We is the subject. How to help students accurately identify the grammatical basis of a sentence
In a sentence, as a unit of connected speech, all words differ in function and are divided into primary and secondary. The main members express the key table of contents of the statement and are its grammatical basis. Without them, the proposal makes no sense and cannot exist.
Instructions
1. In order to highlight the grammatical basis all sorts of things offers, you need to discover and emphasize its main members. These include subject and predicate.
2. The subject is what is being said in the sentence. It invariably stands in the original form (nominative case or infinitive) and, as usual, answers the questions: “who?”, “what?”. The subject is expressed by approximately all parts of speech if they appear in the meaning of a noun in the nominative case. By the noun itself: “what?” the truth does not always lie on the surface. Pronoun: “who?” I am not a follower of drastic measures. Adjective or participle: “who?” the well-fed does not understand the hungry; "Who?" vacationers were waiting for the bus. Numeral: “who?” three were responsible for cleaning the area. Infinitive (indefinite form of the verb): singing is her passion. Any word that has the meaning of a noun in the nominative case: “what?” oohs and ahs came from the street. Phraseologism: “who?” from small to large went out into the field. Compound name: “what?” Milky Way stretched out in a wide strip. A syntactically integral phrase: “who?” My grandmother and I went to our home.
3. The predicate denotes what exactly is being reported about the subject and answers the questions: “what does it do?”, “what is it like?”, “what happens to it?” etc. Depending on the method of expression, the predicate may be a simple verb; compound nominal; compound verb and difficult.
4. A primitive verbal predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of one of the moods: the letter “what did?” arrived on time. The combined nominal predicate consists of 2 parts (the copula and the nominal part): he “what did he do?” was a builder (“was a builder” is a predicate). A combined verb is made up of a connective and an infinitive: children “what did they do?” stopped quarreling. A difficult predicate is a combination of elements of a compound nominal and a compound verbal predicate: my brother invariably “what did he do?” I wanted to work as a lawyer. the last part offers(“I wanted to work as a lawyer”) is a difficult predicate, since only all the words as a whole provide the necessary information about the subject.
5. To determine the grammatical basis, read the entire sentence and determine whether it is primitive or difficult, consisting of 2 or more primitives. If a sentence belongs to the first type, then it will have one grammatical basis, and if it belongs to the second, then several. It depends on the number of primitives offers, included in the difficult. Let's say: we were late because it was pouring rain. “We were late” and “it was pouring rain” - grammatical bases of the complex offers .
6. Find the subject in the sentence. To do this, ask the questions “who?”, “what?” and identify the word or phrase that answers them. After this, from the discovered subject, ask questions “what does he do?”, “What is he like?” and discover the predicate.
7. If there is only one of the main members, then it is a one-part sentence. Please note that it does not require reference to context to understand and interpret it. In the Russian language, there are five types of one-part sentences: nominative (with a subject) “Hot July day”; definitely-proper, indefinite-proper, generalized-proper and impersonal (with a predicate). "Get busy." "They're asking you." " A reasonable person you will recognize it immediately.” "Darker."
8. At parsing the subject is emphasized by one line, and the predicate by two.
In Russian language lessons, schoolchildren are required to master not only the skills of competent writing, but also the knowledge to see the structure of a sentence and identify its members. To do this, you need to learn to distinguish the main and minor members. How to find the subject in a sentence? What are its main signs?
Instructions
1. Before everyone else, you must know that all members of a sentence are divided into two groups: main and secondary. The main members are the subject and the predicate. They form the grammatical basis of a sentence. In order to find the subject, try asking a question about the word. It answers the question in the nominative case (“who?” or “what?”). For example, in the sentence “Spring will come soon” to the question “what?” The word “spring” answers. This is what the sentence is talking about. Remember that the subject is the main member of the sentence, the one that denotes who or what the sentence is talking about. These words are traditionally expressed in the nominative case form.
2. Subjects can be nouns (most often), pronouns, participles, numerals, and even an indefinite form of a verb. So, in the sentence “To live is to serve the homeland,” the subject will be the word “to live.” It is an indefinite form of the verb. Please note that in this sentence there is a dash between the main members. This happens, among other things, when the subject and predicate are expressed in the indefinite form of the verb. In the sentence “We had a great rest,” the main member of the sentence, answering the question “who?” is the pronoun “we”.
3. In a sentence that contains a verb, the subject is easier to detect. It is a word that denotes the one who does the action. Look at the sentence: “The children happily rushed to the river.” You see that it contains the verb “rushed.” Determine who is doing this action. This word will be the subject. Consequently, the word “children” answers the question of the nominative case, indicates the one who does the action and is the main member in this sentence, namely, the subject.
4. The subject can also be an indivisible combination of words. For example, in the sentence “A man and a child swam along the river,” the subject is the phrase “man and child.” Pay attention to the verb “swam.” It is used in the form plural. Consequently, the subject will be more than one word, but a phrase. This allows us to say that the action is performed not by one, but by two persons.
Video on the topic
From school curriculum It is known that impersonal sentences are one-part sentences that indicate an action or state that arises and exists independently from the bearer of the state or the producer of the action.
Impersonal offers very colorful, short. They have significant significance in dialogues works of art. Often used in colloquial speech. In texts this kind of thing is often offers We express the states of nature, environment, a person’s well-being, his mental and physical state. Impersonal offers It is easier for us to formulate the impracticability, inevitability of actions, denial. Also, according to Dietmar Rosenthal, these syntactic constructions are characterized by a shade of inertia and passivity. According to another famous linguist, Alexander Peshkovsky, with the support of impersonal sentences it is possible to express: - ease of action. This construction helps the author show that the action occurs on its own, without human effort (“It was sown freely...”); - a state with which a person himself cannot cope (“She couldn’t sit still”); - suddenness of an act. When people do not expect such actions from themselves (“Here I am going to them...”, Brykin said naturally”); - the time when an action is performed on its own, against human freedom. Some reasons, sometimes unclear (here and an impersonal form of expression), stop him, force him to act differently (“What, you couldn’t say?” Tanya asked. “It didn’t have any effect,” he answered her"); - the work of memory, its clarification and other features of the body (“Suddenly my head began to work very clearly. I remembered: I was driving along a faded field.”); - cardiac processes associated with the activity of the imagination (“Now I’m dreaming: I wish I could get sick for weeks two, three"); - a person’s hope in something that has no basis. A person believes because wants this to happen (“For some reason I believed that spring would be early”); - a work of thought that occurs independently depending on whether a person wants to think about it or not (“And I also thought that now everything would go differently”) .Thus, the universal meaning of impersonal sentences is a statement independent action(sign) not correlated with the agent.
Video on the topic
When parsing a sentence, you first need to discover it basis. In this way, the construction of the phrase becomes clear, and often also where and how punctuation marks should be placed. Consequently, any person who wants to write competently would like to be able to determine this basis .
Instructions
1. Determine what the grammatical basis is. More often than not, it is represented by a subject, expressing the object or subject of the action, and a predicate, describing the action. Such offers are called 2-combined. A base becomes one-component if it lacks one of the 2 elements.
2. Find the subject in the sentence. It must mean who or what we are talking about. It should also answer the question “who?” or “what?” The subject can be expressed in different parts speech. More often than not, this is a noun in the nominative case. The subject may also be a pronoun, not only personal, but also indefinite, interrogative or negative. It must also be in the nominative case. If the intended subject is part of an inseparable phrase, say, “The Ural Mountains,” then each phrase becomes part of the stem of the sentence.
3. Select the predicate in the analyzed phrase. It must denote an action done by or on the subject. More often than not, this member of a sentence is expressed as a predicate, and verbal adjectives are also found in this role. The predicate must agree with the subject in person, number and gender.
4. When completing a written task, underline the subject with one and the predicate with two strokes.
5. When you find several subjects and predicates, analyze the construction of the sentence. If you see in front of you two or more semantically independent combinations of sentence members, then we are talking about a difficult sentence with a coordinating or subordinating connection. In the case when several predicates refer to one subject and vice versa, then you have a primitive sentence with an extended base. However, such repeating elements must still be connected by the conjunction “and” or separated by commas.
Video on the topic
The grammatical basis of a sentence is its most important structural part, which largely determines the meaning of each phrase. The grammatical basis in linguistics is often called the predicative core. The term “predicative basis” is also often used. This grammatical phenomenon exists in many languages.
Instructions
1. Determine whether the phrase you need to parse is truly a sentence. Some phrases in the Russian language are both sentences and statements, but there are also those that can only be classified into the 2nd category. In the first case, it is possible to highlight the members of a sentence in a phrase or determine their syntactic positions. As usual, statements consisting of several words are sentences.
2. Find the subject. This member of the sentence denotes an object whose action is described in the phrase itself. The subject is grammatically independent, it answers questions in the nominative case. However, the subject can also be expressed by another part of speech, which in this case will perform the functions of a noun. Consequently, determine the active object, even if it is expressed by a not entirely familiar part of speech or by a noun not in the nominative case. For example, in the sentence “VKontakte invites you to register,” the subject will be “VKontakte.” At the same time, in the sentence “The public network “VKontakte” invites you to register,” the subject will be the word “network.”
3. Define the predicate. It denotes the action of the subject and answers the questions of verbs. Remember that a predicate cannot always be expressed by a verb. The verb predicate can be simple or compound. In the second case, the grammatical basis includes both verbs, that is, standing in the individual form and in the infinitive. The combination of subject and predicate is the predicative core.
4. One of the main members of the sentence may be missing. In this case, the statement remains a sentence if it is possible to determine the position of the missing member of the sentence. Sometimes this can only be determined by context. For example, participants in a dialogue can discuss someone’s actions and answer each other’s questions in one word. It is clear to the interlocutors who or what we are talking about; they can only name the actions of the subject. In this case, there is a grammatical basis, but it consists of one member of the sentence. For example, if the interlocutors were previously talking about public networks, then one of them may ask which one is preferable. The result of "VKontakte" is a sentence, from the fact that there is a subject and the predicate is implied.
Note!
In some cases, syncrete members of the sentence are part of the grammatical core. They are grammatically connected with both the subject and the predicate and can simultaneously be a subject and, say, a circumstance.
Helpful advice
Be extremely careful in cases where phraseological cycles occur in a sentence. The subject can be expressed in such a cycle, and then the grammatical basis will not be two words, but several, and dividing them is unthinkable.
A large amount of time is devoted to grammatical analysis of sentences in Russian language lessons; it is certainly included in the final control program. Schoolchildren need to be able to correctly determine the grammatical basis of a sentence; in case of an error, the entire task will be considered incomplete.
You will need
- -offer;
- -ruler;
- -pencil.
Instructions
1. Study the offer carefully. Remember that determining the grammatical basis is the first stage from which its review begins. Every sentence has a basis! In most cases, it consists of a subject and a predicate, but can be represented by only one of them. Such sentences are called two-part and one-part, respectively. Difficult sentences often contain two grammatical stems or more.
2. Find the subject in the sentence you are comprehending and underline it. In order not to confuse the subject and the object, you should remember that the subject answers the questions “who?” What?". It can be expressed either by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, or by other parts of speech: an adjective, a numeral, a verb. If the pronoun in a sentence is in a different case, then with a high probability it will be an object. The subject may consist of one or several words and is emphasized during parsing with one horizontal line. He is hot. (There is no subject in this sentence, the predicate is hot). The walls were decorated with beautiful paintings. (Pictures - subject, decorated - predicate). The strongest of the children quickly ran to the finish line. (The strongest of the children is the subject; ran is the predicate).
3. Find the predicate and underline it. To do this, you need to ask questions from the subject “what is he doing?” what is he like? Most often, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but, as in the case of the subject, other parts of speech can be used: noun, adjective, adverb. The verb predicate can be represented by one or more words. When parsed, it is emphasized by two parallel horizontal lines. The students did not find the notebook. (Students - subject, did not find - predicate). The mental game is chess. (Chess is the subject, game is the predicate). It got dark. (The sentence consists of one predicate). I need to get off at the next stop. (Combined predicate - need to go out)
Tip 7: How to determine the grammatical basis of a sentence
In order to understand the grammatical structure of a sentence, you need to discover its basis before everyone else. To do this, use methods developed by linguists. When you understand the basis of a sentence, you will be able to, say, place punctuation marks correctly.
Instructions
1. Find out what the grammatical basis is. These are the main members of the sentence - the subject and the predicate, which traditionally constitute the core meaning of the sentence. In some cases, sentences may contain only a subject or only a predicate, as well as several words that perform identical functions of the main members of the sentence.
2. Find the subject. Most often it is expressed as a noun or pronoun. In this case, it is certainly in the nominative case and answers the question “who?” or “what?” In rare cases, the role of object or subject of action in a sentence is played by a numeral or even a whole phrase. If you see a proper name in the nominative case in a sentence, it is extremely likely that it will be the subject.
3. Determine the predicate in the sentence. It denotes the action of the subject, the one that is the subject. In most sentences, the predicate is a verb coordinated with the subject in number and gender. Also, this member of the sentence can be expressed by verb phrases, verbal adjectives and even nouns. The verb should answer the question “who does?” or “what does it do?”, grammatically coordinated with the first part of the sentence stem.
4. Mark the found stem in the sentence. Underline the subject with one constant horizontal line, and the predicate with two.
5. If there are several subjects and predicates, clarify the grammatical structure of the sentence. If all subjects and predicates are consistent with each other grammatically and in meaning, then this indicates a primitive sentence. On the contrary, if they are independent and have an independent meaning, then you have sentences with two or more stems, between which there is a coordinating or subordinating relationship.
Video on the topic
Note!
Be careful if the sentence contains the words “to be”, “to appear”, “to appear”. By emphasizing only them, it is easy to make a mistake and miss another part of the predicate.
Helpful advice
The words “allowed”, “necessary”, “impossible”, “necessary” are included in the combined predicate.
Grammar basis sentences form the main members of the sentence ( subject and predicate). That is, the grammatical basis of a sentence (predicative basis, core) is the main part of the sentence, which consists of its main members: subject and predicate. See also introductory words..
Subject.
Remember!
Subject can be expressed not only by a noun or pronoun in nominative case, but also:
| 1) numeral, adjective and participle in I.P. as a noun; Seven (num.)one is not expected. All the past (adj. as a noun)I was just dreaming. |
2) designs: Numeral / several, many, part, majority, minority + noun in R.P.; The prince had gathered in the hut a lot of people. Several ladies walked quickly up and down the platform. Some, every, much / adjective + of + noun in R.P.; Best of Students quickly solved this problem. Someone, something + adjective, participle as a noun; Something so insignificant tied in a scarf. Noun / pronoun + s + noun / pronoun in Tv.P. ( but only if the predicate is expressed by a plural verb!). Vanya and Iwent along the forest road ( plural predicate.). Annashe entered the room with her daughter in her arms (predicate in singular). |
3) an infinitive, which names an action that does not occur in time. Livein a lordly way - this is a noble affair |
Predicate.
In the Russian language there are three types of predicates. The following algorithm of actions will help you determine which type is represented in your proposal.
Distinguish!
If a sentence contains homogeneous predicates, then each of them should be considered separately.
Also watch the video presentation.
Clue.
1) Most often, the definition of a simple verbal predicate, expressed in more than one word, raises doubts:
I I will take part in the exhibition.
In this example I will take part– a complex form of the future tense, which is defined in syntax as a simple predicate. And the combination participate is a phraseological unit that can be replaced by the word I'm participating. Therefore, we have a simple verbal predicate.
Trap!
People often make the mistake of calling the following construction simple verbal predicates:
Everything in Moscow is imbued with poetry, punctuated with rhymes.
This error is due to two factors.
First, we must distinguish the short passive participle from the past tense verb form.
Remember!
Short participles have suffixes -T-, -N-, and the verb -L-. Means, soakedBut, puncturedTo- These are short passive participles.
Secondly, we have before us a predicate that is expressed in just one word, but what is it - simple or compound (see Morphological analysis of a word with examples)? Try adding some time adverb to the sentence, for example, at the beginning of the twentieth century, and see how these forms behave.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, everything in Moscow was imbued with poetry and punctuated with rhymes.
A bunch appears was and the predicate clearly becomes compound. The Russian language is not characterized by constructions in the present tense with a copula be. Agree, it sounds clearly foreign if we say: All in Moscow There is imbued with poetry, rhymes There is pierced.
Thus, if in a sentence you come across predicates, expressed short passive participles then you are dealing with compound nominal predicate.
Remember!
Words it is impossible, it is possible, it is necessary, it is necessary included in composite predicates.
To me need to get off at this stop.
Trap!
Be careful with your words to be, to appear, to appear, since by highlighting only them, you may miss another component of the predicate.
She seemed funny to me.Wrong!
If you only highlight words appeared, then the meaning of the sentence changes completely ( seemed = dreamed, dreamed, imagined).
Right: She seemed funny to me
Wrong: The teacher was strict (was = existed, lived).
Right: The teacher was strict.
Trap!
This task offers quite complex sentences for analysis and the answer options are very often similar to each other. What “traps” can you expect here?
1) Proposals can be compiled according to different models:
- subject + predicate;
- only predicate or subject (one-part sentences);
- subject + homogeneous predicates;
- homogeneous subjects + predicate.
The answer option may omit a subject, a predicate, or one of the homogeneous subjects or predicates.
Remember!
The grammatical basis includes ALL the main parts of the sentence; omitting one of them is a clear mistake.
2) The answer option can combine the subject and predicate of different grammatical bases.
3) The subject can only be in I.P.! Answer options with nouns, pronouns not in I.P. obviously incorrect (except for those cases when they are part of the predicate and without them the whole meaning of the sentence changes).
4) The answer option may contain a participle or participial phrase, which are never included in the grammatical basis.
Distinguish!
Designs should be distinguished verb + noun in V.P. And noun + passive participle.
The coordinates were calculated. ? The coordinates have been calculated.
IN first case coordinates is a noun in the form accusative case, which depends on the verb (that is addition), and in second is a nominative case form that agrees with the past participle (i.e. subject). If you change each of the designs, the differences will be visible. Let's put the predicates in each of the sentences in the singular form:
Calculated the coordinates. The coordinate has been calculated.
The subject and predicate always agree with each other, but the object remains unchanged.
5) Sometimes words which, which in complex sentences they are subjects.
[And shiny droplets crawled down his cheeks], (the kind that happen on windows when it rains). (what = droplets).
Analysis of the task.
1. Which combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?
(1) So what is the difference between human and animal perception? (2) For an animal, only concrete things exist; its perception is inseparable from the real environment in which it lives and acts. (3) So, for example, the “TV version” of a dog means nothing to a cat. (4) Man, in the process of evolution, acquired the unique ability to create in his imagination ideal images of reality, but they no longer seem to be a direct copy of a specific thing. (5) Thanks to development cognitive activity, in particular, the processes of abstraction and generalization, a person can isolate any individual features of the object being studied, abstracting from all other, unimportant details. (6) Thus, a person has the ability to form a generalized image of a real thing, which allows him to see and recognize general signs and the qualities of various phenomena of reality.
1) perception is (sentence 2)
2) acquired the ability (sentence 4)
3) they do not appear to be a cast (sentence 4)
4) which allows you to see (sentence 6)
Option #1 is not a grammatical basis, since here the predicate is not fully represented, which distorts the meaning of the entire sentence (perception is = in the meaning “comes, arrives somewhere for some reason”). See point 3 in the “Predicate” section.
Option No. 2 is also incorrect because it lacks a subject. Who acquired the ability? In sentence 4 the subject is the word Human.
Option #3 true, although at first glance it seems wrong. The authors of the assignment are deliberately trying to confuse us. Although the word cast is not in the I.P. form, but it is part of the predicate, since without it the logic of the story is lost. They don’t introduce themselves = The images don’t give their names?!
Option No. 4 incorrect . The subject is highlighted correctly. Word which, as we have already said, can be subject. In the subordinate clause it is replaced by the word image and performs the same functions, that is, it is the subject. But the predicate is not fully represented. In the sentence it is - allows you to see and recognize.
So way, the student who chooses option 3 will be right.
2. What words are the grammatical basis in the sixth (6) sentence of the text?
(1)… (2) They are united by one desire - to know. (3) And their ages are different, and their professions are very different, and their level of knowledge is completely different, but everyone tried to know more than they already know. (4) This expressed the need of millions and millions of people who greedily absorbed all the secrets of the world, all the knowledge and skills accumulated by mankind. (5) Library visitors either studied somewhere or dreamed of studying. (6) They all needed books, but when they came to the library, they got lost in the ocean of books. (7) ... (According to K. Chukovsky).
1) books were needed, they were lost
2) they needed it, they were lost
3) books were needed, when they came here they got lost
4) books were needed, they were lost in the ocean
The correct one is Option 1, since in other variants the second ones included minor members of the sentence in the base: in the second, the word is superfluous them (addition, stands in D.P.), in the third there is an adverbial phrase that is not part of the basis of the sentence, and in the fourth there is an adverbial phrase in the ocean.
3. What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences (or part of it)?
(1)... (2) She will die of hunger if the gates are strong and no one opens them, but does not think of moving away from the gates and pulling them towards themselves. (3) Only a person understands that you have to be patient, work hard and do something you don’t want in order for what you want to happen. (4) A person can restrain himself, not eat, not drink, not sleep only because he knows what is good and should be done and what is bad and should not be done, and this is taught to a person by his ability to think. (5) Some people increase it in themselves, others do not. (6)…
1) she will die (sentence 2)
2) what you want (sentence 3)
3) what is good and should be done (sentence 4)
4) teaches ability (sentence 4)
This is a task of increased difficulty.
Option #1 incorrect, since not all predicates are indicated by the authors. The sentence has a rather difficult structure to analyze. It is complex with a subordinate clause that is wedged between two homogeneous predicates. Therefore, you may not notice that the basis she will die must also include a predicate won’t think to step back and pull.
Option No. 2 is also excluded. Verb I want to is impersonal and there cannot be a subject with it.
Option #3 similar to the previous one. This sentence is also impersonal. Word must in dictionaries it is defined as a category of state that is used in sentences without a subject.
True is Option 4.
- this is an indefinite-personal sentence that can be transformed into Someone gave you a book, but in this case the subjects are invented and not restored from the context (instead of someone there can be another word), and the predicate changes the grammatical form (from the plural in the only one).
IN two-part sentences the grammatical basis of a sentence is subject and predicate.
IN one-part sentences there is only one main component - it will be the grammatical basis ( nominal offers ( with subject), A **definitely personal, vaguely personal , **general-personal And impersonal (with predicate).
First of all you need to find subject in a sentence. The subject denotes who or what we are talking about. The subject answers the question who? or what?. It should be remembered that the subject can be expressed not only by a noun, but also by other parts of speech (pronoun, adjective, participle, numeral) and an indefinite form of the verb (infinitive)...)
Next you need to determine predicate. The predicate answers the questions of the verbs and denotes the action performed by the subject. In its composition, the predicate can be simple and compound (nominal and verbal) and complex.
In order to correctly determine the grammatical basis of a sentence, you need to carefully read it and determine whether it is a simple sentence or a complex one, which can consist of two or more simple sentences. If the offer simple, then he will have one grammatical basis. If it complex, That some.
First, determine whether the sentence in front of you is simple or complex. A simple sentence is one-part, and a complex sentence is two-part. Next, we determine the subjects in the first sentence (if option complex sentences) using the questions who?, What?, then we highlight the predicate using the questions what did you do? what did you do?, what is it?. After that, we do the same procedure in the next sentence.
In a simple sentence, we highlight the subjects and the predicate only once.
Look in more detail at the given picture -
Example from the head - The dog ate the meat that the owner bought. The subjects in the first sentence are Dog, predicate - ate; the subjects in the second sentence are the hostess, the predicate bought.
First of all, you need to understand what a grammatical basis is. The grammatical basis of a sentence is its core and determines the main meaning of the sentence.
The grammatical basis of a sentence is made up of the main members of the sentence: the subject and the predicate.
Let's try to determine the grammatical basis of a sentence using a simple example:
I answer this question.
In this sentence, I am the subject and I am the predicate.
The grammatical basis of this sentence is the phrase I answer.
I see nothing has changed in this matter since I graduated from school. This makes me happy. The basis of a sentence is the subject and predicate. The most common case is that a sentence has both a subject and a predicate. The predicate is a verb, and the subject is a noun or pronoun. For example: I did my homework. The predicate did, the subject pronoun is I. There are often sentences like this: Woke up. Did my homework. As we see, they have no subject. It happens that there is no predicate, for example: Morning. First, we determine whether our sentence has a subject and a predicate, then we determine what parts of speech they are, and from them we build a connection to the rest of the words.
Finding the grammatical basis in a sentence is not difficult if you know what it is.
Subject + predicate. How many such combinations you find, so many basics will be in the sentence. There must be either one subject or one predicate.
The grammatical basis of a sentence is its important structural part. And this part essentially determines the important and entire meaning of this phrase.
And such a grammatical basis is called in linguistics as a predicative core. And such grammatical phenomena exist in many world languages.
this is the most helpful thing for you simple rules on how to learn to highlight such a basis:
And here are some examples of how and what parts of speech can express subjects.
You must always analyze a sentence in order to understand its essence and semantic load. And then it will not be difficult to determine its grammatical basis.
The grammatical basis is the main part of the sentence and in almost every sentence, this basis consists of two main members of the sentence. The grammatical basis of a sentence is sometimes called the predicative core or predicative stem.
The main members of a sentence include the predicate and the subject, in some cases, in a sentence there can be only one main member.
In order to highlight the grammatical basis of a sentence, it is necessary to highlight the predicate and subject of the given sentence.
Everything here is as simple as in English. There is a subject in the sentence (answers the question who and what), then a predicate (what he did, what he did), a Determination (for what, for whom), and an object (this is the rest). This is how you can parse the sentence
Grammar basis offers in two-part sentences comprises subject And predicate. The video below is an explanation of the topic for those who are encountering these concepts for the first time - for fifth graders.
This is simple, but then the difficulties begin, because the subject is often associated with a noun or personal pronoun in the nominative case, and the predicate with a verb, so any deviations from this simplified representation cause bewilderment.
Subject names something or something that is being discussed in a sentence, and it can be expressed either in individual words or in whole phrases, see the table below:
Here important to pay attention on what is in the design
numeral / several, many, part, majority, minority + noun
predicate agrees with the words set, part, majority, minority, and not with the noun following it, therefore it should be in singular! You can read about all complex or confusing cases of this kind here.
Definition of predicate also raises a number of difficulties. Why would one verb be simpler - a simple verbal predicate, but no, in the form of the future tense the predicate consists of two words, but at the same time remains simple! Following the given below simple algorithm, you can define the predicate correctly:
The videos below clearly present the types of predicate and how to correctly define it:
And This Video(you need to follow the link because the video is not inserted into the answer text).
IN incomplete sentences the grammatical stem loses subjects or predicates because it is implied but not spoken. Incomplete proposals should always be considered in the context, because it is from it that the grammatical basis is restored.
It is implied that it is Dimka who is walking, the meaning is restored from the previous sentence. With an explanation of the features of incomplete sentences and a simple, but interesting test for mastering the material can be found here.
It is necessary to distinguish from incomplete sentences one-piece. In them the grammatical basis is initially expressed either subject to(nominal sentence), or predicate(definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal, infinitive sentence). One-part sentences can often be logically changed into two-part sentences, for example:
They gave you a book
More information about one-part offers can be found here.
The grammatical basis of a sentence or predicative core consists of a subject and a predicate (in two-part sentences) or one of them (in one-part sentences).
Accordingly, in order to highlight the grammatical basis of a sentence, it is necessary to find the subject (answers the question What? / Who? and denotes the world or who we are talking about) and the predicate associated with it (usually a verb denoting the action of the subject or its characteristics).
As part of the grammatical basis there are subject and predicate. If a sentence consists of one main member, then it is only a subject or predicate. There are no sentences without a basis (except for incomplete ones)!
Stage No. 1. We find the subject. Questions WHO? or WHAT?
The subject is the main member of the sentence, grammatically independent.
In a typical sentence, this is the thing (in the broad sense) that the sentence is talking about. This is a word in the nominative case. Most often this is a noun or pronoun that answers the questions: Who? or What?
Examples:
- Wolf came out of the forest (What or what is the sentence talking about? About a wolf, that is, we pose the question: Who? Wolf. Noun).
- Shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere out of the sedge thickets (Who? Dog. Noun).
- I smiled and went forward. (Who? I. Pronoun).
There are some cases where the subject is expressed in other ways (not as a noun or as a pronoun):
|
Other ways of expressing the subject |
Examples |
|
Numeral (quantitative and collective) as a noun |
Three came out of the forest. |
|
Adjective as a noun |
Well-fed not a companion for the hungry. |
|
Participle as a noun |
Vacationers had a fun time. Will make it through the road going. |
|
Tomorrow will definitely come. |
|
|
Interjection |
It thundered in the distance hooray. |
|
Collocation |
We are with friends we left earlier. Quite a few schoolchildren participated in the competition. |
|
Infinitive |
compose- my passion. |
Stage No. 2. We find the predicate. Questions: WHAT DOES IT DO? (and etc.)
What are the predicates?
The predicate is connected with the subject and answers the question that is asked to it from the subject: What does the subject do?
But with the appropriate expression of the subject (see table above), these can be other questions: What is the subject?, What is the subject), etc.
Examples:
- Wolf came out of the forest (We ask a question from actor, from the subject: the wolf did what? Came out is a predicate expressed by a verb).
- Shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere out of the sedge thickets (What did the dog do? Jumped out).
- I smiled and went forward. (What I did was smile and go).
Predicates in Russian are of three types:
- Simple verb (one verb). Example: The wolf came out.
- Compound verb (auxiliary verb + infinitive). Example: I'm hungry. I have to go to Suzdal (essentially two verbs in the predicate).
- Compound nominal (linking verb + nominal part). Example: I will be a teacher (essentially a verb and another part of speech in the predicate).
see also:
- Materials on the topic: and "".
Difficult cases in determining predicates
Situation 1. Often problems with determining the predicate arise in a situation where a simple verbal predicate is expressed in more than one word. Example: Today you will not have lunch alone (= have lunch).
In this sentence, the predicate will dine is a simple verb, it is expressed in two words for the reason that it is a compound form of the future tense.
Situation 2. I found myself in difficulty doing this work (= found it difficult). The predicate is expressed by phraseological units.
Situation 3. Another hard case- these are sentences in which the compound predicate is represented by the form of a short participle. Example: The doors are always open.
An error in determining the type of predicate may be associated with an incorrect definition of the part of speech (a short participle should be distinguished from a verb). In fact, in this sentence the predicate is a compound nominal, and not a simple verb, as it might seem.
Why is it compound if it is expressed in one word? Because in the present tense form the verb has a zero connective. If you put the predicate in the form of the past or future tense, it will appear. Compare. Doors are always there will be open. Doors are always were open.
Situation 4. A similar error can occur in the case of expressing the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate with a noun or adverb.
Example. Our hut is the second from the edge. (Compare: Our hut was the second one from the edge).
Dasha is married to Sasha (Compare: Dasha was married to Sasha).
Remember that words are part of a compound predicate possible, necessary, impossible.
Determining the stem in one-part sentences
In nominative sentences, the stem will be represented by the subject.
Example: Winter morning.
In indefinite sentences there is only a predicate. The subject is not expressed, but it is understandable.
Example: I love the storm in early May.
The most difficult case of expressing a stem in impersonal sentences. Most often these are just different types of compound nominal predicates.
Examples: I need to act. The house is warm. I'm upset. There is no comfort, no peace.
If you do not develop the skill of determining the basis of a sentence in the early grades, this will lead to difficulties in analyzing single-part and complex sentences in grades 8-9. If you gradually develop this skill by increasing complexity, then all problems will be resolved.
The grammatical basis of a sentence (subject and predicate) is the most important syntactic structure that determines not only the structure of the sentence, but also its informational meaning. Moreover, without the correct definition of the grammatical basis, it is impossible to correctly solve punctuation problems, especially in complex sentences.
Second level students secondary school(grades 5 - 9) it is not always possible to correctly and quickly find the grammatical basis of a sentence, because this syntactic structure is very diverse both in form and content. Consequently, problems arise with general analysis sentences, and with punctuation.
Let us note right away that teaching children to correctly determine the grammatical basis of a sentence is possible only by fully performing one of essential principles didactics, namely the principle of promising learning.
This means that, starting from elementary school, one should look far ahead and gradually introduce children both to the members of a sentence that make up its structure, and to terminology.
Children's initial acquaintance with the main members of a sentence occurs in primary school(in 3rd grade). Simplest form The grammatical basis of a sentence (the subject is expressed by a noun, and the predicate by a verb) is learned by children relatively easily and quickly. But the slightest deviation from this formula already causes difficulties and confusion both in understanding and in terminology.
Unfortunately, teachers are sometimes the culprits of this confusion.
Here's an example:
The class works with the sentence “Children play in the school yard”
Teacher: Where is the subject?
Student: Children.
Teacher: Correct. Where's the verb?
What did the teacher do? He grossly violated the classification system completely different concepts. After all, the classification of parts of speech is one thing, but the classification of sentence members is something completely different. Under no circumstances should these things be confused!
The teacher should have asked: Where is the predicate?
In the system of teaching Russian to children in primary school the most important place takes an unmistakable understanding and ability to distinguish meanings various parts speech: noun, adjective, verb, pronoun, preposition and adverb.
If this confusion of the concepts of “part of speech” and “member of a sentence” is not eradicated in elementary school, then in the middle school it is extremely difficult to do this.
When leading children to understand the structure (construction) of a sentence, it is necessary to emphasize that a word can only be a member of a sentence as part of a sentence. This is the first thing. And secondly, on the fact that the members of the sentence (so far we are talking only about the subject and the predicate) can be expressed by any part of speech (“made” from any part of speech).
It is very important that already in elementary school children understand and firmly know what a subject is and what a predicate is, what these main members of a sentence mean and what questions they answer. Children find it especially difficult to find a predicate if it answers the questions “What is the subject?” or “What is (who is) the subject?”
It is very useful already in grades 4 and 5 to conduct a written survey “What is the subject?” and “What is a predicate?”, where students must give not only precise definition the main members of the proposal, but also give your own examples.
Particular attention should be paid to the logical connection of the main members of the sentence with each other, i.e. the ability to correctly ask a question from subject to predicate and persistently teach children to give a complete answer.
Example:
We are working with the proposal “Children play in the garden”
The student's answer should be:
“This sentence talks about children, this word is in the nominative case, which means it is the subject, it is expressed by a noun.
What are the children doing? - playing. This word denotes the action of the subject, which means it is a predicate, it is expressed by a verb.
The Russian language course in primary school (grade 5) begins with syntax. This is correct, because children must first learn how to construct a sentence correctly. In this initial syntax course, students already study in detail the ways of expressing the main members of a sentence and become familiar with the minor members of a sentence in detail. The concept and term “grammatical basis of a sentence” are familiar to them. Children relatively easily find the subject, expressed by a noun, and the predicate, expressed by one verb. Deviation from this formula already causes difficulties.
Painstaking work begins, as a result of which the children must understand that the subject can be expressed not only by a noun, but also by other parts of speech.
It is advisable already in the 5th grade to gradually introduce children to different types of predicates: simple verb, compound verb, compound nominal, although this is material for 8th grade. Practice shows that by the end of the first half of the year, fifth-graders are already quite consciously distinguishing between these types of predicates. True, at the first stage, confusion arises between the compound verbal predicate and homogeneous simple verbal predicates.
Children are confused by the fact that in both cases there are two verbs. But pretty soon everything falls into place. Again, written surveys are helpful.
Thus, in the fifth grade, groundwork has been made for the long term in understanding the structure of one of the main members of the grammatical basis of a sentence. Now you should methodically (preferably at each lesson) consolidate the structure of the predicate, terminology and its understanding.
Already in the 5th grade, it is advisable to introduce the concepts of “one-part and two-part sentences.” The guys master these concepts quite easily and quickly. By the way, the Russian language textbook for 5th grade by the authors Lvov and Nosov does just that. This is also a good foundation for the future. Ladyzhenskaya's textbook introduces these concepts only in 8th grade.
The syntax of a simple sentence is studied in detail in 8th grade. But, if we do not prepare children in grades 5 - 7 to perceive and understand this complex section of everything school course Russian language, it will be very difficult for children to learn the punctuation of a simple sentence. That is why the concepts of the most complex cases of expressing a grammatical basis should be gradually introduced precisely in grades 5–7. This is reasonable and possible when studying different parts of speech. You just need to constantly remember this and select didactic work material for the lesson, taking into account the role of the part of speech being studied in the sentence.
For example, when studying adjectives, it should be shown that this part of speech can be both a subject in a sentence (“The sick people are going for a walk”) and a predicate (“The night is bright”); when studying numerals, we demonstrate that numerals can play the roles of both subject and predicate (“Two sixth-graders gathered ...”; “Twice two is four”), etc.
If in grades 5-7 we conduct a syntactic and punctuation analysis of at least one sentence in each lesson, we will prepare children to solve many problems of stylistics and punctuation in grades 8 and 9.
It is in these classes that children are faced with very complex structures grammatical basis of the sentence. They are mainly associated with the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive).
The infinitive form of the verb most often in a sentence is the main part of the compound verbal predicate. (“Scientists have learned to distinguish…”). In these cases, the infinitive answers the questions: “What to do?”, “What to do?” and is included in the structure of the grammatical basis of the sentence.
At all indefinite form verb (infinitive) is a rather complex linguistic phenomenon that can perform a variety of functions in a sentence. This, of course, makes it difficult to find the grammatical basis.
The infinitive can perform the functions of a subject both independently and as part of a logically integral phrase (To feel is to live), (To love nature is a need of the soul). In the structure of a compound verbal predicate, the presence of an infinitive is mandatory, as is the presence of auxiliary verb. Moreover, the infinitive can play the role of not only the main, but also an auxiliary verb (I want to learn to fly.) The infinitive can also be part of the structure of a compound nominal predicate (Sister is going to work as a dressmaker).
However, the infinitive can also be a secondary member of the sentence: a goal adverbial (“We went to the store to buy...”) and an object (“I asked the doctor to help”), i.e. not be part of the structure of the grammatical basis of the sentence.
In the sentence “We went to the store to buy...” the grammatical basis is “we went.”
The infinitive buy is a goal adverbial because it depends on the predicate and answers the question “came in for what purpose?” In the sentence “I asked the doctor to help...” the infinitive is an object because it depends on the predicate and answers the question “asked for what?”
As a rule, such syntactic constructions have no practical meaning for punctuation. But both the State Examination Academy and the Unified State Examination have tests specifically for distinguishing between similar types of grammatical fundamentals. So we have to teach children these theoretical subtleties as well.
Particularly difficult are the grammatical basics, consisting only of verbs (To teach is to sharpen the mind). It seems that in these cases there is no need to diligently search for the subject and predicate; it is enough to indicate the grammatical basis of the sentence.
The ability to correctly and quickly find the grammatical basis of a sentence is extremely necessary when studying various types complex sentences. Without this skill, children cannot understand and master the punctuation of a complex sentence.
Problems begin already when studying one-part sentences. The absence of one of the main parts of a sentence often confuses students. They cannot find the boundaries of simple sentences in a complex one if one of the simple sentences is one-part. One-part sentences are studied in 8th grade.
Here again we need to work for the future: study one-component sentences in the context of complex ones.
In general, there is no need to prove that the ability to accurately determine the grammatical basis of a sentence in all its forms is the most important condition to understand the structure of any sentence and even more so for its punctuation. As a rule, the entire academic year in 9th grade. If you methodically, based on practice in grades 5-7, gradually prepare children to understand the syntactic structures studied in grades 8 and 9, the punctuation of simple and complex sentences can be mastered well.