Role behavior of people. Role behavior of the individual in communication

Role behavior.

While a role is the behavior expected of an individual who has a certain status, role behavior is the actual behavior of the one playing the role. Role behavior differs from what is expected in many respects: in the interpretation of the role, in personal characteristics that change patterns and patterns of behavior, in relation to a given role, in possible conflicts with other roles. All this leads to the fact that no two individuals play a given role in exactly the same way. The variety of role behavior can be significantly reduced when behavior is strictly structured, for example, in organizations where a certain predictability of actions can be traced even when different behavior its members.

While role behavior typically consists of unconscious role playing, in some cases it is highly conscious; with such behavior, a person constantly studies his own efforts and creates a desired image of his own self. The American researcher I. Goffman developed the concept of dramatic role performance, which consists in highlighting a conscious effort to perform a role in such a way as to create the desired impression on others. Behavior is regulated by compliance not only with role requirements, but also with the expectations of the social environment. According to this concept, each of us is an actor with his own audience. An individual, taking into account the specifics of the social communities surrounding him, presents himself differently when he is in a particular audience, acts in a role in such a way that he gives a dramatic picture of his Self.

Ways to resolve role conflicts.

It would be ideal if each individual could achieve the desired statuses in a group or in society with the same ease and ease. However, only a few individuals are capable of this. In the process of achieving an appropriate social role, role tension may arise - difficulties in fulfilling role obligations and a discrepancy between the individual’s internal attitudes and the requirements of the role. Role tension may increase due to inadequate role training, or role conflict, or failures encountered in performing a given role.

Inadequate role training.

Learning to perform social roles can be successful only with consistent preparation for the transition from one role to another throughout the individual’s life. A little girl sings a lullaby to a doll, a little boy builds a model of an airplane, a student performs a complex technical work given by the master, the student undergoes an internship as an engineer - all these are individual moments of continuous socialization through experience, by learning skills, craftsmanship and attitudes at a certain period of life in order to use them later in subsequent roles. With continuous socialization, everyone's experience life stage serves as preparation for the next one.

Such early preparation for the transition from one status to subsequent ones is far from a universal phenomenon in social life. Our society, like all modern complex societies, is characterized by role learning based on discontinuity, which makes the socializing experience gained in one age period of little use for subsequent ones. age periods. Very often, a young man who has graduated from school does not know who he will be in the future, what he will study and what roles he will play in the near future. This results in role tension associated with an incorrect understanding of the future role, as well as poor preparation for it and, as a consequence, poor performance of this role. In the life of every person in modern society, there may be several critical points when the individual may not be prepared to perform future roles.

Another source of role tension in socialization processes is that the moral preparation of an individual to perform roles includes mainly formal rules social behavior. At the same time, teaching informal modifications of these rules that actually exist in the world around us is often ignored. In other words, individuals learning certain roles assimilate, as a rule, an ideal picture of the surrounding reality, and not real culture and real human relationships.

All social roles in their real modification and diversity seem alien to young people brought up on an ideal idea of ​​many sides human activity. Therefore, they may experience internal role tension, and in the subsequent period they will move from naive idealism to naive cynicism, which denies the fundamental moral and institutional norms of society.

Some gap between formal impressions and actual mechanisms of role behavior is probably characteristic of all modern societies. Although it can be quite large, every society tries to reduce it to some extent. However, the gap remains, and therefore young people should be taught not only theoretical skills, but also the ability to adapt to a wide range of roles, to solve real, real problems.

Role- social function of the individual; expected behavior determined by a person’s status or position in the system of interpersonal relationships. Roles, like groups, can be formal or informal. Formal ones serve to form various social organizations. In the process of social interaction between people, informal roles also arise that characterize social interaction determined by personal qualities its participants.

Many people perform multiple roles throughout the day, so to understand people's behavior in interactions, it is very important to know what a role is, what roles our partners use and for what purpose. Such awareness can help both prevent role and interpersonal conflicts and improve the communication process itself, since the role is related to the norms of expected behavior. A role presupposes a set of rules of behavior in a certain environment, expected of a person in a specific communication situation. The role may include attitudes and values ​​as well as characteristic types behavior.

In any organization there is a status of hierarchies and corresponding roles, which, whether official or unofficial, form an integral part of the organization (director, head teacher, teacher, student, etc.). In real life, we can simultaneously or sequentially play various roles, for example: teacher (in a lyceum), parent (at home), patient (in a clinic), passenger (on a bus), friend (at an informal meeting). Each role position has different relationships. For example, the position of a PhD candidate in college involves not only the role of a teacher, but also the relationship to students, as well as various other roles in relation to administrators, fellow teachers, and position in society. However, each group may have different expectations: students may expect highly qualified classes, colleagues may expect new research and publications, and administrators may expect an increase in the organization's rating and its impact on its image. In the literature this is called role delineation.

Role outline- These are individual expectations of certain behavior from a person performing a specific role. For example, a PhD candidate in college has a more complex role outline than a beginning teacher - a university graduate, but less complex than an academician at a university. The more roles a person plays and the more complex their outlines, the more complex his individual behavior, the more contradictions he feels. Sometimes they become causes of stress or conflict.

As a result of the presence of multiple roles and their contours, a person may encounter a complex situation in which his activities in one role interfere with his activities in other roles. As a member of a group, a person experiences intense pressure to give up his “I” and obligations to himself in exchange for intra-group activities. When this happens, the person faces a situation known as role conflict.

During communication, various role conflicts may arise: personality-role conflict (when the demands of the role violate the core values, attitudes and needs of the person occupying a certain position, for example: when a college director doubles as a teacher, it may be difficult for him to give bad grades, as this may affect competitiveness educational institution); conflict within the role (occurs when different people define a role based on different requirements, which does not allow the person performing the role to satisfy all requirements. For example, a legal adviser at an enterprise, on the one hand, must comply legal norms, on the other hand, to protect the interests of the administration); interrole conflict (results from a clash of multiple roles that may have conflicting expectations associated with them).

Psychologists believe that a person, when faced with role conflict, experiences psychological stress, which can lead to emotional problems when interacting with other people, and sometimes to indecisiveness in making decisions.

Interactive exercise

Participants are given sheets indicating the roles in which they should speak in the discussion (philosopher, erudite, diplomat, skeptic, etc.). The subject of discussion is anything. For example, a film, a play, a book. It shouldn't be too difficult or too exciting. After 7-10 minutes of discussion, those around you should determine who was in what role. Players whose role is not recognized are considered to have failed the task.

Features of personality role behavior

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The need to be someone, to play certain roles, is an integral part of human existence. Without this, the social organism cannot function; without this, the self-realization of the individual is impossible.

In the 60s, domestic social psychologists began to actively develop role theory based on the West. This was due to the fact that the concept of “role,” according to E. S. Kuzmin, is “central for social psychological science, because the role is a link in the connection between social phenomena and psychological characteristics” (Kuzmin, 1977, 122).

There is also a definition that role behavior is the behavior of an individual in accordance with the tasks of the role and the expectations of others. Necessary conditions role behavior are role clarity and acceptability.

The clarity of the role presupposes that the person performing it knows and understands not only the content of the role, but also the connection of his activities with other people.

The acceptability of a role is that a person is ready to perform it consciously, since behavior in accordance with this role will bring him some satisfaction.

At the same time, A.L. Sventsitsky (1999) pointed out that any role is not a pure model of behavior. The main link between role expectations and role behavior is the character of the individual. This means that the behavior of a particular person does not fit into a pure scheme. It is the product of a unique, peculiar way of interpreting and interpreting roles.

Human behavior begins with the fulfillment of a certain social role. A person gets to know himself, evaluates his role and his place in the social environment and, in accordance with this, directs, controls and adjusts his behavior.

The process of entering a role and possessing it proceeds differently for each person. The quality of role behavior depends on the state of the mental parameters of the individual, which are influenced by the social and work environment.

Thus, there is always a need to take care of creating such a production and moral-psychological environment that would favorably influence the quality of fulfillment of the social role of each worker and would contribute to increasing his work initiative and social activity.

1. Understanding personality in psychology

Personality is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon public life, a link in the system of social relations. She is a product of socio-historical development, on the one hand, and a figure of social development, on the other.

The concept of personality began to take shape in ancient times. At first, the term “personality” meant the mask worn by the actor of the ancient theater, then the actor himself and his role in the performance. Subsequently, the term “personality” began to denote the real role of a person in public life.

Psychology understands personality as a specific person who is a representative of a certain society, nationality, class, group, engaged in any type of activity, aware of his attitude to the environment and endowed with individual mental characteristics.

In defining a person, one should highlight, first of all, its social essence. A person is born a person, but he becomes a person in the process of social and labor activity. The term “personality” is used only in relation to a person, and, moreover, starting only from a certain stage of his development. We don't say "pet personality" like "newborn baby personality." We are not seriously talking about the personality of a two-year-old child, although he exhibits not only his hereditary characteristics, but also a great many characteristics acquired under the influence of the social environment. Thus, psychology considers the social and biological in man in a dialectical unity, highlighting in this unity as the main and defining social factors.

The attitude to the understanding of “personality” has been and remains different among different researchers.

Psychoanalytic theories of personality. Already at the beginning of the century, the Viennese psychiatrist and psychologist S. Freud proposed his interpretation of human personality, which had a huge impact not only on psychological science and psychotherapeutic practice, but also on culture throughout the world. Discussions related to the analysis and evaluation of Freudian ideas lasted for decades. According to Freud's views, shared by a significant number of his followers, human activity depends on instinctive impulses, and, above all, the sexual instinct and the instinct of self-preservation. However, in society, instincts cannot manifest themselves as freely as in the animal world, since society imposes many restrictions on a person, subjects his instincts, or drives, to “censorship,” which forces a person to suppress and inhibit them. Instinctive drives are thus repressed from conscious life personalities as shameful, unacceptable, compromising and move into the sphere of the unconscious, “go underground”, but do not disappear. While maintaining their energy charge, their activity, they gradually, from the sphere of the unconscious, continue to control the behavior of the individual, reincarnating (sublimating) into various shapes human culture and products of human activity. In the sphere of the unconscious, instinctual drives are combined, depending on their origin, into various “complexes”, which, according to Freud, are the real reason personality activity. Accordingly, one of the tasks of psychology is to identify unconscious “complexes” and promote awareness of them, which leads to overcoming internal conflicts of the individual (method of psychoanalysis). Such motivating reasons, for example, included the “Oedipus complex.”

All further development of personality was thought of as a clash between various “complexes” repressed into the sphere of the unconscious.

A careful consideration of Freud's concept of personality allows us to notice that human activity is understood as a biological, natural force. It is similar to the instincts of animals, i.e. just as unconscious, with all its changes, “sublimations” and conflicts with the society that is externally opposed to it. The function of the latter is reduced only to limiting and “censoring” drives. Such an interpretation of the personality and its activity actually turns the personality into an essentially biological being. It is assumed that man and society are fundamentally alien to each other, that their “harmonious” relations are possible only when one is suppressed by the force of the other, the eternal violence of one over the other, with the constant threat of a rebellion of the unconscious, a breakthrough into aggression, neurosis, etc.

Humanistic psychology (mainly American) in understanding the personality and its activity at first glance seems to be something opposite to the psychoanalytic direction. However, as will become obvious later, they are similar in their basic characteristics. Unlike psychoanalysts, who, trying to discover the source of activity, turn to the past, to the child’s “repressed into the unconscious” impressions and experiences, “humanistic psychology” considers the main factor in an individual’s activity to be aspiration to the future, to maximum self-realization (self-actualization). Its development is associated with the works of K. Rogers, A. Maslow, G. Allport and others.

Topological psychology. Using the concept of “field”, accepted in the physical and mathematical sciences, K. Levin explains the behavior of an individual by the fact that various points and areas of the “living space” (field) in which the individual exists become the motives for his behavior due to what he experiences in them a need. When the need for them disappears, the meaning of the object is lost. Unlike psychoanalysis, K. Levin does not see biological predetermination in needs. Motivation is determined not by the natural properties of a person, but by his interaction with the “field”, in which objects are attractive in different ways: they have either positive or negative valence.

The presence of three or four leading directions in the understanding of personality, established in world psychological science, and the discrepancy between their initial principles quite naturally gave rise to constant controversy.

IN domestic psychology the understanding of “personality” is also not unambiguous.

As I. S. Kon rightly notes, the polysemy of the concept of personality leads to the fact that some understand the personality of a specific subject of activity “in the unity of his individual properties and his social roles,” while others understand personality “as a social property of an individual, as a set of socially significant features integrated into it, formed in the direct and indirect interaction of a given person with other people and making him, in turn, a subject of labor, cognition and communication.” (Cohn 1967, 7).

All branches of psychological science consider personality as initially given in a system of social connections and relationships, determined by social relations and, moreover, acting as an active subject of activity. The actual socio-psychological problems of the individual begin to be solved on this basis.

2. Mechanisms of personality socialization. Role behavior

Socialization - the formation of personality - the process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, psychological attitudes, social norms and values, knowledge, skills that allow him to function successfully in society. Human socialization begins at birth and continues throughout life. In its process, he assimilates the social experience accumulated by humanity in various spheres of life, which allows him to perform certain, vitally important social roles. Socialization is considered as a process, condition, manifestation and result social formation personality. As a process, it means the social formation and development of personality depending on the nature of human interaction with the environment, adaptation to it, taking into account individual characteristics. As a condition, it indicates the presence of the society that a person needs for natural social development as individuals. As a manifestation, it is a person’s social reaction, taking into account his age and social development in the system of specific social relations.

Identifies concepts social status, role and role behavior.

Social status is the position of the subject in the system interpersonal relationships which defines his duties, rights and privileges. It is established by society. Social relationships are confusing.

A social role is associated with status; these are the norms of behavior of a person occupying a certain status.

Role behavior is a person's specific use of a social role. His personal characteristics are reflected here.

George Herbert Mead proposed the concept of social role at the end of the 19th – 20th centuries. A person becomes a person when he acquires the skill to enter into the role of another person.

Any role has a structure:

Model of human behavior from society.

A system of representing a person how he should behave.

The actual observable behavior of a person occupying a given status.

In the event of a mismatch between these components, a role conflict arises.

1. Interrole conflict. A person performs many roles, the requirements of which are incompatible or he does not have the strength or time to perform these roles well. At the heart of this conflict is illusion.

2. Intra-role conflict. When different representatives of social groups have different requirements for the performance of one role. Staying inside a role conflict is very dangerous for the individual.

A social role is a fixation of a certain position that one or another individual occupies in the system of social relations. A role is understood as “a function, a normatively approved pattern of behavior expected of everyone occupying a given position” (Kohn). These expectations do not depend on the consciousness and behavior of a particular individual; their subject is not the individual, but society. What is essential here is not only and not so much the fixation of rights and responsibilities, but the connection of the social role with certain types of social activities personality. A social role is “a socially necessary type of social activity and a way of behavior of an individual” (Bueva, 1967, 14). A social role always bears the stamp of social evaluation: society can either approve or disapprove of some social roles, sometimes approval or disapproval can differentiate among different social groups, the evaluation of a role can become completely different meaning in accordance with the social experience of a particular social group.

In reality, each individual performs not one, but several social roles: he can be an accountant, a father, a trade union member, etc. A number of roles are prescribed to a person at birth, others are acquired during life. However, the role itself does not determine the activities and behavior of each specific carrier in detail: everything depends on how much the individual learns and internalizes the role. The act of internalization is determined by a number of individual psychological characteristics each specific bearer of this role. Therefore, social relations, although in essence they are role-based, impersonal relations, in reality, in their concrete manifestation, acquire a certain “personal coloring”. Each social role does not mean an absolute set of behavior patterns; it always leaves a certain “range of possibilities” for its performer, which can be conditionally called a certain “style of playing the role.”

Social differentiation is inherent in all forms of human existence. Personal behavior is explained by social inequality in society. It is influenced by social background; ethnicity; the level of education; job title; prof. belonging; power; income and wealth; lifestyle, etc.

The performance of the role is individual in nature, but determined socioculturally.

Types of roles:

Psychological or interpersonal (in the system of subjective interpersonal relationships). Categories: leaders, preferred, not accepted, outsiders;

Social (in the system of objective social relations). Categories: professional, demographic.

Active or current - executing in this moment;

Latent (hidden) – a person is potentially a carrier, but not at the moment

Conventional (official);

Spontaneous, spontaneous - arise in a specific situation, not determined by requirements.

F. Zimbardo (1971) conducted an experiment (students and prison) and found that the role greatly influences human behavior. Role prescriptions shape human behavior. The phenomenon of deindividuation may occur - the phenomenon of personality absorption social role. A person loses control over his individuality (example: jailers).

Role behavior is the individual performance of a social role - society sets the standard of behavior, and the performance of the role is personal. Mastering social roles is part of the process of socialization of the individual, an indispensable condition for the “growth” of the individual in a society of his own kind.

Jung identifies the concept of person and role (ego, shadow, self). During socialization, it is important not to merge with the “person”, so as not to lose the personal core (self).

A social role is a fixation of a certain position that one or another individual occupies in the system of social relations. A number of roles are prescribed from birth (to be a wife/husband). A social role always has a certain range of possibilities for its performer - a “role performance style.” By mastering social roles, a person assimilates social standards of behavior, learns to evaluate himself from the outside and exercise self-control. Personality acts (is) the mechanism that allows you to integrate your “I” and your own life activities, carry out a moral assessment of your actions, and find your place in life. It is necessary to use role behavior as a tool for adaptation to certain social situations (Andreeva, 1994, 98).

Conclusion

Personality is a complex concept that is one of the central concepts of sociology, philosophy and psychology. On sociological concept personalities are significantly influenced by philosophical concepts and psychological theories. Personality is the mechanism that allows you to integrate your “I” and your own life activity, carry out a moral assessment of your actions, find your place not only in a separate social group, but also in life as a whole, develop the meaning of your existence, abandon one in favor of the other . In sociological works, a person is interpreted as a set of roles and statuses that he occupies in society.

A social role is the essence of the expectation that society places on an individual occupying a particular status. It does not depend on the personality itself, its desires and exists, as it were, apart from and before the personality itself. The basic requirements were developed, polished by society and exist independently of specific people, contrary to their desires and ideas. The main characteristics of the social role are emotionality; method of receipt; scale; formalization and motivation. Any social role includes some combination of these characteristics. In general, the social role that a person plays is very significant in his life, in his ability to function effectively within society.

One of the most important categories when studying the social roles of an individual is social status. It is social status that designates the specific place that an individual occupies in a given social system. Each person in the social system occupies several positions. Each of these positions, which involves certain rights and responsibilities, is called a status. Each status usually includes a number of roles. A specific social role, as a set of actions that a person occupying a given status in the social system must perform, is divided into role expectations - what is expected from a particular role, and role behavior - what a person actually performs within the framework of his role . The inconsistency of the latter often leads to role conflicts.

During various periods of personality development, there are frequent cases of so-called role conflicts. A person plays many different roles throughout his life, and each time he needs to be something different in order to receive approval and recognition. However, these roles should not be contradictory or incompatible. If the same person is presented with opposing social demands, role conflict may arise. In this regard, it is important preventive measure preventing such situations is to teach the individual social roles. The processes of personality development, teaching its social roles are important tool interaction between society and the individual. If mistakes are made in the process of personal development and mastery of social roles, then the individual may experience internal role tension. On the contrary, a developed personality, in relation to whom it was allowed minimal amount mistakes in upbringing, can use role behavior as a tool for adaptation to certain social situations, without merging or identifying with the role, while at the same time “growing” into a society of their own kind. In general, mastering social roles is part of the process of socialization of the individual, an indispensable condition for a person to “grow into” the society of his own kind.

The influence of social role on personality development is quite large. Personality development is facilitated by its interaction with persons playing a range of roles, as well as by its participation in the largest possible role repertoire. The more social roles an individual is able to reproduce, the more adapted to life he is, and the process of personal development often acts as the dynamics of mastering social roles.

Bibliography

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Any person in his Everyday life plays different roles. But switching between roles is not an easy task for everyone. Role behavior is one of the main social functions. It is primarily influenced by a person’s status and his position in society and the complex system of relations between people. It is on roles, status and many other determining factors that a person’s personality, fortitude and determination depend.

Conflict

There are a lot of roles in the world, so very often people are faced with difficult situations where the performance of one function can harm or interfere with the use of another. Thus, one role prevents him from fulfilling the next. If an individual is a member of a group, then his personality is often subject to pressure from other members, as well as to the influence various types circumstances. This may provoke him to abandon his true self.

And at the moment of such a situation may arise role conflicts. Role behavior presupposes certain actions on the part of a person, and the resulting internal state can safely be called stressful from a psychological point of view. And if nothing is done about it, then soon the individual will face emotional problems. Moreover, their main manifestation will occur at the time of communication with other people. And most importantly, such conflicts provoke the emergence of doubts; a person will experience difficulties in making decisions.

Structure

Role behavior is primarily a complex structure that includes many facets. The main model of this behavior is set by the society in which a person lives. In addition, he has his own perception of personal actions and actions. And the third facet of the structure is the actual behavior of a particular individual.

Behavior in the organization

In the workplace, each employee has a different status that influences the role they need to play. It is worth considering that this type of behavior is applicable only in this case. For example, each manager plays the role of the breadwinner of the family. This is not stated in any document, but he is unspokenly obliged to ensure that all his subordinates are well-fed.

The main function of the organizational interaction model is to provide a person with the opportunity to receive an incentive to continue activities. It is thanks to the influence of these factors that he is ready to do his job, which leads to overall process and influences the environment in the organization. The organizational environment is usually understood as that part of the company with which the employee is in direct interaction. It is worth considering that each employee has his own environment, on which the individual’s role behavior in the company depends.

Conflicts in organizational interaction

If the desires of the employee and the company do not coincide, this provokes conflicts. It is important for an organization that an employee has certain qualifications and the necessary business qualities to perform the roles assigned to him.

He is required to perform high-quality work that brings results, and only if he has these achievements is the organization ready to give him a reward. An employee, interacting with a company, expects that he will have a certain place, specific tasks for which he can receive his reward. It is worth considering that if for an employee the role is more important than location, then a specific role should be selected for him, otherwise it is worth creating a specific position for the employee.

Roles in the organization

Roles and role behavior in an organization represent the course of action that is expected of a person at the time of his work. And the differences between roles help determine what behavior is expected from employees. With their help, the hierarchical level of the individual, the level of his power and responsibility are determined.

Using roles, the company achieves unification of the behavior of its employees. And for this requirement to be effectively fulfilled, the formation of role behavior must be correct. What is important is its alignment with the mission, structure, goals, clarity of the role and its acceptability to employees. That is, a person must understand what they want from him and how to do it, and also fulfill his role consciously.

Controversies

If there is no clarity, contradictions may arise that harm the company’s activities. But in some situations, this provokes employees to be creative, creative thinking and independent in decision-making and responsibility. They can arise if the role itself is not formed correctly, if the employee does not agree with its functions, if employees accept it negatively, or if it is not combined with other roles.

This situation can be solved by changing the role, for this purpose imposing on the employee the responsibility to develop, become more familiar with it, and improve their skills and abilities. You can also assign another specialist to this function, who has more experience and capabilities to perform it.

Status

One of the most important determining roles is status. This is the social rank of a person, which allows one to determine his recognition in society. Formal status refers to a person's position in the hierarchy at work. Informal status is understood as his connections, special skills and abilities that are useful for the company.

It is important to understand that these statuses can vary significantly in their significance. Having high status is very important for organizational relationships. They enable workers to perform their jobs more efficiently. labor activity, streamline relationships between employees, influence collective work. To clearly understand who is in what position in the company, there are hierarchy symbols. These are prerogatives such as personal accounts, capabilities, powers, subordinates, etc.

Role behavior in the family

In family relationships, the main parameter that determines role behavior is the nature of the dominant one. Thanks to this, the relationship between subordination and power is determined. There is a certain psychological criterion, applying which, you can avoid conflicts. Each family member should have their own clear role, from which they should not deviate. There should be no contradictory interactions in the role system. When performing one of them, all family members should be satisfied. All of them must correspond to the capabilities of the people to whom they are assigned.

It is important to consider that roles must change over time to achieve the effect of diversity and there will always be psychological changes. There is no identity between the norms of society and roles in general. The actual behavior of an individual can change due to the roles that society imposes on him, since it is important how much he accepts, rejects and fulfills them. When a person performs social roles, tension often arises that can result in conflict.

A child’s role-playing behavior is more like a game; as he develops, he tries on adult roles, trying out what suits him from what he sees. This is a very important process for the development and further entry of the individual into social relationships. It is very important for any person to be part of society. Trying on the roles of parents, teachers, etc., the child learns the world in which he will have to live. Happens in every family role-playing game. The behavior of each of its participants allows them to solve daily problems, raise children and live in society. This process is called socialization, each participant has his own role, develops and masters new ones. For example, when a daughter helps her mother with housework, she, at the same time, learns to fulfill maternal and household roles. By teaching their children role-playing behavior in play, parents help them understand what functions they will have to perform in society.

Conclusion

Role behavior is, first of all, the most important function of a person in society. It is the division into roles that helps people interact in different areas of their lives. Each of us performs our functions in the company of friends, at work, in family and others. Part of the meaning of our behavior is attributed to the environment, while the other part is created by the individual himself. In any case, both the external life and the internal state of a person depend on how efficiently and effectively this role is performed. For example, the success of the entire organization depends on how well an employee performs his or her business role. At the same time, his success in business affects his internal psychological state. If a person does not agree with his role, or he does not like what society requires of him, internal conflict. If he does not resolve this issue in a timely manner, the will is suppressed. Experiencing internal contradictions, it is much more difficult for an individual to make decisions. It is the ability to firmly and confidently cope with one’s own social functions gives people the opportunity to interact with each other and stable emotional condition. Role behavior is the main component in relationships of any type. And therefore, it is very important from childhood to learn to understand, accept and fulfill your roles. Only in this way can a person feel confident in society, interact with it, make decisions and develop.

from French role - role) - the behavior of an individual in a group, determined by its status and the role it plays in accordance with this status. According to role theory, the foundations of the cut were laid by J. Mead and R. Linton, with each social. position (status) is associated specifically. system of norms and expectations. These norms determine the types of behavior that a person having a given status can carry out in relation to a person with a different status and, conversely, the actions of a second person in relation to the first. The concept of role associated with these norms and expectations includes the following three “blocks”: a) the represented role is a system of expectations of individuals and certain groups; b) subjective role - those specific. expectations (expectations) that a person with a given status ascribes to himself, that is, his subjective idea of ​​how he should act in relation to persons with other statuses; c) role played - the observed behavior of a person with a given status in relation to another person with a different status. It is this third “block” of the role structure that is called P.r., " role-playing game", i.e. behavioral implementation of the prescribed role. The structure of all types of roles is generally the same. The behavioral aspect of social roles has been studied in most detail in interactionism. With a sufficient degree of integration of the role, its behavioral “block” maximally corresponds to social expectations and subjective ideas of the individual , and her interaction with other participants in the social process proceeds without conflicts. However, large discrepancies are possible between the behavioral and other “blocks” of the role, which give rise to internal and external, including specific role conflicts. Differences between P.r. .and included in the structure of the role, expectations and norms increase when these latter are not clearly defined, leave the possibility of different interpretations and provide performers with room for flexibility and creativity. P.R. is regulated by positive and negative sanctions. P.R. style - this is the “personal coloring” of its performance, depending on the temperament, character, motivation and other characteristics of the individual, on her knowledge and skills. Lit.: Kon I.S. Sociology of personality. M., 1967; Levitov N.D. "Theory of roles" in psychology // Issue. psychol. 1969, no. 6; Shibutani T. Social psychology. M., 1969; Shpalinsky V.V. Social psychology of the team. M., 1978; Petrovsky A.V., Andreeva G.M. Social Psychology. M., 1980; Modern foreign social Psychology. M., 1984; Mead G.H. Mind, self and society. Chicago, 1934; Merton R.K. Social theory and social structure. N.Y., 1957; Deutsch M. and Krauss R.M. Theories in social psychology. N.Y., L., 1965. A.A. Nalchadzhyan.