Mark the states with a monarchical form of government. Forms of government
Revolutions, two world wars and less significant events had a great influence on the political system of the countries of Foreign Europe. The current situation is that in this region there are states with two forms of government - a republic and a monarchy.
States of Foreign Europe with a republican form of government
Of the 39 sovereign states in this region of the world, 27 are republics. That is, of the two forms of government in Foreign Europe, this is the predominant one. In Eastern Europe and most of Central Europe there are no monarchical states at all - all 14 states, from Albania to Estonia, are unitary republics. Regardless of territorial structure legislature in these countries belongs to an elected body - the parliament. The executive branch is represented by the government, and the head of state is the president, also an elected position.
Rice. 1. Albanian Parliament building.
The remaining republican states are located in Western, Northern and Southern Europe, where countries with monarchical form board.
States of Foreign Europe with a monarchical form of government
As noted above, there are only 12 such states in this region, but among them there are three that have a significant impact on the political and economic situation throughout the world. These are Great Britain, Sweden and Spain. Most monarchies are in the Northern and Western Europe. Except for Belgium, all countries where the head is a monarch are unitary states. Among the monarchs there are only three women - in the Netherlands, Denmark and Great Britain.
Rice. 2. Queen Margrethe II of Denmark.
The Spanish monarchy was formally restored back in 1947 by dictator Franco. At the same time, he did not appoint a king for a long time and ruled the country himself until 1975, when after his death and according to his will, drawn up in 1969, King Juan Carlos, representing the Spanish Bourbon dynasty, ascended the throne. He subsequently abdicated the throne in favor of his son.
Basically, the forms of government of foreign European countries with a monarchical system are constitutional monarchies. Actually, a constitutional monarchy- this is a form of government in which the king only represents the state, and it is governed by an elected parliament, as in republics.
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Among European countries there is one special state - the Vatican. Here, not only ecclesiastical, but also secular power belongs to the head of the Roman Catholic Church - the pope.
Rice. 3. Reigning Pope Francis.
Another unusual country is Andorra, which is actually a republic, but formally remains a parliamentary principality.
Compose general idea a visual table with full lists European states.
If before the middle of the 20th century active development capitalism and the complication of social institutions led to the fact that the monarchy ceased to be the main form of government, then after the 70s of the 20th century the popularity of the monarchy grew. An example of this is the restoration of the monarchy in Spain.
What have we learned?
The general characteristics of the political system of Foreign Europe are as follows: in the region there are states with two in different forms governments are a constitutional monarchy and a republic, as well as the Vatican - a country with an absolute monarchy. Most countries are republics, and in monarchical states the power of the king is nominal. At the same time, the popularity of the monarchy has been noticeably increasing since the end of the last century. Eastern Europe- that part of the region where there are no monarchical states at all.
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Absolute monarchy is a form of government in which the entire executive, legislative, judicial and military power concentrated in the hands of the monarch. In this case, the presence of parliament is possible, as well as holding elections to parliament by the residents of the country, but it is only an advisory body to the monarch and cannot go against him in any way.
In the world, in the strict sense, there are only six countries with an absolute monarchy. If we consider it more openly, then a dualistic monarchy can also be equated to an absolute one, and these are six more countries. Thus, there are twelve countries in the world in which power is somehow concentrated in one hand.
Surprisingly, in Europe (so loving to protect human rights and irritated by any dictators) there are already two such countries! But at the same time, it is necessary to distinguish between an absolute and a constitutional monarchy, since there are a lot of kingdoms and principalities in Europe, but most of them are a constitutional monarchy, in which the head of state is the chairman of parliament.
And so, here are these twelve countries with an absolute monarchy:
1. . A small state in the Middle East on the shores of the Persian Gulf. Dualistic monarchy, King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa since 2002.
2. (or Brunei for short). State in South-East Asia on the island of Kalimantan. Absolute monarchy, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah since 1967.
3. . The city-state is located entirely in Rome. A theocratic monarchy, the country has been ruled by Pope Francis since 2013.
4. (full name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan). Located in the Middle East. A dualist monarchy, the country has been ruled by King Abdullah II bin Hussein al-Hashimi since 1999.
5., a state in the Middle East, an absolute monarchy, the country has been ruled by Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani since 2013.
6. . State in the Middle East. A dualist monarchy, the country has been ruled by Emir Sabah al-Ahmed al-Jaber al-Sabah since 2006.
7. (full name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg). The state is located in the center of Europe. Luxembourg is a dual monarchy and has been ruled by Grand Duke HRH Henri (Henry) since 2000.
8. (full name: Kingdom of Morocco) is a state located in the northwestern part of Africa. A dualist monarchy, the country has been ruled by King Mohammed VI bin al Hassan since 1999.
9. . A state in the Middle East, on the shores of the Persian Gulf. An absolute monarchy, the country has been ruled by President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan since 2004.
10. (full name: Sultanate of Oman). State on the Arabian Peninsula. An absolute monarchy, the country has been ruled by Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said since 1970.
eleven. . State in the Middle East. An absolute theocratic monarchy, the country has been ruled by King Salman bin Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman al Saud since 2015.
12. . The state is located in southern Africa. A dual monarchy, the country has been ruled by King Mswati III since 1986.
The British royal family may be the most famous, but they are far from the only ones. In fact, there are 43 countries where a monarchy exists, and we are completely surprised at how many still exist. Yes, there are 43 various countries, ruled by 28 royal families (some under the rule of a single monarch).
Today we have compiled a gallery of royal families around the world. What are you waiting for? Put on your fake crown, make your tea, and start reading!
United Kingdom: Queen Elizabeth II
Image Source: Getty/Samir HusseinLong live the queen! Queen Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning monarch in the United Kingdom, dating back to 1952. In addition, the Queen is the monarch of the Commonwealth of 15 countries - Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda , Belize, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
The monarch in the UK is the head of state, and since it is a constitutional monarchy, the ability to make laws still lies with the elected parliament.
Since they are the most prominent royal family, you may already know that Queen Elizabeth II has four children with her husband Prince Philip, 8 grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.
Saudi Arabia: King Salman
The head of Saudi Arabia is King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. Since Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy, Salman is not only the country's monarch, but also the prime minister. Salman became king in 2013 at the age of 79, after his half-brother King Abdullah (who was 90) died. According to washington post Although Saudi Arabia is currently governed by a hereditary king, all future kings will be chosen by a committee of Saudi princes founded in 2006.
Kuwait: Emir Sheikh Sabah IJ Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah
Image Source: Getty/Pool Sabah Ahmed AS-Sabah has been involved in politics in Kuwait for many years. He was prime minister in 2003 and became emir (or king) of the country in 2006. Although Sabah has ruled the country for over a decade, he was not actually next in line to the throne. He took this position because the heir was unable to fulfill the oath due to health problems. He is currently the head of the royal family and commander of the Kuwaiti Armed Forces. Sabah has four children and is now 88 years old.
Liechtenstein: Prince Hans-Adam II
Image Source: Getty/Sean Gallup As the eldest son of Prince Joseph II and Princess Gina, Prince Hans-Adam II inherited the throne of Liechtenstein upon his father's death in 1989. Surprisingly, Prince Hans-Adam, the first prince of Liechtenstein, actually grew up in Liechtenstein, and he is the country's 15th ruler.
The prince is married to Countess Marie Kinski of Wcinitz and Tettau, and the couple has four children, three sons and one daughter. Their eldest, hereditary Prince Alois, had already been named as his father's successor when he died.
Although Prince Hans-Adam rules a small country, he is the richest prince in Europe, according to Forbes, his fortune was estimated at $3.5 billion in 2011.
Qatar: Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani was named emir of Qatar in 2013 after his father abdicated the throne after an 18-year reign.
The Al Thani family is part of a dynasty of rulers in Qatar that has ruled since 1825, and many other family members hold key positions in the country's government, facilitating Tamim's role as emir.
United Arab Emirates: President Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Emir of Abu Dhabi
Image source: Getty/WPA Pool The United Arab Emirates is made up of seven districts, each ruled by a hereditary monarch known as an emir. The Emir of Abu Dhabi is the President of the Federation, and therefore the monarch to whom the other districts submit. The current Emir of Abu Dhabi (and President of the United Arab Emirates) is Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, who took office in 2004 after the death of his father. He has eight children, meaning the throne (and presidency) should remain in the family for many years to come.
Netherlands: King Willem-Alexander
In 2013, King Willem-Alexander (left) succeeded his mother, Queen Beatrix, as monarch of the Netherlands when she decided to abdicate the throne. Because Holland has a bicameral parliament, it does not govern directly, but it has the power of the President of the Council of State.
King Willem-Alexander is married to Queen Maxima and they have three children, Princess Catharina-Amalia, Princess Alexia and Princess Ariana.
According to Dutch news, the royal family costs taxpayers around 40 million euros a year, not including security, making the Dutch monarchy one of the most expensive in Europe.
Swaziland: King Mswati III
Image Source: Getty/Brendan SMIALOWSKI Swaziland may not big country, but King Mswati III has a lot of power. Mswati took the throne at the age of 18 (in 1983) after the death of his father. As King of Swaziland, he appoints Parliament, although some of its members are elected by popular vote. Mswati, now 49, is known for having many wives: he married his 14th in September 2017, according to Africa News.
The king reportedly divorced three wives during his time as monarch and has more than 30 children.
Brunei: Sultan Sir Muda Hassanal Bolkiah Muizzadin Waddaula
Image Source: Getty/Suhaimi Abdullah The Sultan of Brunei is known as Hassanal Bolkiah - even though his name is much longer than that. He took over the small country in 1967 and has been monarch and head of government ever since. In 2016, Hassanal Bolkiah is considered the richest monarch in the world, and he has a large, expensive car collection to prove it. According to the publication, His Majesty earns almost $100 per second from oil revenues (and other investments), which amounts to approximately $2 billion a year, for a total net worth of about $20 billion.
The Sultan has 13 children (from many different wives) to share this wealth.
Sweden: King Carl XVI Gustaf
Image source: Getty/Patrick Van Cutwijk King Carl XVI Gustaf ascended to the throne in 1973, when he was only 27 years old. His reign was chronicled in 2010 when a book was released which claimed the king had an affair with a Swedish-Nigerian singer and was involved in an underground hot tub nightclub in the 1990s.
Despite the scandal, the king still remains the head of Sweden and has been married to Queen Silvia (since 1976). Together they have three children. The eldest is Crown Princess Victoria, who will take the throne when her father decides to retire or, more likely, when he dies. The king also has two other children - Princess Madeleine and Prince Carl Philip.
Crown Princess Victoria has two children of her own - Princess Estelle (5) and Prince Oscar (1) with her husband Prince Daniel Westling.
Oman: Sultan Qaboos Bin Said
Image Source: Getty / - In 1970, Sultan Qaboos bin Said came to power after overthrowing his father, who was known as a "recluse". Sultan Qaboos is the longest reigning Arab leader, and yet, after a failed marriage, he has no direct heirs, which is very interesting. Despite his bachelor status, Sultan Qaboos real father of his country, he improved the economy and the standard of living of the people throughout his reign.
He rarely appears in public these days, but he still holds all the important titles in the Omani government, being Foreign Minister, Defense Minister, Finance Minister and Chairman of the Central Bank.
Bahrain: King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
Image source: Getty/MANDEL NGAN King Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa was named Emir of Bahrain in 1999 when his father, Isa Bin Salman Al Khalifa, died. In 2002, Hamad declared himself monarch, becoming the first king of Bahrain in the country's history. His family, however, has ruled the country since 1783 and has always had a lot of power.
King Hamad has 12 children from several wives.
Vatican: Pope Francis
Image Source: Getty/Franco Origlia We know what you're thinking: this is the Pope, he's a religious leader and the head of the Roman Catholic Church. And you'll be right. But Pope Francis is also considered the monarch of the Vatican, which is a European city-state.
The Vatican City State is an absolute monarchy, and the Pope is its head (king, technically). He has full legislative, executive and judicial powers. When a pope dies and no other is named, the country is governed by a college of cardinals who ultimately name the next single pope/king/ruler.
Jordan: King Abdullah II
Jordan has been ruled by King Abdullah II since 1999, when he ascended the throne after the death of his father, King Hussein. King Abdullah is married to Queen Rania of Jordan, and their eldest child (one of four), a son named Hussein, the Crown Prince of Jordan, is set to take the throne when his father leaves him.
King Abdullah and his relatives claim to be direct descendants of the Prophet Muhammad, making him the 41st descendant of the founder of the Islamic faith.
Morocco: King Mohammed VI
Image source: Getty/Christophe Morin/IP3 In 1999, King Mohammed VI ascended the throne after the death of his father King Hassan II. Mohammed is married to Princess Lalla Salma, and they have two children - son Crown Prince Moulay Hassan and daughter Princess Lalla Khadija. Mohammed's official title is "His Majesty King Mohammed the sixth, Commander of the Faithful, may God grant him Victory."
Monaco: Prince Albert II
Image Source: Getty/Pascal Le Segretain Prince Albert II has ruled Monaco since 2005. He is the son of Prince Rainier III and Princess Grace (actress Grace Kelly). He married Charlene Wittstock and had two children with her - twins Princess Gabriella Teresa Marie and Prince Jacques Honoré Rainier. Prince Albert has two more children with two other women.
Monaco is a sovereign principality, but it also has an elected legislature. Prince Albert, however, appoints the Minister of State and has some political power.
Thailand: King Maha Vajiralongkorn
Image source: Getty/AFP At the age of 64, King Maha Vajiralongkorn Bodindradebayavarangkun (don't break your tongue!) became the 10th monarch of the Chakri dynasty. He is also known as Rama X. King Vajiralongkorn became the ruler of Thailand after his father, King Bhumibol Adulyadej, died in 2016, according to the BBC. He was the longest reigning monarch in the world. He ruled the country for seven decades, starting in 1946 and ending in 2016. Even Queen Elizabeth II did not surpass him. But she is still of sound mind and quite healthy.
Tonga: King Tupou VI
Image Source: Getty/Edwina Pickles/Fairfax Media The King of Tonga was not the son of his predecessor. Tupou VI was the brother of the late King George Tupou V, who had no legal heirs when he died in 2012. King Tupou VI is actually married to Nanasipau Tukuaho and has three children, so his legacy will continue.
Norway: King Harald V
Image source: Getty/Patrick Van Cutwijk King Harald V is the third child of King Olaf V and Queen Martha, but he ascended to the throne when his father died in 1991 because he was the sole heir. Although he had two older sisters, they, according to the Norwegian Constitution of 1814, could not be heirs due to their gender. It was not until 1990 (at one time Harald V had already been named as successor) that the constitution was changed to make the eldest child, regardless of gender, next in line to the throne.
Since King Harald V and his wife, Queen Sonja, had children of their own before the constitutional change took effect, their eldest daughter Princess Märtha, who was born in 1971, cannot be the next monarch. Instead, her younger brother, Crown Prince Haakon, born in 1973, is next in line, followed by his firstborn, who is a girl (yay!). Prince Haakon has three children (one adopted), two boys and one girl, with his wife Princess Mette-Marit.
The best thing about the Norwegian royal family is that it is rooted in love. Back in the 60s, the current king refused to marry a princess and married the daughter of a clothing merchant - a commoner. According to Norway's official website, the current king and queen dated secretly for nine years before they were allowed to marry, and the rest is history!
Bhutan: King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuk
Image Source: Getty/RAVENDRAN In Bhutan, King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuk is known as Druk Gyalpo, which means "Dragon King", which is pretty cool. He was officially crowned in 2008 after taking over most royal duties in 2006 when his father abdicated the throne. King Jigma was only 26 years old when he came to power, but his father was only 16 years old when he became king, so young blood is something of a trend in the Bhutanese royal family.
King Jigme Father made Bhutan a constitutional monarchy, and today's king has followed in his footsteps, maintaining peace and being loved by the people of his country.
The king, however, caused quite a stir when he married a commoner in 2011. But after he officially tied the knot with Jetsun Pema, the people finally approved. Together at happy couple there is one son, Jigme Namgyel Wangchuk, who was born in February 2016 and is now heir to the throne.
Lesotho: King Letsie III
Image Source: Getty/Chris Jackson King Letsie III has been in power formally since 1996 (and informally since 1990). Although he holds no political power and is an official of the country of Lesotho, he is described as a "living symbol of national unity".
Belgium: King Philippe
Image source: Getty/Patrick Van Cutwijk King Philippe ascended to the Belgian throne in July 2013 following the abdication of his father, King Albert II. The King is married to Queen Matilda (they married in 1999) and they have four children: Princess Elizabeth, Prince Gabriel, Prince Emmanuel and Princess Eleanor.
In 1991, the Constitution was changed to allow a woman to ascend the throne, meaning that the heir to the Belgian monarchy is the eldest daughter, Princess Elisabeth.
Malaysia: Mohammed V
Image Source: Getty/MANAN VATSYAYANA In 2016, Sultan Muhammad V became the 15th king and was named Yang di Pertuan Agong, which means: "He who became Lord."
Muhammad's predecessor, Sultan Abdul Halim mu'adzam Shah, is king twice. Once in the 1970s and again from 2011 to 2016. The Sultan's reign will likely last five years, which is the norm for any Malaysian king (who is always part of an elected monarchy system), and his role is largely ceremonial.
Spain: King Felipe VI
Image Source: Getty/Carlos Alvarez In 2014, King Juan Carlos surprised his country by abdicating the throne after 39 years of service. He named his son Felipe the new King of Spain, and in less than three weeks Felipe VI became monarch and head of the Spanish army.
King Juan Carlos is currently married to Queen Letizia, and together they have two daughters: Leonor, Princess of Asturias, who is heir to the throne (11 years old) and her younger sister, Princess Sofia (now 10 years old).
Cambodia: King Norodom Sihamoni
Image source: Getty/AFP Cambodia is one of many countries with a ceremonial king. King Norodom Sihamoni took over the role in 2004 after the Royal Throne Council of Thailand chose him (as is the custom with any new king).
He's probably an unconventional choice because he was a professional dancer who most lived his life in France, but he won the case.
Luxembourg: Grand Duke Henri
Image Source: Getty/Max Mumby/Indigo In the 1800s, the King of the Netherlands established the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, and in 1839 the people gained their independence. In 1890, Luxembourg became a grand duchy and as such their monarchy is headed by a duke rather than a king.
Since then, direct descendants of the first Duke Adolphus have ruled Luxembourg. The last ruler is Grand Duke Henri, who ascended the throne in 2000, and since he has five children, the legacy will continue after him. A Grand Duchy may have a sovereign, but its power is in the hands of the nation. Grand Duke Henri follows the rule “The Sovereign reigns, but does not rule.”
Japan: Emperor Akihito
Image Source: Getty/Minh HOANG The Yamato Dynasty of Japan dates back to 660 and its current ruler is Emperor Akihito. He has reigned since 1989 and will be the first Japanese ruler in two centuries to be allowed to abdicate in December 2018 (on his 85th birthday).
Akihito will pass the throne to his eldest son, Crown Prince Naruhito.
Denmark: Queen Margrethe II
Image Source: Getty/Ole Jensen - Corbis Denmark and Greenland have been under the rule of Her Majesty Queen Margrethe II (since 1972), and she's not going anywhere anytime soon.
The Danish monarchy is one of the oldest in the world, and according to the official website of the Danish Royal Family, it dates back more than 1,000 years to the time of the Viking kings.
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The concept of “form of state” includes the characteristics forms of government, government system And state regime states of the world.
The political system of any country is characterized, first of all, by form of government .
Monarchical form of government arose in ancient times, even under the conditions of a slave society (the organization of state power in the countries of the Ancient East - Egypt, Babylon, Assyria, China, India, etc. is characterized by the term “oriental despotism”). Under feudalism, this form of government became the main one. In later times, only the traditional, mostly formal features of monarchical rule were preserved. However, and currently political map There are 30 monarchies in the world. However, there is not one in America, 14 are in Asia, 12 in Europe, 3 in Africa and one in Oceania. Among them there is an empire, kingdoms, principalities, duchy, sultanates, emirates, and the papal state of the Vatican.
The vast majority of monarchies currently existing in the world are constitutional. The real legislative power in them belongs to parliament, and the executive power belongs to the government, while the monarch “reigns” but does not rule (Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, etc.) - However, the political influence of the monarch can be very noticeable.
Along with the constitutional ones, several more have survived absolute monarchies (AM). In these states, the government or other authorities are responsible only to the monarch as the head of state, and in some cases the parliament is absent altogether or is only an advisory body (United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, Kuwait, etc.). Absolute monarchies also include the so-called theocratic monarchies (ATM). In addition to the Vatican, these are also Saudi Arabia and Brunei (the head of secular and spiritual power in them is one person). Typically, the power of the monarch is for life and is inherited, but, for example, in Malaysia and the UAE, monarchs are elected for a five-year term.
Countries with a monarchical form of government
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№ p/p |
Region |
A country |
Form of government |
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E V R O P A |
Great Britain (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) | ||
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Spain (Kingdom of Spain) | |||
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Belgium (Kingdom of Belgium) | |||
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Netherlands (Kingdom of the Netherlands) | |||
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Monaco (Principality of Monaco) | |||
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Liechtenstein (Principality of Liechtenstein) | |||
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Sweden (Kingdom of Sweden) | |||
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Norway (Kingdom of Norway) | |||
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Denmark (Kingdom of Denmark) | |||
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Luxembourg (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg) | |||
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Andorra (Principality of Andorra) | |||
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Brunei (Brunei Darussalam) | |||
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Saudi Arabia (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) | |||
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Qatar (State of Qatar) | |||
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Oman (Sultanate of Oman) | |||
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Kuwait (State of Kuwait) | |||
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Bahrain (State of Bahrain) | |||
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United Arab Emirates (UAE) | |||
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Nepal (Kingdom of Nepal) | |||
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Bhutan (Kingdom of Bhutan) | |||
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Cambodia (Kingdom of Cambodia) | |||
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Thailand (Kingdom of Thailand) | |||
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Malaysia (Federation of Malaysia) | |||
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Jordan (Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) | |||
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Morocco (Kingdom of Morocco) | |||
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Swaziland (Kingdom of Swaziland) | |||
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Lesotho (Kingdom of Lesotho) | |||
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Tonga (Kingdom of Tonga) |
Republican form of government originated in antiquity, but became most widespread during the periods of modern and recent history. In 1991, there were 127 republics in the world, but after the collapse of the USSR and Yugoslavia, their total number exceeded 140.
Under a republican system, legislative power usually belongs to parliament, and executive power to the government. In this case, there is a distinction between the so-called presidential republic where the president heads the government and is vested with very large powers (USA, a number of Latin American countries), and parliamentary republic where the role of the president is less, and the government is headed by the prime minister (Germany, Italy, India). He is also the most famous in political circles.
A special form of government - socialist republic(which arose in the 20th century in a number of countries as a result of the victory of socialist revolutions). Its varieties: Soviet republic and people's democratic republic (former USSR, countries of Eastern Europe before 1991, as well as China, Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba, which remain socialist republics today).
The republican form of government can be considered the most progressive and democratic. It was chosen not only by economically developed states, but also by most Latin American countries, which freed themselves from colonial dependence in the last century, and almost all former colonies in Asia, which gained independence in the middle of this century, as well as African states, most of which achieved independence only in the 60-70s of the XX century. and even later.
At the same time, it must be borne in mind that such a progressive form of government does not at all unify the republics. They differ quite significantly from each other in political, social and other respects.
It should be noted that there is a unique form of government - interstate associations: Commonwealth, led by Great Britain (Commonwealth) And Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS, which includes Russia).
Legally, the British Commonwealth of Nations was formalized back in 1931. Then it included Great Britain and its dominions - Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, Newfoundland and Ireland. After the Second World War and the collapse of the British colonial empire, the Commonwealth included the vast majority of Britain's former possessions - about 50 countries with a total territory of more than 30 million km 2 and a population of over 1.2 billion people located in all parts of the world.
Members of the Commonwealth have the unconditional right to unilaterally withdraw from it whenever they wish. It was used by Myanmar (Burma), Ireland, and Pakistan. All states included in the Commonwealth have full sovereignty in their internal and external affairs.
In Commonwealth states that have a republican form of government, the Queen of Great Britain is proclaimed "the head of the Commonwealth... symbol of the free association of its independent member states." Some members of the Commonwealth - Canada, the Commonwealth of Australia (Australia), New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu, Mauritius, Jamaica and some others - are officially referred to as “states within the Commonwealth”. Supreme power in these countries formally continues to belong to the British monarch, who is represented in them by the Governor-General, appointed on the recommendation of the government of the given state. Supreme body Commonwealth conference of heads of government.
In 1991, simultaneously with the signing of the Belovezhsky Accords on the dissolution of the USSR, it was decided to create Commonwealth of Independent States(Russia, Ukraine, Belarus). Subsequently, all the former republics of the USSR, except the three Baltic states, joined the CIS. Goals: to promote the integration of the CIS member countries in the economic, political and humanitarian fields, to maintain and develop contacts and cooperation between the peoples and state institutions of the Commonwealth countries. The CIS is an open organization for other countries to join. Over the years, subregional associations have emerged within the CIS: the Central Asian Economic Community (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, with Russia, Georgia, Turkey and Ukraine accepted as observers) and GUUAM (Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Moldova). In 1996, the Customs Union was created, uniting the economic space of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan (later Tajikistan joined them. In October 2000, on the basis customs union The Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) was formed. Military-political associations (for example, the Collective Security Treaty) continue to form among the CIS member countries.
Form of government (administrative-territorial structure of states) is an important element of the political map of the world. It is directly related to the nature of the political system and the form of government, reflects the national-ethnic (in some cases also religious) composition of the population, and the historical and geographical features of the formation of the country.
There are two main forms of administrative-territorial structure - unitary and federal.
Unitary state - is a single integral state entity, consisting of administrative-territorial units that are subordinate to the central authorities and do not possess signs of state sovereignty. In a unitary state there is usually a single legislative and executive power, one system government bodies, a single constitution. There are an overwhelming majority of such states in the world.
Federation - a form of organization in which several state entities, legally possessing a certain political independence, form one union state.
Characteristic features of the federation:
the territory of the federation consists of the territories of its individual subjects (for example, states - in Australia, Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, Lydia, USA; provinces - in Argentina, Canada; cantons - in Switzerland; lands - in Germany and Austria; republics, as well as other administrative entities ( autonomous okrugs, territories, regions - in Russia);
Subjects of the federation are usually given the right to adopt their own constitutions;
the competence between the federation and its subjects is delimited by the union constitution;
each subject of the federation has its own legal and judicial system;
in most federations there is a single union citizenship, as well as citizenship of union units;
a federation usually has a unified armed forces and a federal budget.
In a number of federations, the union parliament has a chamber representing the interests of members of the federation.
However, in many modern federal states the role of general federal bodies is so great that they can essentially be considered unitary rather than federal states. Thus, the constitutions of such federations as Argentina, Canada, the USA, Germany, Switzerland do not recognize the right of members of the federation to leave it.
Federations are built on territorial (USA, Canada, Australia, etc.) and national characteristics (Russia, India, Nigeria, etc.), which largely determine the nature, content and structure of government.
Confederation - it is a temporary legal union of sovereign states created to ensure their common interests (members of the confederation retain their sovereign rights in both internal and external affairs). Confederate states are short-lived: they either disintegrate or turn into federations (examples: the Swiss Union, Austria-Hungary, as well as the USA, where a federation of states was formed from a confederation established in 1781, enshrined in the US Constitution of 1787).
- (Greek, from monos one, and archo I control). A sole-power state, i.e., where the state is ruled by one person, the monarch. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. MONARCHY Greek. monarchia, from monos, one, and... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
MONARCHY (from the Greek μον κρχία autocracy) is one of the forms of monocracy and the name of the state system headed by the monarch. From other forms of monocracy (dictatorship, presidential rule, party leadership) ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
Monarchy- (from the gr. monarchia autocracy; English monarchy) a form of government in which, unlike oligarchy and democracy, the supreme state power is concentrated in the hands of the individual head of state ... Encyclopedia of Law
- (gr. monarchia autocracy) a form of government in which the head of state is the monarch. IN modern world two are saved historical type M. absolute monarchy and constitutional monarchy. The latter exists in two forms, differing... Legal Dictionary
A form of government in which the supreme government belongs to the monarch (king, prince, sultan, shah, emir) and is inherited. A monarchy can be absolute when the power of the monarch is almost unlimited (Brunei, Bahrain, Qatar, ... ... Geographical encyclopedia
MONARCHY, monarchies, women. (Greek monarchia autocracy) (book, political). The most despotic, dominant form in the era of feudalism government, in which supreme power belongs to one person, the monarch; autocracy... ... Dictionary Ushakova
- (Greek monarchia - autocracy) - one of the forms of government. Essential characteristic Monarchy is concentration, concentration in the hands of one person - the monarch - of supreme power, which is inherited. Distinguish... ... Political science. Dictionary.
Monarchy- Monarchy ♦ Monarchie The power of one person, but subject to laws (as opposed to despotism, which does not recognize any norms and rules). When these laws themselves depend on the will of the monarch (called an autocrat), we speak of absolute... ... Sponville's Philosophical Dictionary
Women rule, where supreme power is in the hands of one person, monarchical truth, one or the power itself. | The state is monarchical. Russian monarchy. Monarch husband sole sovereign or autocrat. Monarch female autocrat; spouse... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Absolutism, despotism, autocracy, kingdom, monocracy Dictionary of Russian synonyms. monarchy noun, number of synonyms: 5 absolutism (7) ... Synonym dictionary
MONARCHY, a state whose head is a monarch (for example, king, king, shah, emir, kaiser), who receives power, usually by inheritance. There are unlimited (absolute) monarchies and limited (so-called... ... Modern encyclopedia
Books
- , Smolin Mikhail Borisovich. Mikhail Smolin’s book “Monarchy or Republic?” consists of texts that served as the basis for the “White Word” program, which the author hosted on the Tsargrad TV channel. The book is based on answers to...
- Monarchy or republic? Imperial letters to neighbors, M.B. Smolin. Mikhail Smolin's book Monarchy or Republic? consists of texts that form the basis of the program White Word, which the author hosted on the Tsargrad TV channel. The book is based on answers to current...