General rules for drawing coordination axes. Drawing design Correct spelling of axes in construction

Scale. The depiction on construction drawings of plans, facades, sections, structures, parts and other elements of civil, industrial and agricultural buildings is carried out on the scale established by GOST 2.302-68*, taking into account the requirements of GOST 21.501-93. The scales for this type of drawings are given in table. 9.5.1. The image scale should be taken as minimal as possible, depending on the complexity of the drawing, but ensuring clear copies when modern methods reproduction of drawings. In accordance with GOST 21.101-97, as a rule, scale is not indicated on construction drawings. However, if necessary, the image scale can be indicated in the title block as 1:10,1:100, and above the image as 1-1 / 1:10, A / 1:20.

Drawing lines. In construction drawings, the types of lines given in GOST 2.303-68* are used. The thickness of the lines for all images made at the same scale should be the same.

However, in construction drawings there are some peculiarities in the use of certain types of lines. So, on the plan and section of the building, visible contours are outlined with lines different thicknesses. A thicker line outlines the contours of sections of walls that fall within the secant plane. The contours of wall sections that do not fall within the section plane are outlined with a thin line (see Fig. 9.5.1, Fig. 9.5.2).

Kinds. On construction drawings they are located in accordance with GOST 2.305-68**. However, the name of the species may differ from that adopted in the standard. For example: instead of “front view” the image is called “facade”, etc. In addition, on construction drawings the name of the view is usually written above its image like “Facade 1-3”. The view may have an alphabetic, numeric or some other name.

If necessary, the direction of projection can be indicated by one or two arrows. The name of the species can be given without indicating the direction of view. On the drawings metal structures, where the location of the views is slightly different from the accepted one, the direction of view should be indicated by an arrow.

Cuts. In construction drawings, it is allowed to use letters, numbers and other designations to name the section. It is allowed to include the word “section” in the name of the image, for example: “Section 1-1”.

Sections. In construction drawings, the line indicating the direction of the cutting plane may or may not have arrows. The section is designated by letters or numbers. The name of the section indicates the designation of the corresponding cutting plane.

Dimensions. On construction drawings, dimensions are applied in accordance with GOST 2.307-68*, taking into account the requirements of the system project documentation for construction GOST 21.501-93.

Dimensions in millimeters on construction drawings are usually applied in the form of a closed chain without indicating the unit of measurement. If dimensions are given in other units, this is specified in the notes to the drawings. Dimension lines on construction drawings are limited by serifs - short strokes 2-4 mm long, drawn with an inclination to the right at an angle of 45° to the dimension line. The thickness of the notch line is equal to the thickness of the solid main line adopted in this drawing. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the outer extension lines by 1-3 mm. The size number is placed above the size line at approximately a distance of 0.5 to 1 mm (Fig. 9.5.3). The extension line can extend beyond the dimension line by 1-5 mm. If there is not enough space for serifs on dimension lines, which are a closed chain, serifs can be replaced with dots (Fig. 9.5.4).

The distance from the outline of the drawing to the first dimension line is recommended to be at least 10 mm. However, in practice project work this distance is taken equal to 14-21 mm. The distance between parallel dimension lines must be at least 7 mm, and from the dimension line to the circle of the coordination axis - 4 mm (Fig. 9.5.5, Fig. 9.5.6).

If there are a number of identical elements in the image, located at equal distances from each other (for example, the axes of columns), the dimensions between them are indicated only at the beginning and end of the row (see Fig. 9.5.6) and indicate the total size between the extreme elements in as the product of the number of repetitions and the repeating size.

The dimension line on construction drawings is limited by arrows in accordance with GOST 2.307-68* in the case when it is necessary to indicate the diameter, radius of a circle or angle, as well as when applying dimensions from common base, located on the general dimension line (Fig. 9.5.7, a, b, c; 9.5.8). General provisions about applying dimensions are given in § 2.6. Recommendations for applying dimensions on plans, sections, facades and various designs will be given in the appropriate paragraphs.

Marks. Conventional level marks (heights, depths) on plans, sections, facades (Fig. 9.5.9) show the height distance from the surface level of any building structural element located near the planning surface of the ground. This level is taken as zero.

On elevations and sections, marks are placed on extension lines or contour lines. The marking sign is an arrow with a shelf. In this case, the arrow is made with main lines 2-4 mm long, drawn at an angle of 45° to the extension line or contour line. A vertical or horizontal leader line is outlined with a solid thin line (Fig. 9.5.10, a, b).

  • with four digits - 11 mm;
  • with five digits - 12 mm; for font height 3.5 mm:
  • with four digits - 12 mm;
  • with five digits - 15 mm. If necessary, the length of the shelf and size h can be increased.

If several level signs are located one above the other near one image, it is recommended to place the vertical lines of the mark on the same vertical straight line, and make the length of the horizontal shelf the same (Fig. 9.5.11).

The marking sign may be accompanied by explanatory notes. For example: “Ur.ch.p.” - finished floor level; “Lv.z” - ground level (Fig. 9.5.12).

On construction drawings, level marks are indicated in meters with three decimal places separated from the whole number by a comma. The conditional zero mark is designated as follows: 0.000. A dimensional number showing the level of an element located below the zero mark has a minus sign (for example, - 1,200), and one located above has a plus sign (for example, + 2,700).

On plans, the dimensional number is marked in a rectangle, the contour of which is outlined by a thin solid line, or on the shelf of a leader line. In this case, a plus or minus sign is placed in front of the dimensional number (Fig. 9.5.13, a, b).

Slopes. On construction drawings, the slope is indicated as a simple fraction. If necessary, a slope in the form of decimal Enter accurate to the third digit. In front of the dimensional number that determines the slope, place a sign consisting of two lines intersecting at an acute angle. The slope symbol is applied directly above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line, and the bottom line of the slope sign must be parallel to the contour line or leader line, and sharp corner directed towards the slope (Fig. 9.5.14).

On the plans, the direction of the slope is indicated by an arrow. If necessary, put the slope value above the arrow (Fig. 9.5.15).

Basic inscriptions. GOST 21.101-97 (SPDS) establishes uniform forms, sizes and procedures for filling out main inscriptions on drawings and text documents included in student documents coursework, coursework and diploma projects.

Main inscriptions are located in the lower right corner of a graphic or text document. On sheets of A4 format in accordance with GOST 2.301-68, the main inscription is located along the short bottom side of the sheet.

The main inscriptions and frames are made with solid main and solid thin lines according to GOST 2.303-68.

In the columns of the main inscriptions (the column numbers on the forms are shown in circles) indicate:

  • in column 1 - designation of the document; abbreviated name of the university, faculty, student ID number, two-digit number of the department, two-digit number of the diploma project ( course project) or test work, letter designation: diploma project (DP), course project (CP) or test work (KR) (capital font, size 5);
  • in column 2 - name of the project, work, product (capital font, size 5);
  • in column 3 - the name of the task (capital font, size 5);
  • in column 4 - the name of the images placed on this sheet(capital font, size 5);
  • in column 5 - designation of the material of the part (the column is filled out only in drawings of parts; lowercase font, size 5);
  • in column 6 - letter “U” (educational drawings);
  • in column 7 is the serial number of the sheet (pages of a text document when formatted on both sides). On documents consisting of one sheet, the column is not filled in;
  • in column 8 - total sheets of document (set of drawings, explanatory note etc.). On the first sheet of a text document when formatted double-sided, indicate the total number of pages;
  • in column 9 - full or abbreviated name of the department (lowcase font, size 5);
  • in column 10 - from bottom to top - “Student” or “Diploma student” (for a diploma project), “Consultant”, “Manager”, “Norm control”, “Head. department" (lowcase font, size 3.5).
  • The column “Normal control” is signed by the teacher of the department, who controls the graphic part of course and diploma projects for compliance with the requirements of SPDS and ESKD;
  • in columns 11, 12,13 - respectively, surname, signature, date;
  • in column 14 - the estimated mass of the product shown in the drawing, in kilograms without indicating units of measurement;
  • in column 15 - image scale according to GOST 2.302-68.

The names of products and images must be written in the nominative singular case in accordance with accepted terminology and be, if possible, brief.

In a product name consisting of several words, a noun is placed in the first place, for example, “Sprengel Farm”.

Abbreviations of words in inscriptions on drawings are allowed in the cases specified in GOST 2.316-68.

In Fig. 9.5.18 shows an example of filling out the title block on sheets of drawings of buildings and structures, and Fig. 9.5.19 - on the drawings of construction products.

In Fig. 9.5.20 shows the title block for text documents (first sheet), and Fig. 9.5.21 for drawings of construction products and text documents (subsequent sheets).

Names of products and images should be as short as possible and comply with accepted terminology.

The name of the product is given in the nominative singular case. In the names of construction products, the noun is placed first, like “Rafter truss”. Necessary word abbreviations according to GOST 2.316-68* and GOST 21.501-93. Additional columns are introduced in production drawings. Additional columns are placed in the lower left corner for filing.

Text part. When designing, as well as when performing computational and graphic educational work, coursework and diploma projects, it is required to draw up a number of text documents in accordance with GOST 21.501-93.

For the text part, use writing paper, the size of which is taken according to GOST 2.301-68*. It is recommended to use sheets measuring 297x210 (A4 format).

Inscriptions. Fonts for inscriptions on construction drawings are accepted in accordance with GOST 2.304-81.

The recommended font size for various inscriptions on construction drawings is as follows:

  • in the title block: name of the institute, sheet, object, etc. - 5 or 7 mm, other inscriptions - 3.5 or 5 mm;
  • in the names of main drawings and tables * - 5 or 7 mm, secondary drawings, text instructions, etc. - 3.5 or 5 mm, digital data for filling out tables - 3.5 or 2.5 mm;
  • in the designation of coordination axes, reference and numbering markings of nodes, position numbers with a diameter of circles of 6-9 mm, the font size is 3.5 or 5 mm, with a diameter of 10, 12 mm and more - 5 or 7 mm;
  • the height of the dimensional numbers in drawings made on a scale of 1:100 and larger is recommended to be 3.5 mm, and on a scale of 1:200 and smaller, as well as in cramped places and at a larger scale - 2.5 mm.

The font size for other inscriptions is taken depending on the scale and saturation of the drawing. The inscriptions are placed above the image with a minimal gap and are not underlined.

The construction of the main elements of buildings is carried out using modular coordination of dimensions in construction (MDCS), according to which the dimensions of the main space-planning elements of the building must be a multiple of the module.
The main module is assumed to be 100 mm.
Basic structural elements(load-bearing walls, columns) buildings are located along modular coordination axes(longitudinal and transverse). The distance between coordination axes in low-rise buildings is taken as multiples of the 3M module (300 mm).
For determining relative position building elements applied grid of coordination axes.
Coordination axes are drawn with dash-dot thin lines and are designated, as a rule, along the left and lower sides of the plan, marked starting from the lower left corner Arabic numerals(from left to right) and in capital letters Russian alphabet (from bottom to top) in circles with a diameter of 6 ... 12 mm (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Example of marking of coordination axes


Dimensions on construction drawings they are indicated in millimeters and are applied, as a rule, in the form of a closed chain.
Dimension lines are limited by serifs - short strokes 2 ... 4 mm long, drawn with an inclination to the right at an angle of 45° to the dimension line. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the outer extension lines by 1 ... 3 mm. The dimension number is located above the dimension line at a distance of 1 ... 2 mm (Fig. 3, a).
To indicate cutting plane position For a section or cross-section of a building, an open line is used in the form of separate thickened strokes with arrows indicating the direction of view. The cut line is indicated in Arabic numerals (Fig. 3, c). The starting and ending strokes should not cross the outline of the image.
The height dimensions of buildings (floor heights) are assigned as multiples of modules. Floor height of a building is defined as the distance from the floor level of a given floor to the floor level of the floor above it. In residential building projects, the floor height is assumed to be 2.8; 3.0; 3.3 m.
High-rise drawings are applied on facades and sections. marks level of a building element or structure from any calculated level, taken as zero. Most often, the level of the finished floor (floor covering) of the first floor is taken as the zero level (mark ±0.000).
Level marks are indicated in meters with three decimal places without indicating units of length and are placed on extension lines in the form of an arrow with a shelf. Parties right angle the arrows are drawn as a solid thick main line at an angle of 45° to the extension line (Fig. 4).


Rice. 3. Drawing the dimensions and positions of the cuts:


a – dimensions and dimension lines; b – view direction arrow;
c – positions of the cuts



Rice. 4. Applying level marks on views:


a – dimensions of the level mark; b – examples of location and design
level signs on sections and sections; c – the same, with explanatory inscriptions;
d – example of a level sign on the plans

The marking sign may be accompanied by explanatory inscriptions: Ur.ch.p. – finished floor level; Ur.z. - ground level.
Marks on the plans are made in rectangles (Fig. 4, d). Levels above the zero level are indicated with a plus sign (for example, + 2.700), below zero - with a minus sign (for example, – 0.200).
The following are accepted in the construction drawings: names types of buildings.
IN names of plans of the building, the level of the finished floor of the floor, the floor number or the designation of the corresponding plane is indicated; when executing a part of the plan - the axes limiting this part, for example:
Plan at elevation +3,000;
2nd floor plan;
Plan 3–3;
Plan at elevation 0.000 in axes 21–39, A–D.
IN names of sections building, the designation of the corresponding cutting plane is indicated (in Arabic numerals), for example, Section 1–1.
IN names of facades building, the extreme axes between which the façade is located are indicated, for example:
Façade 1–5;
Façade 12–1;
Façade A–G.
For multilayer structures callouts, located on shelves in a straight line,
ending with an arrow (Fig. 5). Sequence of inscriptions (material or design of layers indicating their thickness) to separate layers must correspond to the sequence of their location in the drawing from top to bottom and from left to right.
On leader lines, ending with a shelf, additional explanations to the drawing or item numbers of elements in the specification are placed.


Rice. 5. Examples of callouts

Graphic symbols materials in sections and sections of buildings and structures are given in the appendix. 3. The distance between parallel hatching lines is selected within 1 ... 10 mm depending on the hatching area and image scale. Material designations are not used in drawings if the material is homogeneous, if the dimensions of the image do not allow drawing symbol.
Conditional graphic images elements of the building and sanitary installations are given in the appendix. 4.

Date of introduction 01.01.71

This standard establishes the rules for depicting objects (products, structures and their constituent elements) on drawings of all industries and construction. The standard fully complies with ST SEV 363-88. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).

1. BASIC PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS

1.1. Images of objects should be made using the rectangular projection method. In this case, the object is assumed to be located between the observer and the corresponding projection plane (Fig. 1).

1.2. The six faces of the cube are taken as the main projection planes; the edges are combined with the plane, as shown in Fig. 2. Face 6 may be placed next to face 4. 1.3 The image on the frontal plane of projections is taken as the main one in the drawing. The object is positioned relative to the frontal projection plane so that the image on it gives the most complete idea of ​​the shape and size of the object. 1.4. The images in the drawing, depending on their content, are divided into types, sections, sections.

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1.5. View - an image of the visible part of the surface of an object facing the observer. To reduce the number of images, it is allowed to show the necessary invisible parts of the surface of an object in views using dashed lines (Fig. 3).

1.6 Section - an image of an object mentally dissected by one or more planes, while the mental dissection of an object relates only to this section and does not entail changes in other images of the same object. The section shows what is obtained in the secant plane and what is located behind it (Fig. 4). It is allowed to depict not everything that is located behind the cutting plane, if this is not required to understand the design of the object (Fig. 5).

1.7. Section - an image of a figure obtained by mentally dissecting an object with one or more planes (Fig. 6). The section shows only what is obtained directly in the cutting plane. It is allowed to use a cylindrical surface as a secant, which is then developed into a plane (Fig. 7).

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 1.8. The number of images (types, sections, sections) should be the smallest, but providing a complete picture of the subject when using the symbols, signs and inscriptions established in the relevant standards.

2. TYPES

2.1. The following names of views obtained on the main projection planes are established (main views, drawing 2): 1 - front view ( main view); 2 - top view; 3 - left view; 4 - right view; 5 - bottom view; 6 - rear view. In construction drawings, if necessary, the corresponding views may be given other names, for example, “facade”. The names of types on the drawings should not be inscribed, except as provided in clause 2.2. In construction drawings it is allowed to inscribe the name of the type and assign it an alphabetic, numerical or other designation. 2.2. If the views from above, left, right, below, from behind are not in direct projection connection with the main image (the view or section shown on the frontal plane of projections), then the direction of projection should be indicated by an arrow next to the corresponding image. The same capital letter should be placed above the arrow and above the resulting image (view) (Fig. 8).

Drawings are designed in the same way if the listed views are separated from the main image by other images or are not located on the same sheet with it. When there is no image that can show the direction of view, the name of the species is inscribed. In construction drawings, it is allowed to indicate the direction of view with two arrows (similar to indicating the position of cutting planes in sections). In construction drawings, regardless of the relative position of the views, it is allowed to inscribe the name and designation of the view without indicating the direction of view with an arrow, if the direction of view is determined by the name or designation of the view. 2.3. If any part of an object cannot be shown in the views listed in paragraph 2.1 without distorting the shape and size, then additional views are used, obtained on planes not parallel to the main planes of projections (Fig. 9-11). 2.4. The additional view must be marked on the drawing with a capital letter (Drawings 9, 10), and the image of an object associated with the additional view must have an arrow indicating the direction of view, with a corresponding letter designation (arrow B, Drawings 9, 10).

When an additional view is located in direct projection connection with the corresponding image, the arrow and view designation are not applied (Fig. 11).

2.2-2.4. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 2.5. Additional types are arranged as shown in Fig. 9- 11. Location of additional views along the lines. 9 and 11 are preferable. An additional view can be rotated, but with, as a rule, maintaining the position adopted for a given item in the main image, and the designation of the view must be supplemented with a conventional graphic designation. If necessary, indicate the angle of rotation (Fig. 12). Several identical additional types related to one subject are designated by one letter and one type is drawn. If, in this case, the parts of the object associated with the additional type are located at different angles, then the designation of the type is conditional graphic designation do not add. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 1, 2). 2.6. The image of a separate, limited area of ​​the surface of an object is called a local view (type D, figure 8; view E, figure 13). The local view may be limited to the cliff line, if possible in smallest size(type D, drawing 13), or not limited (type D, drawing 13). The local view should be marked on the drawing as additional view. 2.7. The ratio of the sizes of the arrows indicating the direction of view must correspond to those shown in Fig. 14. 2.6, 2.7. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).

3. CUT

3.1. The sections are divided, depending on the position of the cutting plane relative to the horizontal plane of projections, into: horizontal - the cutting plane is parallel to the horizontal plane of projections (for example, section A-A, Fig. 13; section B-B, crap. 15). In construction drawings, horizontal sections may be given other names, such as "plan"; vertical - the cutting plane is perpendicular to the horizontal plane of projections (for example, a section at the site of the main view, Fig. 13; cuts A-A, V-V, G-G, damn. 15); inclined - the secant plane makes an angle with the horizontal projection plane that is different from a straight line (for example, section B-B, crap. 8). Depending on the number of cutting planes, the sections are divided into: simple - with one cutting plane (for example, Fig. 4, 5); complex - with several cutting planes (for example, section A-A, Fig. 8; section B-B, Fig. 15). 3.2. A vertical section is called frontal if the cutting plane is parallel to the frontal plane of projections (for example, section, Fig. 5; section A-A, Fig. 16), and profile if the cutting plane is parallel to the profile plane of projections (for example, section BB, Fig. 16 . 13).

3.3. Complex sections can be stepped if the cutting planes are parallel (for example, a stepped horizontal section B-B, Fig. 15; a stepped frontal section A-A, Fig. 16), and broken if the cutting planes intersect (for example, sections A-A, drawings 8 and 15). 3.4. The cuts are called longitudinal if the cutting planes are directed along the length or height of the object (Figure 17), and transverse if the cutting planes are directed perpendicular to the length or height of the object (for example, cuts A-A and B-B, Figure 18). 3.5. The position of the cutting plane is indicated in the drawing by a section line. An open line must be used for the section line. In case of a complex cut, strokes are also made at the intersection of the cutting planes. Arrows should be placed on the initial and final strokes indicating the direction of view (Fig. 8-10, 13, 15); arrows should be applied at a distance of 2-3 mm from the end of the stroke. The starting and ending strokes must not intersect the outline of the corresponding image. In cases like the one indicated in Fig. 18, arrows indicating the direction of view are drawn on the same line. 3.1-3.5. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 3.6. At the beginning and end of the section line, and, if necessary, at the intersection of the cutting planes, the same capital letter of the Russian alphabet is placed. The letters are placed near the arrows indicating the direction of view, and at the intersection points from the side external corner. The cut must be marked with an inscription like “A-A” (always two letters separated by a dash). In construction drawings, near the section line, it is allowed to use numbers instead of letters, as well as write the name of the section (plan) with an alphanumeric or other designation assigned to it. 3.7. When the secant plane coincides with the plane of symmetry of the object as a whole, and the corresponding images are located on the same sheet in direct projection connection and are not separated by any other images, for horizontal, frontal and profile sections the position of the secant plane is not marked, and the cut is inscribed are not accompanied (for example, a section at the site of the main species, Fig. 13). 3.8. Frontal and profile sections, as a rule, are given a position corresponding to that accepted for a given item in the main image of the drawing (Fig. 12). 3.9. Horizontal, frontal and profile sections can be located in place of the corresponding main views (Fig. 13). 3.10. A vertical section, when the cutting plane is not parallel to the frontal or profile planes of projections, as well as an inclined section must be constructed and located in accordance with the direction indicated by the arrows on the section line. It is allowed to place such sections anywhere in the drawing (section B-B, Fig. 8), as well as with rotation to a position corresponding to that accepted for this item in the main image. In the latter case, a conventional graphic designation should be added to the inscription (section Г-Г, drawing 15). 3.11. For broken cuts, the secant planes are conventionally rotated until they are aligned into one plane, and the direction of rotation may not coincide with the direction of view (Fig. 19). If the combined planes turn out to be parallel to one of the main projection planes, then a broken section can be placed in the place of the corresponding type (sections A-A, drawings 8, 15). When rotating the secant plane, the elements of the object located on it are drawn as they are projected onto the corresponding plane with which the alignment is made (Fig. 20).

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3.12. An incision that serves to clarify the structure of an object only in a separate, limited place is called local. The local section is highlighted in the view by a solid wavy line (Figure 21) or a solid thin line with a break (Figure 22). These lines must not coincide with any other lines in the image.

3.13. Part of the view and part of the corresponding section can be connected by separating them with a solid wavy line or a solid thin line with a break (Fig. 23, 24, 25). If in this case half of the view and half of the section are connected, each of which is a symmetrical figure, then the dividing line is the axis of symmetry (Fig. 26). It is also possible to separate the section and view by a thin dash-dotted line (Fig. 27), coinciding with the trace of the plane of symmetry not of the entire object, but only of its part, if it represents a body of rotation.

3.10-3.13. (Changed edition, Rev. № 2). 3.14. It is allowed to combine a quarter of a view and quarters of three sections: a quarter of a view, a quarter of one section and half of another, etc., provided that each of these images is individually symmetrical.

4. SECTIONS

4.1. Sections that are not part of the section are divided into: external sections (Fig. 6, 28); superimposed (Fig. 29).

Extended sections are preferable and can be placed in a section between parts of the same type (Fig. 30).

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 4.2. The contour of the extended section, as well as the section included in the section, is depicted with solid main lines, and the contour of the superimposed section is depicted with solid thin lines, and the contour of the image at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted (Fig. 13, 28, 29). 4.3. The axis of symmetry of the extended or superimposed section (Fig. 6, 29) is indicated by a thin dash-dotted line without letters and arrows, and the section line is not drawn. In cases like the one indicated in Fig. 30, with a symmetrical sectional figure, the section line is not drawn. In all other cases, an open line is used for the section line, indicating the direction of view with arrows and denoted by the same capital letters of the Russian alphabet (in construction drawings - uppercase or lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet or numbers). The section is accompanied by an inscription like “AA” (Fig. 28). In construction drawings it is allowed to inscribe the name of the section. For asymmetrical sections located in a gap (Fig. 31) or superimposed (Fig. 32), the section line is drawn with arrows, but not marked with letters.

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In construction drawings, for symmetrical sections, an open line is used with its designation, but without arrows indicating the direction of view. 4.4. The section in construction and location must correspond to the direction indicated by the arrows (Fig. 28). It is allowed to place the section anywhere in the drawing field, as well as with a rotation with the addition of a conventional graphic designation 4.5. For several identical sections related to one object, the section line is designated by one letter and one section is drawn (Fig. 33, 34). If the cutting planes are directed at different angles (Fig. 35), then the conventional graphic designation is not applied. When the location of identical sections is precisely determined by the image or dimensions, it is allowed to draw one section line, and indicate the number of sections above the section image.

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4.6 Cutting planes are chosen so as to obtain normal cross sections (Fig. 36). 4.7. If the secant plane passes through the axis of the surface of rotation that bounds the hole or recess, then the contour of the hole or recess in the section is shown in full (Fig. 37). 4.8. If the section turns out to consist of separate independent parts, then cuts should be used (Fig. 38).

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4.4-4.8. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).

5. REMOTE ELEMENTS

5.1. A detachable element is an additional separate image (usually enlarged) of any part of an object that requires graphic and other explanations regarding shape, size and other data. The detail element may contain details not indicated on the corresponding image, and may differ from it in content (for example, the image may be a view, and the detail element may be a section). 5.2. When using a callout element, the corresponding place is marked on the view, section or section with a closed solid thin line - a circle, an oval, etc. with the designation of the callout element in a capital letter or a combination of a capital letter and an Arabic numeral on the shelf of the leader line. Above the image of the extension element, indicate the designation and scale in which it is made (Fig. 39).

In construction drawings, the extension element in the image can also be marked with a curly or square bracket or not marked graphically. The image from which the element is being taken out, and the extension element, may also have the alphabetic or numerical (Arabic numerals) designation and name assigned to the extension element. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 5.3. The remote element is placed as close as possible to the corresponding place in the image of the object.

6. CONVENTIONS AND SIMPLIFICATIONS

6.1. If the view, section or section represents a symmetrical figure, it is allowed to draw half of the image (View B, Drawing 13) or slightly more than half of the image, drawing a break line in the latter case (Drawing 25). 6.2. If an object has several identical, evenly spaced elements, then the image of this object shows one or two such elements in full (for example, one or two holes, Fig. 15), and the remaining elements are shown in a simplified or conditional manner (Fig. 40). It is allowed to depict a part of an object (Fig. 41, 42) with appropriate instructions on the number of elements, their location, etc.

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6.3. In views and sections, it is allowed to depict in a simplified manner the projections of the lines of intersection of surfaces, if their precise construction is not required. For example, instead of pattern curves, circular arcs and straight lines are drawn (Fig. 43, 44).

6.4. A smooth transition from one surface to another is shown conditionally (Fig. 45-47) or not shown at all (Fig. 48-50).

Simplifications similar to those indicated in Fig. 51, 52.

6.5. Parts such as screws, rivets, keys, non-hollow shafts and spindles, connecting rods, handles, etc. are shown uncut in a longitudinal section. The balls are always shown uncut. As a rule, nuts and washers are shown uncut on assembly drawings. Elements such as spokes of flywheels, pulleys, gear wheels, thin walls such as stiffeners, etc. are shown unshaded if the cutting plane is directed along the axis or long side of such an element. If in similar elements the part has local drilling, recess, etc., then a local cut is made, as shown in Fig. 21, 22, 53. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).

Crap. 53 Damn. 54 Damn. 55

6.6. Plates, as well as elements of parts (holes, chamfers, grooves, recesses, etc.) with a size (or difference in size) in the drawing of 2 mm or less are depicted with a deviation from the scale adopted for the entire image, in the direction of enlargement. 6.7. It is permissible to depict a slight taper or slope with magnification. In those images in which the slope or taper is not clearly visible, for example, the main view of the devil. 54a or top view of the devil. 54b, draw only one line corresponding to the smaller size of the element with a slope or the smaller base of the cone. 6.8. If it is necessary to highlight the flat surfaces of an object in the drawing, diagonals are drawn on them with solid thin lines (Drawing 55). 6.9. Objects or elements that have a constant or naturally changing cross-section (shafts, chains, rods, shaped steel, connecting rods, etc.) may be depicted with breaks. Partial images and images with gaps are limited to one of following methods: a) a continuous thin line with a break, which can extend beyond the contour of the image by a length of 2 to 4 mm. This line may be inclined relative to the contour line (Fig. 56a);

B) a solid wavy line connecting the corresponding contour lines (Fig. 56b);

C) hatching lines (Fig. 5bv).

(Changed edition, Rev. № 2). 6.10. In drawings of objects with a continuous mesh, braiding, ornament, relief, knurling, etc., it is allowed to depict these elements partially, with possible simplification (Drawing 57).

6.11. To simplify drawings or reduce the number of images, it is allowed: a) the part of the object located between the observer and the cutting plane is depicted with a dash-dot thick line directly on the section (superimposed projection, Fig. 58); b) use complex cuts (Fig. 59);

C) to show holes in the hubs of gear wheels, pulleys, etc., as well as for keyways, instead of a full image of the part, give only the outline of the hole (Fig. 60) or groove (Fig. 52); d) depict in section the holes located on the round flange when they do not fall into the secant plane (Fig. 15). 6.12. If a top view is not necessary and the drawing is compiled from images on the frontal and profile planes of projections, then with a stepped section, the section line and inscriptions related to the section are applied as shown in the drawing. 61.

6.11, 6.12. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 6.13. Conventions and simplifications allowed in permanent connections, in drawings of electrical and radio engineering devices, gears, etc., are established by the relevant standards. 6.14. The conventional graphic designation “rotated” must correspond to the line. 62 and “expanded” - damn. 63.

(Introduced additionally, Amendment No. 2). APPENDIX according to GOST 2.317-69.

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR DEVELOPERS V.R. Verchenko, Yu.I. Stepanov, Ya.G. Old-timer, B.Ya. Kabakov, V.K. Anopov 2. APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by the Decree of the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR in December 1967. 3. The standard fully complies with ST SEV 363-88 4. INSTEAD GOST 3453-59 in terms of section. I - V, VII and appendices 5. EDITION (April 2000) with Amendments No. 1, 2, approved in September 1987, August 1989 (IUS 12-87, 12-89)

1. Basic provisions and definitions. 1 2. Types.. 3 3. Sections.. 6 4. Sections. 9 5. Detailed elements.. 11 6. Conventions and simplifications. 12

A building or any structure in the plan is divided by conditional center lines into a number of segments. These lines determine the position of the main load-bearing structures, are called longitudinal and transverse coordination axes.

The interval between the coordination axes in the building plan is called the step, and in the predominant direction the step can be longitudinal or transverse.

If the distance between the coordinate longitudinal axes coincides with the span, floor or coating of the main supporting structure, then this interval is called a span.

For floor height N This is the distance from the floor level of the selected floor to the floor level of the floor above. The height of the upper floor is determined using the same principle, whereby the thickness of the attic floor is assumed to be conditionally equal to the thickness of the interfloor floor c. In industrial one-story buildings, the height of the floor is equal to the distance from the floor to the bottom surface of the coating structure.

In order to determine the relative position of parts of a building, a grid of coordination axes is used, which defines the load-bearing structures of a given building.

Drawing of coordination axes.

Coordination axes are dashed with thin dotted lines and marked inside circles with a diameter of 6 to 12 mm. The diameter of the circles must correspond to the scale of the drawing: 6 mm - for 1:400 or less; 8 mm - for 1:200 - 1:100; 10 mm - for 1:50; 12 mm for 1:25; 1:20; 1:10. The direction of marking of axes is applied from left to right, horizontally and from bottom to top, vertically.

If the coordination axes of opposite sides of the plan do not coincide, the designations of the indicated axes in places of discrepancy are additionally applied along the top and/or right sides. For individual elements located between the coordination axes of the main load-bearing structures, additional axes are drawn and designated as a fraction:

  • above the line indicate the designation of the previous coordination axis;
  • below the line is an additional serial number within the area between adjacent coordination axes in accordance with the figure.

It is allowed to assign numerical and letter designations to the coordination axes of half-timbered columns in continuation of the designations of the axes of the main columns without an additional number.

The binding of coordination axes occurs according to the rules described in paragraph 4 GOST 28984-91. Example:

The binding of load-bearing walls made of piece materials to the coordination axes should be carried out in compliance with the following rules:

  • a) when the covering slabs are supported directly on the walls, the inner surface of the wall should be spaced from the longitudinal coordination axis by a distance of 130 mm for walls made of bricks and 150 mm for walls made of blocks;
  • b) when supporting the covering structures (beams) on the walls, with a brick wall thickness of 380 mm or more (for blocks 400 m or more), the longitudinal coordination axis should pass at a distance of 250 mm from the inner surface of the wall (300 mm for a wall made of blocks);
  • c) when brick walls 380 mm thick with pilasters 130 mm wide, the distance from the longitudinal axis to the inner surface of the wall should be 130 mm;
  • d) for brick walls of any thickness with pilasters more than 130 mm thick, the inner surface of the walls is aligned with the coordination axis (“zero” reference);
  • e) the binding of the load-bearing end wall when resting the covering slabs on it should be the same as when resting the covering slabs on the longitudinal wall;
  • f) the geometric axes of the internal load-bearing walls must be aligned with the coordination axes.

When supporting floor slabs to their full thickness load-bearing wall it is allowed to combine the outer coordination plane of the walls with the coordination axis (Fig. 9d).

Marking of coordination axes.

Coordination axes are marked in Arabic numerals and capital letters, with the exception of the symbols: 3, J, O, X, S, b, b. The numbers indicate the axes on the side of the building with the largest number of coordination axes. Axes markings are usually located on the left and bottom sides of the building plan. The height of the font indicating the coordination axes is chosen to be one or two numbers larger than the size of the numbers on the same sheet. Gaps in digital and letter designations of coordination axes are not allowed.

In the image of a repeating element attached to several coordination axes, the coordination axes are designated in accordance with the figure:

  • “a” - when the number of coordination axes is no more than 3;
  • “b” - “ “ “ “ more than 3;
  • “in” - for all letter and digital coordination axes.

If necessary, the orientation of the coordination axis to which the element is attached in relation to the adjacent axis is indicated in accordance with the figure.

GOST 21.101-97
INTERSTATE STANDARD
SYSTEM OF DESIGN DOCUMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTION
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN AND WORK DOCUMENTATION

5. GENERAL RULES FOR COMPLETING DOCUMENTATION

Coordination axes


5.4. In the image of each building or structure, coordinate axes are indicated and assigned to them independent system notation.

Coordination axes are applied to images of buildings and structures with thin dash-dot lines with long strokes, denoted by Arabic numerals and capital letters of the Russian alphabet (with the exception of the letters: Ё, 3, И, О, ​​X, Ц, Ш, Ш, ъ, ы, ь) in circles with a diameter of 6-12 mm.

Gaps in digital and alphabetic (except for those indicated) designations of coordination axes are not allowed.

5.5. The numbers indicate the coordination axes on the side of the building and structure with a large number of axes. If there are not enough letters of the alphabet to designate the coordination axes, subsequent axes are designated by two letters.
Example: AA; BB; BB.

5.6. The sequence of digital and letter designations of the coordination axes is taken according to the plan from left to right and from bottom to top (Fig. 1a) or as shown in Fig. 1b, c.

5.7. The designation of coordination axes, as a rule, is applied on the left and lower sides of the plan of the building and structure.
If the coordination axes of opposite sides of the plan do not coincide, the designations of the indicated axes in the places of discrepancy are additionally applied on the top and/or right sides.

5.8. For individual elements located between the coordination axes of the main load-bearing structures, additional axes are drawn and designated as a fraction:
above the line indicate the designation of the previous coordination axis;
below the line is an additional serial number within the area between adjacent coordination axes in accordance with Fig. 1 year

It is allowed to assign numerical and letter designations to the coordination axes of half-timbered columns in continuation of the designations of the axes of the main columns without an additional number.

5.9. In the image of a repeating element attached to several coordination axes, the coordination axes are designated in accordance with Fig. 2:

“a” - when the number of coordination axes is no more than 3;
“b” - when the number of coordination axes is more than 3;
“in” - for all letter and digital coordination axes.

If necessary, the orientation of the coordination axis to which the element is attached in relation to the adjacent axis is indicated in accordance with Fig. 2g.


Rice. 2

5.10. To designate the coordination axes of block sections of residential buildings, the index “c” is used.
Examples: 1s, 2s, Ac, Bs.

On the plans of residential buildings composed of block sections, the designations of the extreme coordination axes of the block sections are indicated without an index in accordance with Fig. 3.


Rice. 3