Sentences with accusative and genitive cases. How to distinguish genitive from accusative in nouns

In the Russian language, the forms of inanimate nouns of the second and third declension in the nominative and accusative cases are the same. In order not to be mistaken in their definition, we must remember that nouns in the nominative case always act as the main member of the sentence, more often as the subject, and the accusative case always indicates the dependence of the noun on the main word, that is, the noun in the accusative case is a secondary member of the sentence.
For example:
The ax chops - chips fly. (Axe, wood chips - I.p.)
If you pick up an ax, remember that you will have to collect wood chips. (axe, wood chips - V.P.)

According to the terminology accepted in Russian linguistics, the accusative case is a “morphologically weakly independent case.” The difficulty of its definition arises only when compared with the nominative and genitive. If in doubt, you should use a proven school method: add to a noun case question:
(see) who? – teacher, mother, elephant, mouse (V.p.);
(see) what? – tree, bench, reeds, balcony (V.p.).
The nominative and accusative cases are also distinguished by the presence of prepositions, the use of which is possible only in indirect cases.
For example:
The bridge was built using modern engineering design. (What? - bridge, I. p.)
It was not easy to cross the bridge. (Through what? – through the bridge – V.p.)

Conclusions website

  1. Nouns in these case forms perform different syntactic functions: in the nominative case - the role of the subject, in the accusative - the complement.
  2. Nominative case questions - who? What?
    accusative case questions - whom? What?
  3. Nouns in the nominative case are used without prepositions. In the accusative case there are prepositions in, on, for, through.











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“Only by mastering the primary material as perfectly as possible, that is, native language, we will be able to master a foreign language as perfectly as possible, but not before.”
F.M. Dostoevsky

Studying the cases of a noun is one of important topics Russian language. Knowing the cases helps us express thoughts correctly and be confident in completing written work.

Thanks to research work, we studied the history of the occurrence of cases, learned their meaning and difficulties, and consolidated the skills of distinguishing the nominative, accusative and genitive cases. Our research also allowed us to identify the most difficult cases.

According to sociological research, the most difficult case to determine among our classmates is the accusative case, in second place is the nominative case. It should be noted that the nominative case itself does not present any difficulties, but in the text it can be confused with the accusative case.

Why does language need case? If, for example, all of the Russian language suddenly disappeared case endings, we would not be able to understand a single sentence. For example, in the sentence The wolf scared Petya noun Peter is in the accusative and the noun wolf - in the nominative case. Now let’s try to put a noun in the same sentence Peter in the nominative form, and the noun wolf– into the accusative case: the resulting sentence Petya scared the wolf describes a different situation, in a certain sense opposite to the first. We can say that the case indicates the roles that Petya and the wolf play in the situation: if you change the cases, then the roles will change.

Thus, the study of cases is necessary for everyone who wants to master the Russian language perfectly.

Goals:

  • to develop the ability to recognize I.p. and V.p. nouns in a sentence;
  • practice the ability to determine the case of a noun by question and preposition, parse a sentence into members;
  • cultivate attentiveness, independence, and a sense of mutual assistance.

Equipment: computer, projector, blackboard, textbook “Russian language” T.G. Ramzaeva, task cards.

During the classes

I. Org. moment.

II. Checking the house. tasks.

2 slide

P. 80 ex. 150

– At home you had to make sentences and determine the case of nouns.

– What needs to be done to determine case?

(Reading sentences and identifying cases)

– Read the sentence that corresponds to the scheme proposed in the textbook.

III. Calligraphy.

3 slide

IV. Vocabulary and spelling minute.

4 slide

The slide has words printed against the background of the picture “In the Field.” Find the extra ones.

What letters are missing?

Make up phrases with the remaining words, putting them in different cases. Write it down in a notebook with comments, determine the case.

(For example: bread made from wheat (R.p.), watched the work (T.p.), etc.)

V. Working on a new topic.

5 slide

Communicating the topic of the lesson and setting goals.

– Today we will continue to learn how to determine the case of nouns.

Look, our guests have two cases. They are very similar to each other and we will learn to distinguish them. What do you think these cases are? (I. and V.) Formation of new knowledge.

– What are the similarities ( questions) and difference ( prepositions, part of the sentence) these cases? 6 slide

– What do the cases themselves tell you about themselves?

- I am nominative case, 7 slide
And I don’t have other people’s clothes on me.
Everyone recognizes me easily
And the subjects are called.
I haven’t liked prepositions since childhood
I can't stand being around you.
My questions are who? So what? –
No one will confuse it with anything.

- And I am the accusative case, 8 slide
And I blame it all on the ignorant.
But I love excellent students,
I catch “fives” for them.
Who to call, what to play,
I'm ready to give the guys some advice.
Don't mind making friends with pretexts,
But I can live without them.

- Read the sentences. Slide 9

– What noun. found in all sentences?

– What question does it answer? Is it possible to determine case by it?

Conclusion: Inanimate nouns. both in the I. and V. cases they answer the same question - what?

- Then let's look for differences.

Conclusion: If noun. is the subject, then it is in I.p., if it is a minor member, then in V.p. (with or without preposition).

Analysis of proposals with commentary.

What other noun? We haven't determined the case? (grows where? in what? in the nursery - P.)

What is a nursery?

VI. Consolidation of knowledge.

10 slide

Complete the sentence with nouns, putting them in the correct case.

Sasha took………. went to ………. and cleared……….. .

Checking missing letters on a slide.

What else did you find in this sentence? (Offer with homogeneous members. Explain the placement of the comma, conjunction and).

Words for reference: st..tsa, d..ro..ka, l..pata.

VII. Summing up, conclusions from the table.

11 slide

How to distinguish them. case from Vin.?

D/z p.81 exercise 153, learn the rule.

VIII. Task on cards (according to options).

IX. Reflection.

Filling out the table.

Instructions

In order to determine case names, it is necessary, first of all, to pose a question to. Words related to nominative case y, to the questions WHO? WHAT? If you asked questions WHO? or WHAT?, then you have a noun used in the accusative form case A.

Determine what the noun is. If the word is the subject, i.e. the main member of the sentence, then it is used in the nominative form case a.Accusative case om denotes a word that is a minor member in a sentence, a direct object. For example, ask the guys to define case in this sentence.
The girl writes. Ask them to pose questions, determine which member of the sentence they are. They should come to the following result. The word “girl” answers the question WHO?, is the subject, which means it is used in the nominative case e. And the word “letter” is a minor member of the sentence, a direct object. It answers the question WHAT? and therefore is used in the accusative case e.

Draw the attention of schoolchildren to the fact that the noun is used with or without it. Words in the nominative case They are not used without prepositions. In the accusative - they have prepositions ON, FOR, THROUGH, IN, etc.

It is also worthwhile when determining case and compare the endings in . So, nouns of the first declension will have endings A, Z, if they are in the nominative form case A. Accordingly, in the accusative case e - U, Yu. For example, in the first declension noun “wall” the ending is A. It is used in the nominative case e. The word "wall" U. This means it has an accusative case.

Case indicates the role of a word in a sentence. You can use the helper phrase WHO DOES WHAT to distinguish between nominative and accusative case to her.

“Ivan Gave Birth to a Girl and Ordered to Drag a Diaper” - the first letters of this literary nonsense orderly read out the list of cases. There are six types of cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Each of them speaks about the temporary state of a particular noun, which can change in case form. Determining the type of case of a noun is not difficult; you just need to figure out what question each case answers.

Instructions

Case nominative– initial, real sound of the word. Answers the questions “who?” or “what?” If it is inanimate, for example: a window, a house, a book, a bus, then it answers the question “what?”, and if it is animate, for example, a girl, an elephant, a mother, Rita, then, accordingly, it answers the question “who?” This distribution according to the liveliness of the subject will concern everyone, which is why each case has two questions. Example 1. Man (who?) – animate noun case, machine (what?) – inanimate noun in the nominative case.

Genitive case, from the word “to give birth to whom?” or “what?” No matter how funny it may sound, this is exactly how the question should be asked. A number of questions are the same, so some words will sound the same, the main thing is to put the case question correctly. Example 2. A person (whom?) is an animate noun in the genitive case, a car (what?) is an inanimate noun in the genitive case.

The accusative case answers the question: “whom to blame?” or “what?” In the above example, an inanimate noun coincides, so the case is determined logically, according to meaning. Example 4. A person (who?) is an animate noun in the accusative case, a car (what?) is an inanimate noun in the accusative case. But if it makes sense: I bought a car (genitive case), but crashed the car (accusative case).

The instrumental case sounds like: “to create by whom?” or “what?” Example 5. By a person (by whom?) is an animate noun in the instrumental case, by a machine (by what?) is an inanimate noun in the instrumental case.

Prepositional case - posing a question that is not consonant with its name: “to talk about whom?” or “about what?” It is easy to determine a word in this case, since a noun in this case always has . Example 6. About a person (about whom?) is an animate noun in the prepositional case, about a car (about what?) is an inanimate noun in the prepositional case.

Video on the topic

Helpful advice

Even if a case question does not match the meaning in a given sentence, it should still be asked to determine the case of a noun.

Related article

Sources:

  • School experience
  • cases example words

Tip 3: How to distinguish the genitive case of a noun from the accusative case

Cases Russian language is a category of a word showing its syntactic role in a sentence. Schoolchildren memorize the names of cases and their signs, that is, questions, but sometimes difficulties arise. For example, when you need to distinguish the genitive case from the accusative case.

You will need

  • Knowledge of Russian language by school curriculum, nouns in accusative and genitive cases,

Instructions

There are six: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. To determine case, auxiliary words and questions are used. The spelling of the ending of the word depends on this. Very often they confuse the genitive (no: who? what?) and the accusative (to blame: who? what?), since questions to animate objects the same questions are asked: “who?”

Ask a question. If in doubt, ask the noun a qualifying question: “no what?” (for genitive) and "I see what?" (for accusative). If a word takes the form of the nominative case, it means that in this case it is accusative. For example: small fish (accusative: I see what? a fish, you can’t say: there’s nothing? a fish).

If you need to determine the case in order to place endings, substitute the word “cat” or any other word instead of the noun, but be sure to use the first one. Depending on the ending, determine the case. For example: pride in the teacher is the accusative case, because, substituting the word “cat” in place of the noun, we get: pride in the cat. The ending "u" indicates the accusative case. The ending "and" is in the genitive.

Analyze the relationship of words in. Genitive, as a rule, the relationship between a part and the whole (a glass of milk), belonging to something (a sister’s jacket), it is used in comparison (more beautiful than a queen). The accusative is used to convey spatio-temporal relations (work for a week), the transition from an action to an object (drive a car).

note

The accusative case denotes the complete coverage of the object by the action, a certain amount (drink milk), and the genitive case denotes the extension of the action to part of the object (drink milk).

Helpful advice

An inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike the same noun in the genitive case: I saw a house (accusative), there were no houses in the area (genitive)

Sources:

  • Page dedicated to the grammatical characteristics of a noun

Unlike the Finnish and Hungarian languages, in which there are one and a half to two dozen cases, in Russian grammar there are only six of them. The endings of words in different cases, I can match, therefore, to determine the case, you need to ask the correct question to the word being checked.

Instructions

To determine the case of a noun, carefully read the phrase in which it appears. Find the word that the noun you are checking refers to - that’s why words you will ask a question. For example, you are given the phrase “I love dogs,” and you need to determine the case of the noun “dogs.” The word “dogs” in this sentence is subordinate to the word “love”. Therefore, you will ask a case question as follows: “I love whom?”

Each of the six cases has its own special question. So, in the nominative case they answer the question “who?” or “what?” The auxiliary word “is” can be substituted for this case. For example, there is (who?). Question genitive case- "whom?" or “what?” The auxiliary word “no” can be substituted for the noun in this case. Dative to the question “to whom?/what?” and is combined with the auxiliary word “to give”. The question of the accusative case is “who?” or “what?”, and its auxiliary word is “blame.” Nouns in the instrumental case answer the question “by whom?/what?” and are combined with the words “created” and “pleased.” Finally, with the following questions: “about whom?/about what?”, “in whom?/in what?”. One of the auxiliary words of this case is the word “I think”.

To determine case, you first need to find the noun or pronoun to which it refers. Having determined the case of this main word, you will also recognize the case of the adjective, since they always agree in gender, number and case with those nouns () on which they depend. For example, “Kolya ate a big pear,” the noun “pear” is used in the accusative case, therefore the case of the adjective “big” related to it is also accusative.

A noun is a part of speech that designates a person or thing and answers the questions “who?” So what?". Nouns change according to cases, of which there are six in the Russian language. To prevent cases from being confused with each other, there is a strict system of rules and differences between them. To be able to correctly and quickly determine the accusative case, you need to know its questions and what it is used for.

Instructions

To never make a mistake with the case of a noun, remember that each of them has unique questions specific to it, by asking which you will receive the corresponding one. Accusative case questions are the question “I see who?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns.

In addition, learn the definitions of the accusative case of the Russian language, or, more precisely, the cases when it is used. So, the accusative case denotes the transfer of temporal and spatial relations (week, walk a kilometer); transition of the action entirely to the object (driving a car, leafing through a book). Very rarely the accusative case as a dependence on (offended for a friend).

However, even using rules or endings, it is sometimes very difficult to determine case, so always use special questions. In terms of its questions, the accusative case partially coincides with the genitive and nominative. In order not to confuse them, do the following: if in front of you, and it answers the question “who?”, which coincides with, substitute it in its place and ask a question to it. If the word answers the question “I see what?”, then you have the accusative case.

There are six cases in the Russian language, each of which has its own meaning. Each case has its own questions, which makes determining the case much easier. Questions often arise about how to distinguish the two cases from each other. The following tips will help you cope with this task.


Get to know the cases in primary school, at this age the emphasis should be on questions, auxiliary words and prepositions. And the difficulty in determining the accusative and genitive cases sometimes coincide, so in determining them you should not use only this principle.

Signs of cases

Endings matter. Thus, nouns in the genitive case (R.p.) have the following endings:

  • -и, -ы - in the 1st declension;
  • -a, -i - in the 2nd declension;
  • -i - in the 3rd declension.

The ending of nouns in the accusative case (V. p.):

  • y, -yu - in the 1st declension;
  • a, -i - in the 2nd declension;
  • in the 3rd declension.

Questions will help determine the case. In the genitive case - whom? and what? In the accusative - whom? So what? To make it easier to define, auxiliary words are added:

  • in the genitive case - there is no (who? what?) computer;
  • in the accusative case - I see (who? what?) a computer.

Comparative table of genitive and accusative cases

whom? what?

whom? What?

auxiliary word

graduation
  • and, -s (1st cl.)
  • a, -i (2nd cl.);
  • and (3rd cl.)
  • y, -yu (1st cl.)
  • a, -i (2nd cl.)
  • (3rd class)

prepositions

from, to, from, without, at, for, about, with

in, on, for, through, about.

teacher's notebook

table leg (what?)

visit a friend

check (what?) work

How to determine case

You should use a step-by-step guide to determine case:

  • Determine animate/inanimate.
  • Ask appropriate questions (when asking questions, it is easier to use questions in pairs - who? what? and whom? what? since they are the same for animate nouns).
  • Determine compatibility with auxiliary words (no, I see).
  • If it is necessary to replace words and determine the case by analogy.

So, replacement is necessary in several cases. Animate masculine nouns of the 2nd declension have the same forms in R. p. and V. p. (student’s portfolio and know student).

The trick: in order not to make a mistake, you should replace it with any word of the 1st declension (student’s briefcase and I know the student). In this case, “student” is R. p., and “student” is V. p. The same will happen with the word “student”.

In plural the forms of animate nouns also coincide (books of students and know students). To do this, they should be replaced with an inanimate plural noun (library books and know libraries). “Libraries” - R. p., and “libraries” - V. p.). The same is true with the word “disciples”.

Meaning of cases

The rule states that the genitive case means:

  • belonging to someone or something (for example, a man’s car);
  • the relationship between the whole and the individual part (school class);
  • display of a feature of an object in relation to another feature (questioning result);
  • the object of influence, if there is a verb with negation (does not drink milk);
  • object of influence, if there is a verb of desire, removal or intention (to avoid punishment);
  • comparison ( faster than the river);
  • object of measurement, date or account (glass of juice).

The accusative case means:

  • transition of action to an object (for example, reading a book);
  • transfer of temporal and spatial relationships (study all day, run a kilometer);
  • dependence on the adverb (sorry for the bird).

There are a number of tasks to consolidate the material: exercises on comparison, transformation, distribution and others.

What case is needed for negation?

A noun referring to a negative verb can take the genitive or accusative form, for example: didn't read this article - didn't read this article. The difficulty lies in the fact that in some cases one case or another is preferable, while in others there is an equal opportunity to use both the genitive and accusative cases.

When is the genitive case needed?

    When combined with a verb Not have: Not It has rights, values, meaning, intentions, concepts, influence; Not It has Houses, money, cars, brother, friend, information.

    If there are words no, nobody's neither one : did not take any responsibility, did not lose a single gram, did not read a single article.

    With verbs of perception, thought: didn’t understand the question, didn’t know the lesson, didn’t feel pain, didn’t notice the mistake, didn’t see the road sign.

    If the noun has an abstract meaning: does not waste time, does not feel desire, does not hide joy.

    If a pronoun is used as a dependent word: I won’t allow this; don't do that.

    If there are intensifying particles before the verb or immediately before the name And, even : We were leaving behind shopping three of us, But Lyuba And words say Not succeeded, old men themselves All chose(Kettle.); Hands trembling And Not hold even bowls With medicine - Not hold them And books(Sart.); On sidewalks closely, But nobody you Not will push, nobody neither With by whom Not quarrels, Not you'll hear even loud words(gas.)

    If there is a repeating conjunctionno no: does not read either books or newspapers.

    Notplays roles, Not produces impression, Not draws does not pay attention, does not pay attention,Not brings damage, Not gives significance, no doubt, does not participate etc. And also: Not speaking (Not having said) thin words; Not reduce eye With whom-what-l.; Not find to myself places; whip butt Not you'll kill me.

When is the accusative case needed?

    If negative Not stands not with a verb, but with another word:I don’t really like poetry, I don’t always read books, I haven’t fully mastered the subject(cf.: I love poetry, but not very much; reads books, but not always; mastered the subject, but not completely).

    If a verb, in addition to this noun, must have another dependent noun or adjective: he doesn't find the book interesting; I didn’t read the article last night; did not provide the region with electricity; Isn't it You Not do you think this practice useful?

    If the noun refers to an infinitive separated from a negated verb by another infinitive: he doesn't want to start writing his memoirs(cf. he doesn't want to write memoirs And memoirs).

    If there are pronouns in a sentence indicating the definiteness of the object: This song Not you'll strangle, Not you will kill; he didn't solve this problem(cf.: he didn't solve problems); Rostov, Not wanting impose yours acquaintance, Not went V house(L. Tolstoy).

    When present after a noun subordinate clause with the word which : He didn't read the book I gave him.

    With an animate noun or with a proper noun: Co time my conduction I Not I love Lesnaya street(Paust.); But Surovtsev already understood, What leave, Not having seen I believe, Not V forces(Chuck.).

    If negation is part of the particle barely Not, a little Not, a little-a little Not: Barely Not dropped cup; A little Not missed it tram; A little was Not lost ticket.

    In fact negative sentences typeNo one show work; nowhere publish article.

    In some stable combinations: Not fool to me head; Not rock teeth.

In other cases, nouns in the described constructions can usually be used in the form of both the genitive case and the accusative case.

Which case was used earlier in these constructions - genitive or accusative?

Previously, verbs with negation were almost always used in the genitive case. “Russian Grammar” writes: “The single old norm of the obligatory genitive case for verbs with negation in modern language under the influence of colloquial speech it is not maintained: in many cases the use of the accusative case is not only preferred, but is also the only correct one.”

The strict obligatory nature of the genitive case for a verb with negation was questioned already in the 19th century. Objecting to the criticism, A. S. Pushkin wrote: “The verse “I don’t want to quarrel for two centuries” seemed incorrect to the criticism. What does the grammar say? That an active verb, controlled by a negative particle, no longer requires the accusative, but the genitive case. For example me Not writing poems. But in my verse the verb quarrel we control not a particle Not, and the verb Want. Ergo rule does not apply here. Take, for example, the following sentence: I Not I can let you start writing ... poetry, and certainly not poems. Is it really possible that the electrical force of a negative particle must pass through this entire chain of verbs and be reflected in a noun? I don’t think so” (from the article “Rebuttal to Critics”, 1830).

References:

    Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language. –3rd ed., erased. M., 2008.

    Russian grammar / Ed. N. Yu. Shvedova. M., 1980.