Abstract: Functional styles of speech in the Russian language. Functional speech styles

Stylistics is a branch of the science of language that studies language styles and speech styles, as well as visual and expressive means.

Style (from the Greek stylos - writing stick) is a way of verbally expressing thoughts, a syllable. Style is characterized by features in the selection, combination and organization of linguistic means in connection with the tasks of communication.

Functional style is a subsystem (variety) literary language, having a certain sphere of functioning and possessing stylistically significant (marked) linguistic means.

The following functional styles are distinguished:

conversational style, scientific style, official business style, journalistic style, fiction style.

Scientific style

Scientific style is the language of science. The most common specific feature of this style of speech is consistency of presentation . A scientific text is distinguished by its emphasized, strict logic: all parts in it are strictly connected in meaning and are arranged strictly sequentially; conclusions follow from the facts presented in the text.

Another typical sign of a scientific style of speech is accuracy. Semantic accuracy (unambiguity) is achieved by careful selection of words, the use of words in their direct meaning, and the wide use of terms and special vocabulary.

Abstraction and generalization necessarily permeate every scientific text. Therefore, abstract concepts that are difficult to imagine, see, and feel are widely used here. In such texts there are often words with an abstract meaning, for example: emptiness, speed, time, force, quantity, quality, law, number, limit; formulas, symbols, symbols, graphs, tables, diagrams, diagrams, and drawings are often used.

The scientific style is predominantly in written form, but oral forms are also possible (report, message, lecture). The main genres of scientific style are monograph, article, theses, lecture, etc.

Journalistic style

The purpose of the journalistic style of speech is informing , the transmission of socially significant information with a simultaneous influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, instilling in him certain ideas, views, inducing him to certain actions.

The sphere of use of the journalistic style of speech is socio-economic, political, cultural relations.

Genres of journalism - article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, report, interview, feuilleton, oratory, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.
The journalistic style of speech is characterized by logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, appeal and their corresponding linguistic means. It widely uses socio-political vocabulary, various types syntactic structures.

Formal business style

The official business style of speech is used in the sphere of legal relations, official, industrial.
The main stylistic features of the official business style are:
a) accuracy that does not allow any other interpretation;
b) non-personal nature;
c) standardization, stereotyped construction of the text;
d) obligatory-prescriptive nature.

Accuracy formulations for legislative texts is manifested primarily in the use of special terminology, in the unambiguity of non-terminological vocabulary. A typical feature of business speech is the limited possibilities of synonymous replacement; repetition of the same words, mainly terms.

Non-personal character business speech is expressed in the fact that it lacks forms of verbs of the \(1\)th and \(2\)th person and personal pronouns of the \(1\)th and \(2\)th person, and the \(3\)th person forms of the verb and pronouns are often used in an indefinite personal meaning.

In official documents, due to the peculiarity of the wording, there is almost no narration and description.
All documents are devoid of emotionality and expressiveness, so we will not find figurative language in them.

Conversational style

The conversational style is based on colloquial speech. The main function of the conversational style is communication ( communication ), and its main form is oral.

As part of the colloquial style, a literary-colloquial style is distinguished, using generally accepted words that correspond to the norms of the literary language, and a colloquial variety, which is characterized by words and phrases that deviate from literary norms, having a tinge of stylistic decline.

The written form of the conversational style is realized in the epistolary genre (private letters, personal correspondence, and diary entries).

Art style

Artistic style is a tool of artistic creativity and combines the linguistic means of all other styles of speech. However, in artistic style, these visual means play a special role: the purpose of their use becomes aesthetic And emotional impact on the reader. Fiction allows the use of colloquial, dialect words and expressions and even vulgarisms. The language of fiction uses a whole variety of figurative and expressive means (metaphor, epithet, antithesis, hyperbole, etc.). The selection of linguistic means depends on the individuality of the author, theme, idea of the work, and genre. A word in a literary text can acquire new shades of meaning.

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Introduction

1. Theoretical aspects

1.1 Language styles

3. Language styles

3.1 Scientific style

3.2 Formal business style

3.3 Newspaper and journalistic style

3.4 Art style

3.5 Colloquial style

Bibliography

Introduction

Ukraine, like many countries in the world, exists in conditions of bilingualism. The population of Ukraine in colloquial speech predominantly uses their native language, that is, Ukrainian, and the second language is Russian. Therefore, the study of the Russian language is relevant not only in Russia, but also in Ukraine.

Modern Russian is one of the richest languages world - requires serious, thoughtful study.

The high advantages of the Russian language are created by its huge vocabulary, wide ambiguity of words, wealth of synonyms, inexhaustible treasury of word formation, numerous word forms, peculiarities of sounds, mobility of stress, clear and harmonious syntax, and variety of stylistic resources.

The Russian language is a broad, comprehensive concept. Laws and scientific works, novels and poems, newspaper articles and court records are written in this language.

Our language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing a wide variety of thoughts, developing a variety of topics, and creating works of any genre. However, language resources must be used skillfully, taking into account the speech situation, the goals and content of the utterance, and its targeting. In oral speech, we also select words and grammatical means taking into account the conditions of communication.

Appeal to linguistic means that have a certain stylistic attachment must be justified, their use may be inappropriate, speech is a coherent whole, and every word in it, any construction must be purposeful and stylistically justified. “Each of the speakers,” noted V.G. Belinsky,” he says, in accordance with the subject of his speech, with the character of the crowd listening to him, with the circumstances of the present moment.

It is not without reason that they sometimes say that “the word falls out of style.” If we compare two rows of words - intelligence, ratification, excessive, investment, conversion, prevail and ingenuity, real, blurt out, smallness, then what attracts attention is not so much the variety of their lexical meanings, but the difference in stylistic coloring: the bookish nature of the first and the colloquial nature of the second. The grammatical means of the language are also stylistically opposed:

Variant forms:

Tractors - tractors;

They wave - they wave.

Personal nouns:

Conductor - conductor.

Forms of word formation:

In vain - in vain;

For the first time - for the first time, etc.

The first examples in these pairs are bookish in nature or stylistically neutral, the second are characterized by a colloquial or vernacular coloring, they are perceived as a violation of the literary norm.

The stylistic stratification of linguistic means is associated with their attachment to one or another style, which, in turn, correlates with certain communication situations. For the stylistic assessment of words, their forms, and syntactic structures, their constant use in book or colloquial speech, in a certain style of language, is important. Understanding language styles and speech styles allows us to grasp and understand the close and many connections between them and the speech culture of society and the individual.

There is no culture of speech - without the ability to use language styles, create etc. recreate speech styles. The connection between speech culture and the doctrine of styles was pointed out by many scientists, including G.O. Vinokur, B.A. Larin, A.N. Gvozdev, V.V. Vinogradov and others.

Language styles are the types of its functioning, its structural and functional variants, correlated with types of social activity, etc. differing from each other by sets and systems of differences in the degree of activity of language means, sufficient for their intuitive recognition in the process of communication.

The functional style of a language is a type of literary language that serves a particular area public life and is characterized by a certain originality in the selection and use of linguistic means depending on the conditions and goals of communication.

Colloquial, official business, scientific, journalistic and artistic functional styles of language are distinguished.

Each style is characterized by the following characteristics:

a) terms of communication;

b) the purpose of communication;

c) forms (genres) in which it exists;

d) a set of linguistic means and the nature of their use.

Functional speech styles are the main, largest speech varieties, distinguished by a set of linguistic means and determined by various areas communication.

Understanding the connections between the communicative qualities of speech and language styles allows not only to deepen the understanding of some aspects of speech culture, but also makes it possible to more clearly see those areas of speech that require improvement, and, consequently, the attention of scientists and writers and their practical recommendations.

That's why the topic course work: Functional styles of the Russian language.

This paper examines the functional styles of modern literary language. The purpose of the work is to characterize and analyze the features of each of the functional styles. To achieve this goal, we will perform the following tasks:

1) definition general concept style and its main functions in language;

2) analysis of lexical, morphological and syntactic features of functional styles;

3) identifying patterns of use of a certain style of language in speech.

The work uses the works of famous philologists and linguists in the field of studying the modern literary Russian language. The object of study of this work is the features of spoken and literary Russian.

The subject of research in this work is the stylistic division of the Russian language.

1. Theoretical aspects

1.1 Language styles

A variety of language (language style) used in any typical social situation - in everyday life, in the family, in the official business sphere, etc., and differing from other varieties of the same language in terms of vocabulary, grammar, phonetics.

The definition of “language style” depends on the scope of the concept “language” itself, as well as on the central concept - the language norm. If generally correct, undistorted national speech is recognized as the norm, then the style of the language is defined as a variety of the national language (then the style of the language will also be vernacular). If the norm is understood more narrowly - only as literary correct speech, then the style of language is defined as a variety of literary language.

The classification varies accordingly. Style of language: with the first understanding, the central - neutral colloquial style of the language is highlighted, in relation to which, the remaining styles of the language are characterized as stylistically “marked”, colored, with the second - the neutral layer of the language is understood as the common part of all styles of language, with which in different proportions are combined in each style of language by “marked” stylistic means.

In modern developed national languages There are 3 major styles of language: neutral colloquial (or, according to other classifications, colloquial), a “higher” - bookish, a “lower” - familiar colloquial. Thanks to this, the same object can be named and described in different stylistic registers (cf. “life” - “being” - “living”), which opens ample opportunities before artistic speech. In each of the main styles of language, more private, but less clear divisions are possible: in bookish - scientific, newspaper-journalistic, official business, etc., in familiar-colloquial - actually colloquial-familiar, colloquial, student jargon, etc. .

Each style of language is assigned by tradition to a typical social situation: bookish - to the situation of official communication, neutral colloquial - to the situation of everyday official, everyday communication, familiar-colloquial - to the situation of intimate, everyday and family communication. All language styles and divisions are sometimes called functional language styles in linguistics; some researchers consider literary speech as one of the functional styles of language - the style of the language of fiction as a whole.

The style of a language can only exist where the language system provides the opportunity to choose linguistic means, and therefore is a historical category; they arise along with the concept of norm. The three main styles of the language have three different historical sources.

The book style of the language usually goes back in large part to the literary and written language of the previous era, often different from the everyday language of the main part of the population, for example in Russia to Old Slavonic language, in France, Italy, Spain - to Latin, in the republics of Central Asia - to Old Uighur.

The neutral colloquial style of the language goes back to the common language of the people, the familiar vernacular style of the language in a large part - to the urban vernacular.

A three-part division of language styles already existed in Ancient Rome, but was identified there with the genre of literature and was carried out only within bookish and written speech through associations with various objects of reality (for example, “warrior”, “horse”, “sword” - for the “high” style of language, “farmer”, “ox” ", "plough" - for the average, "lazy shepherd", "sheep", "stick" - for the "low").

The same reality, as a rule, could not be described in different stylistic registers.

The study of language styles throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages was part of the circle of rhetoric and poetics. In the 17th-18th centuries. it formed the subject of the “theory of three styles”, universally accepted in Europe (cf. the teaching of M. V. Lomonosov in Russia). In the modern meaning of the term “Language Style”:

1) Appears in European languages in the 1st third of the 19th century, in connection with the general ideas of historicism, by the mid-19th century. the term “Language Style” was established (G. Spencer, H. Steinthal). With the emergence of semiotics, it was established that the category Style (of language) plays important role not only in literature, but wherever language is used, including in science;

2) The manner of speaking or writing, the way a person behaves linguistically in a particular social environment or situation (speech style). Since language styles are a generalization of the characteristics of speech in a typical social situation, and the style of a speech language is the speaker’s or writer’s choice of available means from a language style, then the style of a language and the style of a speech language are one and the same phenomenon (style), only considered by stylistics from different angles;

3) The secondary level of any language system, including an artificial language, arising from the preferential choice of any of its means for a specific purpose - informative, evaluative, prescriptive, etc., within one of the three modes of language use: semantic, syntactic, pragmatic.

1.2 general characteristics speech styles

Each functional style of the modern Russian literary language is its subsystem, which conditions and goals of communication in some area social activities and has a certain set of stylistically significant linguistic means.

Functional styles are heterogeneous, each of them is represented by a number of genre varieties, for example, in scientific style- scientific monographs and educational texts, in official - business - laws, certificates, business letters, in newspaper-journalistic - article, report, etc. The variety of genre varieties is created by the diversity of the content of speech and its different communicative orientation, that is, the goals of communication. It is the goals of communication that dictate the choice of stylistic devices and compositional structure of speech for each specific case.

In accordance with the spheres of social activity in the modern Russian language, the following functional styles are distinguished: scientific, official - business, newspaper and journalistic, artistic and colloquial.

Each functional style of speech has its own typical features, its own range of vocabulary and syntactic structures, which are implemented to one degree or another in each genre of a given style.

There are the following reasons for identifying functional speech styles:

Sphere of human activity (science, law, politics, art, everyday life);

The specific role of the text addressee (student, institution, newspaper or magazine reader, adult, child, etc.);

The purpose of the style (training, establishing legal relations, influencing, etc.);

Predominant use of a certain type of speech (narration, description, reasoning);

Predominant use of one or another form of speech (written, oral);

Type of speech (monologue, dialogue, polylogue);

Type of communication (public or private)

A set of genres (for a scientific style - an abstract, a textbook, etc., for an official business style - a law, a certificate, etc.);

Characteristic features of the style.

Thus, we see that the use of one or another style of the Russian language depends on the situation in which it is used. Each situation requires the use of a certain style.

2. The concept of functional styles

Functional styles can be divided into two groups associated with specific types of speech. The first group, which includes scientific, journalistic and official business styles (special mention will be made later on the literary and artistic style), is characterized by monologue speech. For the second group, formed by various types of conversational style, the typical form is dialogical speech. The first group is book styles, the second is conversational style. The choice of one of the possible synonymous options is most often associated precisely with the differentiation of book and colloquial language means.

From functional styles and from types of speech (in the above understanding of this term) it is necessary to distinguish between forms of speech - written and oral. They are closer to styles in the sense that book styles, as a rule, are expressed in written form, and colloquial styles are expressed in oral form (but this is not necessary). So, an oratorical performance or lecture at scientific topic are associated with book styles, but have the form of oral speech. On the other hand, a private letter on everyday topics has clear signs of a conversational style, but is embodied in written form.

In conclusion, we point out that the selection of styles based on the expressiveness of linguistic means does not have sufficient theoretical foundations. The combination of such “styles” as “solemn (or rhetorical)”, “official (cold)”, “intimate-affectionate”, “humorous”, “satirical (mocking)” does not form an integral system. Expressive coloring, most clearly manifested in vocabulary, cannot serve as a logical “base for division” of the concept “functional style”, cannot be a principle of classification.

At the same time, when characterizing the stylistic resources of a language, the coloring is undoubtedly taken into account: both stylistic (associated with the assignment of linguistic means to a particular functional style, thereby limiting their unmotivated use), and expressive (associated with the expressiveness and emotional nature of the corresponding means of language ).

The most important differences between functional styles can be illustrated with specific examples. Let's compare several texts on the same topic, which have characteristics of different styles.

A thunderstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon consisting of electrical discharges between the so-called cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) clouds or between clouds and the earth's surface, as well as objects located on it. These discharges - lightning - are accompanied by precipitation in the form of rain (sometimes with hail) and strong wind (sometimes to the point of squall). A thunderstorm is observed in hot weather with rapid condensation of water vapor over overheated land, as well as in cold air masses moving to a warmer underlying surface.

The text is dominated by words and phrases of a terminological nature (atmospheric phenomenon, electrical discharges, cumulonimbus clouds, precipitation, squall, condensation, water vapor, air masses). The remaining words are used in a direct nominative meaning; there are no figurative means of language or emotionality of speech. Syntactically, the text is a combination of simple sentences characteristic of the encyclopedic article genre (scientific style).

There were still ten miles to the nearest village, and a large dark purple cloud, which came from God knows where, without the slightest wind, but was quickly moving towards us. The sun, not yet hidden by the clouds, brightly illuminates her gloomy figure and the gray stripes that go from her to the very horizon. Occasionally, lightning flashes in the distance and a faint rumble is heard, gradually intensifying, approaching and turning into intermittent peals that embrace the entire sky... I feel terrified, and I feel the blood circulating faster in my veins. But now the advanced clouds are already beginning to cover the sun, and now it has appeared last time, illuminated the terribly gloomy side of the horizon and disappeared. The whole neighborhood suddenly changes and takes on a gloomy character. Now the aspen grove began to tremble, the leaves became some kind of cloudy white color, standing out brightly against the purple background of the clouds, they rustled and turned, the tops of large birches began to sway, and tufts of dry grass flew across the road. Swifts and white-breasted swallows, as if with the intention of stopping us, soar around the chaise and fly under the very chest of the horse, jackdaws with disheveled wings somehow fly sideways in the wind... Lightning flashes as if in the chaise itself, blinding the vision... In At the same second, a majestic roar is heard above your head, which, as if rising higher and higher, wider and wider, along a huge spiral line, gradually intensifies and turns into a deafening crash, involuntarily making you tremble and hold your breath. The Wrath of God! How much poetry there is in this common thought!..

Anxious feelings of melancholy and fear increased in me along with the intensification of the thunderstorm, but when the majestic minute of silence came, which usually precedes the outbreak of a thunderstorm, these feelings reached such a degree that, had this state continued for another quarter of an hour, I am sure that I would have died from excitement.

Dazzling lightning, instantly filling the entire ravine with fiery light, forces the horses to stop and, without the slightest interval, is accompanied by such a deafening crack of thunder that it seems that the entire vault of heaven is collapsing above us... A large drop of rain fell heavily on the leather top of the chaise... another, a third, a fourth, and suddenly it was as if someone was drumming above us, and the whole neighborhood was filled with the uniform sound of falling rain...

The slanting rain, driven by a strong wind, poured down like buckets... The lightning shone wider and paler, and the peals of thunder were no longer so striking behind the uniform sound of the rain.

But then the rain becomes finer, the cloud begins to divide into wavy clouds, brighten in the place where the sun should be, and through the grayish-white edges of the cloud a piece of clear azure is barely visible. A minute later, a timid ray of sun was already shining in the puddles of the road, on the stripes of fine direct rain falling, as if through a sieve, and on the washed, shiny green road grass.

Unlike the first text, the task of which was to reveal the concept of “thunderstorm” by pointing out the essential features of the phenomenon, the second text is intended for a different purpose - to create, using linguistic means, a bright, picturesque picture that figuratively reproduces the passage of a thunderstorm. If the picture painted on the canvas is static and is perceived only in space, then the description of the thunderstorm in the above passage is given in dynamics, developing in time, starting from the moment the first signs of an impending thunderstorm appear and ending with its cessation.

To create a picture you need paints and colors, and they are presented in variety in the text “gray stripes, purple background, fiery light, clear azure.” Not only basic tones were used, but also shades of colors “dark purple cloud, white-cloudy color, grayish-white edges of the cloud.” The visual impression is enhanced by such combinations as brightly illuminating clouds that stand out brightly against a purple background, lightning flashing, blinding the vision...

The details of the picture are created with the help of numerous definitions that clarify the characteristics of objects: “advanced clouds, large birches, dry grass, disheveled wings, a huge spiral line, dazzling lightning, a large drop, slanting rain, strong wind, wavy clouds, fine direct rain, shiny greenery” . Some phrases are repeated, enhancing the impression of “a majestic roar, a deafening crash, a uniform sound of rain.” No less effective is the technique of “pumping up” - repeating the same expressively colored word “the gloomy figure of a cloud, the terribly gloomy side of the horizon, the gloomy character of the surroundings.”

The description of the thunderstorm has a pronounced emotional character, which is further enhanced by the first-person narration: events are refracted through the perception of the boy narrator. The reader is conveyed the hero’s mood, expressed in the words: “I feel terrified, and I feel the blood circulating faster in my veins. Anxious feelings of melancholy and fear increased in me along with the intensification of the thunderstorm, it seems that the entire vault of heaven is collapsing above us...”

The subjective nature of the narration is reinforced by the repeated use of the modal particle as if, indicating that what is important for the narrator is not the realistic reproduction of what is described, but the transfer of personal impressions and experiences (as if with the intention of stopping us, lightning flashes as if in the britzka itself, a roar that, like as if rising higher and higher, suddenly as if someone was drumming above us).

The text uses various figurative and expressive means of language: epithets “white-breasted swallows, a majestic hum, a timid ray of sun”, metaphor “the aspen grove trembled”, comparisons “fine rain falling as if through a sieve, the rain poured like from a bucket”, anaphora “ But now the advanced clouds are already beginning to cover the sun, now it has appeared for the last time... Now the aspen grove trembled,” parallelism “rising higher and higher, wider and wider,” exclamations “The Wrath of God: How much poetry there is in this common thought !...”

A significant role is given to sound instrumentation - the selection of sounds that reproduce natural phenomena and create an auditory image (for example, repetition of the sound (p) in combinations of intermittent rumbles, crackling thunder, rumbles of thunder). The impression of increasing sounds is created by a cluster of hissing consonants in the participles “a hum, gradually intensifying, approaching and turning into intermittent peals that embrace the entire sky.” The syntactic structure of the text is characterized by the predominance of complex sentences: out of 19 sentences, 13 are complex and 6 are simple.

In the passage under consideration, the individual author’s style of L.N. is manifested. Tolstoy. This is, firstly, the frequent use of elements of colloquial speech in the description. This is the turn of God knows where, the use of the imperative mood (imperative) in the meaning of the conditional mood “if this state had continued for another quarter of an hour, I am sure that I would have died of excitement, i.e., in the meaning of “if this state had continued for another quarter of an hour” ...". Secondly, L. Tolstoy’s style is characterized by the repetition of the same words, which serves to emphasize some details in the description, creating a unique expressive coloring: “A wonderful, clean, courteous cab driver drove him past beautiful, courteous, clean policemen along a beautiful , clean, washed pavement, past beautiful, clean houses to the house on the Kanawa in which Mariette lived. A doorman in an unusually clean uniform opened the door to the hallway.”

As our correspondent reports, yesterday an unprecedented thunderstorm passed over the central regions of the Penza region. In a number of places, telegraph poles were knocked down, wires were torn, and hundred-year-old trees were uprooted. Fires broke out in two villages as a result of lightning strikes. Added to this was another natural disaster: heavy rain in some places caused severe flooding. Some damage was caused to agriculture. Rail and road communications between neighboring areas were temporarily interrupted.

The text is typical for materials of the newspaper variety of journalistic style. Its characteristic features:

1) “economy” of language means, brevity of presentation with richness of information;

2) selection of words and constructions with an emphasis on their intelligibility (use of words in their literal meaning, predominance of simple syntactic constructions);

3) the presence of turnover in clichés (i.e., frequently used expressions, speech standards: as reported by our correspondent);

We would like to inform you that yesterday, shortly after midnight, a strong thunderstorm swept over the regional center - the city of Nizhny Lomov and the surrounding countryside, which lasted about an hour. The wind speed reached 30-35 meters per second. Caused significant material damage property of the villages of Ivanovka, Shepilovo and Vyazniki, estimated, according to preliminary data, in hundreds of thousands of rubles. There were fires caused by lightning strikes. The building of the secondary school in the village of Burkova was badly damaged; its restoration will require major renovation. The Bad River overflowed its banks as a result of heavy rain and flooded a large area. There were no human casualties. A special commission was formed from representatives of the district administration, medical, insurance and other organizations to determine the extent of the damage natural disaster damage and assistance to the affected population “The measures taken will be reported immediately.”

This text, like the previous one, is characterized by a “dry” presentation: in both only facts are reported, the author’s feelings are not expressed anywhere, and his individual style is not revealed. They are also brought together by conciseness, compactness of presentation, the use of words only in their literal meaning, and a simple syntactic structure. But text 4 is distinguished by greater accuracy of the message - the presentation of specific names and digital data. It uses words and expressions characteristic of the official business style (significant material damage was caused, the property of the villages, calculated according to preliminary data, took place, major repairs, a significant area, a special commission, measures taken), verbal nouns (restoration, clarification, provision ), official names (district administration), cliché expressions (we bring to your attention, it will be reported immediately).

Well, the storm passed over us today! Would you believe it, I am not a timid person, and even then I was scared to death.

At first everything was quiet, normal, I was just about to go to bed, when suddenly dazzling lightning flashed and thunder boomed, and with such force that our whole house shook. I was already wondering if the sky above us had broken into pieces that were about to fall on my unfortunate head. And then the abyss of heaven opened up, in addition to everything, our harmless river swelled, swollen and well, flooded everything around with its muddy water. And very close, as they say - just a stone's throw away, our school was on fire. Both old and young - everyone poured out of the huts, jostling, yelling, cattle roaring - what passions! I was really scared at that hour, yes, thank God, it was all over soon (from a private letter).

This text has clear signs conversational style. It contains colloquial vocabulary and phraseology (a person of no timid nature - “brave”, bang - “to make a strong, sharp sound”, just about - “now”, the abysses of heaven have opened up - about heavy rain, just a stone’s throw away - “very close” ”, both old and young - “all without distinction of age”, they jostle - “they are in a crush”, they shout - about people, what passions - “about something that causes fear, horror, I was really scared, thank God), and the words with evaluative suffixes (silishcha, little house, river, water), and colloquial verb form(sprinkled). The syntax of the text is characterized by the use of connecting conjunctions and constructions (and then I was scared, but with such force), the construction of sentences according to the model was going... when suddenly, the use of the infinitive as a predicate (and well, fill in), the use of an introductory combination (would you believe it) . The text is very emotional and includes exclamation sentences. It should be noted that in dialogical speech all these features are enhanced and complicated by other features of the conversational style.

Using the example of texts, we see that each style of the Russian language has a number of differences, determined by the speaking situation and the purpose of the text.

3. Language styles

3.1 Scientific style

The sphere of social activity in which the scientific style functions is science. Leading position in the scientific style, monologue speech is occupied. This style has a wide variety of speech genres, among them the main ones are scientific monographs and scientific articles, dissertations, scientific and educational prose (textbooks, educational and methodological manuals), scientific and technical works ( various kinds instructions, safety rules), annotations, abstracts, scientific reports, lectures, scientific discussions.

As well as genres of popular science literature.

One of the most important genres of the scientific style is the scientific article, which can convey information that is diverse in nature and purpose and is most often used as the main source of scientific and technical information: it is here that everything new that appears in a certain branch of science is recorded. The scientific style belongs to the number of book styles of a literary language, which are characterized by a number of general operating conditions and linguistic features: preliminary consideration of the statement, its monologue character, strict selection of linguistic means, and a tendency towards standardized speech.

The emergence and development of scientific style is associated with the evolution of various fields scientific knowledge, diverse spheres of human activity. At first, the style of scientific presentation was close to the style of artistic narration. Thus, the scientific works of Pythagoras, Plato and Lucretius were distinguished by a special emotional perception of phenomena. The separation of the scientific style from the artistic one occurred in the Alexandrian period, when Greek, which spread its influence over the entire cultural world of that time, scientific terminology began to be created. Subsequently, it was replenished by Latin, which became the international scientific language of the European Middle Ages.

During the Renaissance, scientists strived for conciseness and accuracy of scientific description, free from emotional and artistic elements of presentation as contradictory to the abstract and logical representation of nature. It is known that the overly “artistic” nature of Galileo’s presentation irritated Kepler, and Descartes found that the style of Galileo’s scientific proofs was overly “fictionalized.” Subsequently, Newton's strictly logical imposition became the model of scientific language.

In Russia, a scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the works of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of a scientific style took a step forward, but the language of science finally emerged in the second half of the 19th century.

The scientific style has a number of common features that appear regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanities) and genre differences (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. At the same time, it is quite natural that, for example, texts on physics, chemistry, and mathematics differ markedly in the nature of their presentation from texts on philology, philosophy, or history. The scientific style has its own varieties (substyles): popular science, scientific business, scientific and technical (production and technical), scientific journalistic, educational and scientific.

The style of scientific works is determined, ultimately, by their content and the goals of scientific communication - to explain the facts of the surrounding reality as accurately and completely as possible, to show cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to identify patterns historical development etc. The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of connections between parts of the statement, the authors’ desire for accuracy, conciseness, and unambiguous expression while maintaining the richness of the content.

The language of scientists is often said to be “dry” and devoid of elements of emotionality and imagery.

This opinion is overly generalized: often in scientific works, in particular polemical ones, emotional, expressive and figurative means of language are used, which, although being an additional technique, stand out noticeably against the background of a purely scientific presentation and give scientific prose greater persuasiveness. Let's give two examples.

The famous Russian surgeon N.I. Pirogov wrote in one of his scientific works:

Like a calligrapher who paints on paper complex figures with the same stroke of the pen, a skilled operator can give the cut the most varied shape, size and depth with the same stroke of the knife... As soon as you bring this flap into close contact with the bloody edges of the skin, its life changes, it is like a plant , transplanted onto foreign soil, along with new nutritious juices, receives new properties.

He, like an alien plant, begins to live at the expense of another on which he vegetates: he, like a newly grafted branch, demands that he be cherished and carefully protected until he becomes related to the place that the surgeon assigns him for his permanent residence.

IN modern work In radiophysics, the following figurative comparison is given: The power of the reflected signal during planetary radar is negligible. Imagine that a kettle of boiling water was poured into the ocean, and somewhere thousands of kilometers away a glass of water was scooped out of the sea. In theory, the poured boiling water “slightly” warmed the oceans. So, the excess thermal energy in a randomly scooped glass of sea water is of the same order as the energy of the received signal reflected from Venus.

A characteristic feature of the style of scientific works is their saturation with terms, in particular international ones: on average, terminological vocabulary usually accounts for 15-25 percent of the total vocabulary used in the work. Here are two examples of grammatical definitions from school textbooks:

Nouns are words that denote objects and answer the questions: who is this? or what is it? - in this definition, the term is only a phrase of nouns, but its presence and the entire construction of the sentence give the text a scientific style;

A verb is a part of speech that includes words denoting an action or state of an object - this sentence also has only one term (verb), but this sentence is also an example of a scientific style.

The uniqueness of the style of scientific works lies in the use of abstract vocabulary. Here is an example from an article by academician S.P. Obnorsky “Culture of the Russian language”...

The Russian language is the great language of the great Russian people. Language is an essential component of the concept of nation. It serves as the most important instrument of culture, the main factor in the spiritual development of the nation, its creativity, and national self-awareness. It is in the language that in the most complete way - and, moreover, in the understanding of the people themselves - all stages of the history of this people from the most distant times are imprinted, all the steps along which the movement of their culture was directed. Therefore, the rich past of a people, the intensive development of its culture is the key to the rich and powerful development of the language of a given people. This is precisely the Russian language. In its strength and wealth, the duration of the historical process the people went through and the intensity of cultural development the Russian nation throughout the entire course of its history.

This text contains many abstract nouns: factor, development, creativity, self-awareness, comprehension, movement, expression, duration, intensity, flow, etc. The words are used in their direct (nominative) meaning.

The scientific style has its own phraseology, which includes compound terms (angina pectoris, solar plexus, thyroid gland, right angle, point of intersection, inclined plane, freezing point, boiling point, voiced consonants, participial phrase, complex sentence etc.), various kinds of clichés (consists of..., consists of..., represents..., is used for..., etc.).

The language of science and technology also has a number of grammatical features. In the field of morphology, this is the use of shorter variant forms, which corresponds to the principle of “saving” linguistic means. Thus, from the variants key - key (“the tip of a lever in various types of mechanisms”), cuff - cuff (“a ring for fastening the ends of pipes”) in the technical literature, the second, i.e., shorter, masculine forms are preferred.

In scientific works, the singular form of nouns is often used in the plural:

A wolf is a predatory animal of the dog genus (a whole class of objects is named, indicating their characteristic features);

The linden tree begins to bloom at the end of June (the specific noun is used in a collective, general sense);

The shape of the ear, nose, and eyes is studied (the word form is used instead of form, since it has the same relationship to subsequent nouns).

Real and abstract nouns are often used in the plural form:

Lubricating oils;

High quality steels;

Red and white clays;

Great depths;

Low temperatures;

Noise in the radio receiver, annual and quarterly repairs.

When constructing sentences, the authors’ tendency to use fewer verbs and more nouns is noticeable: in scientific literature, definitions of concepts are more common, and names of actions are less common. In particular, this affects the choice of the form of the predicate: instead of a verb, a verbal-nominal construction is used, consisting of a noun with the same root as the verb and another verb that has a weakened lexical meaning:

A new machine is being tested (cf.: a new machine is being tested);

Counting and solving devices are used (cf.: calculating and solving devices are used);

There is an increase in temperature (cf.: temperature rises);

Growth occurs (cf. grows);

There is an increase (cf. increases);

Perform calculations (cf. calculate).

Adjectives are widely used in scientific works, clarifying concepts by indicating its various features and thereby performing a terminological function. For example, A.E. Fersman in the book “Entertaining Mineralogy” points out the many shades of green in which stones are painted: turquoise green, bottle green, bluish green, golden green, emerald green, olive green, grass green, apple green , also: pale green, dirty green, dense green, grayish green, bluish green, bright green, etc.

Among the syntactic features of the scientific style, the tendency towards complex constructions should be noted. Such structures are convenient form expressions of a complex system scientific concepts, establishing relationships between them, such as generic and specific concepts, cause and effect, evidence and conclusions, etc.

For this purpose, sentences with homogeneous members and a generalizing word are often used: a broader, generic concept is revealed with the help of narrower, specific concepts. For example, A.M. Peshkovsky, in his book “Russian Syntax in Scientific Coverage,” building his classification of phrases based on the concept of predicability, wrote:

Based on the possession or non-possession of this meaning, we will divide all phrases into:

1) phrases containing a predicate, or indicating by their formal composition an omitted predicate, or, finally, consisting of one predicate; we will call all such phrases sentences;

2) phrases containing two or more predicates or two or more phrases indicating by their formal composition omitted predicates or consisting of only predicates, we will call all such phrases complex wholes...;

3) phrases that do not contain a predicate and are not themselves predicates.

It is quite natural that in scientific literature it is common different types complex sentences. For example, in a study on aesthetics we read:

The special and unique originality of music among other types of art is determined by the fact that, striving, like every type of art, for the broadest and most comprehensive coverage of reality and its aesthetic assessment, it does this by directly addressing the spiritual content of the world of human experiences, which it activates in its listener with extraordinary power.

In complex sentences used in scientific texts, there are often compound subordinating conjunctions characteristic of book speech in general: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, despite the fact that, in while, meanwhile, while, while, etc. They allow us to more accurately identify the relationships between the parts of a complex sentence than simple causal, concessional, and temporary conjunctions.

To combine parts of the text, in particular paragraphs that have a close logical connection with each other, words and their combinations are used that indicate this connection: therefore, in this case, first, then, in conclusion, thus, so, therefore, etc.

The means of connecting parts of the text are also introductory words and combinations: firstly, secondly, finally, on the one hand, on the other hand, etc., indicating the sequence of presentation.

In general, syntactic structures in scientific prose are more complex and richer in lexical material than in artistic prose. For example, in works of fiction of the 60s of the XIX century. (in the author's narration in the novels of I.A. Goncharov, I.S. Turgenev, N.G. Chernyshevsky, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, F.M. Dostoevsky, N.S. Leskov and L.N. Tolstoy) complex sentences make up 50.7 percent of the total number of sentences, i.e., half, and in scientific works of the same period (works of the chemist A.M. Butlerov, physiologist I.M. Sechenov, linguist A.A. Potebnya, literary critic A.N. Veselovsky, also “Aesthetic relations of art to reality.”

N.G. Chernyshevsky and the historical and philosophical “Epilogue” of “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy) - 73.8 percent, i.e., almost three quarters.

Moreover, the average size of a complex sentence in artistic prose is 23.9 words, and in scientific prose - 33.5 words (in simple sentences, respectively - 10.2 and 15.9 words). The average sentence size (regardless of structure) in the author's narrative in the same novels is 17.2 words, in scientific research - 28.5 words. In general, a sentence of a scientific text contains approximately one and a half times more words than a sentence of a literary text.

The scientific style is realized mainly in written form of speech. However, with the development of means mass communication, with the growing importance of science in modern society, an increase in various kinds of scientific contacts, such as conferences, symposia, scientific seminars, the role of oral scientific speech is increasing.

The main features of the scientific style in both written and oral form are accuracy, abstraction, logic and objectivity of presentation. It is they who organize into a system all the linguistic means that form this functional style, and determine the choice of vocabulary in works of the scientific style.

This style is characterized by the use of special scientific and terminological vocabulary, and recently international terminology (manager, quotation, realtor, etc.) has occupied more and more space here.

A peculiarity of using vocabulary in a scientific style is that polysemantic lexically neutral words are used not in all of their meanings, but only in one. For example, the verb to count, which has four meanings, here primarily realizes the meaning: to draw some conclusion, to admit, to believe.

Use in one, becoming a terminological meaning is typical for both nouns and adjectives, for example: body, strength, movement, sour, heavy, etc.

The lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation, which is expressed, in particular, in the lesser use of synonyms. The volume of text in a scientific style increases not so much due to the use of different words, but rather due to the repetition of the same ones. An example is the passage: “Transport inter-shop connections for the main types of raw materials and finished products, as well as the transfer of goods between production workshops and warehouse and transport facilities are mostly provided with continuous transport (...) Motor transport finished products is supplied to nearby consumers, and they also perform auxiliary loading and unloading operations.”

In the scientific style there is no vocabulary with a colloquial and colloquial coloring. This style, to a lesser extent than journalistic or artistic ones, is characterized by evaluativeness. Ratings are used to express the author’s point of view, to make it more understandable, accessible, and to clarify the idea. Scientific speech is distinguished by the accuracy and logic of thought, its consistent presentation and objectivity of presentation. In the syntactic structures in the scientific style of speech, the author’s detachment is maximally demonstrated.

This is expressed in the use of generalized personal and impersonal constructions instead of the 1st person: there is reason to believe, it is believed, it is known, presumably, one can say, etc.

The desire for logical presentation of material leads to the active use of complex conjunction sentences, introductory words, participial and participial phrases, etc. The most typical example is sentences with subordinate reasons and conditions, for example: “If an enterprise or some of its divisions is performing poorly, this means that not everything is all right with the management.”

Almost any scientific text can contain graphic information; this is one of the features of the scientific style of speech.

3.2 Formal business style

The main area in which the official business style functions is administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies society's need for documentation various acts of state social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication. Among the bookish styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself. But many of its features, historically established genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, and syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character.

A typical feature of the official business style is the presence of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles stereotyped phrases often act as a stylistic flaw, then in an official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural part of it. Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material. It is no coincidence that in business practice ready-made forms are used that only need to be filled out. Even envelopes are customarily labeled in a certain order (different in different countries, but established in each), and this has its advantage for both writers and postal workers. Therefore, all those speech clichés that simplify and speed up business communication are quite appropriate in it. Official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, government acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc.

Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style is generally characterized by a number of common features. These include:

1) conciseness, compactness of presentation, “economical” use of language means;

2) standard arrangement of material, frequent obligatory form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, birth and marriage certificates, monetary documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;

3) widespread use of terminology, nomenclature names (legal, diplomatic, military, administrative, etc.), the presence of special vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), inclusion in the text of complex abbreviated words, in particular abbreviations;

4) frequent use of verbal nouns, denominate prepositions (based on, in relation to, in accordance with, in fact, by virtue of, for the purposes of, at the expense of, along the line, etc.), complex conjunctions (due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.), as well as stable phrases that serve to connect parts of a complex sentence (in case..., on the basis that..., for the reason that. .., with the condition that..., in such a way that..., the fact that..., the fact that... etc.);

5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with listing;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the predominant principle of its construction;

7) a tendency to use complex sentences that reflect the logical subordination of some facts to others;

8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

The heterogeneity of topics and the variety of genres make it possible to distinguish two varieties in the style under consideration: the official documentary style and the everyday business style. In turn, in the official documentary style one can distinguish the language legislative documents related to activities government agencies, and the language of diplomatic acts related to international relations. In everyday business style, official correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and private business papers, on the other, differ in content, genres and the nature of the language used.

The language of legislative documents includes the vocabulary and phraseology of state law, civil law, criminal law, the Labor Code, the Code of Marriage and Family Laws, etc.

Adjacent to it is vocabulary and phraseology associated with the work of administrative bodies, official activities of citizens, etc.:

Legislation, cassation, constitution, jurisdiction, legal capacity, verdict, prosecutor, legal proceedings, judicial system, evidence, jurisdiction;

Assign responsibility, in order to cancel the decree, in the development of the decree, until further notice, to enter into force, for the purpose of assistance, an extract from the order, to bring to the attention of, to take up a position, to perform duties, a travel certificate, authorities.

Books

Russian language. Culture of speech, T. E. Timoshenko. The textbook describes language as a sign system for transmitting information; the functions, basic units and types of communication are considered; functional styles of speech are described; presented... eBook
Functional styles. Study guide, Shchenikova Elena Viktorovna. The textbook presents characteristics of the functional styles of the modern Russian literary language, distinguished within the framework classical system five styles. The manual is intended for…

Among the variety of varieties of language use, two main ones stand out: spoken language And literary language (book).

Colloquial language (colloquial style of speech) is usually used orally. Literary (book) language includes scientific, official business, and journalistic speech, hence their functioning in certain areas of activity. Depending on this, they distinguish between scientific, official business, journalistic and especially artistic style, or the language of fiction.

Word style began to mean the quality of what was written. That's the point stylistics– the ability to express one’s thoughts in different ways, using different linguistic means, which distinguishes one style of speech from another.

Functional speech styles - these are varieties of language due to differences in the areas of communication and the basic functions of language.

The spheres of communication are usually understood as broad areas of human social activity, which correspond to certain forms of social consciousness: science, politics, law, art. Each of the identified spheres of communication is served by a certain functional style: scientific, journalistic, official business, artistic.

Sphere of communication a person with a small circle of people in various, usually everyday, situations allows us to highlight a conversational style.

Thus, based on differences in areas of communication, five main functional styles are distinguished.

To characterize functional styles, the second basis for their identification is also essential - taking into account the social function of language.

The most important function of language is communication function. Another function of language is connected with it and is its derivative - thought-formative, or message function. Due to the close connection of these two functions, many researchers assign the corresponding meaning to both of them to the term “communicative function”.

Language serves not only to express thoughts, but also to express feelings and will. Of course, manifestations of feelings are possible outside of language. Therefore, the functions of emotional and volitional influence are considered as additional functions language.

Thus, language functions, defining the goals and objectives of communication, are as follows:

- communicative(communication, message),

- emotive,

-voluntary.

Or: communication, message, impact(emotional and volitional).

Different styles of speech implement the functions of language in different ways. These differences are related to the nature of style, to the fact that communication tasks are not the same in different areas communication. The functions of a language implemented by a style are its important characteristics.

Functional styles are stable varieties of speech, determined by sphere of communication and typical for this area communication task(function of language). The sphere of communication and the task of communication are extra-linguistic factors on which the linguistic originality of the style and, partly, the features of the content of speech within a particular style depend.

What is the linguistic structure of the functional style? What is the basis for that sense of stylistic integrity, unity, which allows us to intuitively distinguish scientific speech from artistic or colloquial speech?

Until recently, these issues were controversial. However, the application of the statistical method in stylistics has convincingly shown that one style differs from another not so much in linguistic matter as in the different frequency of linguistic units.

It is impossible to talk about the attachment of a linguistic device to a particular style, but it is necessary and possible to talk about a high probability of the appearance of a particular device in a certain style. Let's take, for example, terminological vocabulary. Words-terms can be used in any style - colloquial, official business, journalistic, artistic, but, of course, most often we use them in a scientific style. The likelihood (or frequency) of terms in scientific style will be highest. The “face” of a style is determined by the frequency of both marked and neutral units. Consequently, the so-called neutral means of language also participate in the formation of style; in the latter case, stylistic information is contained in the frequency of the linguistic unit.

Our statements depend on Where We are speaking, with whom And For what, i.e. from the speech situation.

Signs of a speech situation can be presented in the form of a diagram:

Speech situation - who are we talking to?, where?, for what purpose?

In different speech situations we speak or write differently, that is, we use different speech styles.

Colloquial speech used in casual conversations with familiar people, usually in a home (informal) setting (1 - 1, informal setting).

Book speech addressed to many people, to everyone who wants to know. It is used in books, newspapers, radio and television, in official speeches and conversations (1 - a lot, formal setting).

Plan for stylistic text analysis

I. Extralinguistic text analysis

1. Author, title; addressee of speech; subject of speech; the author's goal.
2. Type of speech (monologue, dialogue, polylogue).
3. Form of speech (oral or written).
4. Functional and semantic types of speech (description, narration, reasoning).
5. The sphere of social activity served by the proposed style.

II. Linguistic text analysis

1.Language features that determine the style of the text:
a) lexical;
b) morphological;
c) syntactic.
2. Means of creating imagery and expressiveness of the text.

III. Conclusion: functional style (substyle, genre).

When analyzing a text, remember that it is impossible and not necessary to consider all linguistic means based on the material of a specific text. The scope of analysis is determined by the nature of the text itself and its features.
Your text analysis should present a coherent text!

Parent, etc.);

The specific role of the text addressee (student, institution, newspaper or magazine reader, adult, child, etc.);

The purpose of the style (training, establishing legal relations, influencing, etc.);

Predominant use of a certain type of speech (, description,);

Predominant use of one or another form of speech (written, oral);

Type of speech (, polylogue);

Type of communication (public or private)

Set (for a scientific style - , etc., for an official business style - , reference, etc.);

Characteristic features of the style

Typical language means for the style

Among the variety of varieties of language use, two main ones stand out: spoken language and literary (book) language.

Depending on the sphere of use of the literary language, scientific, official business, journalistic and artistic styles of speech are distinguished.

Conversational style

Conversational style serves for direct communication, when we share our thoughts or feelings with others, exchange information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and vernacular language.

The usual form of implementing the conversational style is ; this style is used exclusively in spoken language. There is no preliminary selection of language material.

Scientific style

Substyles of scientific style

The difference between scientific and all other styles of speech is that it can be divided into three so-called substyles:

Scientific. The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries. In the scientific style of speech itself, facts that are generally known in science are not explained, but only new ones are explained. This style is distinguished by a large volume of sentences and frequent use. The title of texts of this style, as a rule, reflects the topic or problem to which the work is devoted. ( “On the language of fiction”). The leading type of speech style is .

Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to future specialists and students in order to teach and describe the facts necessary to master the material, therefore the facts presented in the text and examples are given as typical ones. Almost everything is explained; the educational text usually begins with an explanation of the concept. The volume of sentences is much smaller than in the scientific genre itself, and quotations are used less often. The title indicates the type educational material(, workshop, collection, etc.). The leading type of speech is description.
Popular science. The addressee is anyone interested in this or that science. The goal is to give an idea of science and interest the reader. Naturally, the accuracy of the presentation of facts in this substyle is much lower than in the previous ones; it approaches the journalistic style. To interest the reader, the texts of this substyle examine not only the facts necessary to reveal the topic, but also intriguing, entertaining, and sometimes even unproven ones. There are much more examples than in other substyles. here are less frequent than in the scientific and scientific-educational substyles proper, they are explained through analogy, that is, everyday situations familiar to every reader ( - crowd in the subway at rush hour). The volume of sentences is smaller than in other substyles. The purpose of the style allows the use of quotations that are not very precise and without detailed footnotes. The predominant type of speech is . The title not only names the topic of the book, but also arouses interest and intrigues the reader ( “Why don’t we look alike?”). Among the features of this substyle are the use of emotional words, comparisons, metaphors, epithets, interrogative and exclamatory sentences.

Formal business style

Formal business style used for reporting, informing in an official setting (sphere of administrative and legal activities). This style is used for drawing up documents: decrees, characteristics, receipts, certificates. The scope of application of the official business style is, the author is a lawyer, simply. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., with the aim of establishing administrative-legal relations. This style exists exclusively in the written form of speech, the type of speech is predominantly . The type of speech - most often, the type of communication - is public. Style features - imperativeness (due character), accuracy, not allowing for other interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, precise selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

For example:

Receipt. I, Elena Tikhonova, a student of grade 9 “B” at school No. 65, received 5 (five) copies of “ Explanatory dictionary Russian language" by S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova to conduct a Russian language lesson. I undertake to return the books on the same day. March 23, 2000 E. Tikhonova

Let us list the language means of style:

Lexical
- Special ( claim, tenant, contract)
- Stationery ( the above, the undersigned, make repairs, bear responsibility)
- Lack of emotional and conversational
- Words with the meaning of necessity, obligation (necessary, must, obliged)
Morphological
- Dominance over
- High frequency of verbal ( advance, achievement, improvement)
- High frequency of names ( according to, in part, during, in view of, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid)
- in present tense form
- Frequent use of the indefinite form
Syntactic
- Syntactic chain of sequentially dependent ones in the form or ( Second Assistant to the Deputy Chairman of the Board of the State Bank of Russia)
- A large number of clarifying phrases and homogeneous parts of the sentence
- A large number of passive, indefinitely personal, impersonal and infinitive constructions
- No exclamation or interrogative sentences
- Standard speed ( The certificate is given... that...)
Text
- Composition standard (heading - document title, beginning, ending)
- The selection of facts is strictly determined by the type of document
- division allows selection in part of a sentence (the entire text can be one sentence).

Journalistic style

Journalistic style serves to influence people through. It is found in the genres of reporting, interviews, oratory and is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, evaluativeness, and appeal. This style is used in the sphere of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not only for a narrow circle of specialists, but for broad sections of society, and the impact is aimed not only at the mind, but also at the feelings of the recipient.

The main features of the journalistic style:

Field of activity - ,
Author - ,
Addressee - a wide circle of readers and viewers of the media
The goal is to provide information about the latest current events, influence the audience, create

Abstract: Functional styles of speech in the Russian language. Functional speech styles

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Books

Plan for stylistic text analysis

Conversational style

Scientific style

Substyles of scientific style

Formal business style

Journalistic style

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