Statistical observation is divided into types according to. Statistical observations
INTRODUCTION
The growing interest in statistics is caused by the current stage of economic development in the country and the formation of market relations. This requires deep economic knowledge in the field of collection, processing and analysis of economic information.
Statistical literacy is an integral part of the professional training of every economist, financier, sociologist, political scientist, as well as any specialist dealing with the analysis of mass phenomena, be they social, economic, technical, scientific and others. The work of these groups of specialists is inevitably associated with the collection, development and analysis of statistical (mass) data. Often they themselves have to conduct statistical analyzes of various types and directions, or get acquainted with the results of statistical analyzes performed by others. Currently, a worker engaged in any field of science, technology, production, business, etc., related to the study of mass phenomena, is required to be at least a statistically literate person. Ultimately, it is impossible to successfully specialize in many disciplines without mastering some kind of statistics course. Therefore, familiarity with the general categories, principles and methodology of statistical analysis is of great importance.
The basis of statistical literacy is largely provided by the subject “General Theory of Statistics”.
As is known, for the statistical practice of the Russian Federation and the CIS countries in recent years, the most important issue has remained adequate information reflection of new socio-economic phenomena. This, in particular, includes the organization of obtaining and analyzing data characterizing changes in forms of ownership and the privatization process, non-state employment and unemployment, the activities of market financial and credit structures and radical reform of the tax system, new types of migration of citizens and support for emerging low-income social groups, and also much more. In addition, in order to monitor the implementation of market relations and the emerging realities of serious adjustments, they required a system of indicators, collection and development of data in traditional areas of statistical observation: taking into account the main results of industrial and agricultural production, domestic and foreign trade, the activities of social facilities, etc. d. At the same time, the urgent need to obtain adequate and unambiguous information is currently systematically increasing.
Recently, approaches to organizing statistical observation of socio-economic life phenomena have not undergone significant changes.
Statistical observation acts as one of the main methods of statistics and as one of the most important stages of statistical research. The importance of this stage of the study is determined by the fact that the use of only objective and sufficiently complete information obtained as a result of statistical observation at subsequent stages of the study is able to provide scientifically based conclusions about the nature and patterns of development of the object being studied. Statistical observation from the initial to the final stage - obtaining final materials - must be carefully thought out and clearly organized.
THE CONCEPT OF STATISTICAL OBSERVATION,
AND ITS STAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION
To study socio-economic phenomena and processes of social life, one must first of all collect the necessary information about them - statistical data. Under the statistics(information) understand the totality of quantitative characteristics of socio-economic phenomena and processes obtained as a result of statistical observation, their processing or corresponding calculations.
Statistical information is necessary for both government authorities and private entrepreneurs. Thus, data on the economic situation in the country, on the existing purchasing power of the population, its composition and size, the profitability of enterprises in various sectors of the national economy, the dynamics of unemployment, and changes in price indices for individual goods are needed by government services to improve the taxation system for enterprises and individuals, making changes in customs and investment policies, development of measures for social protection of various segments of the population. The same information is also required by private entrepreneurs for planning and organizing production.
The main properties of statistical information are its mass nature and stability. The first feature is related to the peculiarities of the subject of research of statistics as a science, and the second suggests that once collected information remains unchanged and, therefore, has the ability to become outdated. Therefore, conclusions about the state and development of the phenomenon, made on the basis of an analysis of information obtained several years ago, may be incomplete and even incorrect.
An important part of any statistical study is statistical observation.
Statistical observation – This is a massive, systematic, scientifically organized observation of the phenomena of social and economic life, which consists of recording selected characteristics of each unit of the population.
An example of statistical observation is public opinion polls, which have become especially popular in Russia V last years. Such observation is undertaken with the aim of identifying people's attitudes towards certain issues of interest or controversial events. The study of public opinion is the basis of the general market research system and is its important component. Such observation requires interviewing a number of individuals according to a predetermined program.
Statistical observation can be carried out by state statistics bodies, research institutes, economic services of banks, exchanges, and firms.
The process of conducting statistical observation includes the following stages:
° preparation of observation;
° conducting mass data collection;
° preparing data for automated processing;
° development of proposals to improve statistical observation.
Any statistical observation requires careful, thoughtful preparation. The reliability and reliability of information and the timeliness of its receipt will largely depend on it.
Preparation of statistical observation is a process that includes different types of work. First, it is necessary to resolve methodological issues, the most important of which are determining the purpose and object of observation, the composition of signs to be registered; development of documents for data collection; selection of the reporting unit and the unit for which observation will be carried out, as well as methods and means of obtaining data.
In addition to methodological issues, it is necessary to solve problems of an organizational nature, for example, to determine the composition of the bodies conducting surveillance; select and prepare personnel for observation; draw up a work schedule for preparing, conducting and processing observation materials; replicate documents to collect data.
Carrying out mass data collection includes work directly related to filling out statistical forms. It begins with the distribution of census forms, questionnaires, forms, statistical reporting forms and ends with their delivery after completion to the bodies conducting surveillance.
The collected data, at the stage of their preparation for automated processing, is subject to arithmetic and logical control. Both of these controls are based on knowledge of the relationships between indicators and qualitative characteristics. At the final stage of the observation, the reasons that led to the incorrect filling out of statistical forms are analyzed, and proposals are developed to improve the observation. This is very important for organizing future surveys.
Obtaining information during statistical observation requires a lot of financial and labor resources, as well as time.
PURPOSE OF STATISTICAL OBSERVATION
Purpose of observation. Statistical observations most often pursue a practical goal - obtaining reliable information to identify patterns of development of phenomena and processes. For example, the purpose of the 1994 Russian microcensus was to obtain data on the size, composition of the population, and its living conditions.
The task of observation determines its program and forms of organization. An unclear goal can lead to the fact that during the observation process unnecessary data will be collected or, conversely, the information necessary for analysis will not be obtained.
An object and unit of observation. Reporting unit. When preparing an observation, in addition to the purpose, it is necessary to determine exactly what is to be examined, i.e., to establish the object of observation.
Under surveillance refers to a certain statistical totality in which the socio-economic phenomena and processes under study occur. The object of observation can be a set of individuals (the population of a particular region, country; persons employed at industry enterprises), physical units (machines, cars, residential buildings), legal entities (enterprises, farms, commercial banks, educational institutions).
To determine the object of statistical observation, it is necessary to establish the boundaries of the population being studied. To do this, you should indicate the most important features that distinguish it from other similar objects. For example, before conducting a survey of the profitability of industrial enterprises, it is necessary to determine the forms of ownership, legal forms of enterprises, industries and regions to be monitored.
Every object of statistical observation consists of individual elements - units of observation.
In statistics unit of observation(in foreign literature the term “elementary unit” is used) is a component element of an object that is the bearer of characteristics that are subject to registration. For example, in demographic surveys the unit of observation may be the individual, but it may also be the family; for budget surveys – family or household.
The observation unit must be distinguished from the reporting unit. Reporting unit is the subject from whom data about the observation unit comes. Thus, when organizing statistical observation in capital construction, information can be obtained from project or contractor organizations, or from developer enterprises.
The observation unit and the reporting unit can be the same. For example, if it is necessary to determine the volume of capital investments disbursed in a year, then the developer enterprise will be both an observation unit and a reporting organization. However, when studying the process of concentration of capital investments, the reporting unit will still be the developer, and the observation unit will be the construction sites and objects the construction of which is carried out by this developer.
STATISTICAL OBSERVATION PROGRAM
Statistical observation program. Every phenomenon has many different characteristics. Collecting information on all characteristics is impractical and often impossible. Therefore, it is necessary to select those features that are essential and fundamental to characterize the object, based on the purpose of the study. To determine the composition of recorded characteristics, an observation program is developed.
Observation program – this is a list of signs (or questions) to be recorded during the observation process. The quality of the information collected largely depends on how well the statistical observation program is developed.
In order to draw up a correct observation program, the researcher must clearly understand the objectives of examining a specific phenomenon or process, determine the composition of the methods used in the analysis, the necessary groupings, and based on this, identify those signs that can be determined during the work. Usually the program is expressed in the form of questions on a census questionnaire.
The following requirements apply to the statistical observation program.
The program must contain essential features that directly characterize the phenomenon being studied, its type, main features, and properties. You should not include in the program features that are of secondary importance in relation to the purpose of the survey or whose values will obviously be unreliable or absent, for example, in primary accounting or if reporting units are not interested in providing such information, since it is the subject of a trade secret.
The program's questions must be precise and unambiguous, otherwise the received answer may contain incorrect information, and also easy to understand in order to avoid unnecessary difficulties in obtaining answers.
When developing a program, you should not only determine the composition of the questions, but also their sequence. A logical order in the sequence of questions (signs) will help to obtain reliable information about phenomena and processes.
The surveillance will cover the entire country. When collecting information about the cost of the consumer basket in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the location of the survey will be the territories of these two largest cities in the country.
The choice of observation time involves solving two issues:
° establishing a critical moment (date) or time interval;
° determination of the observation period (period).
Under the critical moment(date) is understood as a specific day of the year, hour of the day, as of which the registration of characteristics should be carried out for each unit of the population under study. For example, the critical moment of the micro-census of the population of the Russian Federation in 1994 was 0 hours on the night of February 13-14, 1994. The critical moment is established in order to obtain comparable statistical data. In the case of studying the variation of stock quotes at trading on currency exchanges in different cities of Russia, it is necessary to have data on the exchange rates of the US dollar, Japanese yen, German mark and other currencies registered on the same day. If it is necessary to analyze the change in the volume of sales of any currency on the exchange market in the reporting month compared to the previous month, then it is not the critical moment that is established, but the time interval for which statistical data should be obtained.
The choice of a critical moment or time interval is determined primarily by the purpose of the study.
Term (period) observations are the time during which statistical forms are filled out, i.e., the time required to conduct mass data collection. This period is determined based on the volume of work (the number of registered characteristics and units in the surveyed population), the number of personnel involved in collecting information. It should be taken into account that moving the observation period away from the critical moment or time interval may lead to a decrease in the reliability of the information obtained. For example, the micro-census mentioned earlier was conducted in for ten days from February 14 to February 23, 1994
ORGANIZATIONAL WORK IN STATISTICAL OBSERVATION
The success of any statistical observation depends not only on the thoroughness of methodological preparation, but also on the correct and timely solution of a wide range of organizational issues.
The most important place in organizational work is occupied by personnel training, V during which various kinds of briefings are carried out with employees of statistical bodies, with organizations submitting data, on the issues of filling out statistical documents, preparing observation materials for automated processing, etc.
If conducting an observation involves large expenditures of labor resources, then persons from among the unemployed (including the unemployed) and certain categories of students (students of higher educational institutions, senior students of technical schools) are recruited to register information during the period of surveys. When conducting a population census, such persons are called enumerators. Training is usually provided for temporary staff. It is carried out to develop skills in correctly filling out statistical forms by enumerators.
Reproduction of documentation of the survey itself, documentation for conducting briefings and distributing them to republican, regional, regional committees and statistics departments also refers to organizational issues of observation.
During the preparation period, a large role is given to mass explanatory work: holding lectures, conversations, organizing speeches in the press, on radio and television about the meaning, goals and objectives of the upcoming survey.
To coordinate the activities of all services involved in preparing and conducting observations, it is advisable to draw up a calendar plan, which is a list (name) of work and deadlines for their execution separately for each organization involved in conducting the survey.
FORMS OF STATISTICAL OBSERVATION
At the stage of preparing the survey, you need to find out how often it will be carried out, whether all units of the population will be surveyed or only part of them, how to obtain information about the object (by telephone interviews, by mail, simple observation, etc.). In other words, it is necessary to determine the forms, methods and types of statistical observation.
Forms of statistical observation. In domestic statistics, three organizational forms (types) of statistical observation are used:
Reporting (enterprises, organizations, institutions, etc.);
Specially organized statistical observation (censuses, one-time counts, continuous and non-continuous surveys);
Registers.
Statistical reporting. Reporting – This is the main form of statistical observation, with the help of which statistical authorities, within a certain time frame, receive from enterprises, institutions and organizations the necessary data in the form of legally established reporting documents, sealed with the signatures of persons responsible for their presentation and the reliability of the information collected. Thus, reporting is this is an official document containing statistical information about the work of an enterprise, institution, organization, etc.
Reporting as a form of statistical observation is based on primary accounting and is its generalization. Primary accounting is a registration of various facts and events, carried out as they occur, usually on a special document called a primary accounting document.
The characteristic feature of reporting is that, firstly, it is approved by state statistics bodies. Submission of information on unapproved forms is a violation of reporting discipline. Secondly, it is mandatory, i.e. all enterprises, institutions, organizations must submit it within the specified time frame; legal force because it is signed by the head of the enterprise (institution, organization); documentary validity, since all data is based on primary accounting documents.
Current statistical reporting is divided into standard and specialized. The composition of indicators in standard reporting is the same for enterprises in all sectors of the national economy. In specialized reporting, the composition of indicators changes depending on the characteristics of individual sectors of the economy.
According to the reporting deadlines, there are daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, quarterly and annual. In addition to annual reporting, all of the listed types represent current reporting.
According to the method of presenting information, reporting is divided into telegraph, teletype, and postal.
Specially organized statistical observation. Census. Specially organized observation is carried out in order to obtain information missing from the reporting or to verify its data. The simplest example of such surveillance is the census. Russian practical statistics conduct censuses of population, material resources, perennial plantings, uninstalled equipment, unfinished construction sites, equipment, etc.
Census – This is a specially organized observation, repeated, as a rule, at regular intervals, in order to obtain data on the number, composition and condition of the object of statistical observation for a number of characteristics.
The characteristic features of the census are: the simultaneity of its conduct throughout the entire territory that should be covered by the survey; unity of the surveillance program; registration of all observation units at the same critical point in time. The observation program, techniques and methods of obtaining data should, if possible, remain unchanged. This makes it possible to ensure comparability of the information collected and the summary indicators obtained during the development of census materials. Then it is possible not only to determine the size and composition of the population under study, but also to analyze its quantitative changes in the period between two surveys.
Of all the censuses, the most famous are the population censuses. The purpose of the latter is to establish the size and distribution of the population throughout the country, characterizing its composition by gender, age, occupation and other indicators. The first general population census of Russia was carried out in 1897, and the last one in 1989 G.
During the period of preparation for the general census, a trial census is carried out to clarify and test programmatic, methodological and organizational issues of observation. For example, such a census was carried out in December 1986. This survey did not cover all, but only five percent of the country's population. Recording of information during a population census is always carried out on the basis of a survey (without the requirement to present any documents confirming the correctness of the answer).
Censuses have become widespread in foreign statistics. Among them, the most interesting are the censuses of sectors of the national economy systematically conducted in the United States, in particular the census of the manufacturing industry, called qualifications. (It should be borne in mind that the word “qualification” has several meanings. It is not only a synonym for the word “census”. It also means a number of characteristics, the presence of which, when organizing observation, serves as the basis for classifying a particular unit To population under study). American censuses cover all businesses and are conducted once every five years (in years ending with the number 2 or 7). Between censuses, annual sample surveys are conducted to fill data gaps.
The program of such censuses provides for obtaining data on the number of employed people, wages, man-hours worked, supply costs; information on electricity consumption, capital investments, cost and quantity of shipped products, finished product inventories, cost of work in progress, materials and fuel at the end of the year, and also contains special questions about the type of enterprise, its equipment, etc.
Survey forms are sent to businesses to complete by mail 4-7 months before the start of the census. This allows reporting units to fill out census forms in a timely and correct manner.
In addition to censuses, statistics also conduct other specially organized observations, in particular budget surveys that characterize the structure of consumer spending and family income.
Register form of observation. Register surveillance – it is a form of continuous statistical observation of long-term processes that have a fixed beginning, a stage of development, and a fixed end. It is based on maintaining a statistical register. The register is a system that constantly monitors the state of the observation unit and evaluates the strength of the influence of various factors on the indicators being studied. In the register, each observation unit is characterized by a set of indicators. Some of them remain unchanged throughout the observation period and are recorded once; other indicators, the frequency of change of which is unknown, are updated as they change; the third ones are dynamic series of indicators with a previously known update period. All indicators are stored until the observation of a unit of the surveyed population is completed.
Organizing and maintaining a register is impossible without addressing the following issues.
° When to enter and exclude population units from the register?
° What information should be stored?
° What sources should you get your data from?
° How often do you update and supplement information?
In statistical practice, a distinction is made between population registers and enterprise registers.
Population register – a named and regularly updated list of residents of the country. The observation program is limited to general characteristics, such as gender, date and place of birth, date of marriage (these data remain unchanged throughout the observation period) and marital status (variable characteristic). As a rule, registers store information only on those variable characteristics, the change in values of which is documented.
Information is entered into the register for each person born and arriving from abroad. If a person has died or left the country for permanent residence, then information about him is removed from the register. Population registers are maintained for individual regions of the country. When changing place of residence, information on a population unit is transferred to the register of the corresponding territory. Due to the fact that the registration rules are quite complex and maintaining a register is expensive, this form of surveillance is practiced in countries with a small population and a highly cultured population (mainly European countries).
It should be noted that the population register, like any register covering a significant population of units, contains data on a limited number of characteristics. Therefore, maintaining a register involves conducting specially organized surveys, including population censuses.
Register of Enterprises includes all types of economic activity and contains the values of the main characteristics for each unit of the observed object for a certain period or point in time. Enterprise registers contain data on the time of creation (registration of the enterprise), its name and address, telephone number, organizational and legal form, structure, type of economic activity, number of employees (this indicator reflects the size of the enterprise), etc.
In our country, three registers have been developed: industrial enterprises, enterprises, construction sites and contracting organizations. Their introduction into statistical practice significantly increased the information and analytical levels of statistics and made it possible to solve a number of economic and statistical problems for which other forms of statistical observation are unsuitable. Currently, work is underway to create a unified register for all business units. It plays an important role in the introduction of the system of national accounts into statistical practice.
The Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations of All Forms of Ownership (USRPO) makes it possible to organize continuous observation of a limited range of statistical indicators of enterprises registered on the territory of Russia, and makes it possible to obtain continuous series of indicators in the event of changes in the territorial, industrial and other structures of the population.
The register contains data on all enterprises, organizations, institutions and associations, regardless of their form of ownership, including enterprises with foreign investment, banking institutions, public associations and other legal entities.
The register information fund contains, firstly, the register code subject; secondly, information about the sectoral, territorial affiliation of the subject, its subordination, type of ownership, organizational form; thirdly, background information (names of managers , addresses, telephone numbers, fax numbers, etc., information about the founders) and, finally, fourthly, economic indicators. The values of the latter will be entered into the register on the basis of accounting and statistical reports submitted to regional statistical bodies. The register contains data on the following indicators: average number of employees; funds allocated for consumption; residual value of fixed assets; balance sheet profit (loss); authorized capital. Since the register is maintained for individual territories, regional statistical services can expand the composition of economic indicators if necessary.
The USRPO will allow for the selection and grouping of any set of units according to one or more characteristics.
Collection of data on observation units is carried out in the process of their state registration and subsequent accounting.
When closing an enterprise, the liquidation commission notifies the register maintenance service about this within ten days.
Users of the register can be any legal or natural persons interested in the information.
METHODS OF STATISTICAL OBSERVATION
Methods of statistical observation. Statistical information can be obtained in various ways, the most important of which are direct observation, documentary recording of facts and surveys.
Direct they call such observation in which the registrars themselves, by direct measurement, weighing, counting or checking work, etc., establish a fact to be recorded, and on this basis make entries in the observation form. This method is used when monitoring the commissioning of residential buildings.
Documentary method observation is based on the use of various kinds of documents, usually of an accounting nature, as a source of statistical information. With proper control over the establishment of primary accounting and correct filling out of statistical forms, the documentary method gives the most accurate results.
Survey - This is a method of observation in which the necessary information is obtained from the words of the respondent. It involves addressing the direct bearer of signs that are subject to registration during observation, and is used to obtain information about phenomena and processes that are not amenable to direct direct observation.
The following types of surveys are used in statistics: oral (expeditionary), self-registration, correspondent, questionnaire and personal.
At orally(expeditionary) survey, specially trained workers (enumerators, recorders) receive the necessary information based on a survey of relevant persons and themselves record the answers in the observation form. In terms of the form of conduct, an oral survey can be direct (as is the case in the population census), when the enumerator meets “face to face” with each respondent, and indirect, for example, by telephone.
At self-registration the forms are filled out by the respondents themselves, and the enumerators give them the questionnaire forms, explain the rules for filling them out, and then collect them.
Correspondent method lies in the fact that information is provided to the monitoring bodies by a staff of voluntary correspondents.
This type of survey requires the least cost, but does not provide confidence that the material received is of high quality, since it is not always possible to check the correctness of the answers received directly on the spot.
Questionnaire method involves collecting information in the form of questionnaires. A certain circle of respondents are given special questionnaires (questionnaires) either in person or by publication in periodicals. Completion of these questionnaires is voluntary and is usually done anonymously. Typically, fewer questionnaires are returned than are sent out. This method of collecting information is used for incomplete observation. Questionnaire surveys are used in surveys where high accuracy is not required, but approximate, indicative results are needed, for example, when studying public opinion about the work of urban transport, trading enterprises, etc.
Appearance method provides for the submission of information to the authorities conducting observation in person, for example, when registering marriages, births, divorces, etc.
When choosing the type of survey, it is necessary to take into account: with what accuracy the observations must be made; the possibility of practical application of one or another method; material opportunities.
TYPES OF STATISTICAL OBSERVATION
Types of statistical observation. Statistical observations can be divided into groups according to the following criteria:
° time of registration of facts;
° coverage of population units.
By time of registration of facts There is continuous (current), periodic and one-time observation. During the current observation, changes in relation to the phenomena being studied are recorded as they occur, for example, when registering births, deaths, and marital status. Such observation is carried out in order to study the dynamics of a phenomenon.
Data reflecting site changes may be collected over multiple surveys. They are usually carried out using a similar program and tools and are called periodic. This type of observation includes population censuses, which are carried out every 10 years, and registration of producer prices for individual goods, which is currently carried out monthly.
One-time the survey provides information about the quantitative characteristics of any phenomenon or process at the time of its study. Repeated registration is carried out after some time (undetermined in advance) or may not be carried out at all. The one-time survey was an inventory of unfinished industrial construction in 1990.
By coverage of population units Statistical observation can be continuous or incomplete. The task continuous observation is to obtain information about all units of the population under study.
Until recently, the Russian system of state statistics relied primarily on continuous observation. However, this type of observation has serious disadvantages: the high cost of obtaining and processing the entire amount of information; high labor costs; insufficient efficiency of information, since collecting and processing it requires a lot of time. And finally, no continuous observation, as a rule, provides complete coverage of all units of the population without exception. A larger or smaller number of units necessarily remain unobserved, both during one-time surveys and during such a form of observation as reporting. For example, at present, a significant part of private sector enterprises do not provide the necessary information to state statistical bodies, even despite the adopted Law of the Russian Federation “On liability for violation of the procedure for submitting state statistical reporting.”
The number and proportion of units not covered depend on many factors: the type of survey (by mail, by oral interview); reporting unit type; registrar qualifications; the content of the questions provided for in the observation program; time of day or year when the survey is carried out, etc.
Incomplete observation initially assumes that only a portion of the units in the population being studied are subject to survey. When conducting it, it is necessary to determine in advance what part of the population should be subjected to observation and how to select those units that should be surveyed.
One of the advantages of non-continuous observations is the possibility of obtaining information in a shorter time and with less expenditure of resources than with continuous observation. This is due to a smaller volume of collected information, and therefore lower costs for its acquisition, verification, processing, and analysis.
There are several types of partial observation. One of them - selective observation. This is a fairly common type, based on the principle of random selection of those units of the population being studied that should be subjected to observation. When properly organized, sample observation gives fairly accurate results that are quite suitable for characterizing the entire population under study. This is the advantage of selective observation compared to other types of incomplete observation.
The size of the sample population depends on the nature (character) of the socio-economic phenomenon being studied. The sample population must represent all types of units present in the population under study. Otherwise, the sample population will not accurately reproduce the proportions and dependencies characteristic of the population in its entirety.
A type of sample observation is moment observation method. Its essence is that information is collected by recording the values of characteristics of units in the sample population V some predetermined points in time. Therefore, the method of momentary observations involves selecting not only units of the population under study (sampling in space), but also moments in time at which the state of the object under study is recorded - sampling in time).
This type of observation is used when conducting population income surveys.
The next type of continuous observation is the method main array. In this case, the most significant, usually the largest units of the population being studied are examined, which, according to the main (for a specific study) characteristic, have the largest share in the population. It is this type that is used to organize monitoring of the work of city markets.
Monographic a survey is a type of continuous observation in which individual units of the population under study, usually representatives of some new types of phenomena, are subjected to a thorough examination. It is carried out with the aim of identifying existing or emerging trends in the development of this phenomenon.
A monographic survey, limited to individual units of observation, studies them with a high degree of detail, which cannot be achieved with a continuous or even sample survey. A detailed statistical and monographic study of one factory, farm, family budget, etc. makes it possible to capture those proportions and connections that escape the field of view during mass observations.
Thus, during a monographic survey, individual units of a population are subjected to statistical observation, and they can represent both truly isolated cases and populations of small size. A monographic survey is often carried out to design a new mass surveillance program. We can say that there is a close connection between continuous (or selective) and monographic observations. On the one hand, to select observation units that should be subjected to monographic study, data from mass surveys are used. On the other hand, the results of monographic surveys make it possible to clarify the structure of the population under study and, what is very important, the relationship between individual features characterizing the phenomenon under study. This allows us to clarify the mass observation program, the characteristic features and main features of the research object.
OBSERVATION ERRORS
Accuracy of statistical observation they call the degree of correspondence of the value of any indicator (the value of any attribute), determined from statistical observation materials, to its actual value.
The discrepancy between the calculated and actual values of the quantities being studied is called observation error.
Data accuracy is a basic requirement for statistical observation. To avoid observation errors, prevent, identify and correct their occurrence, it is necessary:
° provide high-quality training for personnel who will conduct
make observation;
° organize special partial or complete controls
checking the correctness of filling out statistical forms;
° carry out logical and arithmetic control of the received data after completing the collection of information.
Depending on the reasons for their occurrence, registration errors and representativeness errors are distinguished.
Registration errors – these are deviations between the value of an indicator obtained during statistical observation and its actual, actual value. This type of error can occur in both continuous and incomplete observations.
Systematic registration errors always have the same tendency to either increase or decrease the value of indicators for each unit of observation, and therefore the value of the indicator for the population as a whole will include the accumulated error. An example of a statistical registration error when conducting sociological surveys of the population is the rounding of the age of the population, as a rule, using numbers ending in 5 and 0. Many respondents, for example, instead of 48-49 and 51-52 years old, say that they are 50 years old.
Unlike registration errors, representativeness errors are characteristic only for incomplete observations. They arise because the selected and surveyed population does not accurately reproduce (represent) the entire original population as a whole.
The deviation of the value of an indicator of the surveyed population from its value in the original population is called representativeness error.
Representativeness errors can also be random or systematic. Random errors occur when the sampled population does not fully replicate the population as a whole. Its magnitude can be estimated.
Systematic errors of representativeness arise due to a violation of the principles of selecting units from the original population that should be subjected to observation. To identify and eliminate errors made during registration, counting and logical control of the collected material can be used. Representativeness (as well as registration errors) can be random or systematic.
Counting control consists of checking the accuracy of arithmetic calculations used in reporting or filling out survey forms.
Logic control consists of checking the answers to the questions of the observation program by logical comprehension of them or by comparing the data obtained with other sources on the same issue.
An example of a logical comparison would be census forms. So, for example, in the census form a two-year-old boy is shown to be married, and a nine-year-old child is shown to be literate. It is clear that the answers to the questions received are incorrect. Such records require clarification of information and correction of errors. An example of comparison could be information about the wages of employees of an industrial enterprise, which are available in the labor report and in the production cost report. In trade, an example of such logical control can be a comparison of information on the wage fund contained in both the labor reporting and the distribution costs report.
After receiving the statistical forms, you should first check the completeness of the collected data, that is, determine whether all reporting units filled out the statistical forms and whether the values of all indicators are reflected in them. The next stage of information accuracy control is arithmetic control. It is based on the use of quantitative relationships between the values of various indicators. For example, if among the collected data there is information about the number of industrial production personnel, the average production of marketable products per worker and the cost of marketable products, then the product of the first two indicators should give the value of the third indicator. If arithmetic control shows that this dependence is not satisfied, this will indicate the unreliability of the collected data. Therefore, it is advisable to include in the statistical observation program indicators that make it possible to carry out arithmetic control.
Usually, to correct errors identified during logical control, it is necessary to return to the source of information.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE SAMPLING METHOD IN
RESEARCH OF EMPLOYMENT SERVICE CLIENTS.
Structural changes in the economy had a significant impact on employment (the unemployment rate increased).
Where do people go without work? First, everyone tries to get a job “on their own.” Many, immediately or after an unsuccessful search for work, turn to employment services, whose main task is to provide employment for citizens who apply to them in their specialty with sufficient wages for everyone, conveniently at their location.
In order to offer suitable work, it is necessary to have information about each person in need of employment.
It should be noted that it is advisable to analyze the composition of the unemployed who applied to the employment service. The results of the analysis will not only be interesting, but will also be useful for your work.
The composition and number of people applying to the employment service varies from month to month, from season to season. To assess the situation and identify the wishes of the unemployed, sample surveys can be conducted. The undeniable advantage of the sampling method is the minimal time spent on obtaining representative data.
To form a sample population from the total number of applicants to the employment service, you can use a typical sample, which involves a preliminary division of the general population into homogeneous groups that are formed through a specially conducted typical grouping of units of the general population or the use of existing, naturally occurring phenomena. In this case, the number of people who applied for help in finding employment can be divided into men and women, distinguishing them by level of education, specialty, position and other characteristics, and in each resulting group a selection can be made proportional to the size of the groups.
At the design stage, the size of the sample population is calculated. When selecting units in proportion to the number of typical groups, the number of observations for each group is determined by the formula:
where n i is the sample size for the i-th typical group;
N i - volume of the i-th typical group;
n - total sample size;
N is the total volume of the general sample.
After conducting a sample observation, the errors of the sample indicators should be calculated. To determine the maximum sampling error of the average value of a quantitative characteristic using non-repetitive sampling, use the formula:
Dx=t?s x 2 /n*(1-n/N).
In this case, the confidence coefficient t depends on the probability with which the maximum sampling error is guaranteed. It is recommended to take a confidence level of 0.997 (t=3). a confidence level of 0.997 means that only in 3 cases out of 1000 an error can go beyond the established limits.
To obtain additional information about the unemployed in the sample population, you can conduct a survey. When determining the required range of questions, one must proceed from the purpose of the survey - to obtain additional information for employment, taking into account the existing profession and the desires of the person applying to the employment service. Thus, the questionnaire should include questions about education, profession, length of service and last place of work. Based on the results of the survey, it is necessary to find out the number of people willing to take courses in order to improve their skills and acquire a new profession. By extending the results of sample observation to the general population, it is possible to determine the number of future students - this is necessary to make a decision on the advisability of organizing training courses and their further employment. Thus, making a decision on organizing studies is possible based on survey data from the minimum number of people who applied to the employment service.
If you include in the questionnaire a question about the unemployed’s requirements for a new job, you can determine the scope, geography, work schedule and other characteristics of the desired job. Using the data obtained, it is possible to compare the number of unemployed with the available vacancies and determine the employment opportunity of those who contacted the employment service.
The most difficult and important stage of compiling a questionnaire is the formulation of questions. Therefore, the question must be consistent with the topic and objectives of the study. The form of questions should be oriented towards cooperation.
Let's look at a number of questions that, in my opinion, should be included in the questionnaire. To determine the level of qualifications, the question is raised about the level of special and general training, qualification categories and categories, and work experience. For a more detailed description, you can include questions about knowledge of foreign languages and skills in working with a personal computer.
An analysis of the social structure of unemployment suggests identifying the structure of the unemployed by main social strata and groups, and by income level.
The choice of a new place of work, in addition to the noted factors, also depends on health conditions. In this regard, the question is raised about whether there are restrictions on work due to health reasons.
At the end of the questionnaire, the respondent is asked to express in an open form a general opinion on the topic of the survey, suggestions and wishes.
Based on some standards developed in practice, it is possible to determine the size of the designed questionnaire. It is believed that 20-30 minutes is enough time to answer all the questions without getting tired.
A questionnaire survey of citizens who applied to the employment service made it possible to obtain information about the state of the labor market in Cheboksary.
Composition of the labor market:
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Group names |
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Released workers |
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Those dismissed at their own request |
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Graduates of secondary schools, universities, secondary specialized institutions, vocational schools |
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Mechanical population growth |
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Those discharged from the armed forces |
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Unemployed population |
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Released from prison |
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Women who have returned from three years of maternity leave |
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Total |
The main share falls on those laid off at their own request and laid off. The most common reason for dismissal is very low wages, as well as a reduction in wages. Due to a long stay on leave without pay (administrative leave).
Of course, information about the causes of unemployment is necessary for the effective work of employment services and, to a certain extent, can contribute to the selection of work in accordance with the individual capabilities of everyone.
The results of the survey revealed some differences in the level of education between men and women.
Distribution of respondents by education and gender.
The bulk of the unemployed are people with general secondary education, therefore, employment opportunities for this category will be determined by educational requirements.
According to the survey, almost half of those who applied to the employment service (40.5%) have two, and some more, professions. At the same time, to the question: “Do you want to have another (additional) specialty?” 61.5% of respondents answered positively. These are mainly young people, with an average age of 29 years, who have expressed a desire to learn new professions in courses directed by the employment service. When determining their future place of work, each person compares their physical capabilities with the actual workload of the proposed job. In this regard, our questionnaire asked a question about health status, the answers to which are presented below:
Distribution of respondents by health status.
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Health ratings |
All respondents |
including men women |
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Almost healthy |
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Have restrictions on certain types of work |
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Total |
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Health data is another of the many factors that determines the choice of place of work.
Thus, the sampling method, and in particular surveying the unemployed, allows us to obtain a wide variety of information in a short time and at the lowest cost.
CONCLUSION.
The federal program “Reforming Statistics in 1997-2000” considers reforming the statistical observation system as one of the main program areas. The task is set: “...to restructure the methods of collecting information by implementing a combined approach, according to which large and medium-sized enterprises of all forms of ownership will be surveyed using the continuous accounting method, small enterprises - using a selective method.
Statistical observation provides the necessary data on the quantitative values of certain indicators and, naturally, must change in accordance with the requirements of the statistical observation system.
First, as provided for in the federal program for reforming statistics, it is necessary to create a system of registers, subregisters and data banks that allow the accumulation, updating and appropriate transformation of the basic information necessary for the application of methodologically complex observation methods. Unfortunately, despite the efforts made, the Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations continues to be of little use for these purposes.
Secondly, it is necessary to solve the problem of the quality of primary statistical information. The influence of errors on the final result of observation increases immeasurably, so large amounts of money are spent on reconciling primary data. Despite all the psychological complexity, it is necessary to consider the issue of accompanying publications of statistical data with references to their accuracy. An understanding must come: without references to accuracy, there is no statistical data.
The program approach will make it possible to carry out a targeted set of measures to improve the statistical observation system: first of all, the formation, on the basis of a system of statistical indicators of socio-economic development, of a list of the most important measures for the progress and implementation of economic reforms in the system of national economic management, the methodology of the most important indicators taken into account when conducting censuses, one-time , sample and monographic surveys.
Indicators should be maximally focused on the methodology used for international statistical comparisons, and also free from market conditions of the period of stagnation.
It is proposed to develop and implement into practice the statistical qualification system a number of regularly provided reporting indicators.
The qualification contains a number of characteristics (usually in quantitative terms), the presence of which during statistical work (censuses, sample surveys, etc.) serves as the basis for classifying an object as a member of the population under study.
The qualification system can also be used to conduct one-time records and surveys, covering only enterprises or organizations that predominate in the population being studied.
Based on the program for improving the statistical observation system, the following sequence of stages of its development and implementation is proposed:
1. Determination of a list of statistical indicators characterizing the most important economic processes for continuous observation, as well as a list of indicators and objects of statistical observation, information on which can be obtained through censuses, sample observation and one-time records;
2. Development and implementation of reporting forms for continuous observation, as well as forms and programs for selective observation and the necessary mathematical apparatus for disseminating sample observation data to the entire set of objects;
3. Development of a system of qualification reporting and the necessary mathematical apparatus for distributing qualification reporting to the entire set of objects;
4.Training of economists in the methods of sample, monographic surveys and qualification reporting.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1. Bashet K.V.<<Статистика коммерческой деятельности>> M: Finance and Statistics. 1996
2. <<Вопросы статистики>> 1996 No. 1, No. 11.
3. <<Вопросы статистики>> 1997 No. 2, No. 4, No. 5.
4. Eleseeva M.A.<<Общая теория статистики>>M:<<Статистика>> 1988
5. Kharchenko L.P.<<Статистика>> M: INFRA - M 1997
Statistical observation can be considered in several directions:
1- according to the degree of coverage of object units by observation;
2 - connections with the time factor;
3 - sources of information;
4 - method of data collection.
Types of statistical observation are presented in Fig. 2.3.
| 1. By the degree of coverage of object units | |||||
| 1.1. Solid | 1.2. Not continuous | ||||
| 1.2.1. Selective | |||||
| 1.2.2. Questionnaire | |||||
| 1.2.3. Main Array Method | |||||
| 1.2.4. Monographic | |||||
| 2. Due to the time factor | |||||
| 2.1. Continuous | 2.2. Intermittent | ||||
| 2.2.1. Periodic | |||||
| 2.2.2. One-time | |||||
| 3. According to sources of information | |||||
| 3.1. Direct accounting | 3.2. Documentary | 3.3. Survey | |||
| 4. By methods of data collection | |||||
| 4.1. Reporting | 4.2. Expeditionary | 4.3. Self-registration | 4.4. Questionnaire | ||
Figure 2.3. - Classification of statistical observation
We specify each type of statistical observation.
1. According to the degree of observation coverage of units.
1.1. Solid observation. Represents such an observation when the primary data is obtained from everyone without exception units of the object being studied. For example, conducting various censuses (population, fixed assets and equipment, library, agricultural, etc.), presenting data by organizations according to basic forms of accounting and statistical reporting, protecting state borders, etc. The main advantage of such observation is obtaining a large array of data on objects, which, when properly processed, makes it possible to have objective (detailed and detailed) information about them. However, disadvantages are also obvious. They are associated with large expenditures of time, material, labor, and monetary resources for collecting and processing data. It is no coincidence that population censuses are usually conducted on average once every 10 years.
1.2. Not continuous observation. In this case, primary data comes only from certain part units of the object being studied. Such observation, compared to 1.1, will be more economical and time-efficient. Let's consider its subspecies.
1.2.1.Selective observation– a predetermined number of units is selected according to certain rules, and quantitative parameters are obtained from them, which with a given probability (accuracy, error) apply to the entire object under study (general population).
1.2.2. Questionnaire - a type of continuous observation that has a number of features:
– are being examined individuals, i.e. certain categories of people (for example, students, buyers, teachers, voters, pensioners, etc.). They act as a source of information and have a specific name - respondents;
– voluntariness participation in the survey (as opposed to mandatory reporting of data through accounting and statistical reporting). We cannot force people to answer survey questions, but professionally organized observation can significantly increase the percentage of survey participants. The following points are taken into account: the appearance and personal qualities of the persons conducting the survey - the interviewers (if it is intended to come into contact with respondents); design of the observation form (quality of paper, visual appeal of the questionnaire, use of colors); the internal content of the questionnaire (how clear the questions are for the respondent and take into account his educational level, correctness of wording, etc.);
– anonymity answers (last name, first name, patronymic, address and other personal information that could be used to harm a person are not indicated). Especially on questions critical content aimed at a specific person, institution, organization;
– scope of use. Questionnaire surveys are widely used in various fields to identifying opinions on current issues(in economics, politics, social sphere, service sector, goods market, education, science, etc.). In trade - when studying consumer demand, in an educational institution - assessing opinions about the quality of educational services, in politics - assessing the ratings of various political parties, the likelihood of individual candidates winning elections, etc.;
– managerial aspect. Most questionnaires give respondents the opportunity formulate recommendations (wishes), aimed at improving the functioning of something or someone. Thus, through questionnaires it is possible to determine what is general and relevant in improving the activities of a particular object.
Questionnaire - represents special forms (one or several sheets), in which signs in the form of questions are arranged in a logical sequence and space is allocated for answers. In the structure of the questionnaires, the following elements (components) can be distinguished: name of the questionnaire; introductory part; main content of the questionnaire; final part.
Types of questions in questionnaires:
1. Open- involves the formulation of the question and a free form of the respondent’s answer. After the question, a few free lines are left on the questionnaire form to reproduce the answer.
2. Closed- In this case, after formulating the question, a list of ready-made answer options is given. The respondent can only choose one or more options that correspond to his opinion. Filling out such questions occurs quite quickly: you only need to put a sign in the desired option. For a researcher, developing closed-ended questions will require some preparation. This requires deep knowledge of the problem being studied, the ability to correctly pose questions, formulate succinct answers and arrange them in a logical sequence.
3. Semi-closed (half-open)- Its design completely coincides with the closed type, with the only difference that in the list of answer options the respondent is given the opportunity to formulate his own. In this case, the last line comes with the words “Your option” (or: “Your option”, “Specify otherwise”, etc.).
1.2.3. Main array method. Only significant units of the object are examined, the magnitude of the features for which prevails throughout the entire volume. This observation is typical for the formation of the consumer basket in relation to basic food and non-food products (present in the consumption of all segments of the population, regardless of income level). For example, a survey of the largest industrial enterprises, educational institutions, cities, etc. This type of observation will characterize the object only from this surveyed part - according to the main array.
1.2.4. Monographic- this specific type of observation when data is collected only one at a time unit of an object. Practically used in the following cases:
- For double checks information in case of detection of data registration errors;
- For conducting trial surveys for the purpose of testing various techniques;
- For studying and disseminating best practices in certain areas of economic and social life (for example, in trade, the use of progressive forms of customer service; the use of new educational technologies in educational institutions; modern methods of treating patients, etc.).
Let's consider the second direction of dividing statistical observation - in connection with the time factor.
2.1. Continuous observation . Such an observation is considered when primary data is accumulated on an object continuously in time. This approach is necessary for actively dynamic objects: their composition and the meaning of features change significantly over time, so a break in collecting information on them can result in a loss of knowledge on such objects and phenomena. For example, registration of acts of civil status of the population (birth rate, mortality, registration of marriages, divorces), processes of internal and external migration, exchange rates on stock exchanges; accumulation of data on the sale of goods in trade organizations; monitoring by weather forecasters of the state of the atmosphere, etc.
2.2. Intermittent observation . Unlike continuous observation, in this case there may be breaks in the collection of information. Moreover, if the intervals in data accumulation are clearly maintained, then we have periodic observation(2.2.1). An example of this type of observation could be students passing a session; main forms of state statistical and accounting reporting for enterprises (submission of reports based on the results of the month, quarter, year. Hence, reports on indicators can be monthly, quarterly, annual); submission of income declarations by the population (once a year in April); publication of periodicals (newspapers and magazines), etc.
In some cases, the data collection process does not have a clearly defined periodization, but occurs in arbitrary periods, i.e. as needed in such information. Then it holds one-time examination (2.2.2). It includes all types of questionnaire surveys, sociological surveys of the population on pressing problems of an economic, political or social nature.
The third direction of classification is based on source form information when conducting statistical observation.
3.1. Direct accounting. Data collection occurs when direct(direct) contact with units of an object by counting units, weighing, measuring, checking with special techniques, etc. For example, a population census, conducting a technical inspection of personal vehicles of the population; commodity examination; medical examination in health care institutions; holding beauty contests; acceptance of goods in terms of quantity and quality from suppliers in trade organizations; carrying out inventories of inventory items, etc.
3.2. Documentary type of information source. Information on objects and phenomena is accumulated indirectly, i.e., without direct contact with observation units, through various documentary sources. For example, organizing audits at the enterprise (documentary checks on the organization of accounting); studying a specific discipline using textbooks and lectures; examination of students based on their personal files; medical records, grade books, etc.
3.3. Survey. Available only for individuals, i.e., various categories of the population in oral or written form. For example, surveying students in a practical or seminar lesson on a specific topic; survey; conducting sociological surveys; all types of testing; identifying expert opinions on highly professional problems, etc.
It is also necessary to distinguish between types of statistical observations according to ways of presenting information(the fourth level of division according to the scheme - Fig. 2.3).
4.1. Reporting. The collected information is presented in the form of appropriate report. For example, information about the economic and financial performance of organizations is presented in the forms of accounting and statistical reporting; checking goods for quality - by an examination act; student grades in disciplines - in reports; results of acceptance of goods from the supplier - acceptance certificate, etc.
4.2. Expeditionary type of information source. Occurs during surveys of individuals – the population. Specially trained people-counters (or interviewers), having observation forms in hand, record the results of the survey themselves. This is practiced when conducting censuses; representatives of trading firms and companies work according to this scheme, identifying potential buyers for their goods; controllers on passenger transport routes in cities (record the time of arrival at the stop of the corresponding route), etc.
4.3. Self-registration. Also used when collecting data from individuals – the public. Interviewees are given observation forms, instructed in how to complete the observation program, and given time to respond. The use of this method of data collection can be observed in all types of testing, which has found wide application in all areas, including educational activities.
4.4. Questionnaire type of information source. A special way of collecting data for a program designed according to special rules. In this case, the expedition method or self-registration can be practically combined.
Knowledge of the types of statistical observation allows you to competently plan work on collecting information on objects. We will show examples of classification in specific situations ( table 2.3 ).
| EXAMPLES OF STATISTICAL OBSERVATION | CLASSIFICATION BY DIRECTIONS |
| 1. 5% of TVs received from the supplier were checked for quality | Partial observation (selective) Intermittent (one-time) Direct recording Reporting |
| 2. Consumer demand for furniture in Krasnoyarsk during October 2012 was studied. | Continuous (questionnaire) Intermittent (one-time) Survey Questionnaire |
| 3. The city statistics department received a report from enterprises in form No. P-4 “Information on the number, wages and movement of workers” (monthly) | Continuous Intermittent (periodic) Documentary Reporting |
| 4. A census of fixed assets was carried out | Continuous Intermittent (one-time) Direct (documentary, survey) Forwarding (reporting) |
| 5. The positive experience of customer service in the travel company “Horizon” for the first half of the reporting year was studied | Continuous (monographic) Intermittent (one-time) Direct (documentary, survey) Combination of different methods |
STATISTICAL OBSERVATION PLAN
To coordinate all stages and actions when carrying out statistical work in the form of statistical observation, a plan is drawn up. It consists of two main sections:
1. Methodological, revealing the content of statistical observation;
2. Organizational, specifies the organizational issues of conducting a specific observation.
We systematize the elements of each section in a special table. 2.4
Let us specify the individual elements of the above plan.
1.1 Purpose of statistical observation. It is determined by the objectives of the study and can be very diverse, for example:
– “study of the size and composition of the population” (during the population census);
– “customer preferences for a specific product” (when studying public demand);
– “research on the employment of university graduates” (when studying the labor market);
– “political preferences of voters on the eve of elections” (in sociological polls), etc.
1.2 Observation object. It is a set of social phenomena and processes that are subject to research. It is important to determine here "borders" the population under study in order to sufficiently fully cover all its units with observation. To successfully conduct an observation, you need to accurately indicate the object, noting its distinctive features and characteristics. For example, it is not enough to determine that the object of research is trading enterprises. A clarifying point may be: all trading enterprises, either only retail, or only wholesale, or mass catering enterprises.
Similarly for the turnover of goods (revenue, sales). The object specifies for which group of goods: all goods, fruits and vegetables; or durable goods; perfumery and cosmetics; confectionery shops, etc.
Thus, correct determination of the “boundaries” of an object will ensure the most complete collection of information on it and will become one of the necessary conditions for obtaining high-quality processing results.
1.3 Unit of observation. It represents the primary element of the object of observation, the carrier of the necessary information (registered characteristics) or what is the source of data during observation. Units of observation can be:
– physical units(product, student, voter, vehicle);
– organizational units(group of students; specialty, faculty, university, trade enterprises; companies; family, etc.);
– individual events (processes)(transition to a market economy; reforms in the educational sphere, housing and communal services, electoral system, etc.).
It should be noted that the unit of observation may or may not be the same as the unit of the population. For example, when studying individual issues of higher education, the unit of observation may be:
While only the “student” is considered the unit of the population.
1.4 Unit of the population. This is one of the categories of statistics, which represents an integral part of the statistical population (as the subject of statistical research), the limit of its fragmentation, at which the original properties inherent in the object being studied are still preserved. For example, in a population - an individual; as a student - an individual student; in the sale of goods - a specific type of product; in transport - a vehicle, etc. In statistical observation, the unit of observation can be a unit of a statistical population.
1.5 Observation program. There is a list of characteristics of observation units that are subject to registration. It is determined by the purpose of the study and is embodied in practically two versions:
1) in questionnaires – in the list of questions;
2) reports (statistical, accounting) - in the form of a list of indicators on which enterprises (organizations, institutions) provide information to statistical authorities.
The observation program used in statistical reporting will be outlined in the next topic question.
1.6 Design of observation forms. An observation form is a sheet of paper of a certain format on which an observation program is placed with a strictly defined place for the sign and for the answer (primary information). The purpose of the form is quite specific - to record data either by questions (questionnaires) or by a list of indicators (statistical reporting). The researchers themselves design forms for questionnaire surveys. Forms of statistical reporting forms are developed by statisticians and approved by a resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia from a specific date and registered with the corresponding number. Only then is the report form considered legal.
In the practice of statistical observation, two types of forms are used:
1) card form– information is registered from one units of observation. Examples here are questionnaire forms, census forms, election ballots, enterprise reports on a specific form, etc.;
2) list form– primary information is accumulated from several units of observation. For example, summary reporting forms, various statements, inventories of goods, write-off acts, registration logs, etc.
1.7 Instruction texts. They are developed in addition to statistical observation forms, especially for complex programs. According to questionnaires The guidance material addresses the following issues:
– explains the meaning of the question;
– gives the procedure for selecting the desired answer option and their number (1, 2 options, etc.) from the list provided;
– method of assessment based on evaluative criteria (“give points”, “highlight”, “underline the desired rating”, etc.).
In a relationship statistical reporting instructions may cover the following:
– who provides the information;
– explanation of the meaning of some economic indicators according to the lines of the report;
– instructions on the composition of indicators (what to include);
– accuracy of data rounding (in whole numbers, with tenth place);
– the procedure for checking indicators (combination with similar data in other forms of reports);
– other directions.
The presence of instructions for observation forms solves a very important problem related to the quality of the primary information received, namely, to achieve a unified approach (understanding) of the observation program.
Elements of the methodological section of the observation plan under paragraphs 1.8, 1.9, 1.10 (sources of information, methods of data collection, types of observation by coverage and time) were discussed in detail in the second question of the topic “Classification of statistical observation”.
Let us dwell on the organizational aspects of the statistical observation plan.
2.1 Surveillance body. We are talking about a body that collects data on a specific object. This could be a statistics agency; higher education institution; industry department of the city (for transport, trade and services, industry, prices); specific trading company (marketing department); election commissions (precinct, city, regional, regional), i.e. all those who are interested in certain primary information.
2.2 Observation periods(or the time during which the information is collected).
IN opinion polls Data collection is carried out promptly, as a reaction of the population to a specific event that has happened or an upcoming event on the most pressing topics: “where to keep money”, “where to go to study”, “what are men going to give to women on March 8”, “what is the main holiday in Russia” , “attitude to the anthem”, “most favorite inventions”, etc.
When studying consumer demand for a certain product that is subject to seasonal fluctuations, it is recommended to organize observation in each season, and at its height, conducting a series of data recordings.
In forms state statistical reporting The period for which the enterprises report is immediately laid down (month, quarter, half-year, year).
In a relationship census population, the following should be noted. Within the period for completing census documents, a “critical time” is always specified. For example, according to the latest census, data collection took place from the morning of October 14 to October 25, 2010 inclusive. The moment of population counting was set at 0 o'clock on October 14. Questions were asked regarding this "critical time". In practice, this means that children born after this date were not registered. And those who were alive before this date, but died at the time of filling out census documents should be included in the observation forms. For example, the counter came on October 18, and the person was born on October 15. The person born is no longer subject to registration. During the population census, the autumn time is traditionally chosen, when population movement is minimal (returning from vacations, vacation spots).
Thus, a correctly chosen observation period ensures the completeness and reliability of information on the object being studied.
2.3 Observation area. We are talking about the administrative boundaries of surveillance. For example, studying the size and composition of the population by city districts, the city as a whole, the region (region), federal districts, and the country as a whole. Similarly for the study of retail sales of goods, the number of trading enterprises. In connection with possible changes in territorial boundaries, when collecting information over time, it is necessary to comply with the principles of territorial comparability (comparability) of source data.
2.6 Preparatory activities. They accompany any statistical observation and may include the following list:
– compiling lists of observation units;
– division of the observation area into sections;
– selection, training, instruction of personnel involved in data collection;
– conducting trial observations to test the program;
– explanatory work, propaganda of the need for this observation (for example, for the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, advertising leaflets were launched, commercials were shown on central television and local channels, there were speeches by responsible census workers, an emblem for this large-scale event was developed, etc.).
So, only careful planning of all elements of statistical observation in the methodological and organizational section of the plan makes it possible to take into account all the details of the first stage of statistical work - the collection of primary data.
Statistical observations can be classified according to two criteria: continuity of recording facts over time and completeness of coverage of population units.
According to the continuity of accounting of facts over time Statistical observation can be of the following types:
1) current (continuous);
2) discrete (discontinuous);
3) one-time.
At current observation facts are recorded as they arise and are regularly taken into account. This is important when the object under study is constantly undergoing significant changes. Thanks to such systematic accounting, it is possible to obtain summary indicators for a certain period of time.
At discrete observation the state of the object (phenomenon) being studied is recorded on a certain date. Discrete observations are carried out at certain intervals.
One-time observation carried out as needed for data when studying a specific phenomenon or process, when the necessary indicators are not available in current statistics.
By completeness of coverage of population units statistical observation can be:
1) solid;
2) not continuous.
Continuous observation in statistics involves examining all units of the population being studied. For example, a complete record of all crimes committed in the city. Continuous observation is the most reliable and reliable, but it can be carried out only on a limited number of signs. In addition, obtaining information in a continuous manner is usually expensive, difficult, time-consuming, or practically impossible.
To organize the fight against crimes and offenses, it is often necessary to collect information in a limited period of time that is not in official reports. It is difficult to obtain this information in a continuous manner. In such cases, partial observation is resorted to.
Partial observation involves examining only a portion of the population that provides relatively reliable and valid data.
The following types of incomplete observation are distinguished:
1) monographic;
2) examination of the main massif;
3) questionnaire (sociological);
4) selective.
Monographic observation consists in a detailed description of an individual unit of a population or a small number of them for the purpose of in-depth analysis of qualitative aspects, internal connections, etc. A monographic survey is resorted to when the characteristics of interest are not detected during mass observation. Such a description is important for studying new phenomena. Monographic observation is also used when the studied unit of the population is typical in some respect (socio-legal, criminological, etc.). At the same time, the identified properties of this unit can give an idea of the entire population. For example, when studying crime in production, a criminological survey is carried out at an enterprise in which there is a high level of economic crime or, conversely, where a high level of law and order is established. Monographic observation is unrepresentative and is permissible only if the objects of study are typical (atypical) or specific.
Survey of the main massif proceeds from the fact that some part of the population is not particularly important for the analysis of a given phenomenon or process. Observation is limited to a part of the population units, the proportion of which predominates, that is, the elements that make up the main array are examined. For example, when studying the criminological situation in a region, areas that make the main contribution to the total crime rates in the region are selected for in-depth statistical observation. Based on their study, it is possible to draw conclusions about the region, while saving effort and money. It should be borne in mind that the survey of the main array is an insufficiently representative statistical observation.
Questionnaire observation carried out in the form of a special organized statistical survey. Its purpose is to collect information that is not available in official reports. Questionnaires can be filled out either by the interviewee or by special persons during a conversation or on the basis of studying the necessary documents. This method of observation allows you to obtain additional operational information. Questionnaires can be a fairly reliable and representative method of observation.
Selective observation involves random selection of population units for study. The selective method has the following advantages compared to the continuous method: the amount of work required to collect data is significantly reduced and the time for processing it is reduced. If sample observation is properly organized, then sampling errors may be less than with continuous registration of facts. Based on sample survey data, possible discrepancies between the indicators of continuous and sample observations are determined with sufficient accuracy. Thus, the sampling method of statistical observation, with greater reliability than other methods of incomplete observation, allows one to study the population, calculate the limits of accuracy and introduce appropriate corrections into the results obtained.
Due to its importance and wide application, the sampling method will be discussed in detail below.
It should be noted that when conducting statistical research, as a rule, organizational forms, types and methods of statistical observation are combined, forming a complex statistical observation.
Depending on the sources of obtaining information about the phenomena under study, they are distinguished: direct observation; observation organized based on the use of necessary documentation (documentary method); survey.
Direct observation is a method of collecting information about the object being studied by directly perceiving and recording facts relating to the object being studied. Direct observation assumes that recorders (who carry out inspection, counting, weighing, measuring, etc.) record the number of units being studied and the specific values of their characteristics. Such an examination, for example, is used to determine the type and weight of seized drugs, sales volume, remaining goods in the warehouse, etc. The information obtained as a result is quite reliable, but this method is often labor-intensive.
The documentary method of observation is based on the use of documents as a source of statistical information. At the same time, to obtain the data of interest, various primary documents (work orders, certificates, inventories, complaints, etc.) and existing reporting are used. The documentary method is reliable in terms of the reliability of the original information. However, reporting does not always contain complete and high-quality information. Therefore, additional data is often required.
The survey consists of recording responses from the words of the respondent. Surveys are useful for obtaining actionable information when other data sources are less effective or more costly.
Literature
1. General theory of statistics / Ed. Spirina A.A., Bashina O.E. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 1999.
Efimova M.R., Petrova E.V., Rumyantsev V.N. General theory of statistics. - M.: INFRA, 1998.
Legal statistics / Ed. Kazantseva S.Ya., Lebedeva S.Ya. – M.: UNITY. 2008.
In modern practice, there is the following classification of the main types of statistical observation.
By coverage of population units There are two types of observation: continuous and non-continuous.
At continuous observation All units of the population being studied are subject to examination. At the same time, due to a number of factors, a small percentage of units of the population being studied is possible. An example of continuous observation is the 2010 population census.
At continuous observation Only a portion of the units in the population being studied are subject to examination. In this case, the part covered by observation is determined in advance, i.e. a failed continuous observation cannot be considered as an incomplete observation. It is customary to distinguish the following types of non-continuous statistical observation: sampling, monographic survey, main array method.
Selective called observation based on the principle of random selection of those units of the population being studied that should be subjected to observation. Sample observation, when properly organized and carried out, provides sufficiently reliable data to characterize the population being studied as a whole. In many cases, it can completely replace continuous accounting. At the same time, significant savings are achieved in terms of data collection and processing.
Monographic survey represents a detailed, in-depth study and description of individual units of the population that are characteristic in some respect, as a rule, according to an extended program. Monographic research is carried out in order to identify existing or emerging trends in the development of a phenomenon, the presence of reserves, and evaluate the results of economic experiments.
Main Array Method lies in the fact that the largest units are examined, which together have a predominant share in the aggregate according to the main attribute for this study. For example, in a number of sectors of the economy, the overwhelming volume of output falls on large and medium-sized enterprises, so the results of the activities of small enterprises in these industries are practically not reflected in general statistical indicators.
According to the timing of registration, observation can be continuous (current) or intermittent.
Continuous (current) They call such observation that is carried out constantly, and the registration of facts is carried out as they occur. For example, this is how births and deaths and marriages are registered in the civil registry office.
Intermittent observation It is not carried out constantly, but from time to time. In this case, there are two types of continuous observation: periodic and one-time.
Periodic observation repeats at certain, equal intervals of time. An example is the annual submission of reports to state statistics bodies.
Called one-time such observation, which is carried out as needed, without observing strict frequency, or is generally carried out once and is not repeated. Such an observation was a census of perennial plantings conducted in the middle of the last century.
By source of information A distinction is made between direct observation, documentary observation and interview.
Direct is an observation in which the registrars themselves, by measuring, weighing or counting, establish the value of a characteristic and, on this basis, make an entry in the observation form. This method is used, for example, to take inventory of fixed assets at enterprises.
Documentary observation involves recording answers to questions in the form based on relevant documents. An example of such observation is the collection of data on the performance of university students based on test and examination records, filling out statistical reporting forms based on accounting data.
Survey - This is an observation in which the answers to the questions of the form are recorded from the words of the interviewee (respondent). This method is used to conduct population censuses and public opinion polls.
The following survey methods are used in statistics:
- expeditionary;
- self-registration;
- questionnaire;
- correspondent.
Expeditionary (oral) method The survey consists of specially involved and trained workers visiting each observation unit and conducting the survey themselves and filling out the observation form. This is how information is collected during population censuses.
With the method self-registration The forms are filled out by the respondents themselves. The duty of employees specially involved in obtaining information is to distribute forms to respondents, instruct them, collect completed forms and check that they are filled out correctly.
Questionnaire method - This is the collection of statistical data using special questionnaires sent to a certain circle of people or published in periodicals or the Internet. As a rule, this method of obtaining information is used when conducting sociological surveys. Also, many large manufacturers of household appliances, furniture and other consumer goods use questionnaires method: Questionnaires are included in the product packaging with a request to fill out and return to the manufacturer at the specified address, or are located on the website and are accompanied by an invitation to fill them out.
Essence correspondent method observation is that statistical authorities agree with certain persons who undertake the obligation to monitor any phenomena, processes and report the results of observations to statistical authorities within a specified time frame. In this way, the budgets of individual households are studied, the purpose of which is to obtain statistical information about the income and expenses of the population.
Continuous (ongoing) surveillance– is carried out systematically (i.e. facts are recorded as they happen). Example - registry office.
Periodic observation– repeats at certain equal intervals of time. An example is the population census.
One-time observation- performed as needed without observing a certain frequency. An example is the valuation and revaluation of fixed assets.
Based on the coverage of population units, continuous and non-continuous observation are distinguished.
Solid is called an observation in which all units of the population being studied are subject to study. At the same time, due to a number of factors, a small percentage of units of the population being studied is possible. An example of continuous observation is population censuses.
Not continuous is an observation in which only a part of the units of the population being studied, selected in a certain way, is studied. In this case, the part covered by observation is determined in advance, i.e. a failed continuous observation cannot be considered as an incomplete observation. It is customary to distinguish the following types of incomplete statistical observation: sampling, main array method, monographic survey.
Types of partial observation
ü Selective is an observation based on the principle of random selection of those units of the population being studied that should be subjected to observation. Sample observation, when properly organized and carried out, provides sufficiently reliable data to characterize the population being studied as a whole. In many cases, it can completely replace continuous accounting. At the same time, significant savings are achieved in terms of data collection and processing.
ü Questionnaire method. Some average indicators are studied and applied to the entire population.
ü Main Array Method. The main array method is that the largest units are examined, which together have a predominant share in the aggregate according to the main attribute for this study. For example, in a number of industries, the overwhelming volume of output falls on large and medium-sized enterprises, so the results of the activities of small enterprises in these industries are practically not reflected in general statistical indicators.
ü Monographic method. A monographic survey is a detailed, in-depth study and description of individual units of a population that are characteristic in some respect, usually according to an expanded program. Monographic research is carried out with the aim of identifying existing or emerging trends in the development of a phenomenon, to identify existing reserves, and to evaluate the results of economic experiments. Individual units of the population are subjected to careful study, usually representatives of new types, or the best (worst) units. The results are transferred to the entire population. Allows you to identify trends.
The basis for recording facts can be either documents, or an opinion expressed, or timing data. In this regard, observations are distinguished by sources of information:
ü direct (measure themselves), Direct is an observation in which the registrars themselves, by direct measurement, weighing or counting, establish the value of a characteristic and, on this basis, make an entry in the observation form. In this way, an inventory of fixed assets is carried out at enterprises.
ü documented (from documents), Documentary observation involves recording answers to questions in the form based on relevant documents. An example of such observation is the collection of data on the academic performance of university students based on test and examination records, filling out statistical reporting forms based on accounting data, etc.
ü survey (according to someone). Survey- this is an observation in which answers to the questions of the form are recorded from the words of the interviewee (respondent). This method is used to conduct population censuses and public opinion polls.
The following methods of collecting information are used in statistics:
ü correspondent (staff of voluntary correspondents). The essence of the correspondent method of observation is that statistical authorities agree with certain persons who undertake to observe any phenomena, processes and report the results of observations to statistical authorities within a specified time frame. In this way, the budgets of individual households are studied, the purpose of which is to obtain statistical information about the income and expenses of the population.
ü expeditionary (oral, specially trained workers) The expeditionary method of observation is that specially involved and trained workers visit each observation unit and fill out the observation form themselves. This is how information is collected during population censuses.
ü questionnaire (in the form of questionnaires). The questionnaire method is the collection of statistical data using special questionnaires sent to a certain circle of people or published in periodicals. As a rule, this method of obtaining information is used when conducting sociological surveys and also by many large manufacturers of household appliances, furniture and other consumer goods. Questionnaires are included in the product packaging with a request to fill out and return to the manufacturer at the specified address.
ü self-registration (filling out the forms by the respondents themselves). With the self-assessment method, the forms are filled out by the respondents themselves. The duty of employees specially involved in obtaining information is to distribute forms to respondents, instruct them, collect completed forms and check that they are filled out correctly.
2 Forms of statistical observation
Figure 4 - Forms of statistical observation
There are two main forms of statistical observation - reporting and specially organized observation.
Reporting– this is a form of observation in which enterprises and organizations provide permanent information characterizing their activities to statistical and higher authorities. Reporting is provided according to a predetermined program within a strictly defined time frame and contains the most important indicators necessary in the process of daily work.
Statistical reporting is mandatory and has legal force. The head of the organization who signs the reporting forms is responsible for the accuracy of the data provided. Depending on the level of approval and purpose, reporting is divided into external and internal. External approved by state statistics bodies, ministries and departments, internal are developed by the subjects themselves for their own operational, managerial and analytical needs. For example, analysis of the market situation, determination of own resources, forecasting of activities is based on internal reporting data of multi-structural business entities, joint-stock companies, concerns, associations, etc.
Each reporting form has a specific number, a name indicating the frequency or date of submission, details of the enterprise (organization), its administrative-territorial location, classifier codes and information on a special program. Reporting can be periodic or annual. Periodic reporting (monthly, quarterly, semi-annual) covers the indicators of the current activities of the entities, annual reporting sums up the financial and production activities of the entities for the year. Depending on the urgency of submitting information, reports can be transmitted by teletype, mail, or e-mail. The number of farms under federal state statistical observation, centralized in state statistics bodies, is over 250.
Specially organized surveillance- such an observation that is organized for a special purpose on a certain date to obtain data that, for various reasons, are not collected in statistical reporting, as well as for the purpose of verifying statistical reporting data.
Specially organized observations are carried out in the form of censuses or various kinds examinations. One of the most important works of this kind performed by state statistics is the population census.
Census – This is specially carried out large-scale work to collect the necessary statistical information about the objects being studied within the boundaries of an industry, region or country as a whole. For example, previously mentioned population censuses are carried out approximately once every 10 years and are aimed at obtaining the necessary information about the country’s population. An example is also the cattle census, which is carried out at the end of the calendar year and allows one to obtain information on the number and structure of the cattle population of agricultural producers. Statistical bodies also conduct censuses of perennial plantings, housing stock, unfinished construction, etc.
Population censuses are widely used in world statistical practice. In Russia, the population census has been conducted nine times over the last century (1897, 1926, 1936, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989). The frequency of its implementation was violated by special conditions (Civil War, the period of Stalinist repressions, the Great Patriotic War). The population census provides information on the size of the population, its national and social composition, migration, employment, education, fertility and mortality.
Register surveillance is a constant monitoring of the state and development of observed units, consisting in the initial placement and timely updating of information in the maintained database. In the statistical practice of a number of countries, population registers are used, i.e. constantly updated lists of the country's residents, indicating their main socio-demographic characteristics, as well as enterprise registers containing information of an organizational, legal and economic nature.
4 Consolidation of knowledge _______
1 Forms of statistical observation
2 Types of statistical observation
3 Methods of statistical observation
4 Census
5 Statistical reporting
Abstracts on topics:
Forms, types and methods of statistical observation
Census
Statistical reporting
6 Summing up the lesson
LESSON PLAN No. 5 (3)
| Group | date |
| E2-1 | |
| Zm2-5 |
Lesson topic Objectives and types of statistical summary
Type of activity lesson on learning new material
Type of activity lesson-lecture (introductory)
Didactic goals
Educational
tasks and procedure for organizing statistical reports, types
Developmental
formulate conclusions based on the results of the summary
Educating
contribute to the formation of professional culture.
Interdisciplinary connections:
Supporting disciplines: History of Russia, social studies
Disciplines provided:
Teaching methods: verbal (lecture)
Literature:
1 N.V. Fat Stats
2 E.M. Efimova Statistics
PROGRESS OF THE STUDY LESSON
2 Checking homework
Oral answers to questions:
1 Define the concept of statistical observation
2 Name the subject and goals of statistical observation
3 List and describe the stages of the study
4 Statistical observation program
1)
2) Summary program
3) Summary results
1 Statistical summary: concept, types
The most important stage in the study of socio-economic phenomena and processes is the systematization of primary data and, based on this characteristic, obtaining the entire object using general indicators, which is achieved by summarizing statistical data.
The purpose of the summary is the obtaining, on the basis of summarized materials, of generalized statistical indicators that reflect the essence of socio-economic phenomena and certain patterns.
As a result of the first stage of statistical observation (research), statistical information is obtained, which represents a large number of primary observations about individual units of the object of study (for example, records about each citizen of the country during the population census - age, education, occupation, and much more).
The further task of statistics is to bring these materials into a certain order, systematize and, on this basis, give a summary description of the entire set of facts using general statistical indicators that reflect the essence of socio-economic phenomena and processes and certain statistical patterns. This is achieved as a result of the summary - the second stage of statistical research.
Statistical summary- this is a scientifically organized processing of observation materials, including systematization, grouping of data, compiling tables, calculating group and generalizing results, calculating derived indicators (averages, relative values). According to the form of data processing, the summary can be centralized and decentralized. In statistical practice, information is processed mainly in a decentralized manner. The summary may be simple and complex. Simple summary- this is primary statistical material ranked according to a certain criterion. Simple group summary- this is a distribution of the population in such a way that the values of the elements of each group belong to the interval selected on the basis of scientific justification, and each element of the aggregate (by this criterion) can belong to only one interval. Complex Group Summary- this is the distribution of a population into groups according to several characteristics. Typically, such group summaries are carried out in combinations. By technique or method of execution, a summary can be manual or mechanized.
2 Summary program
The statistical summary is carried out using a specially compiled program, the content of which is mostly reflected in the system of layouts of the developed tables, allows you to obtain data on many characteristics and characterize the object and its individual parts with numerous indicators. The program also specifies ways to summarize statistical observation data.
The essence of a statistical summary is that observation materials are classified and aggregated. Elements of a population according to certain characteristics are combined into groups, classes, types, and information about them is aggregated both within groups and in the population as a whole. The main task of the summary is to identify typical features and patterns of mass phenomena and processes. The summary is the basis for further analysis of statistical information. Using the summarized data, generalizing indicators are calculated, a comparative analysis is performed, as well as an analysis of the causes of group differences, and the relationships between characteristics are studied. The statistical summary must be carried out according to a specific program and plan.
The statistical summary program involves the following stages:
ü development of a program for systematization and grouping of data;
ü justification of the system of indicators for characterizing groups and the population as a whole;
ü designing layouts of statistical tables in which the summary results will be presented;
ü determination of technological schemes for information processing and software;
ü preparing data for processing on a computer, creating automated data banks;
ü direct summary, generalization, calculation of indicators.
First, the source data is checked. Preliminary control includes data verification, i.e. semantic consistency of information, exclusion of “illogical” data and arithmetic consistency. Questionable information, statistical errors or omissions should be clarified. If clarification is not possible, such information is excluded from the statistical data set.
The program for systematizing and grouping data provides for the selection of grouping characteristics and rules for forming groups. In a summary of statistical material, individual units of a statistical population are combined into groups using the grouping method. If the grouping characteristic is continuous, the question arises about the number of groups and the boundaries of each of them. The number of groups depends on the degree of variation of the grouping characteristic and the size of the population. Thus, for a discrete trait, the range of variation of which is limited, there are, as a rule, as many groups as there are variants of the trait. In the case of a significant variation of a discrete attribute (number of employees at the enterprise, number of transactions concluded on the stock exchange) as well as a continuous one (employee’s work experience, product cost), the range of variation is divided into t groups (t is determined, for example, by the Sturgess formula).
The development of the program, as well as the justification of the system of indicators, depends on the purpose of the study, the essence of the phenomenon being studied, the characteristics of the population, the degree of variation of grouping characteristics, etc.
The statistical summary plan contains instructions on the sequence and timing of the implementation of individual parts of the summary, its executors and the procedure for presenting and presenting the results
3 Results of the statistical summary (synopsis on your own)
4 Consolidation of knowledge _______
1 Name the summary tasks
2 Procedure for organizing the report
3 Types of summary. Describe them
4 Summary program
5 Summary result
5 Handing out homework ______
Prepare oral answers to the questions on the topic.
6 Summing up the lesson
Conclusions on the topic, grading
LESSON PLAN No. 6
in the academic discipline "Statistics"
| Group | date |
| E2-1 |
Lesson topic Grouping method in statistics
Type of activity combined lesson
Type of activity combined lesson
Didactic goals
Educational
The concept of grouping, the meaning of the grouping method, types of groupings, regrouping of statistical data
Developmental
Classify groupings, conclusions based on the grouping carried out
Educating
Promote the formation of a professional culture.
Interdisciplinary connections:
Supporting disciplines: AFHD
Disciplines provided:
Teaching methods: verbal (lecture, explanation), practical training
Methodological support for the lesson:
Literature:
1 N.V. Fat Stats
2 E.M. Efimova Statistics
PROGRESS OF THE STUDY LESSON
1 Organizational moment _________
Checking the group’s readiness for the lesson, working with a magazine, report
2 Checking homework
Oral answers to questions:
1 Statistical summary: concept, types
2 Summary program
3 Summary results
3 Learning new material _______
1 The concept of grouping. Grouping characteristics
2 Functions of statistical groupings. Types of groups
3 Methodology for grouping statistical data
4 Comparability of statistical groupings. Secondary grouping