What is the order of words in a sentence in Russian: features and rules. Word order in a sentence, intonation, logical stress

In Russian, word order (more precisely, the order of sentence members) is considered free. This means that in the sentence there is no strictly assigned place for one or another of its members. For example, a sentence consisting of five significant words: The editor carefully read the manuscript yesterday– allows 120 options depending on the rearrangement of sentence members.

There is a difference in the direct order of words, determined by the type and structure of the sentence, the method of syntactic expression of a given member of the sentence, its place among other words that are directly related to it, as well as the style of speech and context, and brother
order, which is a deviation from the usual order and most often performs the function
and n e r s i i , i.e., a stylistic device for highlighting individual members of a sentence by rearranging them. The direct order is typical for scientific and business speech, the reverse is widely used in journalistic and literary works; The reverse order plays a special role in colloquial speech, which has its own types of sentence construction.

The determining factor in the arrangement of words in a sentence is the purposefulness of the utterance, its communicative task. Associated with it is the so-called actual division of a statement, which involves the movement of thought from the known, familiar to the unknown, new: the first (the basis of the statement) is usually contained in the initial part of the sentence, the second (the core of the statement) is in its final part. Wed:

1) On April 12, 1961, the Yu flight took place. A. Gagarin into space, the first in human history(the starting point, the basis of the statement is an indication of the date, i.e. the combination April 12, 1961, and the core of the statement is the rest of the sentence, which is logically emphasized);

2) Flight Yu. A. Gagarin into space, the first in the history of mankind, took place on April 12, 1961(the basis of the statement is a message about the historical flight of Yu. A. Gagarin, and the core of the statement is an indication of the date, which is logically emphasized).

§ 178. Place of subject and predicate

1. In declarative sentences, the subject usually precedes the predicate, for example: Wires stretched from tree to tree...(Azhaev); Some people left the village to earn money...(Gladkov); The earth revolves around the sun.

   The relative position of the subject and predicate may depend on whether the subject denotes a definite, known object or, conversely, an indefinite, unknown object. Wed: The train has arrived(definite). – The train has arrived(undefined, some).

   The reverse order of the main members of a sentence (first the predicate, then the subject) is common in the following cases:

   Placing the subject ahead of the predicate in such cases was found in old texts, for example: – Tell me, gossip, what is your passion for stealing chickens? - the peasant said to the fox when he met her(Krylov); – Do you know grandpa, mom? - the son says to the mother(Nekrasov); the rhythm of the verse is also taken into account;

   3) in sentences in which the subject denotes a period of time or a natural phenomenon, and the predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of being, becoming, the course of an action, etc., for example: A hundred years have passed...(Pushkin); Spring came(L. Tolstoy); Was Moonlight night (Chekhov);

   4) in descriptions, in a story, for example: The sea sings, the city hums, the sun sparkles brightly, creating fairy tales(Bitter);

   5) as a stylistically specified device and inversion, with the aim of logically highlighting one of the main members of the sentence, for example: Bear hunting is dangerous, a wounded animal is terrible, but the soul of a hunter, accustomed to dangers since childhood, is brave.(A. Koptyaeva).

   When placing adverbial words at the beginning of a sentence, the subject often comes after the predicate, for example: There was noise coming from the street...(Chekhov). However, in these conditions there is also a direct order of the main members of the sentence, for example: Uvarov and Anna arrived at the base at the hottest time of the day(A. Koptyaeva).

2. In interrogative sentences, the predicate often precedes the subject, for example: Won't my grandfather or aunt stand up for me?(Pushkin); So will I give you this short, dear little wish?(A. N. Ostrovsky).
3. In imperative sentences, subject pronouns preceding the predicate verb strengthen the categorical nature of the order, advice, motivation, and following the predicate, they soften the tone of the order. Wed: Just give me a peep(A. N. Ostrovsky). – Don't crush me, old woman(Turgenev).
4. In colloquial speech, the copula is often placed first, for example: I was young, ardent, sincere, intelligent...(Chekhov).
5. Placing the nominal part of the predicate in front of the subject serves the purpose of inversion, for example: The dark thickets of forests and the depths of the seas are mysterious and therefore beautiful; the mysterious cry of a bird and the crack of a tree bud bursting from the warmth(Paustovsky).

   A means of highlighting the predicate is also the placement of the nominal part before the copula, for example: ...Both remained hungry(L. Tolstoy); Bor became deaf and gloomy(Seifullina). The same in a compound verbal predicate when placing an infinitive before an auxiliary verb, for example: So, why didn’t you even think about sowing?(Sholokhov).

§ 179. Place of definition in a sentence

1. The concordant definition is usually placed in front of the noun being defined, for example: interesting plot, proofreading, verified quotations, third edition, our publishing house.

   Placing an agreed definition after the qualified noun serves the purpose of inversion, for example: The mountains are inaccessible on all sides(Lermontov).

   Postpositive definition (i.e., a definition that comes after the word being defined) was often found in the works of writers and poets of the 19th century, for example: She had a strong influence on me(Turgenev); Participation and unfeigned love were visible on Anna’s face(L. Tolstoy); A lonely sail whitens in the blue sea fog(Lermontov); There is a short but wonderful time in the original autumn...(Tyutchev).

   Postpositive definitions are common, referring to the noun repeated in a given sentence, for example: This idea of ​​a reflex is, of course, an old idea...(Academician I.P. Pavlov); Voropaev remembered his first meeting with Goreva - a meeting amazing and rare in its unique front-line beauty(Pavlenko). Wed. in journalistic and business speech: Such plans, bold and original plans, could arise only in our conditions; This decision is certainly a wrong decision and must be reversed.

   In stylized speech, postpositive definitions give the story the character of a folk narrative; Wed from Neverov: The moon came out on a dark night, looking lonely from a black cloud at the deserted fields, at distant villages, at nearby villages.

   Definitions expressed possessive pronouns, being in the position after the defined noun, can give the statement an expressive coloring, for example: I remember your hands from the moment I began to recognize myself in the world.

   In neutral styles, postpositive definitions expressed by demonstrative pronouns are not uncommon, for example: This stop... was surrounded by a double rampart made of thick pine logs(Kazakevich).

   The means of semantically highlighting the definition are:

   a) its isolation, for example: People, amazed, became like stones(Bitter);

   b) separation of the definition from the defined noun, for example: Rare stars swayed in the ashen dawn sky(Sholokhov).

   A detached definition is usually postpositive, for example: publication of letters received by the editor; exhibition of paintings nominated for the prize. Placing such common definitions (without separating them) in front of the word being defined is perceived as a kind of inversion; compare: publication of letters received by the editor; exhibition of paintings nominated for the prize.
   

2. If there are several agreed upon definitions, the order of their arrangement depends on their morphological expression:

   1) definitions expressed by pronouns are placed ahead of definitions expressed by other parts of speech, for example: on this solemn day, our future plans, all typos noted, every fourth Tuesday. Placing pronoun-qualifiers after adjective-qualifiers is an inversion, for example: At this silver-opal hour in the morning the whole house slept(Fedin); The tankman struggled with his slow and long pain(L. Sobolev);

   2) attributive pronouns precede other pronouns, for example: all these amendments, every comment you make. But the pronoun most is placed after the demonstrative pronoun, for example: the same possibilities, the same case;

   3) definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives are placed ahead of definitions expressed relative adjectives, For example: new historical novel, warm woolen linen, light leather binding, late autumn;

   4) if heterogeneous definitions are expressed by qualitative adjectives alone, then the one that denotes a more stable attribute is placed closer to the defined noun, for example: huge black eyes, a pleasant light breeze, an interesting new story;

   5) if heterogeneous definitions are expressed by relative adjectives alone, then, as a rule, they are arranged in order of ascending semantic gradation (from a narrower concept to a broader one), for example: daily weather reports, antique bronzes, specialty bookstore.
   

3. An inconsistent definition is placed after the noun being defined, for example: expert's conclusion, leather-bound book, novel with a sequel. But definitions expressed by personal pronouns as possessives come before the word being defined, for example: his objections, their statements.

   Placing an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in front of the word being defined is inversion, for example: average size bear(Gogol); General Zhukov's yard(Chekhov).

   Prepositive inconsistent definitions, i.e. those standing in front of the word being defined, have become entrenched in some stable expressions, for example: watchmaker, guard senior lieutenant, kind-hearted man.

   Consistent definitions usually precede inconsistent ones, for example: high mahogany bed(L. Tolstoy); old tobacco-colored eyes(Sergeev-Tsensky). But inconsistent definition, expressed by a personal pronoun with a possessive meaning, usually precedes the agreed definition, for example: his last performance, their increased demands.

§ 180. Place of addition in a sentence

1. The complement usually follows the control word, for example: proofread manuscript, correct typos, ready to type.

   An object (most often direct) expressed by a pronoun (personal, indefinite) can precede the control word without creating an inversion, for example: I liked the book; This sight amazed him; The mother noticed something in her daughter's expression; I'm glad to see you.

   Placing an object in front of a control word usually has the character of inversion, for example: Maybe we'll see the pharmacist(Chekhov); The soul reaches for something high(V. Panova). Wed. in lively conversational speech: Someone is asking you; They forgot all their friends; Can you fix the TV?

   The usual preposition of the complement with the meaning of person in impersonal sentences, For example: He needs to talk to you; My sister is not feeling well; Everyone wanted to relax.
   

2. If there are several additions related to one control word, different word orders are possible:

   1) usually a direct object precedes other objects, for example: Take the manuscript from the proofreader; Discuss the issue with your employees; The newcomer extended his hand to everyone present.;

   2) the indirect complement of the person, standing in the dative case, usually precedes the direct complement of the subject, for example: Tell us your address; The mother gave the child a beautiful toy; This woman saved Bekishev’s life...(V. Panova).

   Similar Genitive with meaning actor(inconsistent definition) precedes another case (as a complement), for example: son’s arrival to his parents, author’s memo to the editor.
   

3. The direct object, which matches the form of the subject, is usually placed after the predicate, for example: Mother loves daughter; The oar touched the dress; Laziness breeds carelessness; Courts protect laws. When the subject and object are rearranged, the meaning of the sentence changes ( The daughter loves the mother; The dress hit the paddle) or ambiguity arises ( Carelessness breeds laziness; Laws are protected by the courts). Sometimes in such cases of inversion the necessary meaning resulting from lexical meaning named members of the sentence ( The bicycle crashed into the tram; The sun was covered by a cloud), but the correct understanding of such sentences is somewhat difficult, therefore it is recommended either to maintain the direct word order, or to replace the actual phrase with the passive ( The bicycle is broken by a tram; The sun is covered by a cloud).

§ 181. Place of circumstances in a sentence

1. Circumstances about the activity, expressed by adverbs in -o, -e , are usually placed before the predicate verb, for example: The translation accurately reflects the content of the original; The boy looked at us defiantly; Gavryushka blushed deeply and protested violently...(Gladkov); The station was moving faster and faster...(G. Nikolaeva); The pavement was smoothly white(Antonov).

   Some adverbs that combine with few verbs are placed after them, for example: walk, lie prone, walk barefoot, fall backward, walk.

   Usually postpositive are the circumstances of the manner of action expressed by a noun in an adverbial meaning, for example: scatter in waves, disperse in circles.

   The place of the circumstance of the course of action may depend on the presence or absence of other minor members in the sentence; compare: The climbers walked slowly. – Climbers walked slowly along a steep path.

   A means of semantically highlighting the circumstances of the manner of action or measure and degree is to place them at the beginning of a sentence or to separate them from the words to which they are adjacent, for example: In vain Gregory tried to see Cossack lava on the horizon.(Sholokhov); Nikita experienced this feeling twice(Fedin); Yes, we were very friendly(L. Tolstoy).
   

2. Circumstances of measure and degree are prepositive, for example: The announcer repeated the numbers given in the text twice; The director is very busy; The manuscript is fully prepared for typesetting.
3. The adverbial circumstance usually precedes the predicate verb, for example: There was little conversation at dinner(Turgenev); A month later, Belikov died(Chekhov); In the evenings the doctor was alone(V. Panova).

   Often, however, the adverb of time is postpositive, which contributes to its semantic emphasis, for example: My sister got up early; I arrived before dawn.
   

4. The adverbial adverbial of place is usually prepositive, and often appears at the beginning of a sentence, for example: It was restless at the factory...(Bitter); A cloud was coming from the west(Sholokhov).

   If the adverbial adverbial place is at the beginning of a sentence, then it is often immediately followed by the predicate, and then the subject, for example: To the right rose the white hospital building...(Garshin); Unfamiliar smells of herbs and flowers were coming from everywhere...(Serafimovich). However, under these conditions, a direct order of the main members of the sentence is also possible, for example: Over the gray plain of the sea the wind gathers clouds(Bitter).

   Setting the adverbial place after the predicate is the norm in those combinations in which the presence of the adverbial is necessary for the completeness of the statement, for example: The house is located on the outskirts of the city; His parents live permanently in the south.

   If a sentence contains an adverb of time and an adverbial place, then they are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence, with the adverbial of time in the first place and the adverbial of place in the second, for example: Tomorrow in our city the weather is expected to be warm and without precipitation; By evening everything calmed down in the house. Placing two circumstances side by side emphasizes their semantic role in the sentence. Their other placement is also possible: the adverbial of time is placed first, then the subject, followed by the predicate and, finally, the adverbial of place and other members of the sentence, for example: At the beginning of April, the river opened up along its entire length; Yesterday I met my old friend on the street.
   

5. Circumstances are cause and purpose and often come before the predicate, for example: Due to rough seas the ship arrived late(Chekhov); Two girls cried out of fear(V. Panova); A man with a bag on his back... pushed another with his shoulder for a laugh(Malyshkin).

   Placing these circumstances after the predicate verb usually leads to their semantic emphasis, for example: She woke up in fear; He does not go to work, allegedly due to illness; The train was sent to the depot for annual repairs..

§ 182. Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions

1. Not being members of a sentence, introductory words are freely located in it if they relate to the sentence as a whole; compare: He seemed to have fallen asleep. – He seemed to have fallen asleep. – He seemed to have fallen asleep.

   At the same time, it should be noted that the semantic load of the introductory word in the given options is not the same: to a greater extent it is noted in the first of them, where at the beginning of the sentence the word it seemed in meaning approaches a simple sentence as part of a non-union complex sentence; the last two options are equivalent.

   If introductory word meaningfully related to individual member sentences, then it is placed next to it, for example: A real bird began to appear, game, as the hunters put it(Aksakov); Our dilapidated boat bent over, scooped up and solemnly sank to the bottom, fortunately, in a shallow place(Turgenev).

   You should not put an introductory word between the preposition and the word that the preposition controls, for example: “The matter was in, it would seem, in faithful hands" (instead of: The matter seemed to be in the right hands).
   

2. Addresses are also freely located in a sentence, however, for their semantic and intonation highlighting, the place they occupy in the sentence is not indifferent: the address at the beginning or end of the sentence is logically emphasized. Wed: Doctor, tell me what's wrong with my child. – Tell me, doctor, what's wrong with my child?. – Tell me what's wrong with my child, doctor.

   In appeals, slogans, appeals, orders, oratory, official and personal letters, the appeal is usually placed at the beginning of the sentence.

   The same is true in poetic speech, and the appeal is often isolated into an independent sentence, for example: A pale young man with a burning gaze! Now I give you three covenants(Bryusov); My dear mother earth, my forest side, a land suffering in captivity! I will come - I just don’t know the day, but I will come, I will bring you back(Tvardovsky). Wed. broken treatment with the main part at the end of the sentence: For blood and tears, thirsty for retribution, we see you, forty-one(Shchipachev).
   

3. Particles, as a rule, appear before the word to which they refer in meaning. Wed:

   A) This book is difficult even for him(we are talking about difficulties for a qualified person);

   b) This book even difficult for him(the unexpectedness of the difficulty is emphasized);

   V) Even this book is difficult for him(we are talking about an unprepared reader).

   Particle -yes postpositive ( quite, insisted), but to emphasize the meaning, sometimes in colloquial speech it is placed before the verb, for example: Although the State Councilor disappeared himself, he still killed his comrade(Gogol); Elena remained silent, and I finally locked her this time too.(Dostoevsky).
   

4. The separation of the preposition from the controlled noun is unsuccessful in constructions like: “I will come with a few more comrades” (instead of: I'll come with a few more friends); “The volume of exports has decreased from approximately...; increased to approximately..." (instead of: ...decreased by approximately...; increased to approximately...).

   You should not put two prepositions in a row, for example: “In one of the letters I received from you...” (instead of: In one of the letters received from you...); “Pay attention to work that is outstanding in all respects” (instead of: Pay attention to work that is outstanding in all respects).

   In combinations of a noun with a numeral, denoting an approximate quantity, a preposition is placed between the named parts of speech ( in ten minutes, twenty paces), and not before the whole combination (“in ten minutes”, “in twenty steps”).

The ability to correctly formulate one’s thoughts is fundamental for every literate person. Written speech differs from oral speech in that one has to be especially careful in formulating thoughts, making them understandable to everyone. However, to create a sentence, you only need to understand a few fundamental principles of your native language.

Proposal Basics

It is important to understand the main thing: the sentence must contain a complete thought.

IN classic version it is expressed in the form of a grammatical basis and minor members. Sometimes the latter are missing. One of the main members of the grammatical basis may also be missing, in which case the entire semantic load falls on the only main member. Such a sentence is called one-part.

Main members

The subject and predicate are the grammatical basis of a sentence.

The subject is expressed by a noun and is always used in the nominative case, that is, it answers the questions “who?” or “what?”

The predicate is expressed by a verb and tells us what the subject does.

What are active and passive voices?

In order to correctly compose a sentence, it is necessary to take into account how it will sound, because a set of words cannot always be correctly understood.

If the subject acts as the performer of the action that the predicate expresses, then we are talking about the active voice: “Masha ate an apple.”

If the subject does not perform the action expressed by the predicate, then we are talking about the passive voice: “The apple was eaten by Masha.”

According to the rules of the Russian language, to more accurately express thoughts, it is better to use the active voice. However, the passive voice is more appropriate in a number of cases:

• When the performer is unknown;
• When you need to emphasize the subject;
• In business correspondence.

Minor members

Most often, in addition to the subject and predicate, several words are added to the construction, one way or another, characterizing its grammatical basis. These words play a secondary role. Their presence makes the proposal widespread, and if they are not there, it is not widespread.

It is not difficult to compose a sentence spread by secondary members; it is enough to specify or embellish the grammatical basis:

“We planted some gorgeous dahlias in our garden.”

Difficult sentence

A complex sentence includes two or more grammatical stems, in other words, it consists of several simple ones. Composing a complex sentence is not at all difficult if you understand simple rules.

There may be separating commas or conjunctions between grammatical stems. If simple sentences within a complex sentence are separated by a comma, then the sentence is considered unconjunct:

“The grass is turning green, the sun is shining, a swallow is flying towards us in the canopy with spring.”

If coordinating conjunctions are used for separation - and, a, but, yes - the sentence is called compound:

"The dog barks and the cat meows."

When using subordinating conjunctions - if, so that, how, because, etc. - the sentence is considered complex.

“We will sunbathe if the weather is sunny.”

How to make a sentence with a phrase

IN school curriculum In the Russian language, there are often tasks related to composing sentences with certain phrases. Don't be afraid of this, because it's not difficult at all.

To compose a sentence that includes a given phrase, you need to understand that the word forms in the proposed phrase can be changed in accordance with the meaning of the sentence. This means that words can be inflected and conjugated.

These are just the main points regarding proposal writing.

In a text, an isolated thought or a complete one is a sentence. It is a combination of words that are grammatically and intonationally designed. So they act as a statement or an exhausted thought. In Russian, the order of words in a sentence will help to correctly pose a question, encourage action, and simply inform. The intonation of pronunciation will indicate the need for punctuation.

What is a unit of language

The main unit of the Russian language is the sentence, since it is communicative. Construction occurs according to a certain principle. A sentence consists of words, each of which, when used separately, loses its linguistic essence. They are considered syntactic constituents, which subsequently become members and are linked by constituents.

Regardless of whether the text is written or used in conversation, they adhere to a certain word order in a sentence in Russian. If this is not done, the interlocutor or listener will not be able to understand what they want to talk about. In some situations there is a double meaning.

Subject and predicate

The sentence contains main and minor members. Without the main units of language, a language cannot exist. Secondary ones may be absent. The subject is necessary to name an object or phenomenon. Acts as any part of speech that answers the question “who?” or "what?"

• I'm walking in a park. (The subject is expressed by a pronoun.)
• The trees stand in gold. (Noun.)
• Learning is our task. (Verb.)
• Several minutes passed like this. (Phrase combination.)

A one-part noun sentence includes a subject indicating the presence of phenomena. However, more often there is a predicate next to it. This is the second component of the main members. The part is necessary to indicate the action of the object: “The sun has risen.” In some cases, it indicates the sign: “The bread was warm.” Most often, the predicate acts as a verb. If it is present in a sentence in one word, it is called a simple verbal predicate; if it consists of two words, it is called a compound verbal predicate.

Simple sentence

Depending on quantity grammar basics, a sentence can be simple or complex. Minor members are present or absent, which indicates such characteristics as prevalence and non-prevalence. A prime consists of one or two main terms. A one-part sentence is a simple sentence with one word.

There are several varieties:

1. Vaguely personal: “He was asked to leave.”
2. Generalized-personal: “You can’t hide an awl in a bag.”
3. Impersonal: “The smell of spring is in the air.”
4. Definitely personal: “I stand and think.”
5. Infinitive: “Stop! We need to think.”
6. Title: "Spring!"

Word order in a simple sentence is a certain arrangement of members in in the usual form or the reverse, which is called inversion. The first type is most often used in business speech and scientific articles. The second is necessary for literary and artistic works, in colloquial speech.

In a two-part simple sentence the options are the same. It has a subject and predicate, secondary members in the form of an addition, a definition and circumstances. “We are talking about a new book. The sun came out from behind the clouds. Tomorrow I will go on vacation."

Difficult sentence

A complex sentence contains two or more simple ones. They are connected intonationally and in meaning. This means that there will be as many grammatical bases as there are sentences. They are connected by punctuation marks and conjunctions. Hence the name non-union.

There are two types:

1. Complex. Consist of several parts that are independent and grammatically related. They are connected using conjunctions a, yes, but, and, however, but. This also includes complex conjunctions neither... nor...; then..., then...; not that..., not that... “He left, and I was upset. The plane stopped and the passengers walked towards the exit. Either mom whispers quietly, then dad calls loudly.”
2. Complex subordinates. Two simple sentences connected by subordinating conjunctions. Among them, one part is subordinate to the other in grammatical and semantic terms. In Russian, the order of words in a sentence is the same as in the first form. It is distinguished by the use of subordinating conjunctions if, when, therefore. Used with complex allied words due to the fact that; thanks to. “I can help if you tell me everything. We got it done quickly thanks to the help we had.”

There is a type of sentence in which parts are connected using punctuation marks. In the non-union form they are grammatically independent, but unequal in meaning. There are no conjunctions or allied words here: “The sun was warm, the birds were singing. I spoke, she was silent."

How to put words together

Word order in a sentence is a specific arrangement of parts of speech that are related grammatically. It is considered free, that is, there is no assigned place for each member of the sentence. “The cook spent a long time decorating the cake yesterday” - the words can be rearranged several times, which will allow you to get different variants construction.

Direct and reverse word order depends on the structure of the sentence and the use of members in context. The reverse - inversion - is necessary in a literary text. It should be distinguished from spoken language, in which special offers are built according to special rules. Business and formal style involves the use of direct order. The communication of an idea to another person must correspond to what is written so that the facts are not distorted.

Setting the subject and predicate

The order of words in a sentence, intonation differs when choosing stylistic direction text. The main members matter. The subject indicates who is most important, the predicate indicates what he is doing. They are placed in random order. It is important not to disrupt or distort the transmitted data.

In declarative sentences, the subject often comes first. “Mom said she was going to a meeting with her classmates.” Another setting is also possible: “Mom looked first, and then dad decided to make sure.”

1. In the author's words during direct speech. "Let's go to the cinema!" - Dad said decisively.
2. When the subject is a natural phenomenon, and the predicate is being, the flow of action. "Autumn has come. Was sunny weather».
3. In a story when using description. “The leaves are dancing, the moon is winking.”
4. As an inversion. “The job of a rescuer is difficult.”
5. If at the beginning, use an adverbial word. “Guests have arrived from the Caucasus.”

In interrogative sentences, the predicate is put first: “Will he save me?” Incentives are distinguished by the presence of an order, advice, so they are categorical. First they put the subject. Otherwise, the tone is softened. “You finish sorting the vegetables today. Finish sorting out the vegetables today.” In colloquial speech, the connective of a nominal predicate is used before the subject: “I was impatient, capricious.”

Definition and its statement

What word order in a sentence in Russian is necessary to know, since minor members also have their own meaning for conveying information. The agreed definition comes before the associated noun: verified data, inaccessible mountains. If there are several, the order depends on the morphology.

The pronoun comes to the fore: on this joyful day, yours further actions. This also includes qualitative adjectives: early light spring. Inconsistent definitions are placed after the word being defined. When the personal pronoun has a possessive meaning, it is written before the main word: “No one heard his objections.”

Addition to offer

Among the minor members important place takes the addition. It is represented by a pronoun, a noun. When writing, they put it after the control word: watch TV, ready for dialogue. It is important to pay attention to the transmission of certain information.

The proposal can be written in several ways.

• I liked the work.
• I liked the work.
• I liked the work.
• I liked the work.
• I liked the work.

In impersonal sentences, the object is placed before the control word. “He will have to go outside in the rain. The girl is not feeling well.” If there are several additions, they all refer to the same control word. In Russian, the order of words in a sentence suggests several options. First comes the direct view: “Explain your behavior to everyone present.” The indirect version in the dative case, on the contrary, is written before the direct case: “Tell us your wishes regarding the holiday.”

Setting up other members of the sentence

Before the predicate, an adverb with - o and - e is used: “We will definitely go to the skating rink.” Some words are combined in reverse order. The circumstances of the course of action depend on other minor members: “The tourists walked slowly. The tourists walked slowly along the steep path.” If measure and degree are implied, they are placed before the word on which they depend. Temporal words are used before predicate verbs. The circumstances of the place are written at the beginning of the sentence, then the predicate and subject: “A beautiful red sun was falling on the left.”

Introductory words, particles and prepositions are not parts of the sentence. They are used in free form. “Unfortunately, I won’t be able to come. Unfortunately, I will not be present." The address is also placed freely, however, it is most often used at the beginning of a sentence. This can be seen in the example: “Vanya, let’s go for a walk. Let's go, Vanya, let's look at the peacocks. We won’t be able to come to you today, Vanya.” Particles are placed before the word they refer to. The preposition cannot be separated from the controlled noun.

Making sentences is not difficult, as free expression of thoughts is allowed. The definition of “word order in a sentence” must be known in order to convey a specific meaning. Changing and incorrect construction leads to distortion of facts, so the listener may not understand what is being communicated to him.

In order to express your thoughts in English, it is not enough just to learn a list of words. These words must be placed correctly in a sentence. Knowing the structure of an English sentence is simply necessary, because each member of a sentence has a specific place, and this order cannot be violated. Therefore, let's look at how sentences are constructed in English in order to avoid misunderstandings and errors in speech and writing.

To construct a sentence in English, you need to know its members. As in Russian, English members of a sentence are divided into main and secondary. Let's look at each type separately:

1. The main members of the sentence are the members of the sentence, thanks to which the grammatical center is formed. In simple words, without them the proposal will not make sense. The main members include the subject and the predicate.

• The subject is usually expressed by a noun or pronoun. The noun is used in the general case, that is, in its standard dictionary form in singular and plural:

Note that the article may change to a definite article or no article at all, depending on the thing/person being implied.

If we talk about pronouns, then personal pronouns in the nominative case are usually used here. Table of all pronouns in this group:

And also some indefinite and negative pronouns, for example:

The subject usually comes at the beginning of the sentence before the predicate.

• The predicate is expressed by a verb. This part of speech is key when composing a sentence in English, because it shows at what time the action happened, is happening or will happen. There can be two verbs in a predicate:
• An auxiliary verb is a verb that is used to express time. It does not have such a meaning in itself and is not translated into Russian in any way. However, his presence is necessary if the temporary form requires it. For example:

• A main or semantic verb is a verb that expresses an action performed by the subject:

1. Secondary members of a sentence are members that explain the main or other minor members. Without them, the sentence will still make sense, since the minor members are not the grammatical center of the sentence. The secondary ones include:

• A definition that answers the question “which?” and “whose?” It can be expressed by almost any part of speech. Let's consider only the most popular cases:
• Adjective:

• Communion:

• Participial phrase:

• Numeral:

• Personal pronouns in the objective case:

The definition expressed by the participial phrase usually comes after these parts of the sentence:

• Indirect - an addition that answers all other case questions:

• Circumstance denotes place, reason, time, manner of action, etc. The adverbial clause is related to the predicate, but it can be used either at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. The first option is perhaps less common. The circumstance most often expressed is:

adverb

or a noun with a preposition:

How sentences are built in English: English sentence structure

Having studied all the members of the sentence, you can move on to constructing the sentences themselves in English. Constructing a sentence in English is quite simple because, as mentioned earlier, it is done in a fixed order. What does this mean? For example, in Russian we can freely change the order of the parts of a sentence. The meaning will be preserved, because the sentence will not lose logic. English language is stricter about order. So, if a sentence begins with a subject, it cannot be rearranged with a predicate. Example for clarity:

As you can see, the whole is 5 possible options expressions of the same thought in Russian are contrasted with only one phrase in English.

However, it is worth paying attention to the fact that there are 3 types of English sentences, namely affirmative, negative and interrogative. Each has its own version of constructing an English sentence.

How to construct affirmative sentences in English

Compiling an affirmative sentence requires direct word order. Direct order means that the subject comes first in the sentence, then the predicate, then the object and adverbial. Diagram for clarity:

Sometimes an adverbial clause can begin a sentence.

Examples:

• I forgot to do the English exercises. — I forgot to do my English exercises.
• Yesterday I bought a Lego construction set to my nephew. — Yesterday I bought my nephew a Lego set.
• We'll go home after training. — We'll go home after training.
• He is trying to find this spelling rule. — He's trying to find this spelling rule.
• I have no idea how to learn to play the guitar. — I have no idea how to learn to play the guitar.

How negative sentences are constructed in English

English sentences also have direct word order when negated. The only difference is that for writing negative sentence it is necessary to use the negative particle not (not). Such sentences always have an auxiliary verb, so the particle is placed after it.

Examples:

• I don't know how to draw up a contract. — I don’t know how to draw up an agreement.
• We don’t study at the university. — We don't study at the university.
• Jane will not be there. - Jane won't be there.
• He is not working at the moment. — It is not working at the moment.
• I haven’t done sport exercises today yet. — Today I haven’t done any sports exercises yet.
• I was not aware of the situation in Paris. — I didn’t know about the situation in Paris.

How to write a sentence containing a question

Unlike the other two types, interrogative sentences in English require reverse word order. In reverse order, the part of the predicate, namely the auxiliary verb, comes first, and after it comes the subject. The semantic verb and minor members of the sentence remain in their places. Accordingly, the use auxiliary verb in questions is also a necessity. Scheme:

Examples:

• Do you like this album? — Do you like this album?
• Did they go fishing the day before yesterday? — Did they go fishing the day before yesterday?
• Have you been to Moscow? - Have you been to Moscow?
• Are you listening to me? - You are listening to me?

If sentences contain a question word, it is used at the very beginning:

But to create a sentence with a dividing question, you will have to deviate from the standard scheme. Such a question is constructed using an affirmative or negative sentence in the first part and quick question in the second:

That's all. We hope you have learned how to write sentences in English. In fact, English sentences as a designer, you just have to choose the right parts. To consolidate the material, do exercises on the topic. And most importantly, communicate with native speakers, because no exercise will give you as much knowledge as people who speak this language.

The main means of forming a sentence are word order, actual division of the sentence, intonation and logical stress.

For the correct construction of a sentence, it is essential word order, sequence in the arrangement of sentence members. In Russian, word order is free. This means that there is no strictly assigned place for one or another member of the sentence. However, arbitrary arrangement of words in a sentence can lead to disruption of logical connections between words and subsequently to a change in the semantic content of the entire statement.

For example: At the meeting of representatives of the two states, the undertaken obligations were successfully fulfilled.(The meaning of this sentence can be understood to mean that the obligations were fulfilled at the meeting itself. To eliminate the inaccuracy, it is necessary to correct the sentence as follows: The commitments made at the meeting of representatives of the two states were successfully fulfilled.) The exact word order is especially important for writing, in which the semantic content of the statement cannot be clarified using logical stress, non-verbal means communication (gestures, facial expressions) and the situation itself.

The syntactic function is expressed in the fact that there are cases when, depending on its position in the sentence, a word can be a specific member of the sentence.

Compare: Mother(subject) loves daughter(addition). - Daughter(subject) loves mother(addition); A sick person arrived(definition) Human. - The man arrived sick(nominal part of a compound nominal predicate), My mom(subject) - our teacher(predicate). - Our teacher(subject) - My mum(predicate), etc.

Word order in Russian is important when expressing thoughts, as it performs three main functions.

1. The order of words serves to fully convey the meaning of the message. .

For example, in sentences: The machine beat Kasparov And Kasparov was beaten by a machine, which differ not lexically, but only in word order, contain two messages with different meanings: in the first case, it is about a car (the topic of the message), and in the second, about Kasparov, that is, he is the topic of the statement, although in both cases the car is the subject, and Kasparov is the object. A different word order leads to a different actual division of the sentence.

2. A special word order can give an emotional overtone to a sentence. , while performing a stylistic function: Red Square is dozing. Quiet step of a passerby.

3. Word order can differentiate sentence members , and then it executes syntactic function: A truck overtook a car.

Even though the word order in Russian is sufficiently free, stand out straight And reverse word order.

At direct word order The members of a sentence are usually arranged like this:

In declarative sentences, the subject is followed by a predicate: .
- the verb complement follows the word being defined: The teacher checked our tests.
- the agreed definition is placed before the word being defined: The teacher checked our tests.
- an inconsistent definition comes after the word being defined: She bought a polka dot dress.
- circumstances can occupy different positions in a sentence: Yesterday he came home late. We will go to the village tomorrow.

Reverse word order can be any, it is used for highlighting the right words, thereby achieving expressiveness of speech. The reverse word order is also called inversion (Latin “inversio” - rearrangement).

Inversion allows:

1) highlight the most important in meaning members of the proposal ;
2) express a question And enhance emotional coloring speeches;
3) link parts of text .

Yes, in a sentence The forest drops its crimson headdress(A. Pushkin.) inversion allows you to strengthen the meaning of the main members of the sentence and the definition of crimson (compare: direct order: The forest drops its crimson robe).

In a text, word order is also one of the means of connecting its parts: Love is stronger than death and fear of death. Only by her, only by love does life hold and move.(I. Turgenev.) Inversion of an addition not only enhances its semantic meaning, but also connects sentences in the text.

Inversion is found especially often in poetic speech, where it not only performs the above functions, but can also serve as a means of creating melodiousness and melody:

Above the great, golden-domed Moscow,
Above the Kremlin wall, white stone
Because of the distant forests, because of the blue mountains,
Playfully on the plank roofs,
The gray clouds are accelerating,
The scarlet dawn is rising.

(M. Lermontov.)

Intonation includes melody, rhythm, intensity, tempo, timbre of speech, logical stress. It is used to express various grammatical categories or to express the speaker's feelings.

There are various types of intonation: interrogative, exclamatory, enumerative, emphasizing, explanatory, etc.

Intonation- a complex phenomenon. It consists of several components.

1. Each phrase has a logical emphasis, it falls on the word that is the most important in meaning.
2. Intonation consists of raising and lowering the voice - this is the melody of speech.
3. Speech proceeds quickly or slowly - this determines its tempo.
4. Intonation is also characterized by its timbre, which depends on the target setting and can be gloomy, cheerful, frightened, etc.
5. Pauses are also part of intonation. It is very important to do them in the right place, since the meaning of the statement depends on it:

How surprised he was/by his brother’s words!
How surprised his / brother’s words were!

Intonation interrogative sentences consists of raising the tone on the word on which the logical stress falls: Have you written poetry? Have you written poetry? Have you written poetry? Depending on the place of logical stress, intonation can be ascending, descending or ascending-descending:

Features of intonation exclamation sentences consist in the fact that the highest rise in tone and sound strength fall on the word emphasized.

Logical stress- this stress is semantic; it can fall on any word in a sentence, depending on the desires and goals of the speaker. It highlights the most important thing in a sentence.

Read the following sentences aloud, highlighting the marked words with intonation:

1) Ripened in our garden grape ;
2) In our garden ripe grape;
3) IN our The grapes are ripe in the garden.

The first sentence says that the grapes are ripe, and not anything else; in the second, that the grapes are ripe, already ready; in the third, that the grapes are ripe in our country, and not in our neighbors or somewhere else, etc. The most important thing in a message is usually new, which is given against the background of something known to the interlocutors.

Let's take, for example, the sentence Brother goes to school.

If we emphasize the first word with a stronger emphasis, we emphasize that it is the brother who studies at school (and not the sister or anyone else). If we highlight the second word, we emphasize what exactly the brother does. Having highlighted the last word with logical emphasis, we emphasize that the brother is studying at school (and not at a technical school, university, etc.).

Depending on the logical stress, the meaning of the sentence changes.

When the place of logical stress changes, the intonation also changes: if the logical stress falls on the last word, then the intonation of the entire sentence is usually calm and the logical stress itself is weak. In other cases, the intonation is tense, and the logical stress itself is strong.

An example of how important it is to correctly place logical emphasis is an excerpt from V. Lakshin’s article about A. P. Chekhov’s play “The Cherry Orchard.”

“The capacity of Chekhov’s phrase is amazing. Petya Trofimov says in the play: “All of Russia is our garden.” Actors on different stages in our country and around the world pronounce these four words differently.
To emphasize the word “garden” is to respond to Chekhov’s dream about the future of the homeland.

On the word “our” - emphasize the feeling of selfless ownership, involvement in what your generation has been given to accomplish.

Using the word “Russia” means responding to one’s belonging to everything Russian, a land not chosen, but given from birth.

But it would be most accurate, perhaps, to put the emphasis on the word “all”: “All of Russia is our garden.” For there is no corner in it to whose care and needs we have the right to remain deaf, which we would not want to see in the blossoming of “eternal spring.”

And the surest way to this, according to Chekhov, is to first perform at least one unconditionally selfless good deed. Write at least one inspirational, honest page. Plant at least one tree."

Thus, the most important thing in a message can be highlighted both by word order and logical stress.

Word order - a means of oral and written speech, and logical stress - only oral speech .

Logical stress is required if the word order does not highlight the most important thing in the message.

The ability to highlight the most significant in a sentence - necessary condition expressive oral speech.