Types of monarchy: concepts and classical features. Monarchy: concept, types

In the section on the question Monarchy. In a Dual Monarchy, the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution. How exactly is the power of the Monarch limited? given by the author dupe the best answer is that it depends on the content of the constitution, as a rule, such a monarch does not have the right to sentence criminals to death without a trial death penalty, all his decrees are tested in parliament before publication

Answer from Patapius[guru]
Dualistic monarchy
(Latin dualis - dual) - a type of constitutional (limited) monarchy, characterized by the separation of legislative power from the executive. The basis of dualistic and parliamentary forms of government are the ideas of J. -J. Rousseau about the unity of supreme power, from which flowed the right of the legislative power to control the executive. The noticeable rise in the authority of parliament gave rise to the political theory of a mixed monarchy, in particular, the teaching of J. Fortesquier about a special form of sovereignty in England, which the king and parliament are vested with jointly: the monarch should not arbitrarily burden his subjects with taxes, change or introduce new laws without the consent of parliament. D. m. appeared in the 18th century. as a result of a compromise between the growing bourgeoisie and the still ruling feudal elite of society and was a historically transitional form from an absolute monarchy to a parliamentary one. With this form, predominance still remains with the monarch and his entourage. Legislature belongs to parliament, which is elected by its subjects. The power of the monarch is limited by the constitution, but he is vested with executive power, which he can exercise directly or through the government he appoints; forms the government; issues emergency decrees that have the force of law and do not require parliamentary approval; has the right of suspensive veto over parliamentary laws (without his approval the law will not come into force); may dissolve parliament. Officially, the government bears double responsibility, but in reality it is subordinate to the monarch. Parliament cannot dismiss the government through a vote of no confidence or in any other way. He can influence the government only by using his right to set the state budget. This fairly powerful lever is used only once a year. Deputies, entering into conflict with the government and, through it, with the monarch, cannot help but feel the constant threat of the dissolution of parliament. The judiciary is vested in the monarch, but can be more or less independent. The separation of powers under this form of government is usually reduced; political regime is authoritarian in nature. State regime can be characterized as limited dualism of power. D. m. existed in Germany, Turkey, and many other countries. Currently, a mixed form of parliamentary and democratic m. with a predominance of elements of the second exists in Morocco, Jordan, and in Thailand and Nepal. Malaysia is a mixed form with a predominance of elements of a parliamentary monarchy.

Limited monarchy. This is a form of monarchy in which the power of the monarch is limited by a representative body, i.e. in England it is Parliament, in France it is the National Assembly, and in Russia it is the Zemsky Sobor. A kind of duality arises state power, which was expressed in the fact that although the monarch was legally and actually independent of parliament in the sphere of executive power, at the same time he was often forced to reckon with the activities of parliament.

He appointed a government that was responsible to him, but the activities of this government could be discussed and criticized in parliament.

The monarch had a strong influence on parliament: he could veto its laws, had the right to appoint deputies to the upper house, and could dissolve parliament. However, a representative institution under a monarchy acquires control functions, acts as a legislative body with which the monarch is forced to reckon. There are varieties of limited monarchy: parliamentary (constitutional) and dualistic, and several non-traditional monarchies can also be distinguished.

Parliamentary (constitutional) monarchy This is a form of monarchy in which the power of the monarch is limited in the legislative sphere by parliament, and in the executive sphere by the government. In a parliamentary monarchy, the king has no real power and does not interfere in state policy. This does not mean that the king does not play any role in the state. His powers, which traditionally belong to the head of state (declaring a state of emergency and martial law, the right to declare war and make peace, etc.), are sometimes called “sleeping”, since the monarch can use them in a situation of a threat to the existing state (Spain, 1981) . This form of monarchy is also called constitutional because the power of the monarch can also be limited by the constitution.

For example, according to the constitution of the Empire of Japan in 1889, the power of the emperor was limited to the Imperial Diet, which considered, approved and adopted bills proposed by the emperor. Thus, in constitutional monarchy all acts emanating from the monarch acquire legal force if they are approved by parliament and based on the constitution, that is, they cannot contradict the constitution.

The monarch in a constitutional monarchy plays mainly a representative role, is a kind of symbol, decorum, representative of the nation, people, state. He reigns, but does not rule. A parliamentary (constitutional) monarchy is distinguished by essential features: parliament is elected by the people; the government is formed from representatives of a certain party (or parties) who received a majority of votes in parliamentary elections; party leader with the largest number parliamentary seats, becomes the head of state (the Prime Minister in Great Britain actually rules the country); in the spheres of legislative, executive and judicial power of the monarch is virtually absent, it is symbolic; legislation is passed by parliament and formally signed by the monarch; the government, according to the constitution, is responsible not to the monarch, but to parliament; Only in some parliamentary monarchies does the monarch have real levers of government (dissolves parliament, is the head of the judiciary, and the head of the church - Great Britain). At present, almost all European monarchs are parliamentary monarchies: Great Britain, Sweden, Spain, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Norway, as well as Japan and others.

Dualistic monarchy This is an intermediate, transitional option from an absolute to a parliamentary monarchy.

In a dualistic monarchy, the division of power occurs formally legally between the monarch and parliament.

That is, only parliament makes laws, and the country is governed by the monarch through a government appointed by him and responsible only to him. If in a parliamentary monarchy the monarch is deprived of legislative and executive power, then in a dualistic monarchy only legislative power. The emergence of this form of government in Europe is associated with the uprisings of the people in the 18th-19th centuries. against absolutism, for limiting the rights of the monarch.

The dualistic monarchy has become the embodiment of a compromise, where the monarch expresses the interests of the feudal lords (nobility), and the parliament represents the interests of the bourgeoisie and, to a certain extent, other segments of the population (most often the “third estate”). Despite this, the powers of the monarch were very strong: with his decrees (decrees) he regulated many areas of society, such decrees did not require parliamentary approval; the king had the right of veto (only suspensive) in relation to the laws of parliament; the appointment of members of parliament (or one of its houses) by the monarch (as opposed to a parliamentary monarchy, where parliament is elected by the monarch); had the right to dissolve parliament; had the right to set the date for new elections.

Dualistic monarchies existed in Germany (1871-1918), Turkey, Kuwait, Jordan, Libya, Nepal and other countries.

Until 1990 Nepal and Kuwait were absolute monarchies, but due to historical events(popular uprising in Nepal in 1990 and the war between Kuwait and Iraq in 1991) they began democratic reforms and today Kuwait and Nepal have moved from absolute to dualistic monarchies.

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A limited monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the highest state power is dispersed between the monarch and another body(s). Examples of such bodies in different countries can be Zemsky Sobor V Russian Empire, States General in France, Parliament in Great Britain. As a result, a peculiar duality of state power arises, which was expressed in the fact that “the monarch was legally and actually independent of parliament (the collective name for the bodies that limit the monarch)” Denisov A.I. Theory of State and Law - M. 1948 in the sphere of executive power, however, he was often forced to reckon with the activities of parliament. He appointed a government that was responsible to him, but the activities of this government could be discussed and criticized in parliament. The monarch had a strong influence on parliament: he could veto its laws, had the right to appoint deputies to the upper house, and could dissolve parliament. However, a representative institution under a monarchy acquires control functions and acts as a legislative advisory body with which the monarch is forced to reckon. There are varieties of limited monarchy: parliamentary (constitutional) and dualistic, and several non-traditional monarchies can also be distinguished.

A parliamentary (constitutional) monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the power of the monarch is limited in the legislative sphere by parliament, and in the executive sphere by the government. In a parliamentary monarchy, the king has no real power and does not interfere in state policy. This does not mean that the king does not play any role in the state. His powers, which traditionally belong to the head of state (declaring a state of emergency and martial law, the right to declare war and make peace, etc.), are sometimes called “sleeping”, since the monarch can use them only in a situation where a threat arises to the existing state.

This form of monarchy is also called constitutional because the power of the monarch can also be limited by the constitution. Thus, according to the constitution of the Japanese Empire of 1889, the power of the emperor was limited to the Imperial Parliament, which considered, approved and adopted bills proposed by the emperor 1 Chernilovsky Z.M. “Anthology on the general history of state and law”, M: Gardarika, 1996, p.268. Thus, in a constitutional monarchy, all acts emanating from the monarch acquire legal force if they are approved by parliament and are based on the constitution, that is, they cannot contradict the constitution. The monarch in a constitutional monarchy plays mainly a representative role, is a kind of symbol, decorum, representative of the nation, people, state. He reigns, but does not rule.

A parliamentary (constitutional) monarchy has significant features:

parliament is elected by the population;

the government is formed from representatives of a certain party (or parties) that received a majority of votes in parliamentary elections;

the leader of the party with the largest number of parliamentary seats becomes the head of state;

in the spheres of legislative, executive and judicial power of the monarch is virtually absent, it is symbolic;

legislation is passed by parliament and formally signed by the monarch;

the government, according to the constitution, is responsible not to the monarch, but to parliament;

Only in some parliamentary monarchies does the monarch have real levers of government (dissolves parliament, is the head of the judiciary, and the head of the church).

Currently, almost all European monarchies are parliamentary monarchies: Great Britain, Sweden, Spain, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Norway and others.

A dualistic monarchy is a kind of intermediate, transitional option from an absolute to a parliamentary monarchy. In a dualistic monarchy, the division of power occurs formally legally between the monarch and parliament. That is, only parliament makes laws, and the country is governed by the monarch through a government appointed by him and responsible only to him. If in a parliamentary monarchy the monarch is deprived of legislative and executive power, then in a dualistic monarchy only legislative power.

The emergence of this form of government in Europe is associated with uprisings of the masses in the 18th-19th centuries. against absolutism, for limiting the rights of the monarch. The dualistic monarchy has become the embodiment of a compromise, where the monarch expresses the interests of the feudal lords (nobility), and the parliament represents the interests of the bourgeoisie and, to a certain extent, other segments of the population (most often the “third estate”). Despite this, the powers of the monarch were very strong:

with his decrees (decrees) he regulated many spheres of social life; such decrees did not require parliamentary approval;

the monarch had the right of veto (but only suspensive) over the laws of parliament;

appointment of members of parliament (or one of its houses) by the monarch;

the monarch had the right to dissolve parliament;

the head of state had the right to set the date for new elections.

Dualistic monarchies existed in Germany (1871-1918), Turkey, Kuwait, Jordan, Libya, Nepal and other countries. Until 1990 Nepal and Kuwait were absolute monarchies, but due to historical events (the popular uprising in Nepal in 1990, the war between Kuwait and Iraq in 1991), democratic reforms began in them and today Kuwait and Nepal have moved from absolute to dualistic monarchies.

Non-traditional monarchies are special types of monarchies that do not fall into more than one category. For example, the elective monarchy in Malaysia, where the king is elected for five years from among the heirs of the Sultan from nine states. There is also a collective monarchy in the United Arab Emirates, where the powers of the monarchs belong to the Council of Emirs, united in a federation of emirates. There is a patriarchal monarchy in Swaziland, where the monarch is essentially the chief of the tribe. It is also necessary to note the quasi-monarchy in the British Commonwealth. In it, the head of state is the British Queen, represented by the Governor-General, but virtually all functions are carried out by the government. Of particular note is theocracy - a form of monarchy in which the highest political and spiritual power in the state is concentrated in the hands of the clergy, and the head of the church is also the secular head of state. The most a shining example theocratic monarchy in modern world is the Vatican, where the Pope is the head of church and state.

Limited monarchy

special variety monarchical form government, in which the monarch is limited by the constitution, there is an elected legislature - and independent courts. First appeared in Great Britain in late XVII V. as a result of the bourgeois revolution. In the modern world, K.m. exists in two forms: and .


Large legal dictionary. Akademik.ru. 2010.

See what a “limited monarchy” is in other dictionaries:

    LIMITED MONARCHY- see Constitutional monarchy... Legal Dictionary

    LIMITED MONARCHY- A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY … Legal encyclopedia

    LIMITED MONARCHY- (see CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY) ... encyclopedic Dictionary economics and law

    LIMITED MONARCHY- see Constitutional Monarchy... Encyclopedia of Lawyer

    See also. a constitutional monarchy. a special type of monarchical form of government in which the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution, there is an elected legislative body - parliament and independent courts. First appeared in Great Britain in... ... Large legal dictionary

    CONSTITUTIONAL (limited) MONARCHY- a special type of monarchical form of government, in which the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution, there is an elected legislative body - parliament and independent courts. It first appeared in Great Britain at the end of the 17th century. as a result of bourgeois... Legal Dictionary

    Constitutional (limited) monarchy- form of government in some modern states, where the power of the monarch (king, emperor, etc.) is limited by the constitution (legislative functions are transferred to parliament, executive functions to the government). see also Form of State... Librarian's terminological dictionary on socio-economic topics

    Monarchy- (Greek monarchia - autocracy) - one of the forms government. Essential characteristic Monarchy is concentration, concentration in the hands of one person - the monarch - of supreme power, which is inherited. Distinguish... ... Political science. Dictionary.

    MONARCHY- (Greek monarchia autocracy) a form of government in which the power of the head of state (monarch) is inherited, exercised indefinitely and does not depend on the population. Historically, the supreme power of the monarch was based on its... ... Political science dictionary-reference book

    Monarchy- this is a form of government in which the supreme power in the country is concentrated (in whole or in part) in the hands of the sole head of state. Features of the status of the monarch are the sole, hereditary and lifelong nature... Large legal dictionary

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For many centuries, in almost the entire civilized world, power was organized according to the type of monarchy. Then the existing system was overthrown by revolutions or wars, but there are still states that consider this form of government acceptable for themselves. So, what types of monarchy are there and how do they differ from each other?

Monarchy: concept and types

The word "μοναρχία" existed back in Ancient Greek and meant “unique power.” It is easy to guess that monarchy in the historical and political sense is a form of government in which all power or most of it is concentrated in the hands of one person.

The monarch is called differently in different countries: emperor, king, prince, king, emir, khan, sultan, pharaoh, duke, and so on. Transfer of power by inheritance - characteristic which distinguishes monarchy.

The concept and types of monarchies are an interesting subject for study by historians, political scientists and even politicians. A wave of revolutions, starting with the Great French Revolution, overthrew such a system in many countries. However, in the 21st century modern views monarchies successfully continue to exist in Great Britain, Monaco, Belgium, Sweden and other countries. Hence the numerous debates on the topic of whether the monarchical system limits democracy and whether such a state can develop intensively?

Classic signs of a monarchy

Numerous types of monarchy differ from each other in a number of characteristics. But there is also general provisions, which are inherent in most of them.


There are examples in history when some types of republic and monarchy bordered so closely on each other political structure that it was difficult to give the state an unambiguous status. For example, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was headed by a monarch, but he was elected by the Sejm. Some historians call the controversial political regime of the Republic of Poland - gentry democracy.

Types of monarchy and their characteristics

There are two large groups monarchies that formed:

  • according to the limitations of monarchical power;
  • taking into account the traditional structure of power.

Before examining in detail the characteristics of each form of government, it is necessary to define existing species monarchy. The table will help you do this clearly.

Absolute monarchy

Absolutus - translated from Latin as “unconditional”. Absolute and constitutional are the main types of monarchy.

An absolute monarchy is a form of government in which unconditional power is concentrated in the hands of one person and is not limited to any government structures. This method of political organization is similar to a dictatorship, since in the hands of the monarch there may be not only the fullness of military, legislative, judicial and executive power, but even religious power.

During the Age of Enlightenment, theologians began to explain the right of one person to individually control the fate of an entire people or state by the divine exclusivity of the ruler. That is, the monarch is God's anointed on the throne. The religious people sacredly believed in this. There are known cases when people came to the walls of the Louvre certain days terminally ill French people. People believed that by touching your hand Louis XIV, they will receive the desired healing from all their diseases.

Exist different types absolute monarchy. For example, absolute theocratic is a type of monarchy in which the head of the church is also the head of state. The most famous European country with this form of government is the Vatican.

A constitutional monarchy

This form of monarchical government is considered progressive because the ruler's power is limited to ministers or parliament. The main types of constitutional monarchy are dualistic and parliamentary.

In a dualistic organization of power, the monarch is given executive power, but no decision can be made without the approval of the relevant minister. Parliament retains the right to vote the budget and pass laws.

In a parliamentary monarchy, all levers of government are actually concentrated in the hands of parliament. The monarch approves ministerial candidates, but parliament still nominates them. It turns out that the hereditary ruler is simply a symbol of his state, but without the approval of parliament he cannot make a single nationally important decision. In some cases, parliament can even dictate to the monarch on what principles he should build his personal life.

Ancient Eastern monarchy

If we were to analyze in detail the list describing the types of monarchy, the table would begin with ancient Eastern monarchical formations. This is the first form of monarchy that appeared in our world, and it had peculiar features.

Ruler in such government entities a community leader was appointed who managed religious and economic affairs. One of the main duties of the monarch was to serve the cult. That is, he became a kind of priest, and organizing religious ceremonies, interpreting divine signs, preserving the wisdom of the tribe - these were his primary tasks.

Since the ruler in the eastern monarchy was directly connected with the gods in the minds of the people, he was given quite broad powers. For example, he could interfere in the internal affairs of any family and dictate his will.

In addition, the ancient Eastern monarch monitored the distribution of lands among his subjects and the collection of taxes. He established the scope of work and duties and led the army. Such a monarch necessarily had advisers - priests, noble people, elders.

Feudal monarchy

The types of monarchy as a form of government have transformed over time. After the ancient Eastern monarchy, primacy in political life took over the feudal form of government. It is divided into several periods.

The early feudal monarchy emerged as a result of the evolution of slave states or the primitive communal system. As is known, the first rulers of such states were generally recognized military commanders. Relying on the support of the army, they established their supreme power over the peoples. To strengthen his influence in certain regions, the monarch sent his governors there, from whom the nobility was subsequently formed. The rulers did not bear any legal responsibility for their actions. In practice, institutions of power did not exist. The ancient Slavic state - Kievan Rus - fits this description.

After a period of feudal fragmentation, patrimonial monarchies began to form, in which large feudal lords inherited not only power, but also lands to their sons.

Then, for some time in history, an estate-representative form of government existed, until most states turned into absolute monarchies.

Theocratic monarchy

Types of monarchy, differing in traditional structure, include in their list the theocratic form of government.

In such a monarchy, the absolute ruler is the representative of the religion. With this form of government, all three branches of power pass into the hands of the clergy. Examples of such states in Europe have been preserved only on the territory of the Vatican, where the Pope is both the head of the church and the state ruler. But in Muslim countries there are a few more modern theocratic-monarchical examples - Saudi Arabia, Brunei.

Types of monarchy today

The flames of revolution failed to eradicate the monarchical system throughout the world. This form of government has been preserved in the 21st century in many respected countries.

In Europe, in the small parliamentary principality of Andorra, as of 2013, two princes ruled at once - Francois Hollande and Joan Enric Vives i Sicil.

In Belgium, King Philippe ascended the throne in 2013. A small country with a smaller population than Moscow or Tokyo, it is not just a constitutional parliamentary monarchy, but also a federal territorial system.

Since 2013, the Vatican has been headed by Pope Francis. The Vatican is a city-state that still maintains a theocratic monarchy.

The famous parliamentary monarchy of Great Britain has been ruled by Queen Elizabeth II since 1952, and Queen Margrethe II has ruled in Denmark since 1972.

In addition, the monarchical system has been preserved in Spain, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, the Order of Malta, Monaco and many other countries.