MY adept travel notes. What are quotation marks and how to put them on the keyboard

They are offered for the first time or, conversely, as outdated and the like.

Story

One of the very first attempts to establish rules for the use of quotation marks in Slavic languages ​​(and therefore in Russian) was made by the 15th-century Slavic scientist Constantine the Philosopher in chapter 17 of his treatise “On Writing”. The quotation marks recommended by Konstantin looked virtually the same as modern Christmas trees, and were used to quote phrases from pseudographic works. Slavic quotation marks, like most additional icons of Slavic writing, have their origins in the practice of writing Greek manuscripts of that time.

Main types of quotation marks

According to their pattern they distinguish the following types quotes:

Quotation marks used in Russian

Nested quotes

Example with nested quotes:

Right: “My Gypsies are not for sale at all,” Pushkin complained. Wrong: “My “Gypsies” are not for sale at all,” Pushkin complained.

If according to technical reasons It is impossible to set quotes from another picture; quotes from one picture are not repeated next to each other. Therefore, the following option is acceptable (although undesirable - it is better to highlight the quote in some way that allows you to remove the outer quotes):

Acceptable: “My “Gypsies” are not for sale at all,” Pushkin complained.

Quotation marks at the end of a sentence

If, when quoting, the text taken in quotation marks ends with a period, then the latter is taken out of the text and placed after the closing quotation mark. If the text ends with an ellipsis or a question or exclamation mark, and the quotation is an independent sentence (and not a member of the sentence in which it is included), then the period after the quotation mark is not placed. For example :

A. N. Sokolov writes: “Misunderstanding is the absence of unification.” Pechorin admitted: “I sometimes despise myself...”

English single quotes

An example to indicate the etymology of a Russian word:

Lady high society, exposing her ankle, throwing society XVII V. a stronger challenge than today's young lady showing up topless on the beach. topless‘without top’), i.e. in a bathing suit consisting of only the lower part.

It is also acceptable to separate the word and text in English single quotes using a dash:

Linguistics, from Lat. lingua- 'language' .

It is not necessary to precede such a word with an indication of the language if this already follows from the context:

IN German elements frieden'peace' and kampf‘struggle’ combines like morphemes. If necessary, in German you can distinguish ... color shades, say, with the help of definitions himmelblau‘sky blue’ and dunkelblau'Navy blue' .

An explanation of the meaning of the word can be textually separated from it:

The patient cannot, for example, identify the word carrot, but without difficulty gives a definition of the word knowledge, defining it as ‘making oneself mentally familiar with a subject’.

An example of using regular and English single quotes together:

The phrase "Are you going out?" on a bus or trolleybus means ‘please let me pass’.

Quotation marks used in other languages

In British English language they use ‘English single’ for first-level quotation marks and ‘English double’ for ‘quotes “within” quotation marks’; in American English it is the other way around. Also in English (especially in its American version), a period and a comma are often placed before the closing quotation mark, and not after, as in Russian.

Special quotation marks (along with “Christmas trees”) exist in the Polish language; the same quotation marks are used in Romanian and Dutch.	„Cytować ‚wewnętrzny’ cytować”
In French there are sometimes “single trees”. Quotation marks, as well as parentheses, exclamation and question marks in French are separated by spaces.	"Son ‹ explication › n"est qu"un mensonge"
In some European languages ​​(for example, in Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Denmark, Sweden, in books in Germany and Austria), the opening quotation mark looks like the French closing quotation mark and vice versa.	"citirati"
Some countries (eg Finland) use unpaired quotation marks.	"lainata" or "noteerata"
Hieroglyphic writing has its own quotation marks.	『 引 號 』
In Japanese, a simpler version of the previous quotation marks is often used.	「こんばんは」

Language	Commonly used		Alternative		Distance, in points
	basic	internal	basic	internal
Albanian	«…»	‹…›	“…„	‘…‚
English	“…”	‘…’	‘…’	“…”	1-2
Arab	«…»	‹…›	“…”	‘…’
Afrikaans	„…”	‚…’
Belorussian	«…»	„…“	„…“		1
Bulgarian	„…“	‚…‘
Hungarian	„…”		»…«
Greek	«…»	‹…›	“…”	‘…’	1
Danish	»…«	›…‹	„…“	‚…‘
Hebrew	"…" / "…"	"…" / <<…>>
Irish	“…”	‘…’			1-2
Icelandic	„…“	‚…‘
Spanish	«…»	“…”	“…”	‘…’	0-1
Italian	«…»		“…”	‘…’	1-2
Chinese	“…”	‘…’	《…》
Latvian	„…“	„…“	"…"	"…"
Lithuanian	„…“	‚…‘	"…"	"…"
Dutch	„…”	‚…’	“…”	’…’
German	„…“	‚…‘	»…«	›…‹
Norwegian	«…»	‘...’	„…”	,...’
Polish	„…”	«…»	»…«
Portuguese	“…”	‘…’	«…»	‹…›	0-1
Romanian	„…”	«…»
Russian	«…»	„…“	“…”	‘…’
Serbian	„…“	‚…‘	»…«	›…‹
Slovak	„…“	‚…‘	»…«	›…‹
Slovenian	„…“	‚…‘	»…«	›…‹
Turkish	“…”	‘…’	«…»	‹…›	0-1
Ukrainian	«…»	„…“	„…“
Finnish	”…”	’…’	»…»	›…›
French	« … »	‹ … ›	“ … ”	‘ … ’	¼
Croatian	»…«	›…‹
Czech	„…“	‚…‘	»…«	›…‹
Swedish	”…”	’…’	»…»	›…›
Estonian	„…”	„…”
Japanese	「…」	『…』			1

Other Applications

In a number of popular programming and markup languages ​​(BASIC, C, HTML, PHP), quotation marks on both sides enclose the value assigned to a string (usually double) or character (usually single) variable (despite the fact that the text between the quotes is a “string” , the outermost quotation marks are not included in the string).

According to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, when naming varieties plants in English, as well as in Russian, after the name of the genus or species varietal epithet It is recommended to enclose in single quotes ( Rosa‘New Dawn’), or use an apostrophe ( Rosa"New Dawn") [significance of the fact?] .

Quote codes

View	Function		Unicode			HTML Mnemonic Code	Compose
	In Russian	In English	Name	Code
				hex	dec
«	opening	-	LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK	00AB	0171	«	Compose +< + <
‹	opening	-	SINGLE LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK	2039	8249	‹	Compose + . +<
»	closing	-	RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK	00BB	0187	»	Compose + > + >
›	closing	-	SINGLE RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK	203A	8250	›	Compose + . + >
„	opening	-	DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK	201E	8222	„	Compose + , + " Compose + " + ,
‚	opening	-	SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK	201A	8218	‚	Compose + , + " Compose + " + ,
“	closing	opening	LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK	201C	8220	“	Compose +< + " Compose + " +<
‟	-	opening	DOUBLE HIGH-REVERSED-9 QUOTATION MARK	201F	8223	‟
‘	closing	opening	LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK	2018	8216	‘	Compose +< + " Compose + " +<
‛	-	opening	SINGLE HIGH-REVERSED-9 QUOTATION MARK	201B	8219	‛	There is no default key combination, but you can customize your own.
”	-	closing	RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK	201D	8221	”	Compose + > + " Compose + " + >
’	-	closing	RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK	2019	8217	’	Compose + > + " Compose + " + >
"	universal		QUOTATION MARK	0022	0034	"	Typed directly from the keyboard.

Keyboard input

There are alternative keyboard layouts that are optimized for entering typographic characters, including quotation marks (see, for example, Ilya Birman's typographic layout, official and unofficial versions which are available for various operating systems). Most text editors, such as the proprietary Microsoft Office, the free OpenOffice and LibreOffice and many others, can be configured to automatically convert “simple quotes” to “Christmas trees” or “foot quotes”.

X Window System

In the X Window System (which is often used in UNIX-like operating systems, in particular those based on the Linux kernel), to type the French quotation mark, you must first press Compose, then twice< или два раза >, depending on which way the quotes should be directed.

Windows

In Windows you need to enable Num Lock, after which typing on the numeric keypad works Alt + 0171, Alt + 0187 for « » , and Alt + 0132 , Alt + 0147 for „ “ respectively. To type the English double closing quotation mark ( ” ) Alt + 0148 is used, for single ( ‘ ’ ) - Alt + 0145 and Alt + 0146 respectively.

In some European layouts, entering Christmas trees is possible using the combinations AltGr + [ and AltGr + ] (American international), AltGr + z and AltGr + x (Canadian international).

Mac OS X

In the standard Russian layout of Mac OS X, quotes are typed the following combinations keys:

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Notes

1. Yagich I. V. The book of Constantine the Philosopher and grammar about writing // Discussions of South Slavic and Russian antiquity about the Church Slavonic language. - St. Petersburg. : Printing house of the IAN, 1885-1895. - T. 1. - P. 429, 502.
2. Karsky E. F. Slavic Cyrillic paleography. - 2nd ed., facsimile. - L., M. (fax): From the USSR Academy of Sciences; from “Science” (fax), 1928, 1979 (fax). - P. 227.
3. , With. 129.
4. . // Website Gramota.ru. Retrieved August 26, 2012. .
5. , With. 134-135.
6. Kuznetsov A. M.// Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.- pp. 257-258.
7. Lopatina L. E.// Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.- pp. 469-470.
8. Stepanov Yu. S.// Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.- pp. 175-176.
9. Kubryakova E. S., Pankrats Yu. G.// Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.- pp. 59-60.
10. , With. 26.
11. , With. 9.
12. , With. 27.
13. , With. 22.
14. , With. 117.
15. , With. 47.
16. , on the website of the Academy of the Hebrew Language: the standard form of basic quotation marks is recognized as either the sign “merhaot kfulot” (“…”) or “merhaot bodedot/yechidot” (“…”).
17. , on the website of the Academy of the Hebrew Language: the standard for internal quotation marks is any form of quotation marks other than the main quotation marks, for example, “merhaot bodedot/yechidot” (“…”) as internal quotation marks with “merhaot kfulot” (“…”) as main quotation marks quotes.
18. . - Scripta Horticulturae. - International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), 2009. - Vol. 151. - P. 19. - 204 p. - ISBN 978-90-6605-662-6.
19. Used extremely rarely.
20. The so-called “typewritten” or “programmer” type is usually not used in typography. Used in typewriters.

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Zaliznyak A. A.// Proceedings of the International Seminar Dialogue’2007 on computational linguistics and its applications. - M., 2007.
• Kasevich V. B. Introduction to linguistics. 3rd ed. - M.: Publishing house. Center "Academy", 2012. - 240 p. - ISBN 978-5-7695-9013-9.
• Milchin A. E., Cheltsova L. K. Directory of publisher and author: Editorial and publishing. publication design. - M.: Olympus: LLC “Firm “Publishing House AST””, 1999. - 688 p. - ISBN 5-237-02942-6.
  • Milchin A. E., Cheltsova L. K.. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: OLMA-Press, 2003. - 800 p. - ISBN 5-224-04565-7.
• Norman B. Yu. Theory of language. Introductory course. 3rd ed. - M.: Flint; Science, 2009. - 296 p. - ISBN 978-5-02-002994-1.

Links

• Lebedev, Artemy.// Leadership (electronic version) / Artemy Lebedev. - May 17, 2004 - § 104.

Excerpt characterizing quotation marks

“Oh, he’s in a terrible situation,” the mother said to her son as they got back into the carriage. “He hardly recognizes anyone.”
“I don’t understand, mamma, what is his relationship with Pierre?” - asked the son.
“The will will say everything, my friend; Our fate depends on him...
- But why do you think that he will leave anything to us?
- Ah, my friend! He is so rich and we are so poor!
“Well, that’s not a good enough reason, mummy.”
- Oh my god! My God! How bad he is! - exclaimed the mother.

When Anna Mikhailovna left with her son to visit Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhy, Countess Rostova sat alone for a long time, putting a handkerchief to her eyes. Finally, she called.
“What are you talking about, dear,” she said angrily to the girl, who made herself wait for several minutes. – Don’t you want to serve, or what? So I'll find a place for you.
The Countess was upset by the grief and humiliating poverty of her friend and therefore was out of sorts, which she always expressed by calling the maid “dear” and “you.”
“It’s your fault,” said the maid.
- Ask the Count to come to me.
The Count, waddled, approached his wife with a somewhat guilty look, as always.
- Well, countess! What a saute au madere [sauté in Madeira] will be from hazel grouse, ma chere! I tried; It’s not for nothing that I gave a thousand rubles for Taraska. Costs!
He sat down next to his wife, resting his arms bravely on his knees and ruffling his gray hair.
- What do you order, Countess?
- So, my friend, what is it that you have dirty here? - she said, pointing to the vest. “It’s sote, that’s right,” she added, smiling. - That's it, Count: I need money.
Her face became sad.
- Oh, Countess!...
And the count began to fuss, taking out his wallet.
“I need a lot, Count, I need five hundred rubles.”
And she, taking out a cambric handkerchief, rubbed her husband’s vest with it.
- Now. Hey, who's there? - he shouted in a voice that only people shout when they are sure that those they are calling will rush headlong to their call. - Send Mitenka to me!
Mitenka, that noble son raised by the count, who was now in charge of all his affairs, entered the room with quiet steps.
“That’s it, my dear,” said the count to the respectful young man who entered. “Bring me…” he thought. - Yes, 700 rubles, yes. But look, don’t bring anything torn and dirty like that time, but good ones for the countess.
“Yes, Mitenka, please, keep them clean,” said the countess, sighing sadly.
- Your Excellency, when will you order it to be delivered? - said Mitenka. “If you please know that... However, please don’t worry,” he added, noticing how the count had already begun to breathe heavily and quickly, which was always a sign of beginning anger. - I forgot... Will you order it to be delivered this minute?
- Yes, yes, then, bring it. Give it to the Countess.
“This Mitenka is such gold,” the count added, smiling, when the young man left. - No, it’s not possible. I can't stand this. Everything is possible.
- Oh, money, count, money, how much grief it causes in the world! - said the countess. - And I really need this money.
“You, countess, are a well-known reel,” said the count and, kissing his wife’s hand, he went back into the office.
When Anna Mikhailovna returned again from Bezukhoy, the countess already had money, all in brand new pieces of paper, under a scarf on the table, and Anna Mikhailovna noticed that the countess was disturbed by something.
- Well, what, my friend? – asked the Countess.
- Oh, what a terrible situation he is in! It is impossible to recognize him, he is so bad, so bad; I stayed for a minute and didn’t say two words...
“Annette, for God’s sake, don’t refuse me,” the countess suddenly said, blushing, which was so strange considering her middle-aged, thin and important face, taking money out from under her scarf.
Anna Mikhailovna instantly understood what was happening, and already bent down to deftly hug the countess at the right moment.
- Here's to Boris from me, to sew a uniform...
Anna Mikhailovna was already hugging her and crying. The Countess cried too. They cried that they were friends; and that they are good; and that they, friends of youth, are busy with such a low subject - money; and that their youth had passed... But the tears of both were pleasant...

Countess Rostova with her daughters and already with a large number guests were sitting in the living room. The Count led the male guests into his office, offering them his hunting collection of Turkish pipes. Occasionally he would go out and ask: has she arrived? They were waiting for Marya Dmitrievna Akhrosimova, nicknamed in society le terrible dragon, [a terrible dragon,] a lady famous not for wealth, not for honors, but for her directness of mind and frank simplicity of manner. Marya Dmitrievna was known by the royal family, all of Moscow and all of St. Petersburg knew her, and both cities, surprised by her, secretly laughed at her rudeness and told jokes about her; nevertheless, everyone without exception respected and feared her.
In the office, full of smoke, there was a conversation about the war, which was declared by the manifesto, about recruitment. No one had read the manifesto yet, but everyone knew about its appearance. The Count was sitting on an ottoman between two neighbors who were smoking and talking. The count himself did not smoke or speak, but tilting his head, now to one side, now to the other, looked with visible pleasure at those smoking and listened to the conversation of his two neighbors, whom he pitted against each other.
One of the speakers was a civilian, with a wrinkled, bilious and shaved thin face, a man already approaching old age, although dressed like the most fashionable young man; he sat with his feet on the ottoman with the air of a domestic man and, throwing amber far into his mouth from the side, impulsively inhaled the smoke and squinted. It was the old bachelor Shinshin, the countess's cousin, an evil tongue, as they said about him in Moscow drawing rooms. He seemed to condescend to his interlocutor. Another, fresh, pink, guards officer, impeccably washed, buttoned up and combed, held amber in the middle of his mouth and lightly pulled out smoke with his pink lips, releasing it in ringlets from his beautiful mouth. This was Lieutenant Berg, an officer of the Semenovsky regiment, with whom Boris rode together in the regiment and with whom Natasha teased Vera, the senior countess, calling Berg her fiancé. The Count sat between them and listened attentively. The most enjoyable activity for the Count, with the exception of the game of Boston, which he loved very much, was the position of listening, especially when he managed to pit two talkative interlocutors against each other.
“Well, of course, father, mon tres honorable [most venerable] Alfons Karlych,” said Shinshin, laughing and combining (which was the peculiarity of his speech) the most popular Russian expressions with refined ones. French phrases. - Vous comptez vous faire des rentes sur l "etat, [You expect to have income from the treasury,] do you want to receive income from the company?
- No, Pyotr Nikolaich, I just want to show that cavalry has much less benefits against infantry. Now figure out, Pyotr Nikolaich, my situation...
Berg always spoke very precisely, calmly and courteously. His conversation always concerned himself alone; he always remained calmly silent while they were talking about something that had nothing directly to do with him. And he could remain silent in this way for several hours without experiencing or causing the slightest confusion in others. But as soon as the conversation concerned him personally, he began to speak at length and with visible pleasure.
- Consider my position, Pyotr Nikolaich: if I were in the cavalry, I would receive no more than two hundred rubles a third, even with the rank of lieutenant; and now I get two hundred and thirty,” he said with a joyful, pleasant smile, looking at Shinshin and the count, as if it was obvious to him that his success would always be main goal the desires of all other people.
“Besides, Pyotr Nikolaich, having joined the guard, I am visible,” Berg continued, “and vacancies in the guards infantry are much more frequent.” Then, figure out for yourself how I could make a living out of two hundred and thirty rubles. “And I’m putting it aside and sending it to my father,” he continued, starting the ring.
“La balance y est... [The balance is established...] A German is threshing a loaf of bread on the butt, comme dit le proverbe, [as the proverb says],” Shinshin said, shifting the amber to the other side of his mouth and winked at the count.
The Count burst out laughing. Other guests, seeing that Shinshin was talking, came up to listen. Berg, not noticing either ridicule or indifference, continued to talk about how, by transferring to the guard, he had already won a rank in front of his comrades in the corps, how in war time a company commander can be killed, and he, remaining senior in the company, can very easily become a company commander, and how everyone in the regiment loves him, and how his daddy is pleased with him. Berg apparently enjoyed telling all this, and did not seem to suspect that other people might also have their own interests. But everything he told was so sweetly sedate, the naivety of his young egoism was so obvious that he disarmed his listeners.
- Well, father, you will be in action in both the infantry and the cavalry; “This is what I predict for you,” said Shinshin, patting him on the shoulder and lowering his legs from the ottoman.
Berg smiled happily. The Count, followed by the guests, went into the living room.

There was that time before a dinner party when the assembled guests do not begin a long conversation in anticipation of the call for appetizers, but at the same time consider it necessary to move and not remain silent in order to show that they are not at all impatient to sit down at the table. The owners glance at the door and occasionally glance at each other. From these glances, guests try to guess who or what else they are waiting for: an important relative who is late, or food that is not yet ripe.
Pierre arrived just before dinner and sat awkwardly in the middle of the living room on the first available chair, blocking everyone's path. The Countess wanted to force him to speak, but he naively looked through his glasses around him, as if looking for someone, and answered all the Countess’s questions in monosyllables. He was shy and alone did not notice it. Most of the guests, who knew his story with the bear, looked curiously at this big, fat and humble man, wondering how such a hulk and modest man could do such a thing to a policeman.
-Have you arrived recently? - the countess asked him.
“Oui, madame,” he answered, looking around.
-Have you seen my husband?
- Non, madame. [No, madam.] - He smiled completely inappropriately.
– You, it seems, were recently in Paris? I think it's very interesting.
- Very interesting..
The Countess exchanged glances with Anna Mikhailovna. Anna Mikhailovna realized that she was being asked to occupy this young man, and, sitting down next to him, began to talk about her father; but just like the countess, he answered her only in monosyllables. The guests were all busy with each other. Les Razoumovsky... ca a ete charmant... Vous etes bien bonne... La comtesse Apraksine... [The Razoumovskys... It was amazing... You are very kind... Countess Apraksina...] was heard from all sides. The Countess got up and went into the hall.
- Marya Dmitrievna? – her voice was heard from the hall.
“She’s the one,” came the rude answer. female voice, and after that Marya Dmitrievna entered the room.
All the young ladies and even the ladies, with the exception of the oldest ones, stood up. Marya Dmitrievna stopped at the door and, from the height of her corpulent body, holding high her fifty-year-old head with gray curls, looked around at the guests and, as if rolling up, slowly straightened the wide sleeves of her dress. Marya Dmitrievna always spoke Russian.
“Dear birthday girl with the children,” she said in her loud, thick voice, suppressing all other sounds. “What, you old sinner,” she turned to the count, who was kissing her hand, “tea, are you bored in Moscow?” Is there anywhere to run the dogs? What should we do, father, this is how these birds will grow up...” She pointed to the girls. - Whether you want it or not, you have to look for suitors.
- Well, what, my Cossack? (Marya Dmitrievna called Natasha a Cossack) - she said, caressing Natasha with her hand, who approached her hand without fear and cheerfully. – I know that the potion is a girl, but I love her.
She took out pear-shaped yakhon earrings from her huge reticule and, giving them to Natasha, who was beaming and blushing for her birthday, immediately turned away from her and turned to Pierre.
- Eh, eh! kind! “Come here,” she said in a feignedly quiet and thin voice. - Come on, my dear...
And she menacingly rolled up her sleeves even higher.
Pierre approached, naively looking at her through his glasses.
- Come, come, my dear! I was the only one who told your father the truth when he had a chance, but God commands it to you.
She paused. Everyone was silent, waiting for what would happen, and feeling that there was only a preface.
- Good, nothing to say! good boy!... The father is lying on his bed, and he is amusing himself, putting the policeman on a bear. It's a shame, father, it's a shame! It would be better to go to war.
She turned away and offered her hand to the count, who could hardly restrain himself from laughing.
- Well, come to the table, I have tea, is it time? - said Marya Dmitrievna.
The count walked ahead with Marya Dmitrievna; then the countess, who was led by a hussar colonel, the right person, with whom Nikolai was supposed to catch up with the regiment. Anna Mikhailovna - with Shinshin. Berg shook hands with Vera. A smiling Julie Karagina went with Nikolai to the table. Behind them came other couples, stretching across the entire hall, and behind them, one by one, were children, tutors and governesses. The waiters began to stir, the chairs rattled, music began to play in the choir, and the guests took their seats. The sounds of the count's home music were replaced by the sounds of knives and forks, the chatter of guests, and the quiet steps of waiters.
At one end of the table the Countess sat at the head. On the right is Marya Dmitrievna, on the left is Anna Mikhailovna and other guests. At the other end sat the count, on the left the hussar colonel, on the right Shinshin and other male guests. On one side of the long table are older young people: Vera next to Berg, Pierre next to Boris; on the other hand - children, tutors and governesses. From behind the crystal, bottles and vases of fruit, the Count looked at his wife and her tall cap with blue ribbons and diligently poured wine for his neighbors, not forgetting himself. The countess also, from behind the pineapples, not forgetting her duties as a housewife, cast significant glances at her husband, whose bald head and face, it seemed to her, were more sharply different from his gray hair in their redness. There was a steady babble on the ladies' end; in the men's room, voices were heard louder and louder, especially the hussar colonel, who ate and drank so much, blushing more and more, that the count was already setting him up as an example to the other guests. Berg, with a gentle smile, spoke to Vera that love is not an earthly, but a heavenly feeling. Boris named his new friend Pierre the guests at the table and exchanged glances with Natasha, who was sitting opposite him. Pierre spoke little, looked at new faces and ate a lot. Starting from two soups, from which he chose a la tortue, [turtle,] and kulebyaki and to hazel grouse, he did not miss a single dish and not a single wine, which the butler mysteriously stuck out in a bottle wrapped in a napkin from behind his neighbor’s shoulder, saying or “drey Madeira", or "Hungarian", or "Rhine wine". He placed the first of the four crystal glasses with the count's monogram that stood in front of each device, and drank with pleasure, looking at the guests with an increasingly pleasant expression. Natasha, sitting opposite him, looked at Boris the way thirteen-year-old girls look at a boy with whom they had just kissed for the first time and with whom they are in love. This same look of hers sometimes turned to Pierre, and under the gaze of this funny, lively girl he wanted to laugh himself, not knowing why.
Nikolai sat far from Sonya, next to Julie Karagina, and again with the same involuntary smile he spoke to her. Sonya smiled grandly, but apparently was tormented by jealousy: she turned pale, then blushed and listened with all her might to what Nikolai and Julie were saying to each other. The governess looked around restlessly, as if preparing to fight back if anyone decided to offend the children. The German tutor tried to memorize all kinds of dishes, desserts and wines in order to describe everything in detail in a letter to his family in Germany, and was very offended by the fact that the butler, with a bottle wrapped in a napkin, carried him around. The German frowned, tried to show that he did not want to receive this wine, but was offended because no one wanted to understand that he needed the wine not to quench his thirst, not out of greed, but out of conscientious curiosity.

At the male end of the table the conversation became more and more animated. The colonel said that the manifesto declaring war had already been published in St. Petersburg and that the copy that he himself had seen had now been delivered by courier to the commander-in-chief.
- And why is it difficult for us to fight Bonaparte? - said Shinshin. – II a deja rabattu le caquet a l "Autriche. Je crins, que cette fois ce ne soit notre tour. [He has already knocked down the arrogance of Austria. I am afraid that our turn would not come now.]
The colonel was a stocky, tall and sanguine German, obviously a servant and a patriot. He was offended by Shinshin's words.
“And then, we are a good sovereign,” he said, pronouncing e instead of e and ъ instead of ь. “Then that the emperor knows this. He said in his manifesto that he can look indifferently at the dangers threatening Russia, and that the safety of the empire, its dignity and the sanctity of its alliances,” he said, for some reason especially emphasizing the word “unions”, as if this was the whole essence of the matter.
And with his characteristic infallible, official memory, he repeated opening words manifesto... “and the desire, the sole and indispensable goal of the sovereign is: to establish in Europe on solid foundations peace - they decided to move part of the army abroad and make new efforts to achieve “this intention.”
“That’s why, we are a good sovereign,” he concluded, edifyingly drinking a glass of wine and looking back at the count for encouragement.
– Connaissez vous le proverbe: [You know the proverb:] “Erema, Erema, you should sit at home, sharpen your spindles,” said Shinshin, wincing and smiling. – Cela nous convient a merveille. [This comes in handy for us.] Why Suvorov - they chopped him up, a plate couture, [on his head,] and where are our Suvorovs now? Je vous demande un peu, [I ask you,] - constantly jumping from Russian to French, he said.
“We must fight until the last drop of blood,” said the colonel, hitting the table, “and die for our emperor, and then everything will be fine.” And to argue as much as possible (he especially drew out his voice on the word “possible”), as little as possible,” he finished, again turning to the count. “That’s how we judge the old hussars, that’s all.” How do you judge, young man and young hussar? - he added, turning to Nikolai, who, having heard that it was about war, left his interlocutor and looked with all his eyes and listened with all his ears to the colonel.
“I completely agree with you,” answered Nikolai, all flushed, spinning the plate and rearranging the glasses with such a decisive and desperate look, as if at the moment he was exposed to great danger, “I am convinced that the Russians must die or win,” he said. feeling the same way as others, after the word had already been said, that it was too enthusiastic and pompous for the present occasion and therefore awkward.

This page contains quotes of all kinds, pulled from different sections of Unicode.

This punctuation mark is paired. It denotes direct speech, or a word that is used in a meaning that does not correspond to the usual one - for example, in the opposite. There are several types. The names came from the country where they were invented and from the similarity of the outline with certain objects.

Different scripts use different quotation marks according to... Probably tradition. Yes, there are rules for punctuation, but they do not specify the type. There are typographic typesetting standards for which, ordinary people they can give a damn. So, according to tradition, we (in Russia) use “Christmas tree” quotes. If you need to put them inside an already quoted part of the text, the external and internal characters must be different. The nested ones are the “legs” (““…”). In addition, when writing by hand and in print, the appearance may be different. In the good old days, when I still wrote by hand, the so-called Polish ones were always used (see below). However, fonts are not drawn entirely uniformly.

Konstantin the Philosopher was the first to try to introduce rules for placing quotation marks for Slavic scripts. In the 15th century, he wrote a treatise “On Writing”. There it was proposed to highlight quotations from church texts with special symbols. The images of these symbols were very similar to modern herringbone quotes.

“ ” English doubles.

‘ ’ English singles.

Christmas tree quotes. HTML code (mnemonic): " " ( " " )

„ “ German "paws".

„ ” Polish.

Swedish reverse.

Double universal. HTML code (mnemonic): " (")

The use of quotation marks in different languages.

The rules are not strict (if there are any), don't be surprised if they are loosely enforced.

Main and spare (placed inside the main ones, if necessary):

Albanian "..." ‹…›

English "…" '…'

Arabic "..." ‹…›

African „…” ‚…’

Belarusian “...” “...”

Bulgarian “…“ ‚…‘

Hungarian "..."

Greek "..." ‹…›

Danish »…« ›…‹

Hebrew "..." / "..." "..." /<<…>>

Irish “…” ‘…’

Icelandic “…“ ‚…‘

Spanish "..." "..."

Italian "..."

Chinese "…" '…'

Latvian „…“ „…“

Lithuanian “…“ ‚…‘

Dutch „…” ‚…’

German "…" ,…'

Norwegian "..."

Polish "..." "..."

Portuguese “…” ‘…’

Romanian "..." "..."

Russian "…" "…"

Serbian “…“ ‚…‘

Slovak „…“ ‚…‘

Slovenian “…“ ‚…‘

Turkish “…” ‘…’

Ukrainian "..." „…“

Finnish “…” ’…’

French " … " < … >

Croatian »…« ›…‹

Czech „…“ ‚…‘

Swedish “…” ’…’

Estonian „…” „…”

Japanese 「…」 『…』

Many of these icons are symmetrical in the horizontal plane. Even if all of them are, they will remain unchanged.

Paired punctuation is primarily used to convey ironic meaning or to highlight quotations, direct speech, and references. It happens that the author puts words or phrases in quotation marks because the term he uses is not known to everyone, or tries to emphasize the meaning of the phrase in an unusual sense, thereby probably ridiculing some character from his story. In the variations below, the user will be able to choose the appropriate way to write a punctuation mark and easily put quotation marks in Word. There are several types that have individual names and can be found in any text document.

Types of quotation marks

These types of paired signs are the main ones:

• “French” - also called “Triangular”, best known under the term “Christmas trees”, sometimes called “Angle quotes”;
• “English Doubles” or “Singles” are known as “feet” located at the top.
• “German” - have a second name - “spread paws”;

Sometimes the "word" is enclosed in the upper even symbols.

Single and double sign - “Herringbone”

Working with text editor, you often have to use different symbols and punctuation marks. It is believed that printed quotation marks must be used in documentation, and in a handwritten document in the form of double commas. It is not always possible to put quotation marks in Word the first time, although if you remember the key combination correctly once, then the next time, for example, inserting a herringbone quotation mark will not be so difficult.

Option 1: Single corner quotes

Set using the key combination Shift + “B” and “U”. To make it open:

1. Change the keyboard layout “Shift+Alt” to English;
2. Hold down the “Shift” button and click on the letter “B”;
3. Write the required word.

To add a private one:

1. Change the keyboard layout to English;
2. Hold down the “Shift” button and click on the letter “Y”;
3. Added single corner signs.
4. Change the layout to Russian and continue working.

Option 2: Paired punctuation mark “Herringbone”

You can put up a “Christmas tree” in the following ways:

Method 1

The easiest and most quickly remembered method is the key combination “Shift+2”. Need to:

1. Place the mouse pointer at the desired location;
2. Switch the letter input method to the Russian keyboard (if necessary) using the combination “Shift + Alt”;
3. Hold down the "Shift" key and click on the number "2" on the top numeric pad of the keyboard.
4. Enter the corresponding word and repeat points 2 and 3.

Note! Pay attention to the cursor, it must be separated from the previous word by a space, otherwise the result will not be an opening herringbone quotation mark, but a closing one.

It is mandatory to include spaces and check for their presence.

Method 2

Paired herringbone quotes can be placed using code. Be sure to enable the “Num lock” button.

1) To open a double quote you need to:

“ - hold down the “Alt” button and dial four numbers “0171”. Use the numeric keypad, which is located to the right of the alphabetic keypad.

Attention! Don't forget to activate the "Num LOCK" button.

2) To close the sign:

" - also hold down "Alt" and type "0187".

The only difference is in the codes, the main thing is not to confuse them and then double Christmas trees can be easily printed.

Method 3

This way of writing double triangle quotes is quite simple. Using the “Symbol” function in Word, you insert great amount symbols and the triangular punctuation mark is no exception. Follow these steps:

1. Open the “Insert” section in the main menu, click on the “Symbol” button and “Other symbols”;
2. In the “Symbol” pop-up window, specify in the “Set” field - “Additional Latin-1”;
3. Select the desired double quote and click on “Insert”;
4. Ready!

Method 4

If you want to surprise others, then this method is definitely for you. Necessary:

1. Switch to English layout (Shift+Alt);
2. Type the letters “ab” and press the “Alt” and “X” buttons simultaneously - the result will be an opening character (“);
3. The closing symbol is placed like this: “bb” and pressing the “Alt” and “X” buttons - as a result () the symbol is ready.

Uppercase single and double quotes “Paws”

Traditional quotation marks in Russian writing are considered to be paired punctuation marks similar to “paws”. If you need to indicate the meaning of a word, a translation from another language, or an excerpt from a quote, use upper and lower commas to help. We’ll look at how to place such signs a little below. There are two ways to make quotation marks with commas in Word:

Option 1: ‘Single feet’

Single 'quote commas' are done as follows:

1. Place the mouse pointer where you need a single character;
2. Switch to English letter input (Shift+Alt);
3. Turn on “Num LOCK”;
4. Hold “Alt” and enter the numbers (0145) - open the quote, and close (0146). Use the number pad to dial numbers.
5. The result is in the picture below.

Option 2: “Double”

This can be done in several ways:

Method 1.

You need to know the character code and add just a little manipulation with the key combination. Follow the steps:

1. Hold down the Alt key and type to open “0147” and close “0148”.
2. You will get the upper “comma quotes”.

Attention! You need to work with the numeric keyboard, which is located to the right of the alphabetic one.

Method 2.

Let's learn how to insert quotation marks with commas using the letter "E". To do this you need:

1. Place the mouse cursor in the desired location;
2. Enable English layout using the combination (Shift+Alt);
3. Hold "Shift" and click on the letter "E". Clicking the letter “E” again will add a closing quotation mark in the form of commas.
4. Ready! Compare the result with the picture below.

Option 3. Expanded

There is another easy way to make quotation marks with commas in Word. They will only turn out in a position turned away from each other. The symbol will open from the bottom and close from the top. Here's what you need for this.

Everywhere. Everywhere and wherever you look, you can see these constructions:

These “constructions” cause mixed reactions among literate people. At least like “is this really correct?”
In general, I personally cannot understand where the “fashion” of not closing outer quotes came from. The first and only analogy that comes to this is the analogy with parentheses. No one doubts that two brackets in a row is normal. For example: “Pay for the entire circulation (200 pieces (of which 100 are defective)).” But someone doubted the normality of putting two quotation marks in a row (I wonder who was first?)... And now everyone, with a clear conscience, began to produce structures like LLC Firm Pupkov and Co.
But even if you have never seen the rule in your life, which will be discussed below, then the only logical option (using the example of brackets) would be the following: LLC Firm Pupkov and Co.
So, the rule itself:
If at the beginning or at the end of a quotation (the same applies to direct speech) there are internal and external quotation marks, then they should differ from each other in design (the so-called “herringbones” and “petals”), and the external quotation marks should not be omitted, for example: C The sides of the steamer radioed: “Leningrad has entered the tropics and is continuing on its course.” About Zhukovsky, Belinsky writes: “Contemporaries of Zhukovsky’s youth looked at him primarily as an author of ballads, and in one of his letters Batyushkov called him a “balladeer.”
© Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. - Tula: Autograph, 1995. - 192 p.
Accordingly... if you don’t have the opportunity to type “herringbone” quotes, then what can you do, you’ll have to use such “” icons. However, the inability (or unwillingness) to use Russian quotation marks is by no means a reason why you can not close external quotation marks.

Thus, the inaccuracy of the design of LLC "Firm Pupkov and Co" seems to have been sorted out. There are also designs of the type LLC Firm "Pupkov and Co".
It is completely clear from the rule that such constructions are also illiterate... (Correct: LLC "Firm "Pupkov and Co""

However!
The Publisher's and Author's Guide by A.E. Milchin (2004 edition) states that two design options can be used in such cases. The use of “herringbones” and “legs” and (in the absence of technical means) the use of only “herringbones”: two opening and one closing.
The directory is “fresh” and personally, I immediately have 2 questions here. Firstly, with what joy can one use one closing quotation mark (well, this is illogical, see above), and secondly, the phrase “in the absence of technical means” especially attracts attention. How is this, excuse me? Now open Notepad and type “only Christmas trees: two opening and one closing.” There are no such symbols on the keyboard. It’s impossible to type “herringbone”... The combination Shift + 2 produces the sign " (which, as you know, is not a quotation mark). Now open Microsoft Word and press Shift + 2 again. The program will correct " to " (or " ). Well, it turns out that a rule that existed for decades was taken and rewritten under Microsoft Word? Like, since the Word from “Firm “Pupkov and Co” is made by “Firm “Pupkov and Co””, then now let it be acceptable and correct???
It seems so. And if this is so, then there is every reason to doubt the correctness of such an innovation.

Yes, and one more clarification... about the very “lack of technical means.” The fact is that on any Windows computer there are always “ technical means” to enter both “Christmas trees” and “paws”, so this new “rule” (for me it’s in quotes) is incorrect from the very beginning!

All special characters in a font can be easily typed by knowing the corresponding number of that character. Just hold down Alt and type on the NumLock keyboard (NumLock is pressed, the indicator light is on) the corresponding symbol number:

„ Alt + 0132 (left “foot”)
“ Alt + 0147 (right foot)
« Alt + 0171 (left herringbone)
» Alt + 0187 (right herringbone)

If you need put in quotes or put in parentheses part of an expression already in quotes/parentheses, remember two simple principles of double parentheses and double quotes:

* Russian language is not mathematics, signs do not add up, that is, there is no need to put double brackets or quotes at the end (of one picture);

* to facilitate the perception and understanding of the text It’s better to make quotes inside quotes and brackets inside brackets of a different pattern. In this case, the reader will understand exactly where one expression in brackets/quotes ends and how it relates to another.

What means “brackets and quotation marks of different designs” and what drawing is this?

How to correctly form double parentheses

Let's start with the parentheses. The main brackets are round (like this). The second level brackets are most often square ones - [like this]. And the double brackets will look like this: ... (... […])... , ... ([...]...)... or ...(... […] ...)...

For example, “I like the work of the group “Nox Arcana” (spelled Nox Arcana [Latin for “secret night”]).”

How to format double quotes correctly

Quotes have the same basic structure, but there are some subtleties. There are several types of quotation marks, and different countries different traditions. We most often use “Christmas trees”, “paws”, “computer quotes” and some others. IN printed publications and documents "first level" quotes are Christmas trees (on our website we also use them). However, on many Internet resources, direct computer quotes are used as the main quotation marks. In fact, this is not so important (although using Christmas trees is more correct and respectable), the main thing is that the selected pattern follows the text sequentially.

Second level quotation marks As a rule, the “legs” protrude - they look good with Christmas trees, as they are quite “contrasting”: you won’t confuse them. But with straight computer quotation marks, the pads may not look so good in some fonts, so check that the reader can understand how one quoted expression is positioned relative to another and the phrase as a whole. Again, once you have adopted some version of the second-level quotation marks, use it consistently.

A few examples:

“We went to the U Doma cinema and watched the film Vacation at the Dacha there. Not a bad movie,” said a friend.

LLC "Company "Scolopendra"".

The price tag read: “Rowan and Watermelon Juice.”