Topic - development of the territory; goal - to give the concept of development of the territory; talk about the types of development of the territory. Russia - history of land development and settlement
Development of the territory and formation of the structure of cultural
Landscape
The development of any territory is a complex and largely contradictory process, controlled by both natural and social factors. Russia and its vast expanses are no exception in this sense: such large-scale historical phenomena as the primary settlement of the territory and plowing of lands, internal colonization and the formation of Russian statehood occurred against the backdrop of continuously changing natural conditions, which either favored these phenomena, or, on the contrary, slowed down their development, sometimes reversing the process of development itself.
From the standpoint of landscape planning, the main results of human impact on nature can be considered, firstly, the spread of waves of influence of human activity in the “sea” of wild nature, secondly, the gradual accumulation of anthropogenic features in the landscape, accompanied by the transition of natural landscapes into the category of anthropogenically modified ones, and why and the actual anthropogenic landscapes.
Analysis of historical data, materials from scribal and survey books, old cartographic sources allows us to draw a conclusion about the uneven, wave-like nature of the development of the space in the center and north of the Russian Plain
The role of natural boundaries between the developed rural macrocosm worlds was played by rivers, large swamps or forests, and many volost boundaries were destined to survive to this day as boundaries of the cultural landscape, currently acquiring an important role in the composition of the ecological framework.
The decomposition of nature was carried out in breadth (expanding the frontier boundaries, developing new areas) and in depth, inward - by detailing and adjusting the properties of already found, identified landscape elements. The meaning of decomposition is to overcome the complexity and excessive information content of nature, to bring chaos into order, and to fight entropy. The principle of simplicity and iteration dictated the initial implementation of simple development models and their consistent complication. The principle of completeness of development determined a consistent (iterative), but finite within the framework of a given chronotope, complication of the internal structure of the CL.
Thus, the development of CL in the wild nature space went from simplicity to completeness - both in the sense of covering areas bypassed during the initial development (secondary colonization), and in the sense of iterative knowledge and use of the properties of individual elements. A distant dense forest that once served only external protection from raids, it became a hunting ground for berry picking; the small terraced swamp was drained and turned into hayfield; the spring that opened in the cliff of the terrace was developed and became a source of “living” water, etc.
Non-elementary objects, previously unused, were subject to further decomposition: for the first time, a field freed from forest, within which an active thalweg was found, could be divided into two with a boundary along the stream, which was subsequently overgrown with bushes. Also, the forest area, which fell into sustainable commercial use, was first divided into fragments by hunting paths and trails, then on its outskirts they began to graze cattle, remove dead wood by mine cuttings, and mow the grass in the vacated clearings. Consequently, while mastering the landscape, man carried out consistent actions, over the course of decades and even centuries, decomposing the complex (and implicit!) natural structure into fragments (more elementary natural and modified ecosystems) until this “analysis” did not stop due to the achieved stability of the resulting models of CR composition or due to the decline of the next wave of development.
The iterative nature of landscape decomposition during development gave variability to the development process itself, the ability to use models of varying detail, to deepen or reduce detail when circumstances forced it. The remote field was supplemented with temporary housing, which easily turned into permanent housing during the rise of the wave of development, or, conversely, turned into a wasteland during its decline.
The development decomposition algorithm contains (although it may not be revealed to the observer) an ideal model dictated by the cultural environment of a given specific era of development. An example of such a model is the idea of “bad” and “good” land, which are always specific, historical and serve as the basis for division when cutting, i.e. classification of communal coals. This circumstance lies in the environmental role of culture: the territorial mosaics of development of different eras do not coincide with each other in space.
Another integral aspect of the development process, dialectically opposite to decomposition, was the aggregation of places in the CL space - the establishment of relationships on a given set of elements. The elements identified in the landscape are not preserved and do not function as separate entities: a field left in the middle of a forest quickly becomes overgrown; the road leading to nowhere is not used by anyone; a dwelling placed in an unfavorable location is abandoned - the elements of the CL exist only in their inextricable connection.
Aggregation can be attributed to the gradual consolidation of fields in the rural landscape of Russia, where along the slopes of moraine hills and sandy kamas, in accordance with the ridge keel elements, small “gons” of land stretched, plowed through drainage. The farmer’s economic instinct suggested the inexpediency of combining two or three plots of arable land with sharply different soil conditions in one contour, therefore such small-scale contours, generally speaking, were a reflection of a kind of ecological norm. Only after many decades, when, under the influence of exploitation, the agricultural landscape lost its natural contrast (the relief was modeled, the boundaries between soil varieties were plowed, colluvial plumes descended into the hollows between the hills), it became possible to arrange individual lands into larger contours - aggregation of elements.
Methods for aggregating CL elements within a specific chronotope can be called (using the concepts of systemology) spatial configuration
gurator. Changing the configurator transformed the structure of the CL, changing such parameters as dispersion, hierarchy and population of settlements, the area of an individual economic unit, the nature of external and internal borders, and much more.
Thus, in spatial terms, the apogee of agricultural development in the center of the Russian Plain was reached already in late XVI c., when the installation of repairs and borrowings, forest clearing work and the formation of new villages led to the emergence of the absolutely maximum number of settlements in the entire history of Russia. The rise of the next wave of development took place within a different chronotope, characterized by the growth of local and patrimonial land ownership, the curtailment of peasant initiative, and the enslavement of peasants. Accordingly, a new spatial configurator began to work, so the restoration that had begun captured other tracts, and an area of arable land overgrown with forest might not return to economic use at all. For example, an analysis of changes in the nature of use of the key territory of the Upper Volga (Rybnaya Sloboda - Koprino) carried out using old boundary maps for two historical periods (1590-1595 and 1625-1660) proves the fact of swamping and secondary forestation of many already plowed areas, the emergence mills on watercourses, marked in the previous period as streams, a general decrease in villages from 68 to 38 and, accordingly, an increase in wastelands from 71 to 124. This example well illustrates the action of the spatial configurator, reflecting a complex combination of natural (general increase in moisture and increase in water content of rivers, cooling - “Little Ice Age”) and the social conditionality of the process of territory development.
Aggregation is, of course, the creative side of the development and formation of CL, giving the latter emergence, since when united, the interacting elements form a system that has not only external integrity, but also internal natural unity - organicity, which catches the eye when getting acquainted with ethnic rooted in the cultural landscape of any country.
1.3. Landscape as a subjective goal - methodological foundations of landscape planning
The above theoretical analysis of the cultural landscape as a system may seem overly complicated and even redundant from the perspective of landscape planning practice. However, it is not. It is the difficulty of classifying and identifying the elements of the composition model in the CL that largely determined the certain detachment of landscape science from environmental planning in the regions and the weak demand for landscape approaches in the practice of sectoral environmental management.
For the ecological organization of the region's territory and environmental design, the model of the composition of the CL is most important. In a cultural landscape, the identification of elements - parts of a composition model - is difficult for a number of reasons: firstly, the different ideas of researchers about elementarity, and secondly, the targeted nature of specific models and, consequently, the relativity and convention of dismembering the landscape shell.
Meanwhile, the complexity of the operation of isolating the elements of the system does not mean their absence, and certainly does not prove the unreality of the system itself.
stems. One of the least changed components of the landscape is the relief. Relief has traditionally been recognized as a framework component in natural ecosystems, determining their internal morphology (composition model) and, moreover, was reasonably considered as the most important factor of physical-geographic differentiation, determining the trend of soil development, a set of habitats, fauna habitats, locations of elementary natural resources. territorial complexes (PTK). Finally, relief is considered one of the main characteristics of land classification, which forms the basis of their cadastral assessment.
Relief is not just a frame, but also the most conservative element of the landscape. In the cultural landscape, relief is a spatial resource, the operational basis of human activity. However, it should be emphasized that environmental research and development has two disadvantages in this regard:
1) maximization of the optimality criterion is often identified with the goal;
2) all necessary restrictions are not set, which is fraught with the possibility of one
temporarily with the maximization of the main criterion to obtain unexpected and unwanted
significant side effects.
Such approaches with unidentified problems, lack of understanding of the origins of the crisis, border areas of activity and the need to achieve various goals are fraught with disastrous consequences: failure to achieve additional goals can make achieving the main one unnecessary or even harmful. In this sense landscape planning- a tool that should be used with the greatest care. We will return to this idea more than once.
The main difficulty in identifying the goals of landscape planning is related to the fact that the goals are, as it were, the antipode of the problem. The repeatedly described situation of an environmental crisis can be defined in the language general theory systems like problematic situation. Following B.I. Kochurov, we
We understand an environmental problem as a negative change in properties landscapes that cause deterioration of people's living conditions and health: exhaustion or loss of natural resources and other damage to the economy, violation of the gene pool and integrity of landscapes. In turn, the environmental situation is a territorial combination of various conditions and factors, a spatiotemporal combination of environmental problems."