Francis, Pope (Bergoglio Jorge Mario). Francis (Pope)

Pope Francis (Francesco), known in the world as Jorge Mario Bergoglio, was born on December 17, 1936 in Buenos Aires. He comes from a family of Italian emigrants, his father worked on the railroad. The first head of the Catholic world from the New World, as well as the first Jesuit pope.

Ordination and teaching activities

Bergoglio entered the Villa Devoto Seminary in Buenos Aires at the age of 22. In 1958 he joined the ranks of the Jesuit Order. The novitiate with the study of the humanities took place in Chile. Then, returning to Argentina, he entered St. Joseph's College. After graduating with honors, he taught humanities at colleges in Buenos Aires.

In addition to his native Spanish, he is fluent in Italian and German languages. The new Pope also has a secular education as a chemical technologist.

The ordination took place on December 13, 1969. As befits a true priest, Bergoglio was unpretentious and persistent, and also had good knowledge, which he continuously improved. Thanks to these qualities, soon took over the post of rector of St. Joseph's College, which he once brilliantly graduated from. Then, having received doctorate in Germany, became director of the Archdiocese of Cordoba.

Highest positions in the church hierarchy

Bergoglio became primate of Argentina at the age of 61. In fact, he performed these duties for several years before entering the rank, being an assistant to Cardinal Antonio Quarracino. Here his talent as a leader and the qualities inherent in a true father of the Church were fully revealed and appreciated.

In 2001, Pope John Paul II (Giovanni Paulo II) elevated Archbishop Bergoglio to the rank of cardinal. In this rank he held various posts in the Roman Curia.

The biography of the most modest of priests was not cloudless. In 2005, a scandal broke out. A criminal case was opened against Cardinal Bergoglio. Human rights activist Myriam Bregman accused him of allegedly turning over two Jesuit priests to the junta in 1976. The version about the priest’s connection with the junta has not been confirmed, Judge Herman Castelli called the indictment a “total lie.”

In April of the same 2005, after the death of John Paul II, the cardinal took part in the Conclave as pope-elector. But in the second round, the majority of votes was given to Joseph Ratzinger, who took the name Benedetto XVI.

After Benedict's abdication of the papacy on February 28, 2013, the Argentine again participated in the Conclave, this time successfully. Catholics around the world enthusiastically received the news that a modest cardinal from Latin America was now their shepherd.

Speeches

The new Pope is known not only as a talented leader, but also as a brilliant speaker. The speeches of Francis I testify to his versatile mind and deep education. The range of problems that concern dad is wide and varied: a possible third World War, troubled Ukraine, interethnic relations, problems of sexual minorities and illegitimate children.

• In a speech dedicated to the centenary of the beginning of the First World War, Francis I, calling on his flock for peace and unity, said that the third world war, whether we like it or not, has already begun.
  

  Evidence of this is the ongoing armed conflicts shaking the world, most vivid examples of which – Syria and Ukraine. He said that his grandfather was a participant in the First World War, after which he emigrated to Argentina.

• One of the most heartfelt speeches of the pontiff - speech delivered in the European Parliament. Raising his voice on behalf of the Church, the pope spoke about the inadmissibility of arms trafficking and human trafficking, emphasizing that democracy without the pursuit of truth slides into the swamp of universal selfishness.
  

  Francis compared Europe to a poplar tree that will wither without roots. “Where is your strength, Europe?” – asked the head of the Catholic world. Strength, according to the pope, lies in a reasonable and respectful attitude towards historical heritage.

• Speech about the Armenian genocide on April 12, 2015 caused the indignation of the President of the Republic of Turkey Recep Erdoğan (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) by the mere use of the word “genocide”.
  

  The ambassador was summoned to the Turkish Foreign Ministry in Ankara to give an explanation, but the pontiff insisted that the events of 1915 marked the beginning of massacres on ethnic grounds that overshadowed the 20th century. According to the pope, hidden evil can be likened to “a bleeding wound that has not been bandaged.”

Liturgies

The Roman Mass is an important part of the life of any person who professes Catholicism, and for everyone else it can be an interesting spectacle. The official Vatican website provides a schedule of liturgies held in. The pope himself holds mass only on holidays; there are many visitors; it is recommended to arrive two hours before the start.

On Sunday morning (at 11 o'clock) Pope Francis reads the Angelus sermon to those gathered in St. Peter's Square from the window of his chambers. IN Sunday afternoon There is a special grace for Christians; everyone can see their shepherd and plunge into the atmosphere of unity with fellow believers.

Irish prophecy

The prophecy of the holy Archbishop of Ireland Malachy says that the last Pope, called Peter the Roman (Petrus Romanus), will rule “among many torments,” after which the Eternal City will face complete destruction.

It would seem that all of the above has nothing to do with the current pontiff. But the interpreters sacred texts They made an analogy by breaking down the pope’s surname into two words – Berg and Oglio. Petrus (Latin) and Berg (German) are translated as “stone”, Oglio (Ollia) is a river in Italy, one of the tributaries of the Po. And dad himself is an ethnic Italian! His secular surname can be interpreted as "stronghold in the stream". Such reasoning looks (and in fact is) controversial, but due to the many coincidences of Malachi’s mottos with facts about previous popes, those who wish find reason to claim that ancient prophecy about Peter the Roman fulfilled by an Argentine cardinal.

• Known for personal modesty. I gave up luxury apartments, a dad car, and a personal chef. Like his namesake Francis of Assisi, he is devoted to the ideals of evangelical poverty.
• In young age moonlighted as a bouncer in the night club.
• Is a football fan, a fan of the San Lorenzo club from Buenos Aires.
• At first Maundy Thursday after enthronement washed the feet of 12 juvenile prisoners, among whom were two girls (a Catholic and a Muslim). With his gesture, the new Pope set an example of mercy for teenagers at the very bottom of their lives.
• The English magazine Time recognized him as "".
• Dad's email, addressed to Gustavo Vera, chairman of the Latin American Society against Drug Abuse, caused a diplomatic row. The reason for this was the desire expressed by the pontiff to prevent the “Mexicanization” of Argentina. The topic of such an unfortunate e-mail was the rampant drug mafia in Latin American countries. The indignation of the Mexican side knew no bounds, but the Vatican press service stated that a personal letter should not become a reason for such a quarrel and His Holiness did not want to offend anyone, he only emphasized the danger of increasing drug trafficking.

Feedback – how to contact Pope Francis?

The pontiff does not have a public e-mail; all messages to the Holy Father are sent to the following address: His Holiness Francesco, Courtyard of Santa Marta, 00120 Vatican (Sua Santità Francesco, Casa Santa Marta, 00120 Città del Vaticano).

The letter form is free, it is allowed to write in native language, addressing the pope "Your Holiness" or "Holy Father". At the Papal Court there is a Directorate of Correspondence, consisting of four people and headed by Monsignor Giuliano Gallorini. This small unit sorts and reads the many letters addressed to Pope Francis. Most often, they write the answers, strictly observing the papal style.

Only in the most difficult cases When the letter contains complaints of great injustice and oppression, the pope himself responds.

To receive a special blessing from the Holy Father, you need to fill out a special form, the form of which is provided by the website of the Papal Court. There are three ways to submit the completed form:

• by handing it over personally or via courier, passing through the Gate of St. Anna (l’Ingresso Sant’Anna) at right side Colonnades of St. Peter (open Monday to Saturday from 9.00 to 12.00);
• by fax +39 32 06698831;
• by regular mail, sending to the address: Apostolic Charitable Institution, Office of Scrolls - 00120 Vatican (Elemosineria Apostolica, Ufficio pergamene - 00120 Città del Vaticano).

Dates of papal audiences and forms for participation in them are located at. The data form is sent to the Vatican Prefecture or faxed to +39 63 06698858. You must indicate the type of audience and the number of participants. Tickets are issued at the office behind the Bronze Door, located to the right of St. Peter's Basilica (Basilica di San Pietro).

You can clarify the details of the procedures you are interested in at the Vatican Prefecture by calling the numbers: +39 76 06698848, +39 14 06698831, +39 73 06698832, from 9.00 to 13.00.

Papal audiences and blessings are free.

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There were times when there was no church organization, cult, dogma, there was no officials. From the masses of ordinary believers came prophets and preachers, teachers and apostles. They were the ones who replaced the priests. They were believed to be endowed with power and capable of teaching, prophecy, performing miracles, and even healing. Any adherent could call himself a charismatic Christian faith. Such a person often even managed the affairs of the community if he was joined by certain number like-minded people. Only by the middle of the 2nd century did bishops gradually begin to direct all affairs of Christian communities.

The name "Papa" (from the Greek word - father, mentor) appeared in the 5th century. At the same time, according to the edict of the Emperor of Rome, all bishops were subject to the papal court.

The pinnacle of the power of papal power was a document that appeared in 1075, called the “Dictate of the Pope.”

The papacy at different periods of its history experienced dependence on emperors, as well as their governors, on French kings, even on barbarians, a split in the church that forever divided all adherents of Christianity into Orthodox and Catholics, the strengthening of power and the rise of the papacy, and the Crusades.

Who deserved this high rank"The Pope"? A list of these people is presented to your attention in the article.

The temporal power of the Pope

Until 1870 inclusive, the Popes were the rulers of multiple territories in Italy, which was called the Papal States.

The Vatican became the Seat of the Holy See. Today there is no smaller state in the world, and it is completely located within the boundaries of Rome.

Heads the Holy See, and therefore the Vatican, Rome). He is elected for life by the conclave (College of Cardinals).

The power of the Pope in the Church

In the Catholic Church, the pontiff has full power. It does not depend on the influence of any person.

He has the right to make laws, called canons, which are binding on the church, to interpret and change them, even to repeal them. They are combined into codices First - 451.

In the church, the Pope also has apostolic authority. He controls the purity of doctrine and spreads the faith. He has the authority to convene a meeting and approve the decisions he has made, postpone or dissolve the council.

The pontiff has judicial power in the church. It hears cases as a first instance. It is prohibited to appeal against my father’s verdict in a secular court.

And finally, as the highest executive power, he has the right to establish bishoprics and liquidate them, to appoint and remove bishops. He ordains saints and blessed ones.

Sovereign papal power. And this is very important, since the rule of law allows us to maintain and maintain order.

Pope: list

The oldest of the lists is given in the treatise of Irenaeus of Lyons “Against Heresies” and ends in the year 189, when Pope Eleutherius died. It is recognized as reliable by most researchers.

Eusebius' list, which dates back to the year 304, when Pope Marcellinus completed his earthly journey, contains information about the time of each pontiff's accession to the throne and the duration of their pontificates.

So who was awarded the title "Pope"? The list, with corrections in the Roman edition, was compiled by Pope Liberius and appears in his Catalog. And here, in addition to the names of each bishop, starting with St. Peter, and the duration of the pontificates with the greatest possible accuracy (to the day), there are other details, such as the dates of the consulates, the name of the emperor who ruled during these periods. Liberius himself died in 366.

Researchers note that the chronology of papal reigns until 235 was obtained, for the most part, by calculations, and therefore their historical value raises doubts.

To the more authoritative of the lists for a long time attributed to the Book of Popes, which contains descriptions up to and including Pope Honorius, who died in 1130. But, in fairness, it is worth noting that the Catalog of Pope Liberius became a source of information about the Popes of the early periods.

Is there an exact list of people who have been awarded the title "Pope"? The list was compiled by many historians. They were influenced by developing story, as well as the author’s point of view on the canonical legitimacy of a particular election or deposition. Moreover, the pontificates of ancient popes usually began counting from the moment when their ordination as bishops took place. With the later custom that arose until the ninth century, when Popes were crowned, the period of reign began to be calculated from the moment of coronation. And later, from the pontificate of Gregory VII - from the election, that is, from the moment when the Pope received rank. There were pontiffs who were elected, or even proclaimed themselves as such, in defiance of the fact that they were canonically elected.

Popes are wicked

In the history of the Vatican, which dates back more than 2000 years, there are not only blank blank pages, and Popes are not always and not all standards of virtue and righteous people. The Vatican recognized the pontiffs as thieves, libertines, usurpers, warmongers.

At all times, no Pope had the right to remain aloof from the politics of European countries. Perhaps that is precisely why some of them used its methods, often quite cruel, and as the most wicked, remained in the memory of their contemporaries.

• Stephen VI (VII - in separate sources).

They say that he did more than just “inherit.” On his initiative, a trial was held in 897, which was later called the “corpse synod.” He ordered the exhumation and put on trial the corpse of Pope Formosus, who was not just his predecessor, but also an ideological opponent. The accused, or rather the corpse of the pontiff, already half-decomposed, was seated on the throne and interrogated. It was a terrible court hearing. Pope Formosus was accused of treachery, and his election was declared invalid. And even this sacrilege was not enough for the pontiff, and the accused’s fingers were cut off and then dragged through the city streets. He was buried in a grave with foreigners.

By the way, at this very time an earthquake occurred, the Romans took it as a sign given to them from above to overthrow the Pope.

• John XII.

The list of charges is impressive: adultery, sale of church lands and privileges.

The fact of his adultery with many different women, among them his father’s partner and his own niece, is recorded in the chronicles of Liutprand of Cremona. He was even deprived of his life by the woman’s husband, who caught him in bed with her.

• Benedict IX.

He turned out to be the most cynical pontiff without any morality, “the devil from hell in the guise of a priest.” Far from it full list his acts of rape, sodomy, organization of orgies.

It is also known about the Pope's attempts to sell the throne, after which he again dreamed of power and planned to return to it.

• Urban VI.

He initiated the Schism in the Roman Catholic Church in 1378. For almost forty years those who fought for the throne were at enmity. He was a cruel man, a real despot.

• John XXII.

It was he who decided that he could make good money from the remission of sins. Forgiveness for more serious sins cost more.

• Leo X.

A direct follower of the work begun by John XXII. He considered the “tariffs” to be low and in need of increasing. Now it was enough to pay a large sum, and the sins of a murderer or someone who committed incest were easily forgiven.

• Alexander VI.

A man with a reputation as the most immoral and scandalous Pope. He earned such fame through debauchery and nepotism. He was called a poisoner and an adulterer, and was even accused of incest. They say that he even got the position of Pope through bribery.

To be fair, it should be noted that there are plenty of unfounded rumors around his name.

Popes who were brutally murdered

The history of the church is rich in bloodshed. Many ministers of the Catholic Church became victims of brutal murders.

• October 64 St. Peter.

Saint Peter, as the legend goes, chose to die the death of a martyr, like his teacher Jesus. He expressed a desire to be crucified on the cross, only head down, and this undoubtedly increased the suffering. And after his death he became revered as the first Pope of Rome.

• Saint Clement I.

(from 88 to 99)

There is a legend according to which he, while in exile in the quarries, practically performed a miracle with the help of prayer. Where the prisoners were suffering from unbearable heat and thirst, a lamb appeared out of nowhere, and a spring gushed out of the ground in that very place. The ranks of Christians were replenished by those who witnessed the miracle, among them convicts and local residents. And Clementius was executed by the guards, an anchor was tied to his neck and the corpse was thrown into the sea.

• Saint Stephen I.

He served only 3 years as pontiff when he had to fall victim to the discord that engulfed the Catholic Church. Right in the middle of his sermon, he was beheaded by soldiers serving Emperor Valerian, who was persecuting Christians. The throne, which was covered in his blood, was kept by the church until the 18th century.

• Sixtus II.

He repeated the fate of his predecessor, Stephen I.

• John VII.

By the way, he was the first among the Popes to be born into a noble family. He was beaten to death by the woman's husband when he caught them in bed.

• John VIII.

He is considered almost greatest figure churches in history. Historians associate his name primarily with a large number political intrigues. And it is not surprising that he himself became their victim. It is known that he was poisoned and received a hammer swipe on the head. It remained the mystery it was the real reason his murders.

• Stephen VII.

(from May 896 to August 897)

He became notorious for the trial of Pope Formosus. The “Corpse Synod” clearly did not receive the approval of supporters of Catholicism. He was eventually imprisoned, where he was later executed.

• John XII.

He became a dad at eighteen. And to most he was a leader, inspiring and godly. At the same time, he did not disdain theft and incest, he was a player. He is even credited with being involved in political assassinations. And he himself died at the hands of a jealous husband, who caught him and his wife in bed in his house.

• John XXI.

This pontiff is also known to the world as a scientist and philosopher. Philosophical and medical treatises came from his pen. He died some time after the roof collapsed in the new wing of his palace in Italy, in his own bed, from his injuries.

About some representatives of the papacy

He had to lead the church during the Second World War. He chose a very cautious position in relation to Hitlerism. But on his orders, Catholic churches sheltered Jews. And how many Vatican representatives helped Jews escape from concentration camps by issuing them new passports. The Pope used all possible means of diplomacy for these purposes.

Pius XII never hid his anti-Sovietism. In the hearts of Catholics, he will remain the pope who proclaimed the dogma of the Ascension of Our Lady.

The pontificate of Pius XII ends the “era of the Pii.”

The first Pope with a double name

The first Pope in history to choose a double name for himself, which he made up from the names of his two predecessors. John Paul I innocently admitted that he lacked the education of one and the wisdom of the other. But he wanted to continue their work.

He was nicknamed “The Cheerful Papa Curia” because he constantly smiled, even laughed uninhibitedly, which was even unusual. Especially after the serious and gloomy predecessor.

Protocol etiquette became an almost unbearable burden for him. Even in the most solemn moments, he expressed himself very simply. Even his enthronement was carried out sincerely. He refused the tiathra, walked to the altar, did not sit in the chesatorium, and the roar of the cannon was replaced by the sounds of the choir.

His pontificate lasted only 33 days until he suffered a myocardial infarction.

Pope Francis

(from 2013 to present day)

The first pontiff from the New World. This news was joyfully received by Catholics throughout the world. He gained fame as a brilliant speaker and talented leader. Pope Francis is intelligent and deeply educated. He is concerned about a variety of issues: from the possibility of a third world war to illegitimate children, from interethnic relations to sexual minorities. Pope Francis is a very humble man. He refuses luxury apartments, a personal chef, and doesn’t even use the “daddy car.”

Pilgrim Dad

Pope, the last one born in the 19th century, and the last one to be crowned with a tiara. Later this tradition was canceled. He established the Synod of Bishops.

Because he condemned contraception and artificial birth control, he was accused of conservatism and retrogradeness. It was during his reign that priests received the right to celebrate mass facing the people.

And he was nicknamed the “Pilgrim Pope” because he personally visited each of the five continents.

Founder of the Catholic Action movement

Dad restored old tradition, when from the balcony of the palace he addressed the believers with a blessing. This was the first act of the pontiff. He became the founder of the Catholic Action movement, designed to bring to life the principles of Catholicism. He established the feast of Christ the King and defined the principles of the doctrine of family and marriage. He did not condemn democracy, like many of his predecessors. It was under the Lateran Agreements, signed by the Pope in February 1929, that the Holy See acquired sovereignty over the territory of 44 hectares, known to this day as the Vatican, a city-state with all its attributes: coat of arms and flag, banks and currency, telegraph, radio, newspaper, prison, etc.

The Pope has repeatedly condemned fascism. Only death prevented him from Once again make an angry speech.

Conservative Pontiff

He is considered a conservative pontiff. He categorically does not accept homosexuality, contraception and abortion, genetic experiments. He was against the ordination of women as priests, homosexuals and married men. He alienated Muslims by speaking disrespectfully about the Prophet Muhammad. And although he later apologized for his words, mass protests among Muslims could not be avoided.

First Pope of a united Italy

He was a versatile and educated man. Dante quoted from memory and wrote poetry in Latin. He was the first to open for those who study in Catholic educational institutions, access to some archives, but at the same time left under personal control the results of the research, their publication and content.

He became the first in a united Italy. He died the same year he celebrated a quarter century since his election. The longest-liver among popes lived for 93 years.

Gregory XVI

He had to take the throne when a revolutionary movement arose and grew in Italy, which was headed by the Pope, who had a very negative attitude towards the doctrine of liberalism, which was being promoted in France at that time, and condemned the December uprising in Poland. He died of cancer.

Everyone knows that the residence of the Pope is in Rome. But it was not always so. King Philip the Fair of France, who was in conflict with the clergy, placed a new residence at the disposal of the popes in Avignon in 1309. It lasted about seventy years Captivity of Avignon" Seven pontiffs were replaced during this time. The papacy returned to Rome only in 1377.

The Pope has always strived to improve the relationship between Christianity and Islam and is known to everyone for his active actions in this direction. He was the first Pope to visit the mosque, and even prayed in it. And having completed the prayer, he kissed the Koran. This happened in 2001 in Damascus.

Traditional Christian icons depict round halos above the heads of saints. But there are canvases with halos of other shapes. For example, triangular - for God the Father, symbolizing the Trinity. And the heads of popes who have not yet died are decorated with rectangular halos.

There is a stainless steel ball on the TV tower in Berlin. In the bright rays of the sun a cross is reflected on it. This fact has given rise to several witty nicknames, and "the Pope's revenge" is one of them.

On the throne of the Pope there is a cross, but upside down. It is known that Satanists use this symbol, and it is also found among black metal bands. But Catholics know him as: after all, it was on the inverted cross that he wished to be crucified, considering it unworthy for himself to die like his Teacher.

Everyone in Russia knows Pushkin’s “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish,” adults and children. But does everyone know that there is another one called “The Fisherman and His Wife” and it was created by the famous storytellers the Brothers Grimm. For the Russian poet, the old woman returned to nothing when she wished to become a sea mistress. But for Grimm she became the Pope. When I wanted to become God, I was left with nothing.

In 2013, on March 13, a new pope named Francis was elected, who became the 266th head of the Catholic world and the first pope from the Jesuit Order and from the New World. And already at the end of August 2014, Francis, the Pope, told reporters that due to health problems he might abdicate the throne. He then embarked on a reform that simplified the process of declaring a marriage invalid.

In February 2016, a grandiose event took place in the Christian world - at Havana airport, Pope Francis met with Russian Patriarch Kirill. This was the first meeting of this level in the entire history of the Catholic and Orthodox churches.

Interview

One day, close attention of the public was attracted by the pontiff’s statements in an interview with the famous correspondent of the Italian publishing house La Repubblica Eugenio Scalfari, where the pope touched upon such hot topics in the Catholic Church, such as pedophilia, the problem of celibacy (mandatory celibacy in the clergy) and involvement in the mafia. Regarding celibacy, the pope promised to solve this painful problem for Catholic priests.

But speaking about pedophilia, Francis - the Pope - clearly emphasized that this shame is now in our home, this is a “leprosy” that has struck the church. According to the data presented, 2% of pedophiles are priests, and among them there are bishops and cardinals. Many people know about this, but prefer to remain silent. It is this problem that the pontiff has vowed to approach with all the seriousness and severity it deserves.

Further, regarding the mafia, dad noted that our exposure in this matter will be constant. Once, during a pastoral visit to Calabria (Italy), he excommunicated a mafioso. Francis said that he knows that the same mafiosi also go to church and receive communion, and therefore noted that the mercy of our Lord is limitless, but will never fall into a trap.

Revolutionary

Regarding the newly elected American President Donald Trump, Francis - the Pope - said that he does not want to evaluate people and politicians, because he wants to understand the suffering that they bring to all the disadvantaged and outcast, and he will evaluate the work of the American President by his attitude towards refugees and emigrants. After all, they face hostility and aggression from people who are worried and afraid of losing their jobs. The pope believes the problem reflects an unfair global economic system, where money works against refugees and immigrants and where the poor of rich countries fear the arrival of their fellow sufferers from poor countries. Therefore the only thing the right decision will break this wall that separates them all.

But as it became known, Trump is preparing to sign several anti-immigrant bills, and among them is a significant restriction on refugees.

Inequality

In addition, Francis - the Pope - believes that inequality is the greatest evil existing in the world. The reason for this is money, and this is precisely what goes against those necessary measures that will promote equality.

Journalist Scalfari noted that such statements by the pontiff are close to Marxism, but Pope Francis said that it is precisely the communists who think like Christians. As a result, Scalfari wrote that Francis behaves like a revolutionary, but all this goes beyond the scope of revolution.

Pope Francis: photo, biography

Jorge Mario Bergoglio was born on December 17, 1936 in the Argentine capital, Buenos Aires. His father, Mario Giuseppe Bergoglio, was an Italian immigrant, a laborer railway. The mother's name was Regina Maria Sivori. He became the fifth child in the family and, having studied to become a chemical engineer, went to study at the Villa Devoto Seminary in Buenos Aires. In 1958 he joined the Jesuit Order. The future pope completed his novitiate in Chile, then furthered his education in Buenos Aires, at the College of St. Joseph, and became the holder of a licentiate degree in philosophy. The Pontiff speaks three languages: Spanish, Italian and German.

The last Pope Francis is a big fan of Argentine football and is a fan of the San Lorenzo team.

Francis himself admitted that shortly before the start of his ministry, he worked part-time as a security guard at a nightclub, and was also a laboratory assistant and cleaner. When he was elected pope, white smoke coming from the chimney of the Sistine Chapel on the second day announced that the decision had been finally made. Bergoglio was the only Jesuit among the cardinal electors, and he was not among the favorites. However, in 2005, as it turned out, it was he who was the main competitor of Pope Benedict XVI, who in 2013 abdicated his post as head of the Catholic Church.

Cardinal Bergoglio

In May 1992, Bergoglio became the so-called auxiliary bishop of the Argentine capital, and in June 1992 he was consecrated bishop by Cardinal Antonio Quarracino.

In February 2001, at the Vatican, John Paul II himself (then the head of the Catholics) ordained him a cardinal, and he received several administrative positions in the Roman Curia.

Theologian

Cardinal Bergoglio was distinguished by modesty and doctrinal conservatism, as well as dedication to the cause of social justice. Once upon a time he lived in a small apartment that did not at all resemble the archbishop's palace, dressed quite modestly, did not use a limousine with a driver, choosing public transport, and even prepared food for himself.

The Pontiff is an excellent theologian who immediately distanced himself from “liberation theology.” In his worldview, he is close to the Catholic intra-church movement called Comunione e Liberazione, founded in the 1950s by the priest Luigi Giussiani.

Cardinal Bergoglio called on his clergy and laity to actively oppose abortion and euthanasia. He accepts church teaching and condemns homosexuality, and in 2010 the pope opposed a law allowing same-sex marriage in Argentina. However, he believes that it is necessary to show respect for sexual minorities.

Pope Francis: The Last Christmas

I would like to remind you that in 2015 the Pontiff made a very gloomy statement that this Christmas could be the last for all people. The chaotic state of the world, famine and destruction herald the beginning of the "end of time", and perhaps in next year he will become unrecognizable. A little earlier, he announced the beginning of the third world war.

At the end of 2016, wishing peace to countries where there is war, and mentioning Syria and Ukraine, Pope Francis (Christmas as a holiday of love and goodness contributed greatly to this) called on international communities to make every effort to peacefully resolve conflicts. The Pontiff called for urgent help residents of Aleppo, wished peace to the Palestinians, Israelis, residents of various African regions, as well as the people of the entire planet.

The Vatican has promised to send humanitarian aid to eastern Ukraine in the amount of 6 million euros.

Having received the education of a chemical technologist, he decided to take holy orders and entered the seminary in the city of Villa Devoto.

He completed his liberal arts education in Chile and in 1963, upon returning to Buenos Aires, received a degree in philosophy from the Seminary of St. Joseph in San Miguel County.

In 1964-1965 taught literature and psychology at college Immaculate Virgin in Santa Fe, in 1966 the same subjects - at the University of El Salvador in Buenos Aires.

In 1967-1970 studied theology at the seminary of St. Joseph in San Miguel County, where he received his degree.

Having passed in 1970-1971. third monastic experience in Alcala de Henares (Spain), took perpetual vows on April 22, 1973.

On July 31, 1973, he was elected governor of the province of the Society of Jesus in Argentina and remained in this position for six years.

In 1980-1986 was dean of the philosophical and theological faculty of the seminary in the district of San Miguel and rector of the parish of St. Joseph the Betrothed in the diocese of San Miguel.

In March 1986 he went to Germany to complete his doctoral dissertation. Upon returning to Argentina, he was sent to the University of El Salvador and then to Cordoba, where he served as confessor.

On May 20, 1992, by decision of Pope John Paul II, he was appointed titular bishop of Auca, vicar of the diocese of Buenos Aires. On June 27 of the same year he was ordained bishop in cathedral Buenos Aires.

On June 3, 1997, he was appointed coadjutor of the Archbishop of Buenos Aires. On February 28, 1998, after the death of the Archbishop of Buenos Aires, Cardinal Antonio Carracino succeeded him in the see.

From November 8, 2005 to November 8, 2011, he served as President of the Argentine Bishops' Conference.

On February 21, 2001, Pope John Paul II elevated him to the rank of cardinal with the title of "Saint Robert Bellarmine."

He headed the Bishops' Conference of Argentina from November 2005 to November 2011.

Before his election to the Papal See, he was a cardinal, member of the Society of Jesus, Archbishop of Buenos Aires, Ordinary for Eastern Rite Catholics in Argentina, member of a number of congregations, the Pontifical Council for the Family and the Pontifical Commission for Latin America.

Holy Father, Vicar of Peter (high); head of the Roman Catholic Church, His Holiness (official) Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011. Pope noun, number of synonyms: 10 ... Synonym dictionary

Pope- Pope John Paul II. POPE (papa) (Latin papa, from Greek pappas father), head of the Catholic Church and Vatican State. Elected for life (since 1389 always from cardinals) by the College of Cardinals. ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (pope) (lat. papa, from gr. pappas father) head of the Catholic Church and the Vatican state. Elected for life (since 1389 always from cardinals) by the College of Cardinals. See Papacy... Legal dictionary

- (pope) (Latin papa from Greek pappas father), head of the Catholic Church and the Vatican State. Elected for life (since 1389 always from cardinals) by the College of Cardinals. See Papacy... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Pope) (Latin papa, from Greek pappas father) head of the Catholic Church and the Vatican State. Elected for life (since 1389 always from cardinals) by the College of Cardinals. Political science: Dictionary reference book. comp. Prof. Science Sanzharevsky I.I..… … Political science. Dictionary.

Head of the Catholic Church and State Vatican. Elected for life (since 1389 always from cardinals) by the College of Cardinals... Historical Dictionary

POPE- (Latin papa, from Greek pappas father) head of the Catholic Church and the Vatican State. Elected for life (since 1389 always from cardinals) by the College of Cardinals. etc. PAPACY... Legal encyclopedia

Coat of arms of the Papal See Papacy theological and religious political institution Catholicism, establishing the Pope as the head of the entire Catholic Church. In the Roman Catholic Church the Pope is also supreme ruler Holy See ... Wikipedia

Pope- Pa/pa, s, gen. pl. Pope, M. Supreme Head of the Catholic Church and Vatican State. Blessing of the Pope. Pope Paul VI addressed scientists, emphasizing that the Church attaches importance to the study of the brain and its relationship to consciousness... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

Pope (Latin rara, from Greek páppas father), head Catholic Church and the Vatican State. Elected for life (since 1389 always from cardinals) by the College of Cardinals. See Papacy. * * * POPE POPE ROMAN (dad) (Latin papa, from Greek pappas... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Florentine. A novel in four books. Book three. Fiora and the Pope, Juliette Benzoni. The third part of the novel continues the story of the life and love of the charming Fiora de Selonge. This time the Florentine’s formidable rival is Pope Sixtus IV, who seeks to subjugate...
• Pope, Indian Elephant, Raphael of Urbino, Solomadina N.. The artist Raphael Santi (1483-1520) became famous during his lifetime. Richest people Italy dreamed of commissioning a portrait of Raphael. But one day the Pope asked the famous painter to draw...