What devices does a universal boring machine have? Jig boring machine

For complex processing of metal workpieces, specialists use a special type of equipment - boring machines. They can perform several types of operations and represent complex industrial complexes with automatic operation functions.

Purpose of boring machines

Before analyzing boring machine diagrams, you should consider them functionality, technical and operational qualities. First of all, this concerns the design features.

The specific configuration of the horizontal boring machine can be seen in the diagram standard model this equipment. It consists of a bed, a stand, a table with a slide and a milling head. The bed serves as the base of the table; there are two types of guides on it - flat and T-shaped. Sleds move along them. To configure the equipment, a control unit and a device for setting coordinates are provided. The spindle head is designed for fixing parts. Depending on the selected sets of cutters, work on processing the workpiece is performed.

Features of the operation of a horizontal boring machine can be found in the standard diagram. They are as follows:

• the mandatory presence of corrective mechanisms designed to reduce the propeller pitch error;
• optical devices are used to increase processing accuracy;
• not subject to changes in set parameters due to vibration.

These requirements impose special conditions for the manufacture of such equipment.

The layout of a horizontal boring machine depends on the type of work performed. The main task is right choice cutting tool.

Horizontal boring machines

The most common models are horizontal boring machines. They perform most standard operations, and individual manufacturing schemes have been developed for them.

A design feature of this type of equipment is the location of the spindle - horizontal. To perform the processing process, it is necessary to rotate the workpiece, which ensures power units devices. During operation, the spindle rotates and rotates. The procedure for boring a workpiece can be performed using several feed motion methods:

• instrument;
• parts that are mounted on the table;
• using a special movable substrate.

Additionally, the equipment may include devices for moving the spindle head, moving the table relative to two coordinates, smoothly switching speeds, etc. It all depends on specific model equipment.

Almost any milling machine can be modified to perform additional functions. But these changes should not affect its performance.

Jig boring machines

Other types of this equipment have much greater functionality - devices for coordinate processing of steel surfaces of workpieces. Unlike horizontal boring machines, they have complex controls, but are also capable of performing a number of other operations.

The main task of this equipment is to form holes non-standard shape. With their help, conductors, templates, stamps, etc. are made. With high processing precision, the industrial complex can be a short time reconfigured to produce another part. Important feature is to fine-tune the initial parameters for processing.

In addition, the coordinate model differs from the types of equipment described above in the presence of the following components:

• high accuracy of movement of nodes. This is provided by several types of devices - optical, mechanical and electronic;
• universal rotary tables. They make it possible to process holes in polar coordinate systems without shifting the cutting part;
• The spindle moves in the horizontal direction.

In addition, there are single-post and double-post models. The difference between them lies in the degree of processing of the part.

Unlike standard machine diagrams with a horizontal spindle, coordinate models differ small in size. The exception is special equipment designed for processing large parts.

For the manufacture of products from special durum varieties steel use diamond modifications of milling equipment. The difference lies in the cutting part of the tool. In addition to drilling holes, the machines can process conical and cylindrical parts. Average the error is 0.5-1 microns.

Such equipment is used for the manufacture of instruments, as well as in mechanical engineering. Several types of cutters, square or rectangular shape. According to the type of processing, they can be threaded, grooved, scored and through. The most common blade cutters have a diameter of 20 mm. To sharpen components, it is necessary to use special equipment.

In the video you can see an example of a factory model:

Review and comparison of model characteristics

Classification of boring machines

Depending on the type of processing metal cutting machines are divided into 10 groups (from 0 to 9). Each group in turn is divided into 10 types (from 0 to 9), and each type into several sizes. Thus, any boring machine is designated by a three- or four-digit number: the first number is the group number, the second is the type number, the third and fourth are the size of the machine.

Modifications of the main basic model of the machine are distinguished by the introduction of a letter designation after the numbers. The letter located between the first and second digits indicates a change and improvement in the design of this machine model.

According to the accepted classification, all boring and drilling machines belong to the second group, horizontal boring machines - to the sixth type of this group, jig boring machines - to the fourth type, diamond boring machines - to the seventh type.

Let's look at three examples of numbering horizontal boring machines. Machine model 262 is a boring machine (group 2), horizontal type(type 6), size 2 (No. 2). Machine model 262G is a modification of the main base model 262. Machine model 2630 is a larger horizontal boring machine (No. 30), different from machine 262 large diameter spindle, table dimensions and machine dimensions.

Types of horizontal boring machines

According to their layout, horizontal boring machines are divided into three groups: a, b and c, which have several designs. Type a is a machine with a table having two mutually perpendicular movements. Boring spindle diameter 50-125 mm. The front rack, table and rear rack are mounted on a common frame. The front pillar is stationary. The rear stand and table carriage have installation movements along the bed guides. The rotary table moves parallel to the spindle axis (longitudinal movement) and along the table carriage guides perpendicular to the spindle axis (transverse movement). The spindle head moves along the vertical guides of the front pillar. Version / differs from version 2 in the presence of a radial support. A representative of this type of machine is the 262G machine.

Type b - these are machines with a table that has one movement. They are designed for processing medium and large parts. The diameter of the boring spindle is 150-200 mm. The bed consists of three parts fastened together. The front post moves along the bed guides parallel to the spindle axis. The table moves along the guides of the middle part perpendicular to the spindle axis. The rear post has longitudinal movement along the frame. The machine is equipped with a radial support.

Execution / differs from execution 2 by the presence of a rotary table. A representative of this type of machine is the 2654 machine.

Type B - these are machines with a transversely movable front post and a fixed plate. They are designed for processing medium and large parts. Boring spindle diameter 150-320 mm. The bed consists of two parts that are not connected to each other. The front post has transverse movement along the frame guides. The rear rack moves along the frame in the transverse direction on a slide or is rearranged by a crane. The workpiece is stationary. The machines have three versions: 1st - with a radial support and a removable rotary table with longitudinal movement; 2nd - without radial support and longitudinal movement of the front pillar (the workpiece is fixedly mounted on the plate); 3rd - with a radial support and longitudinal movement of the front post (the workpiece is fixedly mounted on the plate).

In addition to the indicated types of horizontal boring machines, horizontal boring machines - columns with a rotary rack and a spindle head - are also used in factories

Boring machines are used for processing workpieces in both single and serial production. Such equipment belongs to the universal class. Using it, it is possible to process products with high quality without transferring workpieces to any other specialized machines.

Main purpose

Machines of this type are used primarily, of course, for boring holes of different diameters in workpieces. But if necessary, they can also be used for:

• turning the external surfaces of cylindrical parts;
• machining the ends of workpieces;
• countersinking and reaming of holes;
• thread cutting;
• milling.

Types of boring machines

Equipment of this type can be classified according to several criteria. According to the scope of application, such machines can be:

• universal turning and boring machines;
• specialized.

The machines of the second group are in turn divided into the following varieties:

• horizontal boring;
• coordinate boring;
• diamond boring.

IN Lately CNC boring machines have become very widespread in enterprises.

What working tools are used

Operations on equipment such as a boring machine can thus be performed in a variety of ways. When processing parts on these units, the following cutting tools are used:

• drill;
• cutter;
• cutter;
• countersink;
• tap, etc.

When choosing such equipment of any type, first of all pay attention to the spindle diameter.

What can a jig boring machine be like?

Equipment of this type is intended primarily for the most precise processing of workpieces. Coordinate boring machines can be:

• single-post;
• two-post.

The design of such machines includes:

• bed;
• rack;
• table with slide;
• boring head.

Also, the design of such equipment includes a traverse.

Features of working on a coordinate boring machine

When using this type of equipment, the workpiece being processed is first secured on the work table. Next, the required cutting tool is installed in the spindle. The work is then done in the following order:

• depending on the height of the workpiece, adjust the traverse and boring head;
• set the spindle to the specified coordinates.

The last operation on equipment such as a jig boring machine, depending on its type, can be performed in different ways. On a single column model, the spindle is installed properly by moving the work table in two perpendicular directions. On two-rack equipment:

• the table is moved longitudinally;
• the boring head is moved in the transverse direction along the traverse.

Model range of jig boring machines

Many manufacturers produce such equipment today. But most often, enterprises use jig boring machines:

• 2E450. This single-column model has table dimensions of 630 x 1120 mm and is equipped with an optical measuring system complemented by an on-screen readout. This boring machine also has an automatic slide stop function. Another addition to this model that increases ease of use is the device for pre-setting coordinates.
• 2D450. This model also has table dimensions of 630 x 1120. The optical device included in its design can measure both whole and fractional parts of coordinates.

Of course, other coordinate boring machines can also be used in enterprises. Models 2A450, 2L450AF11-01, for example, are also in great demand today.

Horizontal boring machines

Such equipment is also used quite often in enterprises and workshops. Its main distinguishing feature is that the spindle in it is located horizontally. The main movement of the latter is rotational-translational relative to the axis. In this case, during turning, both the feed of the workpiece and the movement of the working tool itself can be carried out.

Moving the spindle head on equipment such as a horizontal boring machine is an additional movement.

What models can be used

Equipment of this type can be supplied to the market today, both ordinary universal with a spindle with a diameter of 110-130 mm, and heavy. The machines of the latest variety are usually additionally equipped with a slider and a movable column.

Manufacturers also produce many models of such equipment. For example, units from the VFC and F.O.R.T. lines are very popular among consumers.

The VFC horizontal boring machine can be designed for processing workpieces weighing up to 10 tons. Such machines are used mainly for boring parts made of cast iron and steel. These models are built on a modular basis and have a rotary table.

Machines from the F.O.R.T series are also available on the market in a very wide range. They can have a classic design with a cross-shaped table or with a movable column. The table dimensions of F.O.R.T horizontal boring machines vary from 1250 x 1400 mm to 4000 x 4000 mm. The spindle diameter can be 100-260 mm.

Diamond boring machines

Equipment of this type is intended mainly for fine finishing of workpieces. The tools in such machines, as can already be judged by their name, are either diamond or carbide. A boring machine of this type can be used for processing workpieces made of both steel and cast iron, as well as alloys of non-ferrous metals, hard rubber, textolite, rubber, etc. In some cases, diamond boring can even replace grinding.

Cutting on such equipment is carried out at a significant speed and at the same time with a small depth of material removal. Depending on the location of the spindle, diamond boring machines can be horizontal or vertical.

The lineup

This type of equipment is not as widely represented on the market as horizontal and coordinate boring machines. However, quite a lot of brands of such units are also produced today. One of the most popular models of such equipment is 2A78. This boring machine has very good specifications. The table dimensions of this model are 500 x 1000. Using this equipment, you can make holes in workpieces with a diameter of 27-200 mm.

Turning and boring machines

The main feature of this type of equipment is the very high spindle speed. A boring and turning machine can be used to process both flat and cylindrical parts.

When working on such equipment, the workpiece is mounted on the table. In this case, the spindle makes a rotational-translational movement.

Modern industry also produces large-sized turning and boring machines. The turning diameter of such equipment can be equal to 4 m. At the same time, the machine can process parts up to 32 m long. The most popular model of a turning and boring machine is this moment is 2A656RF11.

CNC equipment

CNC can be complemented by both diamond and horizontal, turning or jig boring machines. Modern electronics, of course, greatly increases the ease of use of this equipment. The turner controls the operation of a CNC machine not manually, but through a computer. This allows you to achieve the highest precision drilling or cutting and maximum performance.

CNC boring machines can be used for both roughing and finishing machining of workpieces. They cost, of course, much more than conventional models. Only turners who have undergone requalification under the appropriate program can work on such machines.

Boring machines - mechanisms used in processing workpieces large diameter in mass and small-scale production using various tools. Such equipment is distinguished by design features and areas of application.

Purpose of the machines

Devices can be used when:

• There is a need for thread cutting (both internal and external);
• They drill the deaf and through holes;
• Countersinking is carried out;
• The ends of the workpieces are trimmed;
• It is necessary to do face and cylindrical milling.

In most cases, such equipment is used for finishing or semi-finishing. Part bodies are processed extremely rarely, but sometimes such manipulation is carried out. Boring machines are repaired in approximately the same way as lathes. This also applies to operating conditions and rules, because the machines have a similar design.

Like other numerous special types of equipment, the boring machine was designed on the basis of a lathe.

Equipment types

As a rule, there are three main types used in production:

• Horizontal boring machines;
• Coordinate boring;
• Diamond boring.

The first two types are the most common.

Horizontal boring machines

The main feature of such equipment is the horizontal position of the spindle, which gives it the ability to extend. Thus, you can make a hole even in not the most accessible places dimensional parts (booms, frames, metal structures).

Main movement of the unit- rotational-translational, performed by means of a spindle. Not only the tools move, but also the workpieces themselves. If the need arises, you can change the feed and speed during operation. Sometimes a special substrate is used when feeding.

Depending on the configuration I can There may also be additional movements of an auxiliary nature:

• The spindle head moves along a vertical axis;
• The table moves along previously specified coordinates.

In some models, the design provides that the rest and rear pillar can move. They can be used for processing products made of cast iron or cast steel.

Boring machines are used to work with complex parts that contain numerous holes, grooves, and ledges. According to their layout they are divided into:

• Models with a spindle no more than 125 mm. Designed for processing small workpieces. The table is movable along two axes, the boring heads move in the vertical direction.
• Models with spindle 100−200 mm. Provides the opportunity to work with average and big details. The table moves only along one axis.
• Models with spindle 125−320 mm. With their help you can process very large parts. The table is motionless.

Jig boring machines

Such machines are designed for drilling holes according to certain parameters. Perform operations on various workpieces. High-precision processing is achieved due to the availability special devices: electronic, mechanical and optical. In addition, rotary tables also help to achieve the desired results: the hole can be made without moving the part. The models are not too large and take up little usable space.

Diamond boring type models

They allow fine boring of cylindrical surfaces. If there are additional components, then conical surfaces and ends with rotation grooves can be processed. It is permissible to drill a pair of holes that have parallel axes. Machines of this type can be:

• Vertical;
• Sloping;
• Combined;
• Horizontal, table - movable.

What to pay attention to

Before making a purchase, pay attention to a number of parameters, in particular:

Engine power is one of important indicators, on which the speed of processing parts will depend.

Boring machines belong to special and sought-after equipment; they are indispensable in many cases, especially when it is necessary to achieve jewelry precision and maximum productivity. If an enterprise is in dire need of mechanisms of this type, it will be able to find suitable options on the domestic market without much effort.

Various equipment is used to process metal workpieces. The horizontal boring machine is universal, providing a variety of operations using different tools.

1 Horizontal boring equipment - purpose and features

Horizontal boring machine equipment is a subtype of the group of metal-cutting multifunctional devices designed for processing various tools blanks large sizes. This category of equipment includes 2 more types of machines - jig boring and diamond boring.

All this metal-cutting industrial equipment can perform boring, drilling, countersinking, facing, turning cylindrical workpieces, threading (external, internal), milling (face and cylindrical). In some cases, boring machines produce final processing parts without its subsequent rearrangement to any other equipment. Boring machines have distinctive feature– equipped with a spindle (a special shaft of adjustable length with a clamping mechanism) into which the tool is secured:

• drill;
• scan;
• countersink;
• cutter;
• a boring bar (a device for attaching a tool) with cutters;
• another.

The spindle moves the tool to the specified position. These movements in boring equipment are ensured by the operation of various units, the composition and functioning of which depend on the purpose, size, layout of the machine, as well as on the number and nature of the operations performed. Horizontal boring machine equipment is most widespread; it is universal and is used for processing products in industrial conditions, both serial and individual production. These are a horizontal spindle installed in the headstock, which moves up and down along the front post.

It is the spindle unit that provides the wide versatility of the equipment. It consists of the following nodes:

• a hollow spindle equipped with a faceplate (a washer mechanism that converts rotation into reciprocating motion), ensuring positioning of the fixed tool;
• boring inner spindle moving horizontally in the axial direction to perform the feed motion.

The inner spindle and the faceplate, which has a radial support, have separate drives. This design feature and application various devices significantly expand the functional and technological capabilities of horizontal boring equipment (combining transitions, for example). In small-sized equipment, the table has a slide and sled that provide movement in the transverse and longitudinal directions. Mechanisms that ensure changing the position of the table allow it to be conveyed both slow (at the feed speed during processing) movement, as well as fast installation movement, as well as manual movement.

For the rotary table there are 4 fixed positions located at 90° intervals. The rotation device provides for manual as well as mechanical rotation of the table with subsequent fixation and securing it. Intermediate non-fixed positions are set on a circular scale. In heavy machines, tables move in 1 direction along guides directly on the bed itself using worm and rack gears. The table movement drive is driven by adjustable DC electric motors.

The rear rack of the machines is cast and has a box-shaped shape. A steady rest can move along the vertical guides located on it, which supports the boring bar with tools.

2 Main types of universal machines

There are three main types of horizontal boring universal equipment:

• For processing medium and small workpieces, they have a spindle with a diameter of up to 125 mm. Main structural components: bed; fixed front pillar; rear pillar equipped with a steady rest; spindle head; a table moving in 2 directions perpendicular to each other.
• For large and medium-sized products – spindle 100–200 mm. The main components are the same as for small-sized equipment. The stands and table move in one direction mutually perpendicular (transverse or longitudinal).
• For especially large workpieces – spindle 125–320 mm. The column (front pillar) moves in 1 or 2 directions. Heavy machines do not have a table. The workpiece is fastened directly to the frame.

The main small movement is spindle rotation. The feed movement is transferred either to the workpiece or to the tool, which depends on the type of processing of the product. The first feeding option is carried out due to the movement of the table in one of the directions. The second is due to the vertical movement of the headstock or the axial movement of the spindle, or the radial displacement of the cutter along the faceplate.

Auxiliary movements of small machines - setting change of table position along 2 coordinates, spindle head up or down, back stand or rest on it, switching feed speeds, and so on. In the medium and heavy series of motion and movement machines actuators are the same as for small-sized equipment and are determined by their layout.

In the most universal heavy machines, the front post moves transversely along the bed guides, and longitudinally along intermediate sleds with guides. The rack moves at the speed of installation movements, as well as working feeds (as during milling). The rear pillar changes position only in the transverse direction.

The feed and spindle drives use DC or alternating current, mounted on the spindle head. In small-sized equipment, a separate electric motor and gearbox are provided to change the position of the spindle head, table, and rear rack.

3 CNC horizontal boring equipment

A CNC horizontal boring machine, unlike conventional universal equipment of the same type, is equipped with a positional closed system programmable control, which ensures the accuracy and consistency of all necessary operations for processing the workpiece. The values ​​of specified and current movements along the axes are displayed using a digital display. Syncs are used as sensors that provide feedback between the executive units and the CNC device.

The number of controlled coordinate axes is 5/2 (total/simultaneous). The discreteness (accuracy) of reading (movement) along the axes is 0.01 mm. In addition, it is possible to introduce adjustments to the position and length of the tool. The CNC machine has a retractable spindle, a rotary transversely movable table, and a longitudinally movable front stand. The spindle carries out rotational (main) movement and axis movement (feed).

The slide is moved by a feed reducer along bed guides located horizontally. The table moves transversely through a feed reducer and has a programmed rotation. The spindle head changes position, moving along the guides of the vertical stand. The spindle receives main motion from a DC electric motor, transmitted through gear modules and transmission. The blocks and clutch are switched by an electro-hydraulic device. When the stages are switched mechanically, the supply is turned off, but when the stages are electrically controlled, it does not turn off.

The table rotates from the motor shaft through a worm or other gear. In order for the rotary table to be installed at 90°, an inductive sensor is mounted on its slide, and the table itself is equipped with 4 magnetic drives, designed to allow the rotation angle to be adjusted within small limits. When the magnetic circuit approaches the sensor, the table moves at a given low speed.

The moving mechanisms of the boring machine are clamped by individual sets of disc springs and released hydraulically. The machine hydraulic system spins out moving devices, tools fixed in the spindle, and also switches the stages of the main drive.

4 Horizontal jig boring machine – high machining precision

Such a machine is equipment designed for processing various grooves, holes, planes, mutual arrangement which relative to the base points and surfaces of the part must have particularly high accuracy. Almost all operations required for boring equipment are performed on such machines. In addition, they can be used for marking work.

To ensure the accuracy of the coordinate movements of the units, the machines are equipped with various mechanical, inductive, electronic and optical-mechanical reference devices, which make it possible to measure the movements of all movable modules with very high accuracy. Rotary tables Such equipment is equipped with universal ones, providing the ability to process inclined holes and perform operations in the polar coordinate system.

The equipment is divided into single-rack and double-rack. Movements produced by jig boring equipment:

• the main thing is spindle rotation;
• feed – vertical movement of the spindle assembly;
• installation:
  • in single-column machines – transverse and longitudinal movement of the movable table to specified axial coordinates and vertical positioning of the spindle head in accordance with the height of the part;
  • in two-post ones - the table moves longitudinally, the spindle head is positioned transversely on a traverse, which can move vertically.

On these machines cutting tool and the product mutually move (with linear accuracy up to 2 microns) along the axes of rectangular coordinates. The design of the equipment is particularly rigid, with very smooth transmission of all movements and carefully balanced fast-rotating parts (to reduce vibration).