Herbaceous plants - list and descriptions for open ground. Perennial herbaceous plants Plant growing along rivers
There are thousands of rivers, lakes and swamps all over the world, the vegetation of which is impressive in its diversity. Moreover, some plants can exist not only above the surface of the water, but also below it. All plants of freshwater bodies of water are unique, but despite the fact that most of them still tend to grow in certain types of bodies of water, there are also varieties that feel great in any fresh water.
An example is the common trefoil, which is a valuable medicinal plant. Its petioles begin to grow directly from the root, with each of them crowned with three large leaves. At the same time, there are no leaves on the stem itself, but its top is crowned with a cluster of small pale pink, almost white flowers, reminiscent of stars in their shape.
The most common plants in freshwater bodies
Plants of fresh water bodies, the names of which are indicated in this article, grow almost everywhere, but have many individual characteristics. As an example, we can cite plants that can be seen almost everywhere where there is fresh water - these are reeds, cattails and reeds.
They like to grow in thickets and have many similar features, due to which they are often confused with each other, although they belong to different families. First of all, these are the stems, which in these plants are tall and straight. In some cases they can even reach 6-9 meters, but this is where their similarity ends. In reeds there are practically no leaves on the stem; in cattails, the leaves begin to twist in a helical manner from the base. In addition, the cattail ear is long and velvety, unlike reeds, which are characterized by a fluffy panicle.
Practical benefits
Plants such as reeds, cattails and reeds are characterized by accelerated growth, due to which their number increases so much that they completely occupy large areas of water, gradually emptying them. Largely due to the fact that people from ancient times have adapted plants from fresh water bodies for various economic needs, in particular, for covering roofs, weaving baskets, bags, mats and even ropes, sources fresh water practically never dry out. The remaining plants simply do not have time to absorb all the moisture and dry up the source.
swampy area
In order to find out which fresh water plants are typical for your area, just carefully study the sources closest to you. For example, the most widespread in swampy areas is that there are more than 1000 different species around the world. Nevertheless, the structure of each of them contains similar features, among which is a triangular stem with a dense structure, while long, grooved leaves, pointed towards the end, extend from each face. A similar leaf structure can be observed in most cereal crops.
The second most common plant and the most similar in appearance to sedge is the rush plant. It also grows in swamps, but this grass, unlike sedge, is characterized by a round shape. In addition, due to the fact that the stem of the rush is thinner and branched, the leaves, while maintaining a similar structure, are still much narrower than those of the sedge and, Seeing these two plants side by side, it will be quite difficult to confuse them in the future.
Rivers and lakes
Plants of fresh water bodies, which are characteristic of river and lake areas, are primarily noticeable on the banks. This is primarily characteristic of iris flowers, which are similar in appearance to ordinary garden iris. Besides them, in coastal zone the no less common weeping grass can grow, whose purple inflorescences, reminiscent of a spike, immediately catch the eye. Its leaves are similar to willow leaves, but they are characterized by special slots, thanks to which excess moisture that the plant absorbs is easily drained out.
Poisonous representatives
However, it is worth considering that not all plants of fresh water bodies are harmless, because among them there are also poisonous representatives, among which the most common are chastuha and arrowhead. Moreover, the appearance of their leaves is directly related to their habitat. If these plants grow immersed in water, the leaves will resemble ribbons in their shape. If they are located on the surface of the water, they are held on it using an underwater petiole and a special floating plate. In addition, being on the surface, the leaves of the arrowhead take on the shape of arrows and begin to fully live up to their name. Unlike chastuha, which is completely poisonous, people have adapted arrowhead tubers for food.
Plants of freshwater bodies of water, characteristic of swampy areas, are buttercups, which also differ in that they can be either floating or located under water. Moreover, despite the fact that they can also be found in other freshwater sources, all buttercups, without exception, are poisonous plants. The most dangerous to humans are:
- poisonous buttercup;
- buttercup pimple - forms abscesses on the skin.
In addition, the category of poisonous plants that are found in freshwater bodies includes one of the most poisonous plants of modern flora - hemlock, which grows exclusively in marshy areas.
The beauty of freshwater plants
Plants of fresh water bodies, photos of which can be seen in this article, continue to amaze with their beauty. For example, having seen it in a pond, few people will remain indifferent to its grace. Her flowers are big and large.
Opening at sunrise, they close only at sunset. Among the people, the water lily received several names, among which the most famous are white lily and water rose. Its leaves, located above the water, are large and large. They are characterized by the presence of a large number of air cavities, but their underwater leaves look like ribbons. Often in freshwater bodies of water you can find an equally beautiful yellow water lily.
Plants and animals of fresh water bodies are unique and require constant protection. Thanks to constantly changing climatic conditions, some of them are on the verge of extinction, while the rest have significantly reduced their population. The only exception is the amphibious buckwheat, which, when the reservoir dries out, sheds aquatic leaves and grows new ones, characteristic of a land plant.
However, in contrast to the amphibious buckwheat, an example can be given of pondweed, which grows exclusively on great depth and is a favorite place for laying eggs by most fish. It is imported into some imported farms specifically in order to significantly increase the fish population.
A person should try with all his might to maintain the ecological situation of freshwater bodies of water, reducing harmful emissions not only into water sources, but also into the atmosphere, and also, if possible, reduce the population various plants, reducing the moisture content in reservoirs and ultimately leading to their complete drying.
Perennial herbaceous plant. It grows in gardens, near homes, along river banks, in ravines, in wastelands, forming dense thickets. Height cm. Blooms from mid-June to late autumn. The rhizome is creeping. The seeds ripen in August-September. Propagated by seeds and rhizomes. The leaves contain a lot of iron and potassium salts, contain vitamins C, A, B, K, carotene, mineral salts and organic acids.
This herb is used by people in different ways. For a long time, fibers made from nettles were used to make threads, ropes, fishing nets and durable fabrics. In the 19th century, Europeans strained honey and sifted flour through a nettle sieve. In folk medicine, a water infusion and decoction of nettle is used for diseases of the liver and biliary tract, kidney stones and many other diseases. Nettle infusion is also used as an internal “blood purifier” that improves blood composition in the treatment of various skin diseases. Our ancestors used nettles in magical rituals. They thought that evil spirits were afraid of her. Ancestors laid nettle rugs in their houses. The rugs protected them from uninvited, evil guests..
Nettle increases milk yield in cattle, as well as egg production in geese and chickens. They are fed all winter with a mixture of dry tops of this grass and oats - then the eggs will be in the house all year round. Nettle is also used to preserve the freshness of animal products when there is either no refrigerator or it has spoiled, and the heat outside is over thirty. In this case, meat or fish is covered with nettles on all sides, changing it from time to time. Currently, nettle is successfully used in medicine and cooking - it is included in many pharmaceutical preparations, and hundreds of delicious dishes are made from it.
Why do nettles sting? In India and on some tropical islands of the Indian Ocean, such a nettle grows, the burn of which is as dangerous as a bite. poisonous snake. What does nettle sting and sting? After all, it doesn’t seem to have sharp thorns. Eat! Only they are so small that they are barely visible. The stem and leaves of nettle are covered with thin fibers. When a person touches a leaf, a hair pierces the skin, top part The hair breaks off and the contents of the stinging cell enter the wound. Some are harder and have a sac of liquid at the root that contains acid and irritates our skin when it leaks out. The acid penetrates the skin and causes itching and pain. If you break off the nettle very firmly, these fibers will break at the base and their ends will not be able to penetrate the skin, that is, there will be no irritation.
Nettle is a favorite delicacy and livelihood of some species of butterflies. Nettle needles contain formic acid, which burns when it comes into contact with the skin. In Japan, the strongest sails were made from nettle fabric. The annual “Nettle Festival” has been held since 2002 in the village of Krapivna, Beijing district, Tula region. The nettle eating championship has been held annually in the village of Marshwood in England for more than 20 years, ever since two visitors to a local shop bet on who could eat the most stinging leaves.
marsh plant
Medicinal plant of the arum family
Perennial herbaceous medicinal plant growing along the banks of rivers and lakes
A perennial herbaceous plant of the araceae family, the rhizome of which, calamus root, contains essential oil, used in pharmacology, perfumery and confectionery industries
Plateau in the south of the Sahara
Genus of perennial herbs of the arum family
Tatarnik
Illy root
Medicinal root
Essential oil plant sticking out in tufts of leaves from the grass
Medicinal plant
A tincture from the roots of this plant helps against baldness.
Grass with sword-shaped leaves
Essential oil plant
Healing plant
Swamp tartar
Healing root
Herb with healing root
essential oil plant
Medicinal root
Ethereal grass in the swamp
Aquatic ether-bearing grass
Irna spine
Ethereal herb
Healing root
aroid plant
Treatment plant
Swamp Ethereal Grass
fragrant root
Plant
Plane in honor of Rykov
Coastal Essential Oil Supplier
Swamp Essential Oil Supplier
Healing herb
Swamp root
Medicinal coastal herb Tatarnik
Medicinal herb tartar
Healing root from the swamp
Genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the araceae family
Swamp Ginger
Tatar potion
Medicinal myrrh root
Genus of perennial herbs of the arum family
Perennial herb of the araceae family (irrigine root, used in medicine and perfumery)
Anagram for the word "Ira"
M. marsh plant from the arum family, Aconis calamus; ir, iris, Tatar cinquefoil, pishchalka, lepekha, lepeshnik (erroneously lyre); Flame root, spicy and bitter, goes to pharmacies
A jumble of letters from the word “Ira”
Typology and vegetation of swamps
Swamp- an excessively moist area of land on which undecomposed organic matter accumulates. They are formed as a result of waterlogging of the soil or overgrowing of water bodies. The main processes that create a swamp are weak exchange of oxygen and ions minerals in still water, slow decomposition of organic matter in an anaerobic and, as a rule, acidic environment (pH – 5), accumulation of plant detritus.
In swamps, moisture-loving vegetation develops, the basis of which is hygrophyte plants that can well tolerate excess water in the soil.
With a general high water content, different swamps are not the same in terms of the supply of elements to plants mineral nutrition.
This feature is primarily taken into account when classifying swamps. There are three main types of swamps: riding, lowland And transitional.
Raised bogs arise as a result of swamping of land (in the place of forests, meadows) in conditions of weak evaporation of water and the presence of a waterproof layer of soil, when water bodies are overgrown and covered with peat and in the place of low-lying swamps.
Raised bogs are characterized by extreme soil poverty in nutrients available to plants.
Because of this they are also called oligotrophic. The vegetation cover here develops on a more or less thick (1–10 m) layer of peat, which is highly saturated with water and contains few minerals.
Swamps of this type are moistened only by precipitation. Therefore, the floristic composition of upland swamps is much poorer compared to downhill swamps.
A characteristic feature of raised bogs is a continuous light green carpet of sphagnum mosses.
Few species of herbaceous plants, shrubs and shrubs grow on it, although some of them develop en masse (blueberries and lingonberries); blueberries also grow in swampy coniferous forests. In some places there are trees, but they are almost exclusively Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris) other tree species are rare.
Pine grows very poorly under these conditions, has a very depressed appearance, and often takes on the form of a bush.
Among the most common herbaceous plants of raised bogs one can name cotton grass ( Eriophorum vaginatum), which forms rather dense hummocks, round-leaved sundew ( Drosera rotundifolia), remarkable for its ability to catch small insects, cloudberries ( Rubus chamaernorus), some sedges – marsh sedge ( Carex limosa) and spherical ( C.
Cranberries are typical among shrubs and shrubs ( Oxycoccus palustris), blueberry ( Vaccinium uliginosum), wild rosemary ( Ledum palustre), bog myrtle ( Chamaedaphne calyculata), common podbel ( Andromeda polyfolia). Podbel and bog myrtle live only in raised bogs and are not found in other types of vegetation.
Marsh shrubs and shrubs are characterized by a combination of hydro- and xeropeat structural features.
They are also characteristic of a number of marsh grasses (wort vaginalis, etc.). This may be the result of a violation of the water regime, especially in the spring, when the air is already sufficiently warmed up and the substrate temperature is low, since the sphagnum cover and peat conduct heat poorly and thawing occurs slowly, the xeropeat characteristics of the inhabitants of the swamps are also explained by the poverty of mineral nutrition, especially nitrogen and phosphorus.
The raised bog is also inhabited by green mosses: Aulacomnia bog ( Aulacomnium palustre), cuckoo flax straight (Polytrichum strictum) and others, but their role is usually small.
On the higher parts of the swamp you can find lichens (cladonia species).
Lowland marshes occur in lower parts of the relief, where excess water accumulates and swamping of the territory occurs. The accumulation and stagnation of moisture is facilitated by the presence of groundwater close to the soil surface, the presence of clays that are poorly permeable to water, water-resistant limestones, high air humidity, and low evaporation, which can occur at low temperatures.
The swamping of new land areas is influenced by existing swamps, the creation of dams, and deforestation through logging and fire, when powerfully transpiring plants, such as trees, are removed. Swamps appear near the outlets of groundwater to the surface.
Lowland swamps differ sharply from highland ones in that the soil here is rich in mineral nutrients.
These swamps are among eutrophic.
Eutrophic plants, which are very demanding of soil fertility, are common in lowland swamps. The species composition of the flora here is incomparably richer than in the raised bogs. There are especially many herbaceous plants, and for the most part relatively large and tall.
They usually form dense thickets. There are various shrubs and trees. The soil often has a developed cover of moisture-loving hypnotic(Not sphagnum) mosses. Lowland bogs are sometimes called grass-hypnum bogs.
The main herbaceous plants of this type of swamps are common reed ( Phragmites communis), some large sedges, such as bladderwort ( Carex vesicaria), turfy ( C.
caespitosa), pointed ( C. acutiformis); meadowsweet ( Filipendula ulmaria), broadleaf cattail ( Typha latfolia), marsh cinquefoil ( Comarum palustre), manna floating ( Glyceria fluitans), umbrella susak ( Butomus umbelaltus), buttercup ( Ranunculus flammula), river gravilate ( Geum rivale), common loosestrife ( Lysimachia vulgaris), species of hedgehog. Horsetail is often found, and cuckoo flax is a moss species.
Among the shrubs it is necessary to name various types of willow, for example ash willow ( Salix cinerea), eared ( S. aurita). Among the trees, black alder is especially characteristic ( Alnus glutinosa), but there are also some others. All plants of lowland swamps are typical hygrophytes. Grassy swamps are often practically difficult to distinguish from waterlogged meadows, with which they are often connected by numerous transitions.
Swamps third type , transitional, in terms of soil richness they occupy an intermediate position between upland and lowland.
They can occupy very different positions in the relief (from watershed to low river terraces). Their surface is flat. Most often they are located on the outskirts of raised bogs, expand the territory of the swamp and in the further development are replaced by raised bogs. But transitional swamps may not change into another type and persist for a long time. This mesotrophic swamps. Their vegetation is of a transitional nature.
A cover of sphagnum mosses is often developed, and against its background there are plants characteristic of lowland swamps. From shrubs and shrubs - cranberries ( Oxycoccus palustris), blueberry( Vaccinium uliginosum), wild rosemary ( Ledum palustre), bog myrtle ( Chamaedaphne calyculata), from trees – Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris), downy birch ( Betula pubescens).
The sedge family ( Sureaceae).
Let's look at the main characteristics of this family.
Family Sedgeaceae ( Sureaceae)
The family unites wind-pollinated plants, which are close in morphological characteristics to cereals.
However, unlike cereals with hollow straws and swollen internodes, sedges have predominantly triangular stems, without swollen nodes, non-hollow, three-row leaves (rather than two-row), formed mainly in the lower part of the stem. In addition, the vaginas of sedges are always closed.
Most sedges are hygrophytes, living in swamps, wet meadows and coastal aquatic habitats.
However, among them there are species that grow in arid conditions - early sedge ( Carex raecox), clove( C. caryophyllea), mountain( S. montana). A number of sedge species are part of forest communities - spiny sedge ( S. muricata), hairy ( S. pilosa), forest ( S. sylvatica) etc. There are also mountain tundra, saline and even desert species.
Inconspicuous sedge flowers are collected in spikelets, forming complex inflorescences: spike-shaped, paniculate, umbellate, capitate.
Flowers are bisexual (with perianth in the form of bristles, hairs, or no perianth at all) and unisexual (plants can be monoecious or dioecious).
In the largest genus of the family (and one of the largest flowering genera), sedge (more than 2000 species), unisexual flowers are greatly reduced. The male flower consists of three stamens sitting in the axil of the covering scales (Fig. 8.). The female flower, also sitting in the axil of the covering scales, is represented by a pistil enclosed in a special formation - a bag resembling a jug with a narrow neck.
Part of the style with stigmas emerges from the neck. As a rule, sedges are monoecious.
In the temperate zone, lake reed is widespread ( Scirpus lacustris) is a tall (up to 2.5 m) plant. The assimilating organs of the reed are the stems, and it reproduces mainly vegetatively with the help of long rhizomes. Together with other coastal aquatic plants, reeds perform an important function in biological water purification.
It is one of the main peat formers. Reed stems are used to make wickerwork and also as packaging material. People often mistakenly call another plant, cattail, reed ( Typha).
This genus with characteristic elongated brown “cones” belongs to a completely different family - Typhaceae.
Types of cotton grass( Eriophorum) are common swamp plants. The cotton grass perianth consists of numerous silky hairs, which after flowering lengthen and the spikelets take on the appearance of fluffy heads of snow-white or reddish color.
Swampweed, widespread throughout the globe ( Eleocharis) lives in shallow waters, shallows, the banks of reservoirs, and grassy swamps.
One of its species is sweet marshwort, or water chestnut ( E. dulcis) - cultivated in South-East Asia as a food plant (sweet tuberous formations on its rhizomes are used).
Another cultivated food plant from the family is the edible chickweed, or chufa ( Cyperus esculentus), cultivated in Mediterranean countries. Its “tubers” are rich not only in sugar and starch, but also in oil. Full brown( Cyperus fuscus) is a typical pioneer plant that inhabits coastal shallows.
8. Sedges ( Sureaceae )
a – flowers (1 – cotton grass – Eriophorum, 2 – reeds – Scirpus, 3 – satiate – Cyperus,
4 – sedge – Carex); b – vesicular sedge – Carex vesicaria(1 – flowering shoot,
2 – female flower – general form and cut).
Progress of the lesson:
Excursion and preparation of excursion materials. Pay attention to the life expectancy of aquatic, coastal and marsh plants, methods of overwintering and vegetative regeneration, the anatomical structure of stems and leaves.
2. During a survey of a specific swamp, find out its type and related features flora.
The ecological features of trees, shrubs, grasses and mosses growing in swamps are considered, hygrophytes and swamp xerophytes (ledum, cranberries, etc.) are highlighted. Adaptations of marsh plants to the lack of available nitrogen in the soil: symbiosis with microorganisms, carnivorous plants(sundew, etc.).
3. Make a list of aquatic, coastal and marsh plants of the practice area, and, if possible, get acquainted with some lower aquatic plants - algae (their differences from higher ones).
Identification and herbarization of plants.
5. Morphological description of typical representatives (work in groups).
6. Individual work.
7. Preparation of micropreparations of the most typical plants of a given phytocenosis and drawings and diagrams of micropreparations in the diary.
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Marsh perennial herbaceous plant of the araceae family
small shrub growing on slopes, thickets of bush birch
sphagnum bogs in the north of European Russia
sphagnum peat bogs in the north of the European part of Russia and Western Siberia
sphagnum peat bogs
swamps in northern Russia
mossy peat bogs in the North
impenetrable riverine thickets on rivers in Central Asia
Russian film director, director of the films “Sunday Night”, “Point of Light”, “People in the Swamp”
genus of lichen - small gray bushes growing in the tundra and peat bogs, reindeer moss
Lernaean (Greek hydra water serpent) in ancient Greek mythology - a monstrous nine-headed snake that lived in the Lernaean swamp in the Peloponnese
“he cries in the swamp, but doesn’t leave the swamp” (riddle)
hillock on a damp meadow, swamp
"fulcrum" in the swamp
tubercle in the swamp
grass in the swamp
grass growing in a swamp
These words were also found in the following queries:
Sem. Equisetaceae – Equisetaceae
Equisetum marsh – Equisetum palustre
Sem. Poa (grasses) – Poaceae (Gramineae)
Short-tailed foxtail – Alopecurus aequalis
Sem. Sedges – Cyperaceae
Hairy sedge – Carex hirta
Cotton grass vaginalis – Eriophorum vaginatum
P. latifolia – E.latifolium
multi-spike – E. polystachyon
Sem. Irrigaceae – Iridaceae
Yellow Iris – Iris pseudacorus
Sem. Willow – Salicaceae
Silver poplar – Populus alba
Aspen – Populus tremula
black (sedge) – P. nigra
Willow five-stamen - Salix pentandra
I. brittle – S. fragilis
I. white – S. alba
I. purple – S. purpurea
I. Russian – S. rossica
I. goat - S. caprea
Sem. Birch - Betulaceae
Birch is low - Betula humilis
Sticky alder (O.
black) – Alnus glutinosa
gray – A. incana
Sem. Cloves – Caryophyllaceae
Swamp chickweed – Stellaria palustris
Sem. Ranunculaceae – Ranunculaceae
Marsh marigold – Caltha palustris
Simple basil - Thalictrum simplex
Burning buttercup - Ranunculus flamula
L. poisonous - R. sceleratus
L. creeping – R. repens
Sem. Brassicas (cruciferous) – Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
Marsh geranium - Rorippa palustris
amphibian – R.amphibia
The core is bitter - Cardamine amara
Sem. Sundews – Droseraceae
Sundew rotundifolia – Drosera rotundifolia
R. English – D. anglica
Sem. Saxifraga – Saxifragaceae
Swamp saxifrage – Saxifraga hirculus
Pink – Rosaceae
Meadowsweet - Filipendula ulmaria
Potentilla erecta - Potentilla erecta
Sem. Geraniums – Geraniaceae
Swamp geranium – Geranium palustre
Sem. Buckthorn – Rhamnaceae
Alder buckthorn – Frangula alnus
Sem. Fireweed – Onagraceae
Hairy fireweed – Epilobium hirsutum
Slanoberry - Haloragaceae
Uru spica - Myriophyllum spicatum
Sem. Celery (umbrella) – Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Water maker - Oenanthe aquatica
Veh (hemlock) poisonous – Cicuta virosa
Angelica officinalis – Archangelica officinalis
Broad-leaved porridge - Sium latifolia
Marsh gorichnik – Peucedanum palustre
Ericaceae – Ericaceae
Common marsh myrtle - Chamaedaphne calyculata
Podbel polyfolia (Andromeda) – Andromeda polyfolia
Swamp cranberry (K. four-petalled) – Oxycoccus palustre
K. small-fruited – O. microcarpa
Primroses – Primulaceae
Common loosestrife - Lysimachia vulgaris
Sem. Borage - Boraginaceae
Forget-me-not swamp - Myosotis palustris
Lamiaceae – Lamiaceae (Labiata)
European zyuznik – Lycopus europaeus
Common skullcap - Scutellaria galericulata
Swamp chist - Stachis palustris
Norichnikovye – Scrophulariaceae
Veronica in-line – Veronica beccabunga
V. key – V. anagallis-aquatica
Rubiaceae – Rubiaceae
Marsh bedstraw – Galium palustre
P. marshy – G. uliginosum
Sem. Asteraceae (Asteraceae) – Asteraceae (Compositae)
The line is drooping - Bidens cernua
Marsh dry grass – Gnaphalium uliginosum
Test questions for the excursion to the swamp.
1. Why does soil waterlogging occur?
Define “swamp biocenosis”.
3. What features of sphagnum moss cause the formation of a peat layer?
4. How to explain the ability of sphagnum moss to hold large amounts of water and retain it easily?
Why does the temperature in a peat bog decrease as the depth of the hole increases?
6. Why does decomposition of plant residues not occur in a peat bog?
7. What are the most important morphological characteristics of mosses using the example of cuckoo flax and sphagnum?
8. What components are included in peat, besides mosses?
9. Is it possible to determine its origin by the color of peat?
10. What general features observed in the microstructure of the vegetative organs of marsh plants?
How can we explain the presence of air-bearing tissue in many swamp plants?
12. What signs of underground organs ensure life in a swamp for herbaceous plants?
Why are the leaves of many marsh plants pubescent and curved on the underside?
14. Do the shoots of blueberries and lingonberries grown in a swamp differ in appearance and the size of annual growth from those living in a coniferous forest?
Due to what reasons do swamp plants have small annual growth, small height and size compared to plants of other phytocenoses?
16. Why did insectivorous marsh plants develop such a feeding method?
17. How to determine the age of a sundew?
18. Why do cattails help drain the swamp?
What practical significance do peat bogs have?
20. Which of the shrubs and shrubs found in the swamp are evergreen and which are summer green?
21. What are the most significant differences between the leaves of evergreen and summergreen shrubs and shrubs?
22. What is the manifestation of oppression of pine and other woody plants (birch, willow) grown in a swamp? (Shape of the trunk and crown, annual shoots, their length, branching, number and size of leaves on individual shoots, etc.)
Read also:
marsh plants
A swamp is a community of perennial plants that can grow in conditions of abundant moisture from flowing or standing water. IN swamp soil contains little oxygen, and often nutrients (mineral salts) that plants need.
Exist different types swamps There are sphagnum swamps (they are also called peat bogs).
Among the plants there, sphagnum moss predominates, and there are swamps where sedges predominate. Other herbs also grow with them. These swamps are called grassy (or lowland). Swamps, where you can find not only perennial grasses and mosses, but also many trees and shrubs, are called forest swamps.
In a meadow, in a forest, along the banks of rivers and lakes, along the road, there are often areas with a high water content in the soil.
Plants adapted to life in waterlogged conditions also settle here.
Swamps are usually divided into three types: lowland, raised and transitional. Lowland bogs account for 50% of the area of all bogs in the region, upland bogs - 26%, transitional bogs - 19%, mixed bogs - 5%.
There are more than 600 lowland swamps in the region. They are usually found in river floodplains. Their surface is moistened by waters rich in mineral salts; The degree of decomposition and ash content of peat are the highest here.
A characteristic feature of low-lying swamps is the good development of herbaceous vegetation - sedge, watchwort, rush grass, horsetail, cinquefoil, marsh marigold, spleenwort, chastuha, whitewing, etc. Green mosses occupy a significant place in the ground cover. Woody vegetation is mainly represented by alder, willow, and sometimes birch and spruce. The main groups of associations of lowland bogs are spruce forests, birch forests, alder forests and grass-marsh willow forests (sedge, shift, horsetail, etc.).
The number of species of medicinal plants in lowland swamps rarely exceeds 5, of which commercial thickets are most typical for alder and alder.
Raised bogs are most often located on watersheds. The water reserves in them are replenished by atmospheric precipitation, so the peat here is poor in mineral salts, with a relatively low degree of decomposition and low ash content.
There are 278 raised bogs in the region. The dominant plants of raised bogs are sphagnum mosses, which have a high moisture capacity. Another characteristic plant of raised bogs is the low-growing pine. Ledum, Cassandra, andromeda, blueberry, swamp cranberry, black crowberry, cloudberry, round-leaved sundew, cotton grass, marsh Scheuchzeria, Naumburgia, and various sedges are also often found here.
The main groups of raised bog associations are represented by dwarf shrub-sphagnum pine forests, treeless dwarf shrub-cotton grass-sphagnum and cotton grass-sedge-sphagnum communities.
Transitional swamps occupy an intermediate position between upland and lowland. They are moistened both by precipitation and by spring and running waters. The characteristic plants of transitional swamps are: in the upper tier - pine and birch with an admixture of spruce and alder; in the ground cover - green and sphagnum mosses; in the grassy ravine there are sedges, cinquefoil, vakhta, naumburgia, and in some places cranberries, blueberries, and lingonberries.
Associations of transitional swamps are represented by pine and birch forests, sedge-sphagnum and cotton grass-sedge-sphagnum treeless communities.
Some, especially large, bogs have a mixed character of peat deposits and vegetation. One part of them consists of the upland type, the other - the transitional or lowland type. Such swamps have all the plant associations characteristic of each type, containing up to 10 species of medicinal plants in one swamp.
Typical plants of lowland swamps
Marsh sedge
(Carex limosa L.) sedge family
Long-rhizomatous perennial with adventitious roots having reddish-golden root hairs.
Stems are 20-50 cm tall, at the base with whole reddish-brown scale-like leaves and leaf-bearing sheaths.
Leaf blades are 1-2 mm wide, grayish-green, usually shorter than the stem. An inflorescence of 2-4 more or less closely spaced spikelets, the top of which is staminate, up to 3 cm long, the rest are pistillate, on thin long stalks, elliptical, drooping.
The covering leaf of the lower spikelet without a sheath or with a short sheath, up to 4 mm long, is grooved, usually not exceeding the inflorescence. The covering scales of pistillate flowers are pointed or wedge-shaped, longer than the sacs, approximately equal in width, pale or reddish brown, sometimes lighter in the middle. The sacs are 4-5 mm long, elliptical, gray, covered with papillae, with veins, on a very short stalk, sharply narrowed at the top, almost without a spout. Blooms in May-June, bears fruit in June-July.
A common type of sphagnum bogs, also found in swampy coniferous forests, along peaty banks of reservoirs, and on rafting grounds.
Three-leaf watch
(Menyanthes trifoliata L.) shift family
The rhizome is long, thick, creeping, rising in the upper part and bearing alternate trifoliate leaves on long (17-30 cm) petioles, with elliptical segments 3-10 (15) cm long and 1.5-3 (7) cm wide.
The stem is leafless, flowers are in a raceme at its apex. Calyx 2-3 mm long. Corolla white or pale pink, 10-15 mm long, incised to half or deeper, with inside fringed-hairy. The capsule is ovoid, pointed, 7-8 mm long.
The seeds are smooth, somewhat compressed. Blooms in summer.
Three-leaf watch. Photo: Frank Vassen
Tripartite sequence
(Bidens tripartita L.) Asteraceae family
Stems are erect, branched. Leaves 3-5 are dissected, with toothed segments.
There are 5-8 outer leaves. There are no false-lingulate flowers. Achenes are wedge-shaped, flattened, with 2 awns; sometimes 3-4 awns develop, but then they are covered with cones. It blooms in summer and autumn.
In damp meadows, banks of water bodies, wastelands and as a weed in crops. A medicinal plant distributed throughout the country.
Pepper Knotweed
(Polygonum hydropiper L.) buckwheat family
The stem is branched.
The leaves are lanceolate, the lower leaves have short petioles, the upper leaves are sessile, all sharp, smooth. The flowers are greenish or pink, in sparse, interrupted spikes. The perianth is 4- or 5-leafed, covered on the outside with a mass of turned glands. Stamens 6-8. The nuts are triangular, brown. Blooms in summer and autumn. It usually grows along the banks of fresh water bodies, ditches, roads, and grassy swamps.
A spicy, medicinal and dyeing plant with a characteristic pungent peppery taste.
Swamp whitewing
(Calla palustris L.) araceae family
The rhizome is long, thick, jointed. The leaves are long-petiolate, heart-shaped, pointed, shiny. The peduncle is approximately equal in length to the leaves. The spathe is flat, with a pointed top, one-sided, and during flowering the inside is snow-white.
Flowers without perianth, small, bisexual. There are 6 stamens, rarely more. The ovary is unilocular, with a sessile stigma. The fruit is red berries with abundant mucilage surrounding the seeds; collected in a short thick cob. Blooms in the first half of summer.
Horsetail
(Equisetum palustre L.
) horsetail family
Perennial plant 10-40 cm tall. The stem is jointed, with hollow internodes.
Marsh perennial herbaceous plant of the araceae family
The leaves are reduced to small scale-like teeth, fused into toothed sheaths enclosing the bases of the internodes. It has a long rhizome, on which nodules filled with starch often form. Stems are 3-4 mm in diameter, sharply angular-furrowed, usually branched. Sheaths with 5-8 broadly lanceolate, black-brown or black teeth. Spore-bearing and vegetative shoots are almost identical, always green. The spikelets are usually solitary; rarely, spikelets are found on lateral branches.
In this case, the lower branches can reach the same height as the upper ones. Distributed throughout Russia. It grows along the banks of reservoirs, in swamps and marshy meadows. One of the most poisonous horsetails.
Alder sticky or black
(Alnus glutinosa L.) birch family
Tree up to 35 meters tall, often multi-stemmed.
The bark is dark brown, young shoots are reddish or olive-brown. The leaves are round or obovate, crenate-toothed, notched at the apex. Dark green, glossy, sticky when blooming. Anther catkins are terminal, collected in racemes of 3-5, pendulous. Women's earrings are “cones”.
Collected in groups of 3-5 on legs that are usually longer than them. Nuts with a leathery, very narrow wing, reddish-brown, flattened, up to 2.5 mm. Blooms in April. The seeds ripen in September-October. Spreads by seeds. Lives up to 100 years. Nodules containing nitrogen-fixing actinomycetes are developed on the roots. Distributed in all regions of Central Russia. Forms extensive frequent plantings in low-lying, often flooded swamps (alder swamps), as well as along rivers and forest streams.
Lady's slipper
(Cypripedium calceolus L.) orchid family
A genus of plants from the orchid family, characteristic of the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere.
About 20 species of herbaceous plants with large single flowers at the tops of the stems. The two outer petals are fused almost to the top, the lip is swollen in the shape of a shoe, with two lobes at the base. In the forests of Russia and Western Europe there are: yellow lady's slipper (C.
Calceolus L.) with red-brown flowers and a yellow lip, V. b. red (C. macranthum Sw.) - blood-red flowers and V. b. speckled (C. guttatum Sw.) with green and purple petals with white spots.
Typical plants of raised bogs
Naumburgia racemosaceae
(Naumburgia thrirsiflora Rchb.)
Grass 25-40 cm high.
The rhizome is long, creeping, with shoots. Stems are erect, reddish pubescent or almost glabrous. The leaves are sessile, opposite, less often whorled, 5-10 cm long and 0.5-2.5 cm wide. The flowers are small in dense axillary racemes. The lobes of the calyx and corolla include 6-7 pieces, less often 5. The corolla is yellow with red-brown dots, 5-6 mm long.
Blooms in summer.
Cotton grass
(Eriophorum polystachyon L.) sedge family
Perennial with an elongated horizontal rhizome.
The stem is 20-70 cm tall. Leaf blades are 3-5 mm wide, bluish-green, usually grooved at the bottom, with a long trihedron at the top; all leaves have a tongue in the form of a narrow filmy strip. Spikelets number 3-7, on drooping smooth or rough peduncles, 10-15 mm long during flowering, and 3.5-4 cm long during fruiting.
The covering scales are brownish-gray or reddish, usually white-membranous at the edges and on top. Anthers 3-5 mm long. The fruits are 2.5-3 mm long and up to 1 mm wide, almost black, glossy.
Blooms in May-June, bears fruit in June-July.
Shiksha Siberian
(Empetrum sibiricum V.Vassil.) Family of cactus.
Low creeping shrub, highly branched from the base. The bark of old branches is red-brown; young branches are elongated, covered with curly hairs and sessile glands. Leaves are 5 - 7 mm long, narrow-linear, alternate or false whorled-close, loosely located, directed downward, wrinkled when dry, slightly shiny, almost matte, young leaves with glands along the edge on noticeable legs.
The flowers are small, solitary, in the leaf axils at the tops of the branches, three-dimensional, with several bracts, unisexual or bisexual. The fruit is a black spherical drupe, about 5 mm in diameter, with 6 - 9 seeds.
Grows in humid forests, bushes and sphagnum bogs. Distribution: Central Siberian Plateau, Sayan Mountains, Sayano-Baikal region, Baikal Highlands, Dauria in the basin of the lower Argun and Shilka rivers, the river basin. Gazimur.
Pemphigus vulgare
(Utricularia vulgaris L.) bladderwort family
A plant with stems up to 1 m long immersed in water.
Trapper bubbles up to 3.5 mm long sit on green leaves. The leaves are repeatedly pinnately dissected, up to 5 cm long, arranged spirally. Leaf lobules and outer segments with cilia. Corolla 12-22 mm in diameter, orange-yellow with reddish-brown stripes; upper lip with turned-up edges, shorter or slightly longer than the protuberances in the lower lip.
The spur is long (up to 9 mm) and thin (2 mm). The anthers of the stamens are stuck together. The pedicels bend in an arched manner after flowering. Blooms in the second half of summer.
Blueberry
(Vaccinium myrtyllus L.) lingonberry family
Deciduous shrub with sharp-edged branches.
The leaves are thin, light green, turning red in autumn in open areas. The shape is ovoid and elliptical, finely serrated, 1-3 cm long. Flowers solitary, drooping. Corolla is pitcher-spherical, 3-4 cm long with 4-5 teeth. Anthers with long appendages. The berry is spherical, 6-8 mm in diameter, black, usually with a bluish coating or less often, without a coating, shiny.
Blooms in spring.
Podbel multifolia
(Andromeda polifolia L.) Ericaceae family
The leaves are oblong-oval to linear, with curled edges on top with a depressed middle vein, green, shiny, matte white underneath with a waxy coating, 1-2.5 cm long. The racemes contain 2-6 flowers on long (up to 1.5 cm) pink stalks; flowers drooping, pink, 5-6 mm long; corolla pubescent inside.
The anthers are dark red. The style is slightly shorter than the corolla. The capsule is spherical, 2-5 mm long. Blooms in spring and early summer.
Blueberry
(Vaccinium uliginosum L.) lingonberry family
Blueberries are the healthiest berry. Contains organic acids, vitamins, sugar, tannins.
It is also rich in biologically active substances, thanks to which it is useful in the treatment of radiation sickness and many other serious diseases. Blueberries, like honeysuckle berries, stimulate the secretion of gastric juice and increase its digestive function. They are recommended for use in cases of gastric catarrh, enterocolitis, dysentery, pyelitis, and scurvy.
Perennial herbaceous plant of the Korostavnik genus. The natural range of the species is Eastern, Central and Atlantic Europe, Ciscaucasia, western Western Siberia, western Central Asia. It grows mostly in dry meadows, along the edges of forests. Honey productivity up to 150 kg/ha.
Published: March 24, 2018
A perennial herbaceous plant from the Asteraceae family. It grows in the forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia, in Western Siberia. It grows in damp places, along the banks of rivers and mountain streams, in thickets of bushes. Listed in the Red Book. Bad honey plant. There is no commercial honey from elecampane.
Published: March 18, 2018
Siberian hogweed, Puchka, Pikan - Heracléum sibíricum. Herbaceous plant of the Apiaceae family. Siberian hogweed, despite the name, is predominantly a European species, common throughout Central Russia. It is also distributed in Central Europe, Ciscaucasia and Western Siberia (in its southern part it reaches Altai). Found in Crimea, Kazakhstan (Dzhungar Alatau). It grows in damp places - in meadows, between bushes. It grows in meadows (especially flooded ones), along the banks of rivers and streams, forest edges, roadside meadows, and […]
Published: March 18, 2018
Ural ribbed plant - Pleurospermum uralense A two- or three-year herbaceous plant, a species of the genus Pleurospermum of the Umbrella family (Apiaceae). It grows in coniferous and birch-aspen forests, along their edges, in forest clearings, rarely in subalpine meadows, in ravines and near swamps. Secondary honey plant, produces up to 180 kg of honey per hectare.
Published: 28 Sep 2016
Belongs to the Umbrella family. Deadly poisonous biennial plant. It grows on forest edges, water meadows, limestone slopes, as a weed in crops and vegetable gardens, in fallow lands and wastelands, near housing, near roads and fences, in landfills, on the slopes of ravines, along railroad tracks. Bees visit hemlock well, taking nectar and pollen from it. Under certain conditions it produces a large amount of nectar.
Published: 03 Aug 2016
Bog thistle belongs to the Asteraceae family. Perennial or biennial plant. Grows in damp meadows, swamps, swampy forests, and bushes. Its stem is completely covered with thorns. Grows in Siberia. Honey productivity per hectare is 250 - 300 kg. Sometimes it produces commercial honey.
Published: May 01, 2016
Weed plant. The species infests all types of crops and is found in fallows, orchards and orchards, as well as along roads, along ditches, and in fallow lands. Contains white milky juice. Strong honey plant and pollen plant. It releases nectar only in the morning, because... After lunch the flowers close. Intensive honey collection up to 380 kg per hectare. The honey crystallizes quickly and is dark amber in color. The pollen is dark yellow.
Published: May 01, 2016
A perennial herbaceous plant 30–90 cm high from the Asteraceae family. It grows in various meadows, clearings, meadow clearings, along roads in many regions of Russia. It is well visited by bees, which, under favorable weather conditions, collect a lot of nectar and pollen from it. Honey productivity in terms of continuous tracts is over 100 kg/ha. The pollen is yellow.
Published: April 28, 2016
Perennial honey-bearing herbaceous plant. Sandy tsmin grows mainly on sandy soils, in dry copses, forest glades, hills, on fallow lands, rocky and sandy slopes everywhere. The hard scales of the inflorescence wrapper do not wither and do not lose color even when the inflorescences are cut off - hence the name of the plant immortelle.
Published: April 27, 2016
grassy perennial from the Euphorbiaceae family. A good honey plant. Produces commercial honey. Grows in meadows, light forests, along pebble and sandy river banks, along roadsides and in crops, especially in loamy soil. Acute milkweed displaces all plants that live in prairies and fields, shading them and taking away moisture and nutrients, as well as releasing […]
Published: Jan 27, 2016
An annual or biennial herbaceous weed plant of the aster family (Acteraceae) with an erect branched stem 30-80 cm high. The leaves are lanceolate-linear, the lower ones are petiolate. The flower baskets are solitary, at the ends of the branches they consist of dark blue marginal funnel-shaped and central purple tubular flowers, surrounded by hard scales of an ovoid involucre.
Published: 27 Nov 2015
Mediocre honey plant. It blooms in June - September, the fruits ripen in August - September. A perennial herbaceous plant from the Asteraceae family. It grows on sandy and loamy fresh and moist soils, in meadows, forest clearings, forest edges, in bushes, less often as a weed in crops. Prefers soils of average fertility and drainage.
The variety of herbaceous plants growing on Earth is amazing. Some of them bloom with beautiful flowers or have decorative leaves, others are edible, others have medicinal properties and can cure all ailments. Our article is devoted to a description of some types of herbs, their appearance and beneficial properties.
Looks great in flower beds!Annual herbaceous plants die off completely at the end of the growing season. With the onset of favorable weather conditions, they grow again from seeds, managing to form a stem with leaves, bloom and produce seeds in one year.
Lipstick, gatsaniya and marigolds with beautiful flowers are grown in flower beds as ornamental plants. Flax and rapeseed are of great economic importance, and string is a valuable medicinal plant.
Tiger lipstick
The lipstick belongs to the Frimaceae family. It grows in temperate regions everywhere except Europe. The Latin name of the plant, mimulus, means “comedian” or “jester.” The flower received this name for its unusual corolla shape and variegated, spotted color.
An original and long-flowering plant. Various types mimulus are grown in flower beds as ground cover plants. Interesting varieties with characteristic flower colors have been developed, for example, tiger lip.
Many people admire the tiger variety for its variegated flowers.
- It grows short, up to 35 cm.
- It can be grown from seeds in a flower bed and in an indoor pot.
- Mimulus flowers exude a delicate, pleasant aroma.
- During flowering, which lasts from June to September, it is covered with gramophone flowers.
It can be propagated by cuttings, like petunia, to save your favorite varieties for next year. The flower does not overwinter in open ground and although it is a perennial, it is grown as an annual plant. Unlike petunia, it is undemanding to light.
Gatsania is harsh
Gazania is a herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae family, native to Africa. It is grown in flower beds as an ornamental plant due to its large flowers with bright colors - yellow, orange, red, white, brown or variegated. The plant loves the sun and easily tolerates lack of watering and poor soil.
Gatsaniya is known and loved all over the world. Gatsania does not tolerate frost, so it does not overwinter in the flowerbed. When frost sets in, you can dig up a flower and bring it into the house, and plant it in the garden again in the spring. But it is easier to grow it as an annual, sowing the seeds every spring.
Marigold
This is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant, the genus of which includes about 50 species. The homeland of marigolds is America, the Latin name Tagetes was given to it by Charles Lineaeus in honor of Tagites, the grandson of the God Jupiter. Hybrid varieties of marigolds are grown in central Russia in flower beds. These flowers are loved by gardeners for their cheerful, orange or yellow color, abundant flowering and ease of care.
Marigold flowers – unpretentious plants. The following types of marigolds are widespread:
- small-flowered;
- anise;
- erect;
- thin-leaved, or Mexican.
Marigolds bloom from June until frost and go well with many flowers in the flowerbed.
The height of the plant is from 20 to 120 cm. But the flowers differ not only in the height of the bush, but also in the shape of the inflorescences, which can be double, semi-double, carnation, chrysanthemum or simple. The leaves are most often pinnately divided or pinnately dissected.
Linen
Annual flax is a delicate blue or lilac flower with graceful stems native to the eastern Mediterranean.
Flax develops better on fertile soil. Flax flowering is spectacular and unusual. Its flowers bloom for one day.
People have been growing this plant since time immemorial. Its seeds are used in medicinal purposes, and the stems are used to make yarn. Some varieties are planted as decorative flowers in a flower bed.
Flax is a sun-loving plant and does not tolerate shade. It is advisable to set aside a separate flower garden for it, since the plant easily reproduces by self-sowing and grows, occupying large space. Flax seeds are planted in a flowerbed in March, but it is impossible to grow flax through seedlings - its roots are fragile. Therefore, the seeds are planted immediately in open ground.
Spring and winter rape
Rapeseed is a good honey plant, which is why it is often sown next to apiaries. It belongs to the Brassica family. This brightly blooming yellow ok in May. But the main value of rapeseed is not in its flowers - it is used as a valuable oilseed crop for food and industrial purposes, and is used as livestock feed. Oil is made from the seeds.
This variety is less demanding on soil and sowing lines. There are two varieties of the plant - spring and winter. The latter does not tolerate drought and severe frosts, but is good fodder crop and honey plant.
Tripartite sequence
Chereda is a medicinal plant that has been grown in Russia for a long time. The genus belongs to the Asteraceae family. The warm and moisture-loving plant grows in nature along the banks of reservoirs and in fields, and gets into gardens as a weed. This herb is used to treat gastrointestinal diseases, dysentery, and purulent wounds.
A plant known to all healers and gardeners. In central Russia, the tripartite series is widespread, which is so called because its leaf is divided into three lobes. Only this type of plant is used in medicine.
Tripartite succession is an annual plant, its height is from 30 cm to 1 meter, the seeds are small, with two horns. In Russia, before the revolution, the plant was harvested on an industrial scale, and it is still cultivated today. In pharmacies you can buy infusion and briquettes of herbs.
Biennials for open ground
Herbaceous biennials live for two years. In the first year, the main vegetative organs- root and stem with leaves. And in the second year - generative, a peduncle and seeds appear. Unlike perennials, biennials do not have modified underground shoots - bulbs, rhizomes and tubers.
Biennials include most garden root crops, as well as valuable medicinal plants - speckled hemlock, marsh thistle, blue cornflower, motherwort.
Hemlock
Speckled hemlock is a tall herbaceous plant with white umbellate flowers from the Apiaceae family. When collecting medicinal raw materials, it is important to distinguish hemlock from other similar plants. When you pick hemlock leaves or flowers and rub them in your hands, they smell like a mouse's nest. Red droplets, similar to droplets of blood, are visible on the trunk.
Speckled hemlock is a member of the Apiaceae family. In nature, grass grows in flooded meadows and forest edges. It is most often found in gardens as a weed, but can also be used for medicinal purposes.
Hemlock is used to treat various ailments - to fight cancer, seizures and spasms.
The patch and extract are used as an external pain reliever.
Bog thistle
Thistle is a biennial or perennial plant from the Asteraceae family, of which more than 400 species are known. This grass grows in meadows and fields and is considered a weed because it penetrates into crops. Some types of thistle are used in folk medicine and grown as ornamental and vegetable crops. Its inflorescences are round baskets with tubular flowers of crimson or purple color. This plant is a good honey plant.
Prefers moist soil. - Bog thistle has a spiny stem and spiny leaves.
- Plant height is from 50 cm to 2 meters.
- The leaves are pinnately dissected on short petioles, with spines along the edge and pubescence on top.
- It blooms with purple, less often white flowers.
The plant loves moist soil and grows in Siberia and the European part of the continent in swampy forests and river valleys.
Cornflower blue
Blue cornflower from the Asteraceae family is an excellent honey plant and a valuable medicinal plant. Bees make thick honey with a pleasant almond smell from the nectar of its flowers. Blue cornflower grows in nature in the Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia and the European part of Russia.
Blue cornflower is a medicinal plant. The petals of its flowers are used for medicinal purposes as a choleretic and diuretic.
Cornflower decoctions are used for coughs, nervous and stomach diseases, and lotions are made with them to treat eczema and ulcers.
This unpretentious flower grown as an ornamental plant in a flower bed. It can be sown with seeds directly into open ground. Cultivated varieties bloom not only with blue, but also with white, pink, and burgundy flowers from June to September.
Motherwort varifolia
This herbaceous plant from the Lamiaceae family prefers clay-sandy soils rich in nitrogen. It has a taproot and green stems with a reddish-purple tint, ranging in height from 50 cm to 1 meter. Lilac small flowers are collected in the axils upper leaves, forming a spike-shaped inflorescence. The plant blooms in June or July. In Russia it is found on Far East and in Eastern Siberia.
Motherwort is an excellent remedy for headaches. The stems, leaves and flowers of motherwort are used for medicinal purposes. An alcoholic tincture of the plant can be purchased at a pharmacy. It is used as a sedative for nervous diseases, and also as an antispasmodic for spastic pain, cough and convulsions.
Perennial herbaceous plants
In perennial grasses, aboveground shoots die off at the end of each growing season and in winter the plants in the open ground are dormant.
In the spring they begin to grow again from renewal buds in the underground modified shoots. Among the perennials there are many ornamental and medicinal plants.
River gravity
The genus Gravilat from the Rosaceae family includes about 50 species that are found in the northern and southern hemispheres of the Earth. There are 7 types of gravilate growing on the territory of Russia, one of them is river gravilate. It can be found in moist, rich soils along the banks of streams and swamps.
River Gravilate is a remedy for fever and neurosis. - This is a perennial herbaceous plant up to 80 cm high.
- Its stem is weakly branched in the upper part.
- The stems of the gravilate are densely covered with hairs.
- It has two types of leaves - stem and basal.
- The plant's bell-shaped, drooping flowers are unusual. Their petals are very small and inconspicuous, and the bright sepals are colored reddish-brown.
Gravilata seeds are formed after flowers self-pollinate in July or August. The leaves, flowers and rhizomes of plants are used for medicinal purposes.
They have an astringent, hemostatic, restorative, analgesic, wound-healing and diaphoretic effect. This plant is recognized by official medicine.
Gaillardia grandiflora
Gaillardia is a perennial or annual plant for open ground, creating a compact bush with numerous flowers. Belongs to the Aster family, its homeland is North and South America. In total, there are 24 species of gaillardia in nature. Gaillardia grandiflora is especially good for open ground.
The fiery sunny chamomile will decorate any flower garden. In the flowerbed it is propagated by seeds or by dividing the bush. The flowers have an orange center and yellow petals at the ends. They look very sunny and bright, and bloom throughout the warm season. The plant is drought-resistant and unpretentious in care.
Goose onion
It's grassy bulbous plant from the Liliaceae family grows in Europe, Asia and North Africa.
Primrose plant. - The inflorescences of the goose onion are umbrella-shaped.
- The star-shaped flowers are yellow in color and consist of six petals arranged in two circles.
- After flowering, the aboveground part of the plant dies off.
Goose onions are used in folk medicine and can be consumed boiled. The plant reproduces with the help of bulbs, which are sometimes formed in place of buds, in the axils of leaves or on the bottom of the bulb.
Basilisk
Basil is used in ornamental gardening and folk medicine. There are more than 150 species of this plant. They are perennial and belong to the Ranunculaceae genus. According to legend, the herb got its name from the healer Vasilisa, who used it to heal the wounds of soldiers.
Many beauty lovers are attracted by its resistance to frost and ease of planting and care. In folk medicine, basil leaves are used to treat skin diseases.
The height of the plant can be from 5 cm to 2.5 m. The smallest Alpine cornflower grows in the tundra and alpine meadows. Flower colors can be very diverse - pink, white, yellow or purple. They are collected in dense, sometimes loose, inflorescences - a panicle or brush.
Wolf's bast or wolfberry grown as ornamental plants in gardens, creating hedges from bushes. There is an interesting garden form that blooms in November with purple flowers.
Traditional healers use the bark and berries of the plant as an external remedy.
In traditional medicine, the use of the plant is prohibited, as it is very poisonous.
Horny weed grandiflora
Horny goat weed, besvetnik, or Epimedium, belongs to the Barberry family. These are perennial herbs with creeping rhizomes and bright flowers. Many decorative garden forms have been developed that are grown in shady flower beds. Plants love moist, fertile soil.
A plant with small, delicate flowers unusual shape. Most species bloom in the spring, but some continue to bloom throughout the summer. There are decorative deciduous, evergreen, large-flowered and other varieties. Horny goat weed grandiflora is grown as a perennial ornamental plant in a flower bed. It is used in Chinese folk medicine to increase male potency. This perennial plant from the Buttercup family grows naturally in Altai, Siberia, Central Asia and Mongolia. Plant height is about 50 cm to 2 meters. Purple flowers collected in multi-flowered racemes.
The entire plant is used for medicinal purposes. Whitemouth aconite is harvested during fruiting and dried.
Tender anemone
This beautiful ornamental plant from the Ranunculaceae family has been cultivated since the 19th century.
The plant has flowers of lilac and blue tones. Varieties with different flower colors have been developed:
- Pink Star – pale pink;
- Purple Star – pale purple;
- Radar – dark red with a white center;
- Blue shades - blue.
Tender anemone prefers well-drained soils, loves partial shade, and is suitable for growing in shady beds between trees. In nature, the species is listed in the Red Book.