Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich. Ambitious Marshal of the Soviet Union

Mikhail Nikolaevich

Battles and victories

Soviet military leader, military-political figure, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935).

Tukhachevsky perfectly understood the nature of the Civil War and learned to achieve success in its conditions by imposing his will on the enemy and active offensive actions.

Mikhail Nikolaevich Tukhachevsky was born on the Aleksandrovskoye estate, Dorogobuzh district, Smolensk province, into a noble family. The commander's childhood was spent in the Penza province, on the estate of his grandmother Sofia Valentinovna, located near the village of Vrazhskoye, Chembar district. Since childhood, Misha was interested in playing the violin, astronomy, invention and design, and was involved in Russian and French wrestling. Tukhachevsky studied at the 1st Penza gymnasium, later at the 10th Moscow gymnasium and at the 1st Moscow Empress Catherine II Cadet Corps, which he graduated in 1912. For excellent studies, the name of Tukhachevsky was listed on the marble plaque of the corps. That same year he entered the Alexander Military School. After graduating in 1914, he was promoted to second lieutenant of the guard with entry into the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment. Other representatives of the Tukhachevsky family had previously served in this regiment.

Literally a week after Tukhachevsky’s promotion to officer, the First World War began. The Semenovsky regiment was sent to East Prussia, and then reassigned to Warsaw. In battles, Tukhachevsky proved himself to be a brave officer. On February 19, 1915, near Warsaw, Tukhachevsky, who led the battle after the death of the commander, was captured. He was held captive together with future French President Charles de Gaulle. The young guards officer, thirsting for exploits and glory, was forced to remain inactive for several years. During his captivity, Tukhachevsky made five escape attempts. Only the last one was successful. In September 1917, he made his way to Switzerland, from where he came to France and, with the assistance of the Russian military agent in France, Count A.A. Ignatiev returned to Russia through Great Britain and the Scandinavian countries. Tukhachevsky arrived in the reserve battalion of the Semenovsky regiment stationed in Petrograd, where he was elected company commander, and then demobilized and went to an estate near Penza.

In the spring of 1918, Tukhachevsky arrived in Moscow, where he decided to link his future fate with the Red Army. Having missed, in fact, the entire world war, he could not boast of any awards or ranks that were awarded to the surviving fellow officers. Given Tukhachevsky’s morbid ambition, arrogance, posturing, his desire to “play a role”, imitate Napoleon, and his undoubted careerism, noted by his contemporaries, this turned out to be a significant factor influencing his further choice. Perhaps, not seeing any prospects for himself in the Whites, Tukhachevsky bet on the Reds - and he was right. Fate elevated him, a potentially hostile nobleman to the new government, a former monarchist, an officer of an elite guards regiment, to the top of the Soviet military-political Olympus for almost two decades. During the Civil War, Tukhachevsky was often driven by the desire to show his superiority to the old generals who led the white armies.

From a lecture by M.N. Tukhachevsky in 1919:

We all see that our Russian generals failed to understand the civil war, failed to master its forms. Only a very few White Guard generals, capable and imbued with bourgeois class consciousness, rose to the occasion. The majority arrogantly declared that our civil war was not quite a war, just some kind of small war or commissar partisanship. However, despite such ominous statements, we see before us not a small war, but a large, systematic war, with almost millions of armies, imbued with a single idea and performing brilliant maneuvers. And in the ranks of this army, among its devoted commanders, born of the civil war, a certain doctrine of this war begins to take shape, and with it its theoretical justification...

Already on April 5, 1918, he joined the Bolshevik Party. Apparently, his career aspirations had an impact, because... neither at that time, nor ten or twenty years later, joining the party was still mandatory even for representatives of the highest command staff (it became such only after the Great Patriotic War). And in the future, Tukhachevsky, appropriately and inappropriately, demonstrated his devotion to party ideals. Former officers who joined the Bolshevik Party were such a rare occurrence that Tukhachevsky was immediately offered the post of representative of the military department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and a job in the Kremlin. It was necessary to inspect local military establishments, which gave Tukhachevsky insight into the nascent Red Army.

Commander Tukhachevsky

Artist E. Kleymiyakov

Soon, on May 27, a new responsible appointment followed - military commissar of the Moscow defense region, and on June 19, Tukhachevsky went to the Eastern Front at the disposal of front commander M.A. Muravyov to organize units of the Red Army into higher formations and lead them. On June 27, he accepted this post as commander of the 1st Army, operating in Middle Volga. During Muravyov's speech against the Reds that soon took place, Tukhachevsky was arrested by a rebel in Simbirsk and barely escaped execution as a Bolshevik. After Muravyov was killed on July 11, Tukhachevsky temporarily, until the arrival of I.I. Vatsetis, commanded the front.

It fell to Tukhachevsky and his comrades not only to create and strengthen the army, but also to reorganize it from disparate partisan formations into a regular unification. Tukhachevsky, who did not have military-administrative experience, relied on highly qualified cadres of old officers with higher military education. In the selection of personnel he showed himself to be a talented organizer. At the same time, he loved to be in battle formations, as if making up for what he was almost deprived of during the World War.

On September 12, Tukhachevsky’s troops took Simbirsk - hometown Bolshevik leader V.I. Lenin. In this regard, Tukhachevsky did not fail to send a congratulatory telegram to Lenin, who was wounded after the assassination attempt, stating that the capture of the city was the answer for one of Lenin’s wounds, and the second wound would be answered by the capture of Samara. Subsequently, victories followed one after another. Tukhachevsky took Syzran, the Whites retreated to the East.

We will shake Russia like a dirty carpet, and then we will shake the whole world... We will enter chaos and come out of it only by completely destroying civilization.

In connection with the growing tension in the South, Tukhachevsky was appointed assistant commander of the Southern Front, and at the front he led the 8th Army, operating near Voronezh against the Don Army. It is interesting that back in the spring of 1919, Tukhachevsky advocated offensive actions by the Reds not through the Don region, but through the Donbass to Rostov. As a result of a conflict with front commander V.M. Gittis Tukhachevsky asked to be transferred to another front.

He again found himself on the Eastern Front, now as the commander of the 5th Army, operating in the direction of the main attack of the Whites. Tukhachevsky successfully proved himself in the defeat of the Whites during the Buguruslan, Bugulma, Menzelinsk, Birsk, Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk, and Omsk operations. As a result of a series of victories, the Whites from the Volga region were thrown back to Siberia. For the liberation of the Volga region and the Urals and successes in the Chelyabinsk operation, Tukhachevsky was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, and at the end of 1919, following the results of the campaign, he was awarded an honorary golden weapon. The 27-year-old former second lieutenant defeated the troops of Admiral A.V. Kolchak.

Tukhachevsky's army had a powerful political composition - the largest number of communists were gathered here in comparison with other armies of the front. On the Eastern Front, Tukhachevsky collaborated with another genius in the highest positions of the Red Army - M.V. Frunze. At the same time, already at this time the obstinate character of the ambitious military leader manifested itself. Tukhachevsky, for example, came into conflict with former general A.A., who briefly commanded the front. Samoilo. As a result of Tukhachevsky’s alliance with members of the Front’s Revolutionary Military Council, who did not accept Samoilo (instead of the former commander S.S. Kamenev), the latter was recalled.

I am convinced that with good management, good staffs and good political forces, we can create a large army capable of great feats.

After the defeat of Kolchak, Tukhachevsky at the beginning of 1920 was again sent to the South, where he headed the Caucasian Front. His tasks included completing the defeat of the White armies of Southern Russia under the command of General A.I. Denikin. After the elimination of white resistance in the Caucasus, Tukhachevsky issued an order to the 11th Army, which was part of the front, to occupy Azerbaijan, which was done. However, at this time Tukhachevsky was sent to save Soviet Russia to a new site - to the Western Front, where the fight against the Poles was becoming increasingly intense.

Tukhachevsky was appointed to the post of commander of this front on April 28. By this time he had gained a reputation as one of the best Bolshevik commanders. The most powerful specialists of the General Staff and experienced command staff in the republic were concentrated on the front entrusted to the Tukhachevsky Front. The rapid offensive undertaken by Tukhachevsky led the Red Army from the Berezina to the Vistula in a month. In the first half of August 1920, Tukhachevsky’s units were actually under the walls of Warsaw, but there was not enough strength to capture the Polish capital.

Tukhachevsky’s military style was characterized by deep ramming strikes with the rapid introduction of reserves into battle (later Tukhachevsky became the developer of the theory of deep combat), which led to the depletion of troops and all sorts of surprises that there was nothing to counter. This approach was developed into the concept of sequential operations, in which enemy forces are sequentially depleted in successive battles. In practice, Tukhachevsky implemented this concept in the fight against Kolchak’s troops.

Consecutive operations will constitute, as it were, dismemberments of the same operation, but dispersed, due to the enemy’s retreat over a large area... Constant pursuit and pressure, associated with the increasing disorganization of the retreating, extremely increase the morale of the attacking troops, bringing it to a state capable of high heroism . On the contrary, even if discipline is maintained, the retreating person’s combat effectiveness is constantly decreasing.

M.N. Tukhachevsky. High command issues. M., 1924

Friendly cartoon. 1925

Tukhachevsky made repeated attempts (both against the Whites and the Poles), but attempts to encircle the enemy widely were not crowned with success. Contemporaries noted not only the deep intelligence of the young Soviet commander, but also his penchant for adventurous enterprises. In general, Tukhachevsky perfectly understood the nature of the Civil War and learned to achieve success in its conditions by imposing his will on the enemy and active offensive actions. In this regard, his adventurism sometimes had a beneficial effect on the results of operations. At the same time, Tukhachevsky always relied on highly qualified staff teams. The question of the leadership abilities of Tukhachevsky himself remains open. It is also unknown how he could have shown himself as a commander in a major war, which was radically different from the Civil War.

The end of the Civil War was marked for Tukhachevsky by the leadership of the liquidation of the Kronstadt uprising and the suppression of the uprising of the Tambov peasants (at the same time, asphyxiating gases were used to a limited extent, but not in the form of large-scale gas attacks destroying all living things, as appears from the experience of the First World War, but in the form of shelling with chemical shells, widely used in the Civil War by both Reds and Whites).

During the Civil War and especially after it, Tukhachevsky began to actively speak out in the military-scientific field. His books “Class War” and “Maneuver and Artillery” were published one after another. And here he worked closely with the country's leading military-scientific personnel. Thus, his closest collaborator was the famous military scientist V.K. Triandafillov. Tukhachevsky’s in-depth acquaintance with the military-scientific world is associated with the period of his leadership of the Military Academy of the Red Army.

Marshal of the Soviet Union

In 1922-1924. Tukhachevsky commanded the Western Front, and his interventions in political life The party leadership, bogged down in internal squabbles and struggles, was extremely afraid of the country. Tukhachevsky really had political ambitions. He was under covert surveillance and compromising material was collected. As a result, during the most intense period of confrontation between supporters of I.V. Stalin and L.D. Trotsky, Tukhachevsky turned out to be completely passive. In 1924 he became assistant chief of staff of the Red Army, and in 1925-1928. - Chief of Staff of the Red Army. Despite his busy schedule, Tukhachevsky also found time for military pedagogical work and gave lectures to academy students. In May 1928, he was commander of the troops of the Leningrad Military District.

In 1931, Tukhachevsky became Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR K.E. Voroshilov. On the initiative of Tukhachevsky, new equipment was introduced into the army. The troops were rearmed and re-equipped with aircraft, tanks, and artillery. Tukhachevsky's support included such innovative developments for that time as airborne assaults, radar, jet weapons, missile technology, air defense, and torpedo-carrying aircraft. At the same time, Tukhachevsky was also characterized by excessive projectism, sometimes far from reality (it is enough to note that in 1919, according to an informed contemporary, he proposed to the Bolshevik leadership a project for introducing paganism in the country, and in 1930 he put forward an absurd program for an annual tank building standard in a country of 100,000 tanks by armoring tractors - in this way he counted on the practical implementation of the theory of deep operation).

As a supporter of the strategy of destruction, Tukhachevsky opposed the famous military scientist, former general A.A. Svechin, who served as the ideologist of the strategy of starvation. In the spirit of the times, this discussion turned into persecution of the scientist, headed by Tukhachevsky. The executed “Red Bonaparte” was by no means averse to bullying his opponents. Tukhachevsky’s opponent was also the future Marshal of the Soviet Union B.M. Shaposhnikov.

In November 1935, Tukhachevsky became Marshal of the Soviet Union. In 1937, Tukhachevsky, on false charges of preparing a fascist military conspiracy against the leadership of the USSR, was arrested and executed (rehabilitated in 1957). The reason for the repressions was Tukhachevsky’s ambitions, which went beyond his official boundaries, his undoubted authority, leadership in the senior command and many years of close ties with other high-ranking military leaders, which threatened a military coup. At the same time, he, of course, was not any foreign spy.

As A.I., who knew him, rightly noted. Todorsky,

Tukhachevsky was not destined to live to see the Great Patriotic War. But Tukhachevsky, together with its heroes, smashed the fascist armies. The enemies were attacked by the equipment that Tukhachevsky built together with the party and the people. Soldiers and commanders destroyed the enemy, relying on Soviet military art, to which Tukhachevsky made a great contribution.

Ganin A.V., Ph.D., Institute of Slavic Studies RAS

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- Enormous influence in military matters for a full 25 years

Kappel Vladimir Oskarovich

Perhaps he is the most talented commander of the entire Civil War, even if compared with the commanders of all its sides. A man of powerful military talent, morale and Christian noble qualities - a true White Knight. Kappel's talent and personal qualities were noticed and respected even by his opponents. Author of many military operations and exploits - including the capture of Kazan, the Great Siberian Ice Campaign, etc. Many of his calculations, not assessed on time and missed through no fault of his own, later turned out to be the most correct, as the course of the Civil War showed.

Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich

Successfully commanded Soviet troops during the Great Patriotic War. Among other things, he stopped the Germans near Moscow and took Berlin.

Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich

The great Russian commander, who did not suffer a single defeat in his military career (more than 60 battles), one of the founders of Russian military art.
Prince of Italy (1799), Count of Rymnik (1789), Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Generalissimo of the Russian land and naval forces, Field Marshal of the Austrian and Sardinian troops, Grandee of the Kingdom of Sardinia and Prince of the Royal Blood (with the title "King's cousin"), Knight of all Russian orders of their time, awarded to men, as well as many foreign military orders.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Personally took part in the planning and implementation of ALL offensive and defensive operations of the Red Army in the period 1941 - 1945.

Skobelev Mikhail Dmitrievich

A man of great courage, an excellent tactician and organizer. M.D. Skobelev had strategic thinking, saw the situation both in real time and in the future

Prince Svyatoslav

Kolchak Alexander Vasilievich

A person who combines the body of knowledge of a natural scientist, a scientist and a great strategist.

Denikin Anton Ivanovich

Russian military leader, political and public figure, writer, memoirist, publicist and military documentarian.
Participant in the Russo-Japanese War. One of the most effective generals of the Russian Imperial Army during the First World War. Commander of the 4th Infantry "Iron" Brigade (1914-1916, from 1915 - deployed under his command to a division), 8th Army Corps (1916-1917). Lieutenant General of the General Staff (1916), commander of the Western and Southwestern Fronts (1917). An active participant in the military congresses of 1917, an opponent of the democratization of the army. He expressed support for the Kornilov speech, for which he was arrested by the Provisional Government, a participant in the Berdichev and Bykhov sittings of generals (1917).
One of the main leaders of the White movement during the Civil War, its leader in the South of Russia (1918-1920). He achieved the greatest military and political results among all the leaders of the White movement. Pioneer, one of the main organizers, and then commander of the Volunteer Army (1918-1919). Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (1919-1920), Deputy Supreme Ruler and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army Admiral Kolchak (1919-1920).
Since April 1920 - emigrant, one of the main politicians Russian emigration. Author of the memoirs “Essays on the Russian Time of Troubles” (1921-1926) - a fundamental historical and biographical work about the Civil War in Russia, the memoirs “The Old Army” (1929-1931), the autobiographical story “The Path of the Russian Officer” (published in 1953) and a number of other works.

Chernyakhovsky Ivan Danilovich

The only commander who carried out the order of Headquarters on June 22, 1941, counterattacked the Germans, drove them back in his sector and went on the offensive.

Alekseev Mikhail Vasilievich

Outstanding employee of the Russian Academy of the General Staff. Developer and implementer of the Galician operation - the first brilliant victory of the Russian army in the Great War.
Saved troops from encirclement Northwestern Front during the "Great Retreat" of 1915.
Chief of Staff of the Russian Armed Forces in 1916-1917.
Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in 1917
Developed and implemented strategic plans for offensive operations in 1916 - 1917.
He continued to defend the need to preserve the Eastern Front after 1917 (the Volunteer Army is the basis of the new Eastern Front in the ongoing Great War).
Slandered and slandered in relation to various so-called. “Masonic military lodges”, “conspiracy of generals against the Sovereign”, etc., etc. - in terms of emigrant and modern historical journalism.

Kuznetsov Nikolay Gerasimovich

He made a great contribution to strengthening the fleet before the war; conducted a number of major exercises, initiated the opening of new maritime schools and maritime special schools (later Nakhimov schools). On the eve of Germany's surprise attack on the USSR, he took effective measures to increase the combat readiness of the fleets, and on the night of June 22, he gave the order to bring them to full combat readiness, which made it possible to avoid losses of ships and naval aviation.

Kornilov Lavr Georgievich

KORNILOV Lavr Georgievich (08/18/1870-04/31/1918) Colonel (02/1905). Major General (12/1912). Lieutenant General (08/26/1914). Infantry General (06/30/1917). Graduated from the Mikhailovsky Artillery School (1892) and with a gold medal from the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1898). Officer at the headquarters of the Turkestan Military District, 1889-1904. Participant in the Russian-Japanese War 1904 - 1905: staff officer of the 1st Infantry Brigade (at its headquarters). During the retreat from Mukden, the brigade got surrounded. Having led the rearguard, he broke through the encirclement with a bayonet attack, ensuring freedom of defensive combat operations for the brigade. Military attaché in China, 04/01/1907 - 02/24/1911. Participant in the First World War: commander of the 48th Infantry Division of the 8th Army (General Brusilov). During the general retreat, the 48th Division was surrounded and General Kornilov, who was wounded, was captured on 04.1915 at the Duklinsky Pass (Carpathians); 08.1914-04.1915. Captured by the Austrians, 04.1915-06.1916. Dressed in the uniform of an Austrian soldier, he escaped from captivity on 06/1915. Commander of the 25th Rifle Corps, 06/1916-04/1917. Commander of the Petrograd Military District, 03-04/1917. Commander of the 8th Army, 04/24-07/8/1917. On 05/19/1917, by his order, he introduced the formation of the first volunteer “1st Strike force 8th Army" under the command of Captain Nezhentsev. Commander of the Southwestern Front...

Nevsky, Suvorov

Of course, the holy blessed prince Alexander Nevsky and Generalissimo A.V. Suvorov

Rurik Svyatoslav Igorevich

Year of birth 942 date of death 972 Expansion of state borders. 965 conquest of the Khazars, 963 march south to the Kuban region, capture of Tmutarakan, 969 conquest of the Volga Bulgars, 971 conquest of the Bulgarian kingdom, 968 founding of Pereyaslavets on the Danube (the new capital of Rus'), 969 defeat of the Pechenegs in the defense of Kyiv.

Monomakh Vladimir Vsevolodovich

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

The largest figure in world history, whose life and government activities left a deep imprint not only on the fate of the Soviet people, but also on all humanity, will be the subject of careful study by historians for many more centuries. The historical and biographical feature of this personality is that she will never be consigned to oblivion.
During Stalin's tenure as Supreme Commander-in-Chief and Chairman of the State Defense Committee, our country was marked by victory in the Great Patriotic War, massive labor and front-line heroism, the transformation of the USSR into a superpower with significant scientific, military and industrial potential, and the strengthening of our country's geopolitical influence in the world.
Ten Stalinist strikes is the general name for a number of the largest offensive strategic operations in the Great Patriotic War, carried out in 1944 armed forces THE USSR. Along with other offensive operations, they made a decisive contribution to the victory of the countries of the Anti-Hitler Coalition over Nazi Germany and its allies in World War II.

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

Commander-in-Chief during the Patriotic War of 1812. One of the most famous and beloved military heroes by the people!

Uvarov Fedor Petrovich

At the age of 27 he was promoted to general. He took part in the campaigns of 1805-1807 and in the battles on the Danube in 1810. In 1812, he commanded the 1st Artillery Corps in the army of Barclay de Tolly, and subsequently the entire cavalry of the united armies.

Chuikov Vasily Ivanovich

Commander of the 62nd Army in Stalingrad.

Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich

He is a great commander who did not lose a single (!) battle, the founder of Russian military affairs, and fought battles with genius, regardless of their conditions.

Muravyov-Karssky Nikolai Nikolaevich

One of the most successful commanders of the mid-19th century in the Turkish direction.

Hero of the first capture of Kars (1828), leader of the second capture of Kars (the largest success of the Crimean War, 1855, which made it possible to end the war without territorial losses for Russia).

Eremenko Andrey Ivanovich

Commander of the Stalingrad and South-Eastern Fronts. The fronts under his command in the summer and autumn of 1942 stopped the advance of the German 6th field and 4th tank armies towards Stalingrad.
In December 1942, the Stalingrad Front of General Eremenko stopped the tank offensive of General G. Hoth's group on Stalingrad, for the relief of the 6th Army of Paulus.

Svyatoslav Igorevich

I would like to propose the “candidacies” of Svyatoslav and his father, Igor, as the greatest commanders and political leaders of my time, I think there is no point in listing to historians their services to the fatherland, I was unpleasantly surprised not to see their names on this list. Sincerely.

Brusilov Alexey Alekseevich

One of the best Russian generals of the First World War. In June 1916, troops of the Southwestern Front under the command of Adjutant General A.A. Brusilov, simultaneously striking in several directions, broke through the enemy’s deeply layered defenses and advanced 65 km. In military history, this operation was called the Brusilov breakthrough.

Rurikovich (Grozny) Ivan Vasilievich

In the diversity of perceptions of Ivan the Terrible, one often forgets about his unconditional talent and achievements as a commander. He personally led the capture of Kazan and organized military reform, leading a country that was simultaneously fighting 2-3 wars on different fronts.

Suvorov, Count Rymniksky, Prince of Italy Alexander Vasilievich

The greatest commander, master strategist, tactician and military theorist. Author of the book "The Science of Victory", Generalissimo of the Russian Army. The only one in the history of Russia who did not suffer a single defeat.

Khvorostinin Dmitry Ivanovich

A commander who had no defeats...

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Grand Duke of Novgorod, from 945 of Kiev. Son of Grand Duke Igor Rurikovich and Princess Olga. Svyatoslav became famous as a great commander, whom N.M. Karamzin called “Alexander (Macedonian) of our ancient history.”

After the military campaigns of Svyatoslav Igorevich (965-972), the territory of the Russian land increased from the Volga region to the Caspian Sea, from the North Caucasus to the Black Sea region, from the Balkan Mountains to Byzantium. Defeated Khazaria and Volga Bulgaria, weakened and frightened Byzantine Empire, opened the way for trade between Rus' and eastern countries

Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich

Great Russian naval commander, who won victories at Fedonisi, Kaliakria, at Cape Tendra and during the liberation of the islands of Malta (Ioanian Islands) and Corfu. He discovered and introduced a new tactic of naval combat, with the abandonment of the linear formation of ships and showed the tactics of a “scattered formation” with an attack on the flagship of the enemy fleet. One of the founders of the Black Sea Fleet and its commander in 1790-1792.

Vorotynsky Mikhail Ivanovich

“Drafter of the statutes of the watchdog and border service” is, of course, good. For some reason, we have forgotten the Battle of YOUTH from July 29 to August 2, 1572. But it was precisely with this victory that Moscow’s right to many things was recognized. They recaptured a lot of things for the Ottomans, the thousands of destroyed Janissaries sobered them up, and unfortunately they also helped Europe. The Battle of YOUTH is very difficult to overestimate

Bobrok-Volynsky Dmitry Mikhailovich

Boyar and governor of Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy. "Developer" of the tactics of the Battle of Kulikovo.

Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich

Known mainly as one of the minor characters in the story “Hadji Murad” by L.N. Tolstoy, Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov went through all the Caucasian and Turkish campaigns of the second half of the mid-19th century.

Showed himself well during Caucasian War, during the Kars campaign of the Crimean War, Loris-Melikov led reconnaissance, and then successfully served as commander-in-chief during the difficult Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, winning a number of important victories over the united Turkish forces and capturing Kars for the third time, by which time considered impregnable.

Antonov Alexey Inokentevich

Chief strategist of the USSR in 1943-45, practically unknown to society
"Kutuzov" World War II

Humble and committed. Victorious. Author of all operations since the spring of 1943 and the victory itself. Others gained fame - Stalin and the front commanders.

Tsarevich and Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich

Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, the second son of Emperor Paul I, received the title of Tsarevich in 1799 for his participation in the Swiss campaign of A.V. Suvorov, and retained it until 1831. In the Battle of Austrlitz he commanded the guards reserve of the Russian Army, took part in the Patriotic War of 1812, and distinguished himself in the foreign campaigns of the Russian Army. For the “Battle of the Nations” at Leipzig in 1813 he received the “golden weapon” “For bravery!” Inspector General of the Russian Cavalry, since 1826 Viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland.

Field Marshal General Gudovich Ivan Vasilievich

The assault on the Turkish fortress of Anapa on June 22, 1791. In terms of complexity and importance, it is only inferior to the assault on Izmail by A.V. Suvorov.
A 7,000-strong Russian detachment stormed Anapa, which was defended by a 25,000-strong Turkish garrison. At the same time, soon after the start of the assault, the Russian detachment was attacked from the mountains by 8,000 mounted highlanders and Turks, who attacked the Russian camp, but were unable to break into it, were repulsed in a fierce battle and pursued by the Russian cavalry.
The fierce battle for the fortress lasted over 5 hours. About 8,000 people from the Anapa garrison died, 13,532 defenders led by the commandant and Sheikh Mansur were taken prisoner. A small part (about 150 people) escaped on ships. Almost all the artillery was captured or destroyed (83 cannons and 12 mortars), 130 banners were taken. Gudovich sent a separate detachment from Anapa to the nearby Sudzhuk-Kale fortress (on the site of modern Novorossiysk), but upon his approach the garrison burned the fortress and fled to the mountains, abandoning 25 guns.
The losses of the Russian detachment were very high - 23 officers and 1,215 privates were killed, 71 officers and 2,401 privates were wounded (Sytin's Military Encyclopedia gives slightly lower data - 940 killed and 1,995 wounded). Gudovich was awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd degree, all the officers of his detachment were awarded, and a special medal was established for the lower ranks.

Skopin-Shuisky Mikhail Vasilievich

In the conditions of the disintegration of the Russian state during the Time of Troubles, with minimal material and personnel resources, he created an army that defeated the Polish-Lithuanian invaders and liberated most Russian state.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Yudenich Nikolai Nikolaevich

One of the most successful generals in Russia during the First World War. The Erzurum and Sarakamysh operations carried out by him on the Caucasian front, carried out in extremely unfavorable conditions for Russian troops, and ending in victories, I believe, deserve to be included among the brightest victories of Russian weapons. In addition, Nikolai Nikolaevich stood out for his modesty and decency, lived and died as an honest Russian officer, and remained faithful to the oath to the end.

Rokhlin Lev Yakovlevich

He headed the 8th Guards Army Corps in Chechnya. Under his leadership, a number of districts of Grozny were captured, including the presidential palace. For participation in the Chechen campaign, he was nominated for the title of Hero of the Russian Federation, but refused to accept it, stating that “he has no moral right to receive this award for military operations on his own territory.” countries".

Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich

according to the only criterion - invincibility.

Makarov Stepan Osipovich

Russian oceanographer, polar explorer, shipbuilder, vice admiral. Developed the Russian semaphore alphabet. A worthy person, on the list of worthy ones!

Karyagin Pavel Mikhailovich

Colonel Karyagin's campaign against the Persians in 1805 does not resemble real military history. It looks like a prequel to "300 Spartans" (20,000 Persians, 500 Russians, gorges, bayonet attacks, "This is madness! - No, this is the 17th Jaeger Regiment!"). A golden, platinum page of Russian history, combining the carnage of madness with the highest tactical skill, amazing cunning and stunning Russian arrogance

His Serene Highness Prince Wittgenstein Peter Christianovich

For the defeat of the French units of Oudinot and MacDonald at Klyastitsy, thereby closing the road for the French army to St. Petersburg in 1812. Then in October 1812 he defeated the corps of Saint-Cyr at Polotsk. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian-Prussian armies in April-May 1813.

Yaroslav the Wise

Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich

In front of the Kazan Cathedral there are two statues of the saviors of the fatherland. Saving the army, exhausting the enemy, the Battle of Smolensk - this is more than enough.

Rokossovsky Konstantin Konstantinovich

Soldier, several wars (including World War I and World War II). passed the way to Marshal of the USSR and Poland. Military intellectual. did not resort to “obscene leadership”. He knew the subtleties of military tactics. practice, strategy and operational art.

Prince Monomakh Vladimir Vsevolodovich

The most remarkable of the Russian princes of the pre-Tatar period of our history, who left behind great fame and good memory.

Maksimov Evgeniy Yakovlevich

Russian hero of the Transvaal War. He was a volunteer in fraternal Serbia, participating in the Russian-Turkish war. At the beginning of the 20th century, the British began to wage war against the small people - the Boers. Eugene successfully fought against the invaders and in 1900 was appointed military general. Died in Russian Japanese war. In addition to his military career, he distinguished himself in the literary field.

Spiridov Grigory Andreevich

He became a sailor under Peter I, participated as an officer in the Russian-Turkish War (1735-1739), and ended the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) as a rear admiral. His naval and diplomatic talent reached its peak during the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774. In 1769 he led the first passage of the Russian fleet from the Baltic to the Mediterranean Sea. Despite the difficulties of the transition (the admiral's son was among those who died from illness - his grave was recently found on the island of Menorca), he quickly established control over the Greek archipelago. The Battle of Chesme in June 1770 remained unsurpassed in terms of loss ratio: 11 Russians - 11 thousand Turks! On the island of Paros, the naval base of Auza was equipped with coastal batteries and its own Admiralty.
The Russian fleet left Mediterranean Sea after the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace in July 1774. Greek Islands and the lands of the Levant, including Beirut, were returned to Turkey in exchange for territories in the Black Sea region. However, the activities of the Russian fleet in the Archipelago were not in vain and played a significant role in world naval history. Russia, having made a strategic maneuver with its fleet from one theater to another and achieved a number of high-profile victories over the enemy, for the first time made people talk about itself as a strong maritime power and an important player in European politics.

Bennigsen Leonty

An unjustly forgotten commander. Having won several battles against Napoleon and his marshals, he drew two battles with Napoleon and lost one battle. Participated in the Battle of Borodino. One of the contenders for the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army during the Patriotic War of 1812!

Alekseev Mikhail Vasilievich

One of the most talented Russian generals of the First World War. Hero of the Battle of Galicia in 1914, savior of the Northwestern Front from encirclement in 1915, chief of staff under Emperor Nicholas I.

General of Infantry (1914), Adjutant General (1916). Active participant in the White movement in the Civil War. One of the organizers of the Volunteer Army.

Baklanov Yakov Petrovich

The Cossack general, “the thunderstorm of the Caucasus,” Yakov Petrovich Baklanov, one of the most colorful heroes of the endless Caucasian War of the century before last, fits perfectly into the image of Russia familiar to the West. A gloomy two-meter hero, a tireless persecutor of highlanders and Poles, an enemy of political correctness and democracy in all its manifestations. But it was precisely these people who achieved the most difficult victory for the empire in the long-term confrontation with the inhabitants of the North Caucasus and the unkind local nature

Kazarsky Alexander Ivanovich

Captain-lieutenant. Participant in the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-29. He distinguished himself during the capture of Anapa, then Varna, commanding the transport "Rival". After this, he was promoted to lieutenant commander and appointed captain of the brig Mercury. On May 14, 1829, the 18-gun brig Mercury was overtaken by two Turkish battleships Selimiye and Real Bey. Having accepted an unequal battle, the brig was able to immobilize both Turkish flagships, one of which contained the commander of the Ottoman fleet. Subsequently, an officer from the Real Bay wrote: “During the continuation of the battle, the commander of the Russian frigate (the notorious Raphael, which surrendered without a fight a few days earlier) told me that the captain of this brig would not surrender, and if he lost hope, then he would blow up the brig If in the great deeds of ancient and modern times there are feats of courage, then this act should overshadow all of them, and the name of this hero is worthy of being inscribed in gold letters on the Temple of Glory: he is called captain-lieutenant Kazarsky, and the brig is “Mercury”

Golovanov Alexander Evgenievich

He is the creator of Soviet long-range aviation (LAA).
Units under the command of Golovanov bombed Berlin, Koenigsberg, Danzig and other cities in Germany, striking important strategic targets behind enemy lines.

Margelov Vasily Filippovich

Creator of modern airborne forces. When the BMD with its crew parachuted for the first time, its commander was his son. In my opinion, this fact speaks about such a wonderful person as V.F. Margelov, that's it. About his devotion to the Airborne Forces!

Denikin Anton Ivanovich

The commander, under whose command the white army, with smaller forces, won victories over the red army for 1.5 years and captured the North Caucasus, Crimea, Novorossia, Donbass, Ukraine, Don, part of the Volga region and the central black earth provinces of Russia. He retained the dignity of his Russian name during the Second World War, refusing to cooperate with the Nazis, despite his irreconcilably anti-Soviet position

Pokryshkin Alexander Ivanovich

Marshal of Aviation of the USSR, the first three times Hero of the Soviet Union, symbol of Victory over the Nazi Wehrmacht in the air, one of the most successful fighter pilots of the Great Patriotic War (WWII).

While participating in the air battles of the Great Patriotic War, he developed and tested in battles new tactics of air combat, which made it possible to seize the initiative in the air and ultimately defeat the fascist Luftwaffe. In fact, he created an entire school of WWII aces. Commanding the 9th Guards Air Division, he continued to personally participate in air battles, scoring 65 air victories throughout the entire period of the war.

Stessel Anatoly Mikhailovich

Commandant of Port Arthur during his heroic defense. The unprecedented ratio of losses of Russian and Japanese troops before the surrender of the fortress is 1:10.

Dokhturov Dmitry Sergeevich

Defense of Smolensk.
Command of the left flank on the Borodino field after Bagration was wounded.
Battle of Tarutino.

Yulaev Salavat

Commander of the Pugachev era (1773-1775). Together with Pugachev, he organized an uprising and tried to change the position of the peasants in society. He won several victories over the troops of Catherine II.

Platov Matvey Ivanovich

Military Ataman of the Don Cossack Army. Started active military service from the age of 13. Participant in several military campaigns, best known as a commander Cossack troops during the Patriotic War of 1812 and during the subsequent Foreign Campaign of the Russian Army. Thanks to the successful actions of the Cossacks under his command, Napoleon’s saying went down in history:
- Happy is the commander who has Cossacks. If I had an army of only Cossacks, I would conquer all of Europe.

Marshal of the USSR and military leader of the Red Army, Mikhail Tukhachevsky was an outstanding tactician of his time and went down in history thanks to the theories of military affairs and books he developed about war. Among other things, Tukhachevsky is famous for being one of the first victims of the Great Purge, and his death marked the advent of a new era for Soviet Russia.

Childhood and youth

Tukhachevsky was born on February 16, 1893 in the Smolensk region, into a family of noble origin. After graduating from military school, in 1914, Mikhail Nikolaevich entered service in the Semenovsky Guards Regiment.

When the First World War began, Tukhachevsky set out to become a general before he reached the age of 30.

In 1915, Tukhachevsky was captured by the German army and tried to escape. Four unsuccessful escape attempts led him to imprisonment in Ingolstadt, a prison for repeat offenders. A fifth attempt to escape was successful, and he was able to return to Russia in October 1917.

After the revolution, he was accepted into the ranks of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army, turning a blind eye to his noble origins.

Civil War years

Mikhail Nikolaevich became an officer in the Red Army and, thanks to his outstanding abilities, received rapid advancement through the ranks. During the Civil War, he was put in charge of the defense of Moscow. Commander-in-Chief Leon Trotsky gave Tukhachevsky command of the 5th Army in 1919, in which position he led the campaign to recapture Simbirsk from Kolchak's White Guard. There he used the tactics of encircling the enemy and concentrated attacks. The campaign was successful.

Mikhail Nikolaevich also conducted final operations on the capture of General Anton Denikin in Crimea, in 1920. The success of the Simbirsk campaign allowed the 5th Army under his command to take control of the territory of the Volga and Caspian Sea, thanks to which it was possible to carry out a successful attack on Kuban. Using cavalry in this battle, Tukhachevsky finally defeated the enemy’s rear and carried out a hasty evacuation of Novorossiysk.

At the end of the Civil War, Tukhachevsky led the 7th Army during the operation to suppress the Kronstadt rebellion. In addition, he commanded the attack on the Tambov Republic between 1921 and 1922. During this operation gas attacks were carried out.

War with Poland

During the Soviet-Polish War, under his leadership, the Soviet army invaded Poland in 1920. Tukhachevsky's army lost to the army of Jozef Pilsudski. Polish soldiers triumphantly displayed the Soviet flags they had captured. During this period, a conflict arose between Stalin and Tukhachevsky. Each blamed the other for the defeat of the Soviet Union.

Theory of short-lived warfare

Tukhachevsky played a leading role in the development of a new method of warfare - the theory of deep operations. This theory involved striking deep behind enemy formations in order to destroy the rear and cut off the enemy's escape route.

The fleeting war had many opponents in the Red Army, but, nevertheless, it was adopted into service in the mid-thirties. The theory was included in the set of rules of the Red Army in 1929, and by 1936 it was completely finalized.
One of the main examples of its effectiveness can be considered the victory of the USSR over Japan at the Battle of Nomonhan. In this battle, the Soviet army under the leadership of Zhukov defeated superior enemy forces in the early autumn of 1939.

The theory of fleeting war is constantly being refined and is used to this day. It became the basis for many modern forms of combat operations, and it was developed by Tukhachevsky. Due to large-scale purges carried out in the Red Army in the late 30s, this theory was not applied for some time. It was later used again during the Winter War (1939-1940) when the Soviets invaded Finland. It was also used in the key battles for the USSR at Stalingrad and in Belarus.

Personal life

The first wife of Mikhail Tukhachevsky was the daughter of a Penza railway worker, Maria Ignatieva. They met at a ball in the gymnasium. The romance that broke out stood the test of time: the future “red marshal” graduated from the cadet corps, served on the fronts of the First World War, and fought in the civil war. Mikhail Tukhachevsky arrived as an army commander in Penza, where Masha was waiting for him. Like his father, Mikhail married a girl without noble origin.

The wife walked with her husband along the roads of the civil war, supporting Mikhail in difficult moments and steadfastly enduring hardships. Her mistake was supporting her relatives during the hungry years. Masha, knowing that they would not dare stop the wife of a high military leader, took food to her relatives in Penza.

When ill-wishers reported the “misbehavior” of Tukhachevsky’s wife to the Revolutionary Military Council, the ambitious Mikhail Nikolaevich suggested that Maria get a divorce. The woman committed suicide. The 27-year-old widower did not come to his wife’s funeral, entrusting organizational matters to an adjutant.

The military leader met his second love in the fall of 1920. After the failed Soviet-Polish operation, Tukhachevsky needed support. He received it from the niece of a forester, whose house near Smolensk he frequented. 16-year-old Lika (Lydia) was of noble origin. In the winter of 1921, Mikhail Tukhachevsky proposed marriage to the girl. The forester uncle insisted that the newlyweds get married in church. The red commander agreed, and the secret wedding took place.

Entering the church, the newlyweds saw an omen - a coffin with a deceased person. A year later, the pregnant wife announced that she was returning to her family. Lika found out about her husband’s mistress, Tatyana Chernolusskaya. Mikhail did not want to part with his wife, but the woman did not forgive the betrayal. Soon after the divorce, she got married. The daughter Irina was born died of diphtheria in infancy.

The marshal met his third wife in Smolensk. The beautiful noblewoman Nina Grinevich turned out to be an educated woman. The marriage produced a daughter, Svetlana. But family life Tukhachevsky was not perfect: the marshal started an affair with his colleague’s wife, Yulia Kuzmina. He also named his illegitimate daughter Svetlana.

Suspicions arise

Gradually, Stalin came to the conclusion that Tukhachevsky was his most sworn enemy. He gave him the nickname “Napoleon”, believing that Mikhail Nikolaevich, together with Trotsky, planned to overthrow the leader. After the redistribution of power in 1929, Stalin began to receive denunciations from military personnel who did not approve of Tukhachevsky’s tactics. Then, in 1930, the OGPU forced two officers to testify that Tukhachevsky was involved in a conspiracy against the Politburo and was planning to carry out a coup. However, this year the trial of Tukhachevsky did not take place. Stalin received the results of an investigation into his case, which revealed nothing.

After this, Mikhail Nikolaevich wrote a number of books about the conduct of war. In 1931, Stalin began to industrialize the army, and Tukhachevsky was given a key role in its reform. He introduced advanced ideas about the possibilities of tactical use of air and ground equipment in combined attack methods.

Tukhachevsky had a great love for art. He became a close friend and patron of Dmitri Shostakovich. The general's acquaintance with the composer occurred in 1925. Subsequently, they often played music together at Tukhachevsky’s house (he played the violin well). In 1934, Shostakovich was attacked and condemned after the publication of a critical article in the newspaper Pravda about his work Lady Macbeth. Tukhachevsky stood up for his comrade before Stalin. The arrest of Mikhail Nikolaevich led to pressure on Shostakovich. They wanted to get him to testify against Tukhachevsky. Shostakovich was saved from persecution by the fact that the investigator was also soon arrested.

Arrest of Mikhail Tukhachevsky

In 1935, at the age of forty-two, Tukhachevsky was appointed marshal of the USSR. Stalin wanted to achieve complete control over the army, seeing in it the only force capable of resisting him. Since their relationship with Tukhachevsky had always been difficult, Stalin decided to liquidate the marshal and seven of his commanders. This plan did not cause condemnation among the leader’s associates.

Tukhachevsky was relieved of his post and appointed military commander in the Volga region. On May 22, 1937, he was arrested and taken to the capital in a “funnel.”

Interrogation with predilection

The interrogation was conducted directly under the supervision of Nikolai Yezhov (Commissar General of State Security). Yezhov ordered his men to do “everything necessary” to get Tukhachevsky to confess. Yezhov was sure that Tukhachevsky had accomplices, and demanded that he immediately hand them over.

A few days were enough for Tukhachevsky to be broken and admit that in 1928 he was recruited by Enukidze (then a member of the presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Communist Party of Belarus, later secretary of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR). He said that he was a German agent and was in conspiracy with Bukharin to carry out a coup and seize power. Tukhachevsky’s confession is still kept in the archive, it is all covered with brown spots.

Trial and execution

On June 11, 1937, the Supreme Court of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics convened a special tribunal to sentence Tukhachevsky and other officers convicted in the case for treason. The process was called: “The Military Case.”

That same night at 11:35 p.m., all defendants in the case were found guilty and sentenced to death. Stalin, waiting for his decision, without even studying the transcript of the meeting, he simply said: “I agree.” After some time, Tukhachevsky was taken out of the cell and shot.

Rehabilitation

For a long time, the version of Tukhachevsky’s betrayal was official and was broadcast by both Soviet historians and their Western apologists. However, after the publication of the famous Khrushchev speech, Tukhachevsky was rehabilitated and found posthumously innocent.

Most historians agree that the conviction in the Tukhachevsky case was falsified, but Stalin's true motives in this story are still a matter of debate. For example, historian Robert Conquest accused the leaders of the NSDAP of forging papers that eventually convinced the leader of the existence of the Tukhachevsky conspiracy. It is believed that in this way the Nazis tried to reduce the defense capability of the USSR.

Nevertheless, after the 90s it became clear that the leaders of the NKVD actually “invented” Tukhachevsky’s treason. On their orders, double agent Skoblin entered the headquarters of Reinhard Heydrich and concocted information about Tukhachevsky and other officers involved in the case.

Having seen in this matter good opportunity In order for Germany to behead the Soviet army, Heydrich immediately took up this information. Heydrich's documents were delivered to the USSR through Benes. While the National Socialists believed that they had deceived Stalin, in reality they were simply serving as pawns in the NKVD's game.

http://history-doc.ru/tuxachevskij-mixail-nikolaevich/

Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich brief biography and Interesting Facts from the life of a military leader and marshal of the Soviet Union are presented in this article.

Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich short biography

In 1914, he graduated from the local military school, entering the top ten graduates, Mikhail became an officer in the Semenovsky regiment. With the rank of second lieutenant, he took part in the hostilities of the First World War. He was awarded more than once for his bravery. Once on the North-Western Front, during the Prasnysh operation in 1915, Tukhachevsky was captured near Lomza. Making attempts to escape, he managed to escape to Russia from Germany 2 years later.

After the Bolsheviks came to power, Mikhail Nikolaevich took their side and joined the party. For some time he worked in the military department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In June 1918, he was appointed commander of the First Army of the Eastern Front. Afterwards he was assistant to the commander of troops on the Southern Front. In 1919, Tukhachevsky commanded the 8th Army on the Southern Front. He took part in battles on the Eastern Front, the Chelyabinsk and Zlatoust operations, and liberated Siberia and the Urals.

Since April 1920, he commanded troops on the Caucasian Front, carrying out the North Caucasus and Yegorlyk operations. On the Western Front, he was defeated by the White Poles near Warsaw.

In March 1921, Tukhachevsky suppressed an assault on the Baltic Sea sailors who rebelled against Bolshevik power. In the same year, he commanded troops in the Tambov province that were engaged in eliminating peasant uprisings.

At the end of the war, Mikhail Nikolaevich was appointed head of the Academy of the General Staff. Under Tukhachevsky, it was renamed the Military Academy of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA).

• 1924-1929 – strategic director of higher military educational institutions of the Red Army.
• 1924-1925 - participated in the implementation military reform in life.
• 1928 - commands troops in the Leningrad Military District.
• 1931 - served as Deputy People's Commissar for Naval and Military Affairs
• 1934 - Deputy People's Commissar of Defense.
• 1936 - First Deputy People's Commissar of Defense and took the position of head of the combat training department.

Mikhail Nikolaevich took an active part in the rearmament of the army, the development of aviation, airborne and mechanized troops. He initiated the creation of military academies. Being not only a military figure, but also a practitioner, Tukhachevsky was involved in predicting the nature of a future war and developing the military doctrine of the Union. He wrote more than 40 works on these topics.

But in 1930, something happened for which Mikhail Tukhachevsky was shot - someone from the close circle of the military leader testified that he was a member of the right opposition. In 1937, he was removed from his post as Deputy People's Commissar of Defense. And on May 22, he was sentenced to death for participation and command of a military-fascist conspiracy in the Red Army. The sentence was carried out on June 12, 1937.

In 1957, he was rehabilitated for lack of evidence of a crime.

Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich interesting facts

• For successful service in the tsarist army, Mikhail Nikolaevich was awarded the Order of Stanislav II and III degrees, Anna II, III and IV degrees and Vladimir IV degree.
• For his active participation in the Civil and First World Wars, he was awarded the Honorary Revolutionary Arms, the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of Lenin. In 1935, the military leader was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union. He was the first Red Marshal of the Soviet Union, a supporter of army rearmament and an initiator of the development of rocketry.
• Tukhachevsky was called the “Demon of the Revolution” and “Napoleon”.
• From childhood, his father and grandmother instilled in the boy a love of music. Mikhail played the violin and constantly staged performances at home.
• Tukhachevsky's first wife was Maria Ignatieva, originally from Penza, whose father was a railway worker. She was his faithful front-line friend. What irritated Mikhail about his wife was that she constantly helped her relatives financially, abandoned him and went to Penza to join them after buying food. Tukhachevsky suggested that Maria break up. She loved her husband very much and, unable to bear the separation, shot herself. In 1920 he met his second wife Lika. But they, too, soon separated, she left for someone else, and their common daughter Ira died of diphtheria at a young age. Mikhail Nikolaevich kept the shoes as a memory of his daughter. His third wife was Nina Grinevich, a well-educated noblewoman. The marriage produced a daughter, Svetlana.

In the Aleksandrovskoye estate, Dorogobuzh district, Smolensk province (now Safonovsky district, Smolensk region) in a noble family.

In 1914, he graduated from the Alexander Military School in the top ten best graduates, and became an officer in the Semenovsky Guards Regiment. He took part in the First World War with the rank of second lieutenant and was repeatedly awarded for personal bravery. In February 1915, during the Prasnysz operation on the North-Western Front, he was captured near Lomza. In 1917, after several unsuccessful attempts, he fled from Germany to Russia.
After the October Revolution, he went over to the side of the Soviet government, and in 1918 he joined the Bolshevik Party. He worked in the military department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK). From May 1918 - military commissar of defense of the Moscow region, from June of the same year he commanded the First Army of the Eastern Front. Conducted a series of successful offensive operations against People's Army Committee constituent assembly and the Czechoslovak corps.

In December 1918 - January 1919 - assistant commander of the Southern Front. In January-March 1919 - commander of the 8th Army of the Southern Front. From April to November - commander of the 5th Army, which participated in the counter-offensive of the Eastern Front, in the Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk and other operations to liberate the Urals and Siberia from the troops of Alexander Kolchak.

In January-April 1920 - commander of the Caucasian Front; under his leadership the Egorlyk and North Caucasus operations were carried out. In 1920, during the Soviet-Polish War, he commanded the Western Front, which was defeated by the White Poles near Warsaw.

In March 1921, he suppressed the assault on the rebellious Kronstadt, where the sailors of the Baltic Front rebelled against the monopoly power of the Bolsheviks; in 1921, he was appointed commander of the troops of the Tambov province, which carried out the task of finally eliminating the mass peasant uprising.

After the war, Tukhachevsky was appointed head of the Academy of the General Staff, which under him was renamed the Military Academy of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (now the Military Training and Research Center of the Ground Forces "Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces" Russian Federation"), where, on behalf of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RMRC), he carried out educational and administrative reforms.

From January 1922 to April 1924 - commander of the Western Front. Assistant, and from 1925 to 1928 - chief of staff of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA), member of the Commission for the Training of the Red Army. From 1924 to 1929, as the chief director of strategy for all military higher educational institutions of the Red Army, he exercised general management of the teaching of strategic disciplines. He took part in the military reform of 1924-1925. Since May 1928 - Commander of the Leningrad Military District. Since 1931 - Deputy People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, head of armaments of the Red Army, since 1934 - Deputy People's Commissar of Defense, since 1936 - First Deputy People's Commissar of Defense and head of the combat training department.

Tukhachevsky participated in the technical re-equipment of the Soviet army, the development of new types and branches of troops - aviation, mechanized and airborne troops, the navy, and in the training of command personnel. He was one of the initiators of the creation of a number of military academies. As a military leader and theorist, he paid attention to predicting the nature of a future war and developing the military doctrine of the Soviet Union.
Mikhail Tukhachevsky took part in the work of the commission (chaired by Kliment Voroshilov) that made up the military department of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. He was a member of the editorial boards of a number of military scientific journals. More than 40 military theoretical works came from his pen.

In 1930, testimony was received from some military personnel close to Tukhachevsky about his affiliation with the right opposition.

In 1937, Tukhachevsky was removed from his post as deputy people's commissar of defense and appointed to the post of commander of the Volga Military District.
Arrested on May 22, 1937, declared the head of an extensive military-fascist conspiracy in the Red Army. He was convicted on June 11, 1937 and sentenced to to the highest degree punishment - execution. The sentence was carried out on June 12, 1937.

In 1957, Mikhail Tukhachevsky was rehabilitated for lack of evidence of a crime.

For military distinctions in the tsarist army he was awarded the Order of Anna II, III and IV degrees, Stanislav II and III degrees, Vladimir IV degrees.
In the Red Army he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (1919), Honorary Revolutionary Weapon (1919), and the Order of Lenin (1933). In 1935, Tukhachevsky was awarded the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich
3(16).03.1893–11.06.1937

Marshal of the Soviet Union

Born into the family of a noble landowner on the Aleksandrovskoye estate in the Smolensk region. After the cadet corps, having excellently graduated from the Alexander Junker School in Moscow, he became an officer in the Semenovsky Guards Regiment (1914). He knew French, German, Latin languages, was interested in music. In August, World War I (1914–1918) broke out. For almost six months, Tukhachevsky participated in battles and within six months received the crosses of Vladimir, Anna, and Stanislav - a total of 6 military orders.

In 1915, in a battle near Lomza, Second Lieutenant Tukhachevsky was captured by the Germans. He tried to escape from captivity 5 times and in 1917, having traveled half of Europe, he returned to his homeland. On April 5, 1918, Tukhachevsky joined the RCP (b) and the ranks of the Red Army, and in June of this year, on the instructions of V.I. Lenin, he was sent to the Eastern Front as army commander. In response to Lenin's wounding, Tukhachevsky's army took Simbirsk, the homeland of the leader of the revolution, and then Samara. Returning from the Southern Front in 1919, Tukhachevsky took part in the “Frunze counterattack”, took Bugurslan, Bugulma, then Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk, crossed the Tobol River and captured Omsk, completing the defeat of Admiral A.V. Kolchak. The legendary army of Tukhachevsky was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, and the commander himself, who was 27 years old, already having this order on his chest, received a Golden Weapon - a personalized saber with the Order of the Red Banner.

Then, commanding the front, he participated in the liquidation of the army of General A.I. Denikin. In April 1920, Tukhachevsky, commanding the Western Front, drove the army of Marshal J. Pilsudski back to the walls of Warsaw, but here he suffered a major defeat 1 . In March 1921, the rebellious Kronstadt was stormed across the ice; then liquidated peasant revolt in the Tambov region. In 1935, he was one of the first to be awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union.

Marshal M.N. Tukhachevsky had:

Order of Lenin (21.02.1933),

Order of the Red Banner (08/07/1919),

Golden saber with the Order of the Red Banner (12/17/1919).

1 The Poles captured 66 thousand prisoners, more than 330 guns, 1000 machine guns. “The Battle of Warsaw can be considered one of the decisive battles of the 20th century. It stopped the first open attempt of communism to break through to the West - just as the victory of Charles Martel at Tours stopped the penetration of Islam into Europe." (R.E. and T.N. Dupuis " The World History wars." Book three 1800 - 1925, ch. XIX. Ed. 1998).

V.A. Egorshin, “Field Marshals and Marshals.” M., 2000

Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich

Born on February 4 (February 16), 1893 in the Aleksandrovskoye estate (now Safonovsky district of the Smolensk region), “nobleman, Great Russian.” He graduated from the cadet corps and the Alexander Military School (1914). Participant in the First World War, second lieutenant. In February 1915 he was captured, escaped and in October 1917 arrived in Russia, “cooperated in the Military Department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee until the 20th of May 1918”, for one month he was the military commissar of the military commissariat of the Moscow region, after which he was commander of 1 1st Army (since June 26, 1918). Then - assistant commander of the Southern Front (from January 10, 1919), commander of the 8th Army (from January 20, 1919), 5th Army (from April 5, 1919), 13th Army (from November 19, 1919 g.), acting commander of the Caucasian Front (from January 31, 1920), commander of the Western Front (from April 28, 1920).

On May 22, 1920, Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic Sklyansky E.M., Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of the Republic Kamenev S.S. and member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic Kursky D.I. signed order No. 868, which read: “... commander On the Western Front, M. N. Tukhachevsky, having joined the ranks of the Red Army and possessing natural military abilities, continued to continuously expand his theoretical knowledge in military affairs.

Acquiring new theoretical knowledge in military affairs every day, M. N. Tukhachevsky skillfully carried out planned operations and excellently led troops both as part of the army and as commander of the armies of the fronts of the Republic, and gave the Soviet Republic brilliant victories over its enemies on the Eastern and Caucasian fronts .

Assessing the above military activities of the commander of the Western Front, M. N. Tukhachevsky, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic transfers M. N. Tukhachevsky to the General Staff.”

From May 6, 1921, M. N. Tukhachevsky was commander of the troops of the Tambov province, head of the Military Academy of the Red Army (until August 5, 1921), commander of the troops of the Western Front (until January 24, 1922), assistant chief of staff of the Red Army and military commissar ( until April 1, 1924), Deputy Chief of Staff of the Red Army (until July 18, 1924), chief strategy officer of the Military Academy of the Red Army (until October 1, 1924), commander of the Western Military District (until February 7, 1925), Chief of Staff of the Red Army (until November 13, 1925), commander of the Leningrad Military District (from May 5, 1928), Deputy People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs (from June 11, 1931), chief of armaments of the Red Army (from June 11 1931), member of the Military Council of the NGOs of the USSR, second deputy people's commissar of defense of the USSR (from November 22, 1934), commander of the Volga Military District (from March 11, 1937).

For military distinctions in the tsarist army he was awarded the Order of Anna 2nd, 3rd and 4th degree, Stanislav 2nd and 3rd degree, Vladimir 4th degree, in the Red Army he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (08/07/1919), Honorary Revolutionary Weapon ( 12/17/1919), Order of Lenin (02/21/1933).

Member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR since 1925, CPSU since 1918, candidate member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) since 1934, member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of all convocations.

By order of NKO No. 00138 dated May 25, 1937, M. N. Tukhachevsky was dismissed from the army. “By the decision of the Special Presence of the Supreme Court of the USSR, he was sentenced to death. The sentence was carried out on June 12, 1937.” (certificate of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR).

January 31, 1957 By decision of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, Marshal of the Soviet Union M. N. Tukhachevsky was rehabilitated. By order of the USSR Minister of Defense dated February 6, 1957, “the clause of the NKO order dated May 25, 1937 was cancelled.”

Marshals of the Soviet Union: personal stories tell. M., 1996

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