Isolated definitions and applications of example sentences. Standalone Application: Example

§1. Separation. General concept

Separation- a method of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are isolated. Typically, stand-outs allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-separated members, segregation sentences have greater independence.

The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

1. Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
2. An isolated circumstance: Sashka was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
3. Isolated addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.

§2. Separate definitions

Separate definitions are divided into:

• agreed upon
• inconsistent

The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.

(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed separate definition is expressed:

• participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
• two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:

How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?

Olga, in her wedding dress, looked extraordinarily beautiful.

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:

• single definition: excited girl;
• two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
• a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl excited by the news she received...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:

She, excited, could not sleep.

(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

Excited, she could not sleep.

(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:

The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:

Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.

(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)

3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it:

The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.

(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun)

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined:

Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.

She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning

Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by a subordinate clause of the reason with the conjunction because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although.
To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example:

Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.

(additional meaning of reason)

Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.

(additional value of concession)

Thus, various factors are important for separation:

1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

§3. Dedicated Applications

Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:

1) single: Mishka, the restless one, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:

He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:

He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:

Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain:

And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.

The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.

Soon New Year- children's favorite holiday.

§4. Standalone Add-ons

Objects expressed by nouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They contain inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:

No one except Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.

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§6. Isolation of comparative turnovers

Comparative turnovers are distinguished:

1) with unions: How, as if, exactly, as if, What, how, than etc., if relevant:

• simile: The rain poured down as if from a sieve.
• similes: Her teeth were like pearls.

2) with union like:

Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.

Comparative turnover is not isolated, If:

1. are of a phraseological nature:

It stuck like a bath leaf. The rain was pouring down like buckets.

2. the circumstances of the course of action matter ( comparative turnover answers the question How?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or noun in the like:

We're walking in circles.

(We walk(How?) like in a circle. You can replace noun. in etc.: all around)

3) turnover with the union How expresses meaning "as":

It's not a matter of qualifications: I don't like him as a person.

4) turnover from How is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:

The garden was like a forest.

He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.

§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

Clarifying members refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition, or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, distinguished by intonation in oral speech, and in written speech by commas, parentheses or dashes. Example:

We stayed up late, until nightfall.

Below, in the valley stretched out in front of us, a stream roared.

The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are connected intonationally.

Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:

1) using unions: that is, namely:

I'm getting ready for Unified State Exam assignment C1, that is, for the essay.

2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, For example:

Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?

2. Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?

3. What can be separate definitions?

   • common and not common
   • agreed and uncoordinated

4. Are isolated definitions always expressed by participle phrases?

5. In what case are definitions standing before the word being defined isolated?

   • if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed
   • if no additional adverbial meaning is expressed

6. Is it correct to think that application is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines?

7. What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations, which are separate objects?

   • about, in, on, to, before, for, under, over, before
   • except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with

8. Is it necessary to separate gerunds and participial phrases?

9. Is it necessary to separate circumstances with a pretext? despite?

In contact with

Schoolchildren often find it difficult to understand what a stand-alone application is. Some sentences may include definitions expressed not only by an adjective, but also by a noun. What do such constructions represent in Russian?

Application is a definition expressed by a noun. Almost always agrees with the word being defined in gender, number and case.

Let's look at an example:

Marina took the cat Sima for a walk.

Vladislav decided to feed the hamster Vasya.

In the above example we clearly see this connection. However, the application may not always be used in the same case or gender as the word being defined. This means that it is inconsistent.

Today we will go to Lake Baikal.

In the morning there was fog on Lake Oskol.

Sometimes it is quite difficult to determine which one it is, and difficulties often arise in finding the most isolated application.

Recognition algorithm

Once you remember this algorithm, you can easily find applications:

1. It is necessary to determine whether the sentence contains special words. For example, by name (nickname), that is, especially, namely, and others. If such words exist, then they must be separated.
2. If there are no such words in the sentence, you must try to understand what the sentence itself refers to. If it is a personal pronoun, it will always be isolated.
3. The sentence relating to a common noun should also be isolated.
4. It is much more difficult to determine whether it is worth separating those sentences that refer to a proper noun. In this case, it is necessary to determine where this word is located.
5. Words after a proper noun must be separated. If they come before a proper noun, you should see if they have a causal meaning. If yes, a comma is added.

In order not to make a mistake, you need to carefully consider the structure of the sentence, strictly adhering to the algorithm. “Jumping” from one point to another is not allowed.

Conditions of separation

We list the cases when it is necessary to separate applications:

• common and expressed by a noun, which is a common noun;
• expressed by a common noun and also refers to a common noun;
• refers directly to the personal pronoun;
• has words indicating the presence of causality;
• common or refers to a proper name;
• has circumstantial meaning.

Punctuation marks

There are single and common applications. Single ones, unlike common ones, do not have any explanatory words with them, therefore, they can be located both before and after the word being defined. To avoid difficulties, you should remember that such an application will always specify the subject. In this case, it will be a proper name.

Let's look at examples where the agreed application is found after a common noun:

The Borovaya River has almost dried up.

A new cinema “Sovremennik” has opened in a small town.

The Sea of ​​Azov is a popular resort.

In all the cases listed above, the defining word must be written separately from the common noun. These words should be separated by a hyphen if the word being defined is located after the proper name.

In addition, a hyphen can also separate the word being defined if it gives any qualitative characteristics or denotes occupation, nationality, etc.

To make it more clear, let's look at a few simple examples:

• Albanian seller;
• female conductor;
• pencil skirt;
• portrait artist.

It is important! It is very easy to identify this type, so there are no problems with placing a hyphen. It is much more difficult to understand when to use another punctuation mark - a comma.

When to Use a Comma to Separate

The application is single and has a clarifying character if it is located in a sentence after the word being defined, which is a common noun and has its own definition.

Examples: My friend, a model, is constantly on the road. My mother, a doctor, often stays on night shifts.

Applications that appear after the word being defined and at the same time perform the function of a separate definition are isolated.

My neighbor’s son, a boy of about eight, went for a walk with me.

A separate type of detailed meaning of the reason (concession) is introduced into the sentence using the conjunction “how”.

As an educated person, our teacher was sincerely shocked by the lack of education of the children.

Important! The application that refers to the personal pronoun must be set apart, regardless of location in the sentence.

Stubborn, he did not want to listen to the advice of his friends.

If separate offer is located after the proper name and at the same time has an explanatory meaning. In this case, you can insert “namely” in front of it.

Any artist, that is, a master of his craft, is capable of creating a masterpiece.

Applications with the words “by name”, “birth”, “by nickname” should be separated only if they are pronounced with a clarifying intonation.

Her husband, a Georgian by birth, was always very kind to guests.

When to use a dash

You can use this punctuation mark only in three cases:

• the appendix is ​​at the end of the sentence and provides a clarifying definition;
• when you can insert “namely” in front and the meaning will not change;
• location of the structure in the middle of the sentence. It is important that the application is explanatory in nature.

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Let's sum it up

To understand which punctuation marks to use, you need to learn the rule of what a separate application is and use it in practice.

The term “application” is usually understood as a definition that is expressed by a noun. It agrees with the main word, that is, it is always placed in the form of the same case.

By their nature, designs have a number of specific features. They can convey various qualities of a person, characterize a profession or occupation, convey, clarify information about age, nationality and other qualities of a person or an object, and also help spread the offer. In a sentence, you need to learn to distinguish an application from an inconsistent definition, which can also be expressed by a noun.

Segregation of the application

The role of a separate application is played by common constructions expressed by common nouns with dependent words. An important condition can be considered a fact, that applications related to the proper noun are separated.

The selection of examples depends on a number of specific factors:



The application is isolated if the main word is a pronoun. Example: "Here it is" explanation"(L.N. Tolstoy).

If the word being defined is a noun, then one of two conditions must be met. Constructions that relate to the proper noun and come after it are isolated. Example: “Ignat Petrovich, barman, poured the guest five glasses of tea.”

In some cases, combinations appearing before a proper noun are isolated. In this situation the application can be replaced subordinate clause with subordinating conjunctions Although or because. Example: " Stubborn in everything, Ivan Sergeevich remained stubborn in his studies” - “Since Ivan Sergeevich was stubborn in everything, he remained stubborn in his studies.”

The application can be a proper name, that is, the name of a person or the name of a pet. It stands with the main common noun. The construction is isolated if the application is located immediately after the word being defined and carries some explanatory meaning, clarifies the thought, that is, words can be placed before it and his name is, namely, that is. Example: “Machine’s aunt is participating in the conversation, Ksenia Ivanovna Sidorova" - "Auntie Mashina is participating in the conversation, and her name is Ksenia Ivanovna Sidorova."

In some individual cases, double placement of punctuation marks is possible. Punctuation depends on the presence or absence of explanation, as well as the appropriate intonation when reading.

Regardless of the position in relation to the word being defined, common combinations are distinguished, which are expressed by nouns with dependent words. Usually such constructions are located after the main noun. Example: "Old woman, Vaska's mother, died, but the old people, father and father-in-law, are still alive."

Isolation of a non-widespread application is allowed only in a situation where the author seeks to significantly strengthen the semantic role of the design. The word itself is expressed by a common noun. It is located with a single defined word, which is expressed by a common noun. Example: "Father, drunkard, fed myself from an early age.” (M. Gorky)

In the texts you can find a combination with the conjunction How, which, as a rule, carries the additional meaning of causality. In this situation, the structure can be transformed subordinate clause reasons with subordinating conjunctions because, because, because the or in turn with the word being. The structure is usually isolated.

Example: " Like an old artilleryman, I do not recognize this type of weapon” - “Being an old artilleryman, I do not recognize this type of weapon” - “I despise this type of weapon, since I am an old artilleryman.” In the event that the union How can be replaced with a combination as, then separating the connecting turn is not required. Example: “His gesture was received like approval"“His gesture was taken as approval.”

Combinations containing revolutions by name, by last name, by nickname, are isolated if pronounced with the intonation of isolation. Example: “Peter had a little dog, nicknamed Sharik"- “Teacher nicknamed Trumpet almost no one loved.”

Using a dash instead of a comma

In some situations, a dash is used instead of a comma when separating:



In some cases it becomes possible to omit the second dash:



Non-separated applications

This role is often played by proper names, which are combined with nouns. Common nouns that immediately follow proper names can also act as non-isolated constructions. Many applications with a union are not isolated How, which convey the characteristics of an object from any one side. Example: “The reading public is accustomed to Chekhov as a comedian».

1. Usually, are isolated(separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence they are separated by commas on both sides) agreed common definitions, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the word being defined.

For example: A dirty city downpour struck, mixed with dust (B. Past.) ; Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, crossed Siberia on horseback at the end of the last century on a trip to Sakhalin, missed you all the way to the Yenisei(Spread); Master, dozing on the grass, stood up and nodded(Hall.); In the rough grass similar to goat hair, low purple flowers bloomed between the low wormwoods(Color.); Dust, pink from the sparkle of lightning, rushed along the ground(Paust.); loose clouds, nourished dark water , rushed low over the sea(Paust.).

2. Participles and adjectives with dependent words, standing after an indefinite pronoun, are usually not isolated, since they form one whole with the preceding pronoun.

For example: Her big eyes, filled with inexplicable sadness, seemed to be searching in mine. something like hope (Lermontov).

But if the semantic connection between the pronoun and the definition that follows it is less close and a pause is made when reading after the pronoun, then isolation is possible.

For example: And someone sweaty and out of breath, runs from store to store... (V. Panova)

3. Definitive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the participial phrase that follows them, but are closely adjacent to it.

For example: IN everything published in the book factual data has been verified by the author; IN this forgotten by people I rested in the corner all summer; Your handwritten the lines were hard to read.

But if attributive pronoun is substantivized or if the participial phrase has the character of clarification or explanation, then the definition is isolated.

For example: All, railway related, is still covered in the poetry of travel for me(Paustovsky); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, dear to me, human...(Bitter).

Often sentences with agreed upon definitions allow for variations in punctuation.

Compare: That middle one plays better than the others (That– definition for a substantivized word average). – That one, the middle one, plays better than others(substantivized word That– subject, with it a separate definition average ).

The common definition is not separated by a comma from the preceding negative pronoun.

For example: Nobody qualified for the Olympics did not solve the last problem; Can't compare to these dishes nothing served under the same name in vaunted taverns (although such designs are very rare).

4. Two or more consistent single definitions are separated, standing after the noun being defined, if the latter is preceded by another definition.

For example: . ..Favorite faces, dead and alive, come to mind...(Turgenev); ...Long clouds, red and purple, guarded him[sun] peace...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous definition, two subsequent single definitions are isolated or not, depending on the author's intonation and semantic load, as well as their location (definitions that stand between the subject and the predicate are isolated).

Compare:

1) ...I especially liked the eyes, big and sad (Turgenev); And the Cossacks, both on foot and on horseback, set out on three roads to three gates(Gogol); Mother, sad and anxious, sat on a thick knot and was silent...(Gladkov);

2) Under this thick gray overcoat my heart was beating passionate and noble (Lermontov); I walked along a clean, smooth path, but didn’t follow(Yesenin); He moved his bow across the old gypsy violin lean and gray (Marshak).

5. The agreed single (non-extended) definition is isolated:

1) if it carries a significant semantic load and in meaning can be equated to a subordinate clause.

For example: The caretaker, sleepy, appeared at his cry.(Turgenev);

2) if it has additional circumstantial meaning.

For example: To a young man, to a lover, it’s impossible not to spill the beans, but I confessed everything to Rudin(Turgenev) (Compare: “ if he's in love»); Lyubochka's veil clings again, and two young ladies, excited, run up to her(Chekhov);

3) if the definition is torn off in the text from the noun being defined.

For example: Their eyes closed and, half-closed, they also smiled(Turgenev);

4) if the definition has a clarifying meaning.

For example: And about five minutes later it was pouring heavily,(Chekhov).

6. Consistent common or single definitions standing immediately before the defined noun are separated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, temporary).

For example: Accompanied by an officer, the commandant entered the house(Pushkin); Stunned by the blow of a cargo fist, At first Bulanin staggered in place, not understanding anything.(Kuprin); Tired to the last degree, the climbers could not continue their ascent; Left to our own devices, children will find themselves in a difficult situation; Wide, free, the alley leads into the distance(Bryusov); Disheveled, unwashed, Nezhdanov looked wild and strange(Turgenev); Well-versed in real village life, Bunin literally flew into a rage at the far-fetched, unreliable portrayal of the people.(L. Krutikova); Tired of mom's cleanliness, the guys learned to be cunning(V. Panova); Confused, Mironov bowed to his back(Bitter).

7. An agreed common or single definition is isolated if it is separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the definition is located before or after the word being defined).

For example: And again, cut off from tanks by fire, infantry lay down on a bare slope...(Sholokhov); Spread out on the grass, well-deserved shirts and pants were drying...(V. Panova); Over the noise, they did not immediately hear a knock on the window - persistent, solid (Fedin) (several separate definitions, often at the end of a sentence, can be separated by a dash).

8. Agreed definitions relating to the personal pronoun are isolated, regardless of the degree of prevalence and location of the definition.

For example: Lulled by sweet hopes, he slept soundly(Chekhov); He turned and left, and I, confused, remained next to the girl in the empty hot steppe(Paustovsky); From him, the jealous one, locked in the room, you made me lazy, kind words remember(Simonov).

Definitions for personal pronouns are not separated:

a) if the definition is meaningfully and grammatically connected with both the subject and the predicate.

For example: We went away happy with their evening (Lermontov); He's coming out of the back rooms already completely upset... (Goncharov); To the hut we arrived soaked through (Paustovsky); She came home upset, but not discouraged(G Nikolaeva);

b) if the definition is in the form accusative case (this design, with a touch of obsolescence, can be replaced modern design with the instrumental case).

For example: I found him ready to hit the road(Pushkin) (compare " found it ready...»); And then he saw him lying on a hard bed in the poor neighbor's house(Lermontov); See also: And when she’s drunk, the police hit her on the cheeks(Bitter);

c) in exclamatory sentences type: Oh, you're cute! Oh, I'm clueless!

9. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns(usually with a preposition) V artistic speech are usually isolated if the meaning they express is emphasized.

For example: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulets, paraded through the streets and boulevards(L. Tolstoy); Some kind of fat woman, with rolled up sleeves and raised apron, stood in the middle of the yard...(Chekhov); Five, without frock coats, in only vests, were playing...(Goncharov).

In a neutral style of speech, there is a steady tendency towards the absence of isolation of such definitions.

For example: Teenagers in knitted hats and down jackets- permanent inhabitants of underground passages.

Inconsistent definitions can also appear before the noun being defined.

For example: In a white tie, in a smart overcoat, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in the loop of his tailcoat., the general was returning from lunch, alone(Turgenev).

Usually similar inconsistent definitions are isolated (the isolation of inconsistent definitions in all of the following cases is affected by their location):

a) if they refer to your own name.

For example: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, with a cap on the back of his head and a shawl, sitting on the sofa(Goncharov); Elizaveta Kievna never left my memory, with red hands, in a man's dress, with a pitiful smile and meek eyes(A.N. Tolstoy); Light brown, with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed beautiful and extraordinary(Chekhov);

b) if they refer to a personal pronoun.

For example: I'm surprised that you, with your kindness, don't feel it(L. Tolstoy); ...Today she, in the new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful(Bitter);

c) if separated from the defined word by any other members of the sentence.

For example: After dessert everyone moved to the buffet, where in a black dress, with a black mesh on her head, Caroline sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her(Goncharov) (regardless of whether the word being defined is expressed by a proper or common noun); On his ruddy face, with a straight big nose, bluish eyes shone sternly(Bitter);

d) if they form a series of homogeneous members with previous or subsequent separate agreed definitions.

For example: I saw a man wet, in rags, with a long beard (Turgenev); With bony shoulder blades, with a lump under his eye, bent over and clearly afraid of water, he was a funny figure(Chekhov) (regardless of what part of speech the word being defined is expressed in).

Inconsistent definitions are often identified when naming persons according to degree of relationship, profession, position held etc., since due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message.

For example: Grandfather, in grandma's katsaveyka, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiles at something(Bitter); Headman, in boots and a saddle-backed coat, with tags in hand, noticing the priest from afar, took off his red hat(L. Tolstoy).

Isolating an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating a given phrase from a neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and attributing it to the subject.

For example: Women, with a long rake in his hands, wandering into the field(Turgenev); Painter, drunk, drank a glass of lacquer instead of beer(Bitter).

Compare also: ...It seemed to Mercury Avdeevich that the stars were growing in the sky and the entire yard, with buildings, rose and walked silently towards the sky(Fedin) (without isolation, combination with buildings would not play the role of definition).

10. Inconsistent definitions expressed by a phrase with the comparative form of an adjective are separated if the defined noun is usually preceded by an agreed definition.

For example: Force, stronger than his will, threw him out of there(Turgenev); Short beard slightly darker than hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin(A.K. Tolstoy); Another room, almost twice as much, was called the hall...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition expressed comparative degree adjective, is not isolated.

For example: But at other times there was no more active person than him(Turgenev).

11. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by indefinite form verb, before which you can put the words “namely” without damaging the meaning.

For example: ...I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good!(Chekhov); But this lot is beautiful - shine and die (Bryusov).

If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides.

For example: . ..Each of them solved this issue - leave or stay- for yourself, for your loved ones(Ketlinskaya).

But if, according to the context, there must be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted.

For example: Since there was only one choice left - lose the army and Moscow or Moscow alone, then the field marshal had to choose the latter(L. Tolstoy).

See next page

Application is a definition expressed by a noun that gives another name that characterizes an object.

The application is in the same case as the word being defined.

The application has grammatical meanings: various qualities of the object, emotionally expressive assessment ( villainous trap, warbler nightingale); nationality ( French teacher); age, relationship (old watchman, Aunt Dasha); profession, social affiliation (female navigators, orphan soldier); names indicating the names of newspapers, magazines, enterprises, works of art etc . (newspaper “Komsomolskaya Pravda”); proper name (Neva River).

Of two words - a common noun and a proper one - the application is:

1. common noun, if a person names a proper name (doctor Aibolit)

2. proper, if it names an object (city Moscow)

Applications can be consistent or inconsistent. In agreed applications, the case form changes when the head word changes (fishing seagulls - fishing seagulls)

In inconsistent applications, the case form does not change when the head word changes (the story “Blizzard” - in the story “Blizzard”).

1.A common application is isolated, expressed by a common noun by a noun with dependent words and relating to a common noun (most often such an application comes after the word being defined): The old woman, Grishka's mother, died, but the old people, father and father-in-law, were still alive.

2. Single application, standing after the common noun, is isolated if the defined noun has explanatory words with it: One girl, a Polish woman, looked after me.

Less commonly, a non-widespread application is isolated with a single qualified noun in order to strengthen the semantic role of the application, to prevent it from merging intonationally with the qualified word: And our enemies, fools, think that we are afraid of death.

Note! The application is written with a hyphen.

1.Single application usually joins to the defined common noun by means of a hyphen: hero city, sorceress winter.

If there is an explanatory word in the application, double punctuation is possible:

The lecture will be given by a famous chemist professor. The lecture will be given by a famous professor, chemist.

2. Hyphen is written after a proper name(more often - geographical name, acting as an appendix for the generic name): Moscow River. But without a hyphen, the application is written in reverse word order: Moskva river.(Expressions like Mother Rus', Mother Earth are stable expressions).

3. The hyphen is not written:

a) if the preceding one-word application can be equated in meaning to an adjective definition : handsome man ( handsome man), old father (old father), giant plant (but a giant plant), poor shoemaker, predator wolf, skilled cook.

b) if in a combination of two common nouns the first of them denotes a generic concept, and the second a specific one: chrysanthemum flower, boletus mushroom. But if such a combination forms a scientific term, the hyphen is written: brown hare, stag beetle, field mouse, therapist, landscape artist.

C) if the first element of the combination is words comrade, citizen, sir, our brother, your brother: comrade teacher.

2.The application is isolated, relating to a proper name, if it comes after a qualifying noun : The suitcase was brought in by the coachman Selifan, a short man in a sheepskin coat, and the footman Petrushka, a boy of about thirteen. Sergei Nikanorovich, the bartender, poured five glasses of tea.

Before a proper name, the application is isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning: Stubborn in everything, Ilya remained stubborn in his studies(cause). A renowned intelligence officer, Travkin remained the same quiet and modest young man as he was when they first met(concessive meaning). BUT!Lieutenant royal army Vasily Dibich made his way from German captivity home(without additional adverbial meaning).

3. Given name faces or the name of an animal acts as a separate application, if it explains or clarifies a common noun (before such an application you can insert the words “namely”, “that is” without changing the meaning): Daria Mikhailovna’s daughter, Natalya, might not have been liked at first glance. And Anya’s brothers, Petya and Andryusha, high school students, tugged at his tailcoat from behind.

4.A separate application can be joined by a union How(with additional the meaning of the reason), as well as words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth and etc.: Ilyusha sometimes, like a playful boy, just wants to rush in and redo everything himself. As an old artilleryman, I despise this kind of cold decoration. This student, named Mikhail, an enthusiast and poet, sincerely fell in love with Lavretsky. Yermolai had a pointer dog, nicknamed Valet.

BUT! If the union How has the meaning as, then the turnover attached to it is not isolated: The response received is considered as consent.

Not isolated also an application with a union How, characterizing an object from one side : The reading public has managed to get used to Chekhov as a humorist.

5. The application with a personal pronoun is always isolated: Should he, a dwarf, compete with a giant?

6. A separate application may refer to a word missing in a given sentence if the latter is suggested by the context: You hold him, hold him, otherwise he will leave, anathema! (meaning burbot)

7. Instead of a comma when separating applications, use dash in following cases:

a) if words can be inserted before the application without changing the meaning namely: She sketched ancient lamps with the coat of arms of the city of Olbia - an eagle soaring over dolphins.

b) before a common or single application at the end of a sentence, if the independence is emphasized or an explanation of such an application is given: My path went past the settlement - the refuge of Pugachevsky.

c) to highlight applications of an explanatory nature on both sides: The caretaker of the shelter, a retired soldier, followed the owner. Mild cramps are a sign strong feeling- ran over his wide lips.

d) if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members of the sentence: At the table sat the mistress of the house, her sister - my wife's friend, two strangers to me, my wife and me.

e) to separate homogeneous applications standing before the defined word from the defined word: Our greatest poet, the founder of Russian literary language, the largest representative of national literature - Pushkin rightfully occupies one of the first places in the history of Russian development.

f) if an application explains another application: All of us, educators - teachers and counselors - must take into account age characteristics in working with children.

Special circumstances

Participial constructions

1. The participial phrase or single participle is isolated, which retains the meaning of verbality, regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb: A match struck, momentarily illuminating the hanging nets, hay, and old man.

The shepherd walked, singing, behind a flock of greedy sheep. Having rested, he was about to leave. The mother, perplexed, smiled. He. smiling, squinting from the light. Gasping for breath, I jumped over ditches.

2. Participial turnover, coming after the union, separates From him comma: Our father was one of the cantonists, but, having served the rank of officer, he left us hereditary nobility and estate. You could hear the water dripping from the tap, counting down the seconds with the precision of a metronome.

Exception are those cases when the participial phrase or the solitary participle stands after the adversative conjunction a: It is necessary to make an urgent decision, and having made it, implement it. However when contrasting homogeneous members connected by a union A, a comma is placed after it: Do not stand still, but, overcoming one difficulty after another, always strive forward.

3. Two participial phrases, connected by a non-repeating union and, are not separated by commas, like the others homogeneous members in such cases: I sat on the wood, swaying slightly and continuing my song.

Participial phrases are not isolated:

a) if the phrase (with the meaning of the circumstance of the manner of action) is closely related in content to the predicate and forms the semantic center of the statement: She sat with her head slightly thrown back. (what’s important is not that she “sat”, what’s important is “ sat with her head thrown back»). We lived without meeting anyone(it is important that we lived "without any acquaintances»). This exercise is done while standing on your toes extended.

b) if the turnover represents phraseological unit: Day and night across the snowy desert I rush to you at breakneck speed.

c) if the adverbial phrase is preceded by enhancing particle and: You can live without showing off your intelligence. You can leave without waiting for an answer.

d) if the gerund has a conjunctive word as a dependent word which as part of a subordinate clause definitive sentence: There was a door to the right, through which you entered the corridor.

e) if the gerund has lost its verbal meaning: The post office is located less than a hundred meters from here. I'll be home beginning with seven o'clock in the evening.

But the turn with words beginning with is isolated if it is in the nature of clarification, incidental explanation or is not associated with the concept of time: This is confirmed by the history of many countries, starting with India and Egypt. Prizes for the best athletes have been awarded since the 19th century in Los Angeles.

Turnover with words based(in meaning "based") is not included in the adverbial construction and not isolated: The table was compiled based on the information received.

But the turn with words based on is isolated, if in meaning refers to the producer of the action, who can "to start from something»: The calculator made the calculation based on the established tariff rates.

Turnover with words depending on(in meaning "depending on something", "in accordance with something"), acting as a complex preposition and not having the meaning of a gerund, not isolated: We will act depending on the circumstances. But if the turnover has clarification value or accession, then he is isolated: I had to act carefully, depending on the circumstances (clarification).

4. Two single gerundial participles are distinguished, acting as homogeneous circumstances: The fogs, swirling and twisting, slid along the wrinkles of the rocks.

BUT ! At that same moment an old woman came in singing and dancing.(close connection with the predicate) My coachman cried silently and slowly (the gerund turned into an adverb, similar to words such as lying, sitting, standing, slowly).

Examples of non-isolated single circumstances:

Cranes usually sleep standing up. The girl ran into the room sobbing. He lived with his grief without hiding. He hid the money in his wallet without counting it. The trolley passed without delay. Sergei sat bending over. The mountain road was winding. They left without saying goodbye. I took the book without looking. Shot without aiming.

5. Isolation and non-isolation of a single gerund may depend on the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb: the same word can be isolated at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence, but not at the end: He spoke haltingly. - He added, hesitatingly, a few words of his own. She walked slowly - Along the road, slowly, they picked berries.

6. The isolation of a single gerund may be influenced by its type: more often, imperfective gerunds (on –a, -ya) are not isolated, because usually they express a circumstance of a course of action. While the perfect participles (in -v, -shi) are characterized by other shades of meaning (time, reason, condition, concession), which often leads to their isolation: I listened without interrupting. If he refuses, he will miss his chance.

7. A single gerund with the meaning of a manner of action, standing at the end of a sentence, is isolated if it has the meaning of clarification: He walked without looking back (without looking back) - He walked hurriedly without looking back. The machine gun chattered incessantly (incessantly) - The machine gun chirped continuously, incessantly.