Types of emotions and feelings. Higher feelings
In psychology, a distinction is made between lower and higher feelings.
Lower feelings (emotions in the narrow sense) are feelings associated with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of various physiological needs. An example would be feelings associated with conditions such as thirst, hunger, satiety, and nausea. Lower feelings signal the physical state of a person - health or illness, satisfaction or dissatisfaction of organic needs.
The highest feelings include moral (moral), intellectual and aesthetic feelings. They are called higher because they constitute the most important and complex aspect of the spiritual life of man as a social being.
Being an indicator of certain relationships of a particular individual to society and, ultimately, an indicator of certain relationships between the individual and society, higher feelings are particularly complex and rich in content. Through the manifestation of higher feelings, one can easily determine the character, temperament, interests, and mental abilities of a person. All higher feelings are not experiences isolated from each other, but are closely related and collectively one way or another characterize a person’s personality.
Moral (moral) feelings arise and develop in the process of communication between people, in the process of their joint activities and are largely determined by moral norms and ethical principles. The social character of higher feelings is especially clearly expressed in moral feelings.
The essence of moral feelings is the experience of the values of actions, the actions of people, determined by public interests, requirements, norms, or, conversely, the experience of the inconsistency of a person’s actions with accepted social rules.
Among the moral feelings of man the most important place occupy a sense of patriotism, a sense of collectivism, friendship and camaraderie, a sense of duty and responsibility, a sense of honor and a humane attitude towards people.
Intellectual feelings are those feelings that arise in a person in the process of understanding reality.
Intellectual feelings are expressed in cognitive interests, curiosity, in experiences associated with the search for truth, with solving a mental problem.
Aesthetic feelings are those feelings that arise in a person when perceiving and creating the beautiful, sublime, comic, and tragic.
Experiencing objects and phenomena of reality as beautiful enriches spiritual world a person, makes his life richer, more beautiful. The beautiful constantly attracts a person’s attention, caresses his gaze, awakens the need to look at it again and again, and gives a person aesthetic pleasure. Aesthetic experiences evoke in us both the creations of nature and the creations of human hands.
A person’s behavior most clearly reveals the diversity of emotions and feelings that permeate him and determine the choice of fixed forms of behavior. In turn, stable forms of behavior become character traits and personality traits (for example, courage, anxiety, temper, empathy, disappointment). A person’s feelings reflect the structure of the personality; they reveal the direction of the personality, attitudes, and the personal significance of the environment.
IN pedagogical activity the teacher is required to be able to regulate his emotional condition in class in communication with students. The effectiveness of teaching and upbringing is facilitated by such emotional qualities of a teacher’s personality as empathy, optimism, and a sense of humor, while short temper, aggressiveness, and excessive anxiety reduce the quality of pedagogical interaction with students.
The nature of emotions and feelings is organically related to needs. Need as a need for something is always accompanied by positive or negative experiences in their various variations. The nature of experiences is predetermined by the individual’s attitude to needs and circumstances that contribute or do not contribute to their satisfaction.
Rice. 2.8.5. Types of emotions
It happens that a person simultaneously experiences opposite emotions and feelings. Science calls this phenomenon ambivalence of feelings and feelings.
Positive emotions- the reaction of the psyche to a satisfied need: joy, pleasure, pleasure, etc.
Negative- a consequence of an unsatisfied or insufficiently satisfied need: sadness, anger, fear, etc.
In neutral emotions, there is no direct connection between the degree of need satisfaction and the mental reaction: interest, surprise.
Stenic emotions- those that enhance activity, revive a person, encourage him to activity: joy, anger, etc.
Asthenic- oppressing a person, weakening her activity, demobilizing: sadness, grief.
Depending on the individual characteristics personality, its state of relation to the situation and objects that determine experiences, feelings are more or less intense, can be long-term or short-term and are called hobbies and addictions.
In the affective sphere of a person, a special place is occupied by higher feelings. They represent a reflection of a person’s experience of his relationship to the phenomena of social reality.
Interests
- Less strength and duration of feeling.
Passion
- Greater strength and duration of feeling
Rice. 2.8.6. Types of higher feelings
Level spiritual development a person is assessed by the extent to which these feelings are characteristic of her. In higher feelings, their intellectual, emotional and volitional components are clearly manifested. Higher feelings are not only a personal experience, but also a means of educational influence on others.
Moral feelings- these are feelings in which a person’s stable attitude to social events, people, and himself is found; their source is the life together of people, their relationships, the struggle to achieve a socially important goal
Human moral feelings were formed in the socio-historical life of people, in the process of their communication and became important means assessment of actions and behavior, regulation of personal relationships.
Aesthetic feelings- these are feelings of beauty of natural phenomena, labor, harmony of colors, sounds, movements and forms
The harmonious combination of objects, the whole and parts, rhythm, consonance, symmetry evoke a feeling of pleasantness, pleasure, are deeply experienced and are an inspiration for the soul, in turn inspiring people to create works of art.
Aesthetic feelings are closely related to moral feelings. They keep a person from committing negative actions and fill him with high aspirations. So, aesthetic feelings are essential factors in the formation of morality.
The highest levels of development of aesthetic feeling are found in the feelings of the beautiful, the ugly, the tragic, and the comic. These types of aesthetic feelings are organically connected with moral feelings and are an important means of their formation.
Intellectual feelings represent an emotional response, an individual’s attitude towards cognitive activity in its broadest sense
These feelings include curiosity, a sense of newness, surprise, confidence, or doubt. Intellectual feelings clearly manifest cognitive interests, love of knowledge, educational and scientific preferences.
Levels of development of intellectual feelings: curiosity, inquisitiveness, determination, sustained interest in a certain field of knowledge, passion for cognitive activity
Depending on the living conditions, training and upbringing of the individual, intellectual feelings have different levels of development.
The mechanism of cognitive feelings is an innate orientation reflex, but its content completely depends on training, upbringing, the surrounding reality and the living conditions of the individual.
Praxic feelings- this is a person’s experience of his attitude to activity
A person reacts to different kinds activities - work, education, sports. This is manifested in delight, satisfaction with activities, in creative approach, in joy from success or dissatisfaction, in an indifferent attitude towards it.
Praxical feelings arise in activity. These feelings develop or fade depending on the organization and operating conditions. They develop especially successfully and become permanent when the activity meets the interests, inclinations and abilities of a person, when the activity contains elements of creativity. Praxical feelings become richer if combined with moral feelings.
Higher social feelings reflect higher social needs. These needs are subject to relatively rapid changes in the course of historical development; they are not the same for people brought up in different social formations, in different eras, belonging to different social groups and classes.
Higher feelings arise in a person on the basis of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of his highest spiritual needs. The highest feelings include moral, intellectual and aesthetic feelings.
A) Moral feelings:
Sense of justice
Responsibility
Patriotism
Solidarity
Creative inspiration
Labor enthusiasm
A person’s assessment of his actions (self-esteem) is associated with the experience of such a feeling as conscience. If a person, based on a sense of his own duty, realizes the rightness of his actions, then he experiences a state of calm conscience. A calm conscience is associated with the experience of great moral satisfaction and joy; it gives a person strength and confidence in the correctness of his actions.
B) Intellectual feelings are associated with the mental, cognitive activity of a person and constantly accompany it. They express a person’s attitude to his thoughts, processes and results of intellectual activity. These include:
Feeling of surprise
Doubts
Confidence
Satisfaction
A feeling of surprise occurs when a person encounters something new, unusual, unknown. The ability to be surprised is a very important feeling, a stimulus for cognitive activity. A feeling of doubt arises when hypotheses and proposals do not correspond to certain facts and considerations. The feeling of confidence is born from the awareness of the truth and persuasiveness of the facts, assumptions and hypotheses that emerged as a result of their verification. Productive work brings a feeling of satisfaction.
C) Aesthetic feelings occupy a large place in human life. The source of aesthetic feelings is works of art: music, painting, sculpture, fiction and poetry, as well as works of architecture and achievements in the field of technical structures. People can experience deep aesthetic experiences when contemplating nature. Aesthetic feelings include:
Feeling of beauty
Admiration for the beautiful
Tragic
Comic
Sublime
In addition to these groups, we can also distinguish specific groups that appear with the development of society. For example, with the formation of private property, feelings began to form that expressed attitudes towards it.
The criterion by which feelings are classified as the “highest floor” is high degree participation of cortical and especially second-signal processes. Feelings of honor, duty, justice and others are complexes of emotionally reinforced ideas. If a person acts in accordance with the concepts of honor and duty instilled in him, then his highest social feelings manifest themselves in combination with self-satisfaction, with the consciousness of being right.
3.2 Lower feelings (emotions)
These are the emotions that have undergone changes less than others in the process of human development. These include:
Fatigue
One of the features of “lower emotions” is a distinct localization, or “anatomical binding”.
In psychology it is customary to distinguish the following types feelings:
- Lower feelings
- Higher feelings
- Moral feelings
- Aesthetic feelings
- Intellectual feelings
- Social feelings
Definition 1
A feeling is a person’s personal emotional attitude to the objects and phenomena around him, experienced in a variety of forms.
In psychology, the following main types are distinguished:
Lower feelings
Associated with the satisfaction of basic human physiological needs. For example, a feeling of satiety or thirst, security or peace.
Higher feelings
Show inner world person. They are related to the satisfaction of human social needs. They form the basis of all types of human life, facilitating or complicating social activities.
Higher feelings are divided into moral, aesthetic, intellectual and social feelings.
Moral
They demonstrate a person’s attitude towards people, towards the Fatherland, towards his family, towards himself. These feelings include love, humanism, respect for the Motherland, responsiveness, loyalty, and dignity. The diversity of moral feelings reflects the brightness of human relationships. These feelings control human behavior.
Aesthetic feelings
They represent the experience of feeling something beautiful. These feelings are most clearly manifested when contemplating works of art or natural manifestations. They have their development in accordance with the understanding of art. For example, music forms musical feelings in a person. These include the following feelings: humor, sarcasm, sensitivity, creative inspiration, a feeling of exaltation.
Intellectual feelings
Based on knowledge of people, the desire to satisfy curiosity, the search for truth and solving specific mental problems. These include interest, curiosity, a sense of mystery, doubt, bewilderment.
Social feelings
Provide emotional interaction between a person and the world around him. This includes such common feelings as: justice, honor, duty, responsibility, patriotism, solidarity, as well as shyness, confusion, boredom, greed.
Let's look at some of them in more detail:
Passion- This is a powerful, exciting feeling that prevails over other human aspirations. It leads to fixation of a person’s attention and all his forces on the object of passion.
Hatred- this is a strong proactive negative feeling aimed at an event that opposes the needs of a person, his views and values. This feeling can cause not only a critical assessment of its object, but also destructive activity directed towards it. Before the formation of hatred, strong dissatisfaction or regular accumulation of negative emotions usually manifests itself. The object of hatred then can be the true or apparent cause of events.
Humor associated with a person’s ability to notice contradictions or inconsistencies in the world around them. For example, noticing and exaggerating the opposite of positive or negative sides in a person. Humor implies a friendly feeling (a combination of funny and good). Behind the laughter-inducing imperfections, there is something positive and pleasant implied.
Irony compares the positive with the negative, contrasts the ideal with fantasy and reality, or correlates the noble with the ridiculous. A person feels superior to an object that evokes an ironic feeling in him. And malicious irony can turn into ridicule or mockery.
Cynicism, this feeling refutes life values, as well as disregard for the foundations of public morality and rules of behavior. Cynicism hides an inability to make effort on the part of a person.
Sarcasm displays caustic ridicule, malicious irony, or derisive remarks. Sarcasm hides an inability to take action.
In psychology, it is customary to distinguish the following types of feelings:
- Lower feelings
- Higher feelings
- Moral feelings
- Aesthetic feelings
- Intellectual feelings
- Social feelings
Definition 1
A feeling is a person’s personal emotional attitude to the objects and phenomena around him, experienced in a variety of forms.
In psychology, the following main types are distinguished:
Lower feelings
Associated with the satisfaction of basic human physiological needs. For example, a feeling of satiety or thirst, security or peace.
Higher feelings
They reveal the inner world of a person. They are related to the satisfaction of human social needs. They form the basis of all types of human life, facilitating or complicating social activities.
Higher feelings are divided into moral, aesthetic, intellectual and social feelings.
Moral
They demonstrate a person’s attitude towards people, towards the Fatherland, towards his family, towards himself. These feelings include love, humanism, respect for the Motherland, responsiveness, loyalty, and dignity. The diversity of moral feelings reflects the brightness of human relationships. These feelings control human behavior.
Aesthetic feelings
They represent the experience of feeling something beautiful. These feelings are most clearly manifested when contemplating works of art or natural manifestations. They have their development in accordance with the understanding of art. For example, music forms musical feelings in a person. These include the following feelings: humor, sarcasm, sensitivity, creative inspiration, a feeling of exaltation.
Intellectual feelings
Based on knowledge of people, the desire to satisfy curiosity, the search for truth and solving specific mental problems. These include interest, curiosity, a sense of mystery, doubt, bewilderment.
Social feelings
Provide emotional interaction between a person and the world around him. This includes such common feelings as: justice, honor, duty, responsibility, patriotism, solidarity, as well as shyness, confusion, boredom, greed.
Let's look at some of them in more detail:
Passion- This is a powerful, exciting feeling that prevails over other human aspirations. It leads to fixation of a person’s attention and all his forces on the object of passion.
Hatred- this is a strong proactive negative feeling aimed at an event that opposes the needs of a person, his views and values. This feeling can cause not only a critical assessment of its object, but also destructive activity directed towards it. Before the formation of hatred, strong dissatisfaction or regular accumulation of negative emotions usually manifests itself. The object of hatred then can be the true or apparent cause of events.
Humor associated with a person’s ability to notice contradictions or inconsistencies in the world around them. For example, noticing and exaggerating the opposite of positive or negative sides in a person. Humor implies a friendly feeling (a combination of funny and good). Behind the laughter-inducing imperfections, there is something positive and pleasant implied.
Irony compares the positive with the negative, contrasts the ideal with fantasy and reality, or correlates the noble with the ridiculous. A person feels superior to an object that evokes an ironic feeling in him. And malicious irony can turn into ridicule or mockery.
Cynicism, this is a feeling that refutes life values, as well as disregard for the foundations of public morality and rules of behavior. Cynicism hides an inability to make effort on the part of a person.
Sarcasm displays caustic ridicule, malicious irony, or derisive remarks. Sarcasm hides an inability to take action.