floors will be washed; sometimes they'll just come in for dinner.

The second variety of the national language is vernacular.

It consists of widely used words of everyday speech, which, due to their roughness, deviate from the exemplary literary norms of pronunciation and use. Vernacular speech is not geographically limited, unlike dialects. This is the speech of a poorly educated population who does not know the norms of the literary language.

The vernacular developed as a result of the mixing of different dialectal speech in the city, where people from various rural regions of Russia have long moved (in search of work, etc.).

Let's note some character traits modern Russian vernacular:

1) Softening consonants before soft consonants: candy, brick, envelope;

2) Inserting the sound й or в between adjacent vowels within a word: shpien instead of spy, kakavo, radivo, piyanino;

3) Inserting a vowel inside consonant combinations: zhizin, rubel;

4) Assimilation of consonants in verb forms: I was afraid, I liked it;

5) Dissimilation of consonants: dilator, collidor, tranway, seclitary, laboratory;

6) Alignment of stems when conjugating verbs: want, want, want, bake, bake;

7) Mixing genders of nouns: I’ll eat all the jam, what a sour apple;

8) Mixing different case forms of one word: at my sister's, at my mother's, to my sister's;

9) The ending –OV in R.p. plural numbers for nouns that have a zero ending in the literary language: many things to do, no places, came from neighbors;

10) Declension of some indeclinable foreign words: without a coat, there will be no kin, we rode by meter;

11) Using kinship terms to address a stranger: dad, mom, sister, brother;

12) Using nouns with diminutive suffixes to express politeness: Would you like some tea? Do you have straight or slanted temples?

13) Widespread use of emotional vocabulary, and in an uncertain meaning: play, scald, chip, scratch: The rain scalds; He plays the guitar from morning to evening. She speaks great English.

The third type of national language is jargons.

Jargon vocabulary, unlike professional vocabulary, denotes concepts that already have names in the common language. Jargon - a type of colloquial speech used by a certain circle of native speakers, united by common interests, occupations, and position in society.

Jargons – words characteristic of the speech of individual social groups united according to some characteristic (age, local, i.e. place of residence, professional).

So, for example, in pilots' jargon the bottom of the fuselage is called belly, training aircraft - ladybug. Sailors call grandfather not the one who is older than others on the ship, but the senior engineer; captain - cap, mechanic - bloodworm b, coca - Kanday.

The jargon of the ofeni - itinerant traders who existed in Russia in the 19th century, included the words: eye"house", melech"milk", Sarah"money", mind you"speak", tinker"build" etc.

All slang words are stylistically reduced vocabulary and are outside the boundaries of the literary language. They are used mainly among “our own” people, i.e. in communication with people of the same social circle as the speaker. Therefore, the main purpose of jargon is to make speech incomprehensible to others.

Jargons, like any words of a literary language or dialect, become obsolete and disappear over time, or instead of some jargons others appear. Thus, jargons are no longer found among the names of money crunch (ruble), fifth (five rubles), red (ten rubles), corner (25 rubles), piece (1000 rubles), but they appeared piece (1000), lemon, money and etc.

Some reinterpreted words of popular vocabulary are slang: car in meaning "car", with moltь "to leave unnoticed" ancestors"parents" etc.

In modern Russian language there are youth slang , or slang (from the English slang - words and expressions used by people of certain professions or age groups)/. Many words and expressions have come from slang into colloquial speech: cheat sheet, cram, tail (academic debt), swim (do poorly on the exam), fishing rod (satisfactory grade) and so on. The emergence of many jargons is associated with the desire of young people to express their attitude to a subject or phenomenon more clearly and emotionally. Hence these evaluative words: amazing, awesome, cool, laugh, go crazy, get high, play around, plow, sunbathe, etc..P. All of them are common only in oral speech and are often absent from dictionaries.

However, slang contains many words and expressions that are understandable only to the initiated. Let us take as an example a humoresque from the newspaper “University Life” (09.12.1991).

Notes of one cool student at one killer lecture.

For the uninitiated, such a set of slang words turns out to be an insurmountable obstacle to understanding the text, so let’s translate this passage into literary language.

When comparing these very different “editions” one cannot refuse the first , full of jargon, vividness and imagery. However, the inappropriateness of using slang in a history lecture is obvious.

Note that slang, like jargon in general, is based on expressive use; it has a “bright coloring”. This is where it lies danger constant use of slang: the predominance of evaluative vocabulary in speech leads to the fact that the speaker prefers to evaluate rather than transmit and analyze information (he can say what he likes or not, but cannot explain why). All argumentation comes down to uttering the words: cool, funny, super, etc. Another danger of being carried away by slang is that the speaker exhibits impersonal speech, no different from the speech of his peers. No speech individuality.

Thus, communication using slang makes not only the linguistic personality primitive, but also the social personality.

Many jargons in the newest dictionaries are given with a stylistic mark ( simple.)[for example, from Ozhegov: ancestors- "parents" ( simple, jokey.); tail- “the remainder, the unfulfilled part of something, for example exams” ( pros T.); new guy -"newcomer, recruit, junior in relation to seniors" ( simple) etc.d.].

A special socially limited group of words in modern Russian is camp jargon , which is used by people placed in special living conditions. He reflected the terrible life in places of detention: convict ( prisoner), veneer or trouble(search), gruel a (pottage), tower(execution), informer(informer), knock(convey) and under. Such jargon finds application in realistic descriptions of camp life by former “prisoners of conscience” who were given the opportunity to openly recall repressions. Let us quote one of the most talented Russian writers who did not have time to realize their creative potential for well-known reasons:

If you are called on duty, it means expect trouble. Either a punishment cell follows, or some other dirty trick...

Besides the “Regime”, the guards and me, there was someone else in the room, and I immediately stared at him.

(Julius Daniel)

From this passage one can get an idea of the very “mechanism” of the appearance of these strange jargons . I would like to hope that there will be no extralinguistic conditions for their consolidation in the Russian language and that they will quickly become part of the passive vocabulary.

This cannot be said about the language of the underworld (thieves, tramps, bandits). This slang variety of language is defined by the term argo ( fr. argot - closed, inactive). Argo - a secret, artificial language of criminals (thieves' music), known only to initiates and also existing only in oral form. Some argotisms are becoming widespread outside the argot: blatnoy, mokrushnik, pero (knife), raspberry (stash), split, nix, fraer, etc., but at the same time they practically turn into the category of colloquial vocabulary and are given in dictionaries with the corresponding stylistic marks: “ colloquial", "coarsely colloquial".

The use of slang vocabulary in literary language

The emergence and spread of jargon in speech is assessed as a negative phenomenon in the life of society and the development of the national language. However, the introduction of jargon into literary language is acceptable in exceptional cases: this vocabulary may be needed by writers to create speech characteristics of characters or by journalists describing life in the colonies. To emphasize that jargon in such cases is quoted, the author usually encloses it in quotation marks. For example: “Pakhany”, “hillocks” and others (title of a newspaper article); ...People are “released” by the verdict of thieves for various sins: snitching, non-payment of a gambling debt, disobedience to “authority”, for having “turned in” accomplices during the investigation, for having relatives in law enforcement agencies... (Trud. 1991. Nov 27)

Many famous writers were wary of jargon. Thus, I. Ilf and E. Petrov, when reprinting the novel “The Twelve Chairs,” abandoned some jargon. The desire of writers to protect the literary language from the influence of jargon is dictated by the need for an irreconcilable fight against them: it is unacceptable for jargon to be popularized through fiction.

In journalistic texts it is possible to refer to argotisms in materials on a certain topic. For example, in the “Crime Stories” section:

The “cream” of the criminal world are “thieves in law”... Below are ordinary thieves, who in the colony are called “denial” or “wool”. The life credo of the “denialist” is to resist the demands of the administration and, on the contrary, to do everything that the authorities prohibit... And at the base of the colony pyramid are the bulk of the convicts: “men”, “hard workers”. These are those who sincerely embarked on the path of correction.

In rare cases, jargon may be used in newspaper materials that have a sharp satirical focus.

Stylistically unjustified use of jargon

1. A stylistic flaw is the use of jargon in non-satirical contexts, dictated by the authors’ desire to enliven the narrative. So, the author got carried away with the play on words, calling his note like this : The artist Dali ofonarel (the note describes the artist’s unusual sculpture - in the form of a lamp, which gave the correspondent grounds for a pun: lantern - ofonarel). For a reader who does not know the jargon, such words become a mystery, but the language of a newspaper should be accessible to everyone.

2. Journalists who write about crimes, murders and robberies in a humorous tone should not get carried away with jargon. The use of argot and slang words in such cases gives the speech an inappropriate, cheerful tone. The tragic events are narrated as a fascinating incident. For modern correspondents of Moskovsky Komsomolets, this style has become familiar. Let's give just one example:

On Tverskaya Street last Thursday, police picked up two girls who were trying to “push” a VCR to passers-by for some gold. It turned out that the girls had cleaned out the apartment on Osenny Boulevard the night before. (...) The ringleader was a 19-year-old homeless woman...

3. There is a tendency to mix styles, creating inappropriate comedy in serious publications, which leads to a decline in the style of newspaper articles. Recently, the use of jargon and argotism has become more frequent, even in serious materials, and for short notes and reports, a style “colored” with reduced vocabulary has become common. For example:

And I won’t give you the corridor

The Kremlin has a new idea: to give fraternal Belarus access to the sea through Kaliningrad. “We are going to come to an agreement with the Poles and get their consent to build a section of the highway through their territory,” the President of Russia said just now.

So, dialect words, colloquialisms, and even more so jargons, as a rule, are unacceptable in speech. They can be introduced into speech only for a specific purpose, for example, as means of expression that emphasize the attitude of the speaker or writer. But this must be done carefully, with an understanding of the feasibility and appropriateness of such use in each specific case.