Requirements for the storage of mineral fertilizers. Storage conditions for mineral fertilizers

10-10-2016, 08:43

All fertilizers must be stored in specially equipped dry warehouses with thick walls and floors, a leak-proof roof and well-closed windows and doors. The location for the fertilizer warehouse is chosen to be dry, high and remote from residential and outbuildings. The warehouse must be fenced with a ditch with an embankment to protect it from wastewater. To protect fertilizers from being moistened by groundwater, the floor of the warehouse must be waterproof. To do this, when installing wooden floors, they are laid so that there is free space between the floor and the soil. For particularly demanding storage conditions for nitrogen fertilizers, it is recommended to make double floors.
If the warehouse has cement or stone floors, additional wooden flooring is required.
Each type of fertilizer must be stored separately, and therefore the warehouse must be divided into separate sections by partitions. The warehouse must have a department for preparing fertilizer for application to the soil (crushing, sifting and mixing fertilizers). On warm, dry days, it is necessary to open the doors and windows of the warehouse to ventilate the room and warm up the fertilizers. In wet weather, on the contrary, doors and windows should be kept closed.
Soaked fertilizers in bags are placed separately in small piles. Entire batches of fertilizers received (in containers or in bulk) at a storage facility with obviously high humidity are also stored separately.
To protect fertilizers from caking, it is necessary to stack them only to a certain height. For most fertilizers, when stored in bulk, the recommended height ranges from 1.3 to 2 m. For researched phosphate rock, a height of up to 2.5-3 m is allowed.
Fertilizers, especially those stored in bulk, should be placed at some distance from the walls to avoid damage to the walls.
Each type of fertilizer must have an inscription (label) indicating the name of the fertilizer, its nutrient and moisture content. The storage log records the number of the stack, the date of receipt of the fertilizer and all data on the certificate.
Ammonium nitrate, as the most hygroscopic fertilizer, should be stored in its original packaging, i.e., in bags soaked in a bitumen-autol mixture, before being applied to the soil. Ammonium sulfate is less hygroscopic, and it can be stored in bulk up to 2 m or even 3 m high. When storing ammonium sulfate in bags, the stacking height is allowed up to 20 rows.
Bags should be laid crosswise, and with easily caking fertilizers, they should be shifted from time to time: the top ones - down, the bottom ones - up. Simple superphosphate is stored in bulk, since the bags are quickly destroyed by the action of the free phosphoric acid contained in it. At normal humidity and a relatively low load (1.5-1.75 m), it either does not cake at all or cakes to an insignificant extent. With increasing humidity, the caking of superphosphate increases, especially in the lower layers, where a so-called hard “sole” is formed, requiring grinding. Granulated superphosphate is stored in bags with a stacking height of up to 20 rows.
Phosphorite and bone meal are non-hygroscopic and do not require special storage conditions. Thomas slag in a humid environment can absorb moisture. It should not be stored on damp floors, as dense rocky slabs may form in the lower layers.
Potassium chloride and other potassium fertilizers, due to their hygroscopicity (although to a lesser extent than, for example, ammonium nitrate) require careful adherence to all basic storage rules. Potash fertilizers can be stored in bulk with a height of 1.5 to 2.5 m.
When storing lime and dolomite flour, it is necessary that the flour is dry and the floors are well insulated from soil moisture before storing in large piles.
Storing fertilizer in the same room as agricultural machines is not allowed, as the metal parts of the machines will deteriorate.
Warehouses must be provided with fire-fighting equipment. Cleanliness and order must be maintained in and around the warehouse. The basic rules for storing fertilizers and relevant posters should be posted in prominent places.
During storage of fertilizers, it is necessary to monitor their condition. In the spring, all fertilizers should be especially carefully checked and, if necessary, dried, crushed and sifted. Quick-caking fertilizers (ammonium nitrate) should be crushed a day or two before applying to the soil.
When constructing warehouses for storing fertilizers, it is necessary first of all to determine their capacity. It is important to know the volumetric weights of fertilizers. On average, it can be assumed that one ton of fertilizer occupies a volume of at least 1.25 m. A warehouse with a capacity of 60 tons and above must have two gates for free passage through the warehouse. Floors, in order to protect against soil moisture, must be asphalt or adobe on a bed of gravel and pebbles with a thickness of at least 30 cm.
Warehouse roofs are made of wood, roofing felt, ethernite, etc. It is not recommended to make iron roofs, as they are quickly destroyed by the action of gases released by some fertilizers. The walls can be wooden, brick or adobe. To protect the walls of the warehouse from fertilizers, they are coated with paint made from asphalt, bitumen, coal or wood tar.
When constructing walls, it is also necessary to take into account the pressure of fertilizers, especially when storing them in bulk. For more productive work in the warehouse, it is recommended to use movable partitions along with stationary departments.
In all warehouses (especially railside ones in the Selkhozsnab and RTS system), loading and unloading operations must be mechanized (using belt and auger conveyors, shovels, motor transporters, mechanical carts, etc.), as well as work on preparing fertilizers for application.
Warehouses must be equipped with convenient access roads and weighing facilities (in particular, truck scales).

The conditions for the supply of fertilizers are stipulated in the contract concluded by the farm with the Rayagropromservice association. When supplying low-quality fertilizers, the farm has the right to present claims to Rayagropromservice enterprises and collect a fine in the amount established by the “Regulations on the property liability of Rayagropromservice associations.” In addition to the fine, the farm has the right to recover the cost of loading and unloading operations, additional costs for refining fertilizers, etc. To make claims, samples of supplied fertilizers are sent for analysis to the regional chemicalization design and survey station. A representative (usually an agronomist) of the regional association “Rayagropromservice” must be present when taking samples.

Acceptance of fertilizers on the farm is carried out by the storekeeper of the mineral fertilizer warehouse, who bears financial responsibility for them.

Mineral fertilizers on farms are stored in standard warehouses (capacity 1,000 - 3,000 tons) or in adapted premises. Each type of fertilizer is placed in separate compartments formed by movable or collapsible partitions. Each compartment is assigned a permanent number. When storing mineral fertilizers in warehouses and adapted premises, the following rules must be observed:

fertilizers in containers should be carefully stacked in stacks of 12–15 tiers with the bags laid in different directions;

bulk fertilizers are stored in bulk with a layer height of no more than 2.5–3 m, and granular superphosphate - up to 5 m;

each type of fertilizer must be stored separately; mixing fertilizers is not allowed;

For each type of fertilizer, a label is installed indicating the type of fertilizer, the content of the active substance and the mass of the batch;

drains are made and regularly cleaned around the storage area;

in dry weather, fertilizer warehouses are ventilated, and in damp weather they are closed and opened only for dispensing or receiving fertilizers;

It is prohibited to store other materials in mineral fertilizer warehouses;

It is prohibited to store ammonium nitrate in the same room with flammable materials; ammonium nitrate warehouses must have the inscriptions “Ammonium nitrate” and “Flammable” on the gates or on the walls on the gate side; the location of the ammonium nitrate warehouse is coordinated with the state sanitary and fire inspection authorities;

the territory of the mineral fertilizer warehouse must be fenced, the doors and windows of the warehouse premises must be closed during non-working hours;

It is prohibited to use open fire near the storage area of ​​ammonium nitrate and other flammable mineral fertilizers.

In the absence of warehouses, fertilizers are stored in prepared open areas. The sites are located on a high place, they are cleared, leveled and covered with concrete or asphalt. A “cushion” of dry peat crumbs is poured into the place intended for the fertilizer pile and covered with plastic film or other insulating material. Mineral fertilizers are poured into piles 1.5–2 m high, covered with film (not necessarily new) and sprinkled with earth, peat, and sawdust. Drainage grooves are made around the collars. For each type of fertilizer, as in warehouses, a label is installed. Fertilizers must be delivered to the site within one day, and they must be piled and covered on the same day.

Containers with UAN must be installed on strong supports that prevent deformation of the tanks, or placed on a sand “cushion”. In the latter case, the lower part of the container is covered with bitumen.

It is difficult to imagine that 30 years ago the plants in the garden grew on their own, practically without fertilizers, and the work of the gardener consisted more in the correct garter, pruning and timely watering of the garden.

Today, with the advent and conquest of the market for seeds of plants with increased fruiting, we have received a type of gardening that is not possible without constantly improving the nutritional qualities of the soil and treating plants against diseases. Knowledge of the requirements for storing fertilizers has become mandatory for every gardener.

The main condition for storage of mineral fertilizers is a well-ventilated, draft-free room, dry and preferably separate from living quarters. At storage of mineral fertilizers It is unacceptable to get them wet with water. As a result, they lose their quality and nutritional value.

All types of nitrate (ammonium, potassium, calcium) must be stored with extreme caution, as it is explosive and can detonate from physical impact. Potassium nitrate is especially dangerous. It is unacceptable for fabric or cellulose inclusions to get into ammonium or potassium nitrate, as they become very explosive over time.

Modern fertilizers, which are produced in the form of granules for ease of use, have very high hygroscopicity. They draw moisture from the air, get wet, and the quality and type of fertilizer changes. They become inconvenient and often useless to use.

At fertilizer storage they must not be mixed. With such interaction with each other, they can form toxic or useless substances.

The caking of mineral fertilizers also causes a lot of trouble during their storage. Even with normal humidity, they can compact over the winter to the state of a monolith. Then you can dry them well, grind them and sift them through a sieve, adding up to 10% chalk or 5% ash. Then the fertilizer can be used again for its intended purpose.

How to store organic fertilizers

Storage of organic fertilizers has its own characteristics. Among them one can distinguish manure, compost and humate-based fertilizers.

Manure and compost, when ripened (which is about a year) and further stored, have a very specific smell. Therefore, they must be kept as far as possible from living quarters, possibly in the open air. During the autumn-winter season, excessive flooding by precipitation should not be allowed; water washes out useful substances. And in the summer, if the ripening period of compost or manure is not completed, they should not be allowed to dry out.

Humate is sold in tightly closed containers and bags and is no different from mineral fertilizers in terms of storage method.

Fertilizer shelf life

The guaranteed shelf life of mineral fertilizers is indicated on the packaging and, depending on the manufacturer, it is from 1 to 3 years. But many people use old saltpeter from 5-10 years ago and believe that it works the same as new one. But, nevertheless, I do not recommend using complex compositions of fertilizers in granules after the expiration of the shelf life.

Shelf life of organic fertilizers in raw form no more than 9 months. Specially dried and packaged manure, compost or peat can last for any number of years and retain its properties. The factory packaging of organic fertilizers has holes for ventilation.

The prices for mineral fertilizers are not democratic, so you need to not only use them sparingly, but also store them correctly. Even a simple loss of flowability worsens the effect of their application. After all, they are no longer distributed so evenly in the soil. And the plants, due to the fact that what is empty here and dense there, will begin to grow unevenly, oppressing the neighbors and reducing the possible harvest.

For better preservation, each type of fertilizer is stored separately. Ideally, you should use bags made of thick plastic film for this. Large quantities of fertilizers are sold in bags with a mandatory inner polyethylene liner.

Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are less demanding for storage. They will survive the winter well even in multilayer paper bags. Nitrogen fertilizers must be kept in film bags, sealed if possible. Otherwise, some of the nitrogen will “evaporate.”

But the most problematic is magnesium sulfate. It must be kept not only in film, but also wrapped on top with dark paper. It loses its properties even from scattered light...

All fertilizers must be isolated from air, especially humid air. The ability to absorb moisture (hygroscopicity) destroys fertilizers, making them caked or wet. This especially applies to ammonium and calcium nitrate, azophoska, and urea.

Darkness is also beneficial for mineral water. Magnesium sulfate is the most decomposed and loses its qualities in light. The rest are more resistant, but this does not mean that they can be kept in the sun.

And all saltpeters are very flammable. Well, in order not to throw money away, it is better not to be greedy and not to keep fertilizers for many years, to apply them fresh right away. This makes it easier to apply them, and when using small doses, the plants will receive all the food they need throughout the season.

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GOST 12.3.037-84 System of occupational safety standards (SSBT). Application of mineral fertilizers in agriculture and forestry. General safety requirements

GOST 12.3.037-84

Group T58

INTERSTATE STANDARD

Occupational Safety Standards System

APPLICATION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS IN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

General safety requirements

Occupational safety standards system.
Use of fertilizers in agriculture and forestry.
General safety requirements

OKSTU 0012

Date of introduction 1986-01-01

ENTERED INTO EFFECT by resolution of the USSR State Committee on Standards dated December 18, 1984 N 4511.

The validity period was removed by Gosstandart Resolution No. 564 dated June 22, 1992.

REISSUE. March 2001


This standard applies to the use of mineral fertilizers in agriculture and forestry and establishes general safety requirements for the preparation and performance of these works.

The standard does not apply to the use of mineral fertilizers in protected soil.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. Mineral fertilizers should be used in agriculture and forestry in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.3.002-75, this standard, as well as in accordance with the sanitary rules for the storage, transportation and use of mineral fertilizers approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.

1.2. When using mineral fertilizers, measures must be taken to protect workers from the possible effects of dangerous and harmful factors specified in the mandatory application.

1.3. The levels of dangerous and harmful factors when using mineral fertilizers should not exceed the maximum permissible values ​​​​established by the standards, as well as sanitary and hygienic norms of the USSR Ministry of Health.

2. REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTION PREMISES AND TEMPORARY SITES FOR STORING MINERAL FERTILIZERS

2.1. Warehouses for storing mineral fertilizers must be built according to standard designs.

2.2. Production premises and sites for storing ammonia and liquid complex fertilizers must comply with the requirements of building codes and design rules for industrial enterprises approved by the USSR State Construction Committee.

2.3. The location of production premises must be agreed upon with the sanitary-epidemiological service and fire inspection authorities.

2.4. Industrial premises must be provided with a natural, mechanical or mixed ventilation system in accordance with GOST 12.4.021-75.

The air exchange organization scheme and the amount of supply air to maintain optimal air conditions must comply with the requirements of building codes and regulations for heating, ventilation and air conditioning approved by the USSR State Construction Committee.

2.5. Natural, artificial and emergency lighting must comply with the requirements of building codes and rules for natural and artificial lighting approved by the USSR State Construction Committee.

2.6. Premises for storing mineral fertilizers must be equipped with mechanisms for loading, unloading and transport operations, as well as fire fighting equipment.

2.7. Temporary sites for storing daily supplies of mineral fertilizers should be located on leveled and compacted areas of the terrain.

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR STORING MINERAL FERTILIZERS IN WAREHOUSES AND TEMPORARY SITES

3.1. Solid mineral fertilizers must be stored in warehouses, and liquid fertilizers in tanks (on sites).

3.2. Daily reserves of mineral fertilizers may be stored at temporary sites, provided that environmental protection requirements are met and the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of the fertilizer are maintained.

3.3. Temporary storage for the period of applying mineral fertilizers to the soil is allowed in adapted premises, subject to the requirements for storage conditions of various types of fertilizers, and in agreement with the sanitary-epidemiological service and fire inspection authorities.

3.4. The technology for storing mineral fertilizers in warehouses must comply with the requirements of sanitary rules for their storage, transportation and use, approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.

3.5. Tanks for storing ammonia and liquid complex mineral fertilizers must comply with the rules for the design and operation of vessels approved by the USSR State Mining and Technical Supervision.

3.6. Mineral fertilizers should be stored in isolated warehouses separately from pesticides, mineral additives, preservatives, fodder and food products.

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSPORTATION AND LOADING AND UNLOADING OPERATIONS

4.1. The technical condition of machines and equipment for transporting mineral fertilizers must comply with the requirements of GOST 12.2.003-91, loading and unloading operations - with the requirements of GOST 12.3.009-76.

4.2. Vehicles must be equipped with fire extinguishers and personal protective equipment.

5. REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICATION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS INTO THE SOIL

5.1. The technical condition of machines and equipment for applying mineral fertilizers must comply with the requirements of regulatory documents.

5.2. Work on preparing mineral fertilizers for application to the soil must be carried out using mechanisms equipped with devices to reduce dust formation.

5.3. When using mineral fertilizers together with pesticides, it is necessary to comply with the safety measures established by the rules for storage, transportation and use of pesticides approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.

5.4. To prevent intoxication by volatile compounds of nitrogen and liquid complex fertilizers, as well as gaseous products of their interaction with pesticides, the following is not allowed in areas where mineral fertilizers are applied:

carry out manual work (weeding, loosening, etc.) while feeding plants;

apply fertilizers to the soil immediately after applying organochlorine pesticides; the interval must be at least 72 hours;

carry out work on fields treated with fertilizers, chlorine and organophosphorus pesticides during hours of maximum solar radiation with soil moisture above 60% of the total field moisture capacity.

5.5. When applying fertilizers simultaneously with several units, the distance between them should be at least 50 m.

5.6. Fertilizer application by agricultural aviation should be carried out at a wind speed of no more than 4 m/s at a distance of at least 500 m from populated areas, water supplies, and livestock farms.

5.7. Every year, after completing the transportation and application of solid mineral fertilizers, all working parts and bodies of vehicles and spreaders must be cleaned of fertilizer residues and washed with water.

After completing the transportation and application of liquid fertilizers, tanks, tanks and working parts of machines must be washed with hot water or steam.

Cleaning and washing of machines and equipment should be carried out in specially designated washing areas.

6. REQUIREMENTS FOR WORKERS

6.1. Persons allowed to work with mineral fertilizers must meet the requirements established by GOST 12.3.002-75.

6.2. Organization of occupational safety training for workers - in accordance with GOST 12.0.004-90.

7. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

7.1. Workers must use personal protective equipment in accordance with GOST 12.4.011-75, issued to them in accordance with standards approved in the prescribed manner.

7.2. The use of special clothing and footwear and other personal protective equipment, their care and storage - in accordance with the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation for these protective equipment.

8. CONTROL OF COMPLIANCE WITH SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

8.1. Sanitary and hygienic parameters of working conditions are in accordance with GOST 12.2.002-81.

8.2. Monitoring the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area - in accordance with GOST 12.1.005-88.

APPENDIX (required). LIST OF DANGEROUS AND HARMFUL FACTORS ARISING FROM THE APPLICATION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS

APPLICATION
Mandatory

When using mineral fertilizers, the following dangerous and harmful factors specific to agriculture and forestry may arise:

physical (increased dust content in the air of the working area, increased air temperature, increased noise and vibration levels, moving parts of production equipment, explosive mixtures);

chemical (gaseous substances of general toxicity and other harmful effects: ammonia during all types of work with ammonia fertilizers; vapors of phosphoric acids, sulfuric anhydride and fluoride gases - when working with phosphorus fertilizers);

biological (microorganisms, including pathogenic ones - bacteria, fungi, protozoa);

psychophysiological (dynamic physical overload).



The text of the document is verified according to:
official publication
System of occupational safety standards: Sat. GOST. -
M.: IPK Standards Publishing House, 2001

GOST 12.3.037-84 System of occupational safety standards (SSBT). Application of mineral fertilizers in agriculture and forestry. General safety requirements

GOST 12.3.037-84 System of occupational safety standards (SSBT). Application of mineral fertilizers in agriculture and forestry. General safety requirements