Identification of psychological problems. The main psychological problems of the interpersonal plan

What are psychological problems? What are the ways to solve psychological problems?

A psychological problem is an internal problem of a person related to his world map, value system, needs, interpersonal relationships, etc.

Despite the fact that it is difficult to divide psychological problems into subtypes, since any internal conflict tends to spread to other areas, so family problems become personal, and personal problems turn into spiritual ones, but we will still try to classify them.

- these are problems associated with the biological essence of a person - uncontrollable fears, anxiety, dissatisfaction with oneself, one's physical data, worries about age, problems in the sexual sphere, etc.

Subjective psychological problems- these are problems associated with the need to perform any activity: lack of skills, knowledge, skills or will, knowledge, insufficient level of abilities or intelligence, lack of energy, irrationality, etc. Subjective psychological problems are very often disguised as problems of a different kind. Few people are able to admit, say, that he is stupid, instead, a person tries to find a problem in interpersonal relationships, believing that people are biased towards him or build intrigues against him.

- these are problems related to the position of a person in society: complex inferiority, lack of status, image problems, problems related to communication with colleagues, family members, friends, partners, any role problems.

individual problems - these are problems related to the achievement of long-term goals, self-realization: existential fears, a sense of the meaninglessness of being, experiences of lack of time, experiencing insurmountable obstacles, loss of self-esteem, sudden crises, problems at work, etc.

For some reason, in our country it is customary to solve psychological problems on their own, without the help of a specialist. Turning to a psychotherapist for help is considered a weakness by many people, and even ridiculed. We repair household appliances from the master, and we entrust mental problems to friends or relatives, who, unfortunately, are far from always able to help.

If an obstacle has arisen in your life path in the form of a psychological problem that prevents you from living, and you cannot find the key to solving it on your own, do not try to postpone the problem “for later” or forget it, seek help from a specialist, because he knows firsthand how to start those mechanisms that will help to cope with many psychological problems.

What is psychoanalytic therapy?

This is the oldest technique of psychotherapeutic work that exists today. The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is for the client to gain a deeper understanding of their feelings, desires, driving motives, gain greater confidence in themselves and their abilities, achieve personal integrity, through the experience of testing relationships in safe conditions.

It is necessary to distinguish between psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. Psychoanalysis involves frequent meetings with the analyst (4-5 times a week), deep work to study the "mazes" of the client's soul, the use of the couch. Psychotherapy is aimed at more specific goals, the frequency of meetings can vary from 2 times a week to 1 time per month. During psychotherapy, the therapist and client usually sit facing each other, and the level of problem solving is not as deep as in psychoanalysis.

What psychological problems can be solved with the help of psychoanalytic therapy?

In the course of psychoanalytic therapy, the patient can resolve the following psychological problems: self-doubt, longing, loneliness, chronic "bad luck", the inability to build friendships or love relationship, obsessive fears, complex internal experiences, somatic diseases that occur on nervous ground, dependencies. Speaking in medical language, the work of a psychotherapist is, first of all, the treatment of neuroses, depression, psychosomatic diseases and sexual disorders.

Questions from readers

October 18, 2013, 17:25 Hello! I want to help a friend deal with his problem, because he himself does not want to seek help from professionals. he had such a situation. An unfamiliar girl seduced him and persuaded him not to use protection, they had a sexual intercourse, after which, within a month, that girl convinces young man that she is pregnant, but at the same time she does not want to go with him to the doctor to get tested for hCG, or at least take a test with him so that he can immediately see the result. She convinces him that the test shows 2 strips, but does not give any evidence, she says this all the time either in correspondence on the Internet or by phone. And now I'll tell you a little about this girl. She lives alone, she is 20 years old, does not study, does not work, lives either in the urban-type settlement or in the village, judging by her stories to that martyr, she really wants a child, BUT my other friend and I are almost sure that she has problems with psyche or she simply scoffs. She lies that she can't go to donate blood from a vein because her ex-boyfriend came to her and beat her and bruises her, while her close friend says that her boyfriend did come, but they sat and drank tea. Also, this girl wrote farewell SMS to all her girlfriends and friends, saying that she was going to commit suicide. She does not agree even for money to go with my friend to the hospital to prove the fact of pregnancy. He is a student, all on his nerves, he walks not on his own. Could you please tell me if she has an attention deficit disorder? maybe she just enjoys bullying him? After all, she constantly does everything so that he begins to pay attention to her, writes to him that they say that’s it, don’t write to me anymore, and then writes to him again about pregnancy. He says that he will go with him to the hospital, and then at the last moment cancels everything. Please help me understand this situation, it seems to me that she has psychological problems. Thanks.

The main psychological problems that interfere with the harmonious development of a person are external and internal. External problems can stem from relationships with the outside world. Internal are a consequence of the psychological distress of the person himself.

Both bring significant discomfort to life, a feeling of dissatisfaction with life, tension, depression, and often require the help of a psychologist and psychotherapist. Working with qualified specialist a relationship of psychological difficulties with external ones is often found. Thus, clients of psychotherapists who are concerned about relationships with other people almost always have to change their line of behavior and attitude to the situation.

What is a psychological problem

Most of the causes of discomfort, failure, any kind of addictions, dissatisfaction and stress are in the psyche (in the heart), and external events in life only exacerbate internal causes. Any psychological problems cause a person obvious or latent suffering. For this reason, a person with great difficulty manages to change himself and his position. However, even having changed something, it is not always possible to achieve satisfaction and spiritual harmony.

In this case, we can openly say that the problem is predominantly psychological, spiritual, and not external, social. In this case, a psychotherapist can help a person become a confident and harmonious personality. It is enough to make certain efforts, time and professional knowledge of a specialist, and this problem will quite possibly be solved.

The occurrence of psychological difficulties

Usually psychological complexes arise when a person has an unconscious psychological fixation on some object or subject, as if connected (in the opinion of the person himself) with the achievement of the desired result. And everyone has only two types of desires:

• to get something (possession, development, realization, aspiration, etc.), in other words, "aspiration for...";
• to get rid of something (escape, destruction, liberation, etc.), in other words, "desire from ...".

If this cannot be achieved, a problem arises. This question is the main problem of practical psychology.

Low self-esteem

The main psychological problem, according to most psychologists, is the low self-esteem of a huge number of people.

Low self-esteem can affect various aspects of a person's life. People with low self-esteem tend to say a lot of negative things about themselves. They may criticize themselves, their actions and abilities, or joke about themselves with sarcasm. People with low self-esteem usually doubt themselves or blame themselves when they encounter any obstacles in their path. Also, they may not recognize their positive qualities. When a person with low self-esteem is complimented, they may simply think that they are flattering or exaggerating their positive qualities.

Such people do not appreciate their abilities and focus on what they did not do or on the mistakes they made. People with low self-esteem may expect to fail. They often feel depressed and anxious. Low self-esteem can affect performance at work or school. People with low confidence achieve less than people with adequate self-esteem because they believe they are less worthy and capable than others.

This category of people seeks to avoid problems, fearing that they will not cope. People who do not value themselves may work very hard and force themselves to overwork, because they feel that they need to hide imaginary shortcomings. They have a hard time believing in any positive results they get. Low self-esteem makes a person shy and very shy, not believing in himself.

Inferiority complex

An inferiority complex is an extreme pathological degree of self-doubt and is a huge psychological problem for a person. In essence, it is a lack of a sense of self-worth, doubt and very low self-esteem, as well as a feeling of inability to meet standards.

It is often subconscious and it is believed that people suffering from this complex try to compensate for this feeling, which is expressed in high achievements or extremely antisocial behavior. IN contemporary literature it is preferable to refer to this psychological phenomenon as "lack of latent self-esteem." The complex develops due to a combination of the genetic characteristics of the individual and upbringing, as well as life experience.

An inferiority complex can be exacerbated when feelings of inferiority are provoked by failures and stress. Individuals at risk of developing the complex typically show signs of low self-esteem, low socioeconomic status, and symptoms of depression.

Children brought up in such conditions, where they were constantly criticized or not parents, can also receive an inferiority complex. There are many different warning signs for those who may be more prone to developing an inferiority complex. For example, someone who is prone to attention and approval may be more receptive.

The study of the psychoanalyst Adler

According to classical Adlerian psychology, the feeling of inferiority reappears when adults already want to achieve some unrealistic goal or experience a constant need for improvement. The tension associated with feelings of inferiority causes a pessimistic attitude towards life and an inability to overcome difficulties. According to Adler, each person has a feeling of inferiority to one degree or another, but this is not a disease, but rather a stimulant for healthy, normal striving and development. It becomes pathological condition only when the feeling of inferiority suppresses the person, and does not stimulate him to useful activity. The complex makes the person depressed and incapable of further personal development.

Psychological trauma

A very common psychological problem is the consequences of experienced stressful situations.

By their nature, these are various mental disorders after affective (very powerful and destructive) experiences. The incidents that caused such intense experiences can be very diverse: isolation, illness, the death of a loved one, the birth of a child, divorce, stress, conflicts, war and fighting, danger to existence, rape and more. These events have a strong impact on mental condition, violating perception, thinking, emotions, behavior, making the person not quite adequate.

Another branch that is explored by both practical and scientific (theoretical) psychology is various kinds of conflicts.

Open and non-obvious conflicts with other people are harmful to the mental activity of a person and represent serious problem socio-psychological nature. These conflicts can be classified:

Children's difficulties

Psychological problems children develop at different times in their lives. They have different nature. These may be the following difficulties:

• children's aggression and impulsivity;
• isolation;
• capriciousness and tearfulness;
• timidity and shyness;
• low self-esteem;
• high level anxiety;
• increased resentment;
• stubbornness;
• fears and all kinds of phobias;
• inattention;
• difficulty remembering information;
• various problems psychological development;
• poor school performance;
• difficulties with adaptation in a school institution or kindergarten;
• communication problems with peers and adults;

In the event of any kind of psychological difficulties, it is necessary to seek advice from a child psychologist, since the child's psyche is a very fragile structure.

Maslow's pyramid of needs

From the position of the pyramid of needs of the great American psychologist Abraham Maslow(a pyramid that shows basic human needs), it is obvious that the issue of safety and food is not relevant for people at the present time. Of course, there are exceptions, but the vast majority of people can support themselves. Products have become available, their variety is great, and security in society is also maintained at a decent level. According to Maslow's theory, if it is possible to satisfy basic needs, then there is a desire to satisfy higher needs, such as community or feel part of a social group, self-realization, or the desire to realize oneself as a specialist, as a person. It is at the stage of satisfaction of higher needs that the main socio-psychological problems of modern society arise.

The problem of choice in the modern world of consumption

Summarizing, we can say that a person, having satisfied his own, tries to direct his forces to the satisfaction of higher psychological and social desires. At this point we are faced with contemporary issues. On the this moment There is a wide variety of products and services to choose from. The selection criterion can be color, appearance packaging, reviews, price, not just quality. All products a priori perform their functions, but their differences are made on insignificant characteristics.

In the future, it is these insignificant properties that are imposed on a person as selection criteria, and this causes people to have doubts when a purchase has already been made. Most people do not have the opportunity to purchase all types of one product, and often they remain dissatisfied due to doubts about the correctness of their choice.

Fast paced life

People began to cover long distances in a short time, which means that they are more likely to engage in some type of activity. Scientific development allowed to save time on some things, but at the same time it gave the opportunity to spend the saved time on others. IN modern world increasing dependence on computer games and from social networks. And thus people only increase the load on the psyche instead of resting, the brain is more and more overloaded. This is confirmed by many psychological research. Psychological problems caused by the fast pace of society are a real scourge of our time, psychologists say.

Do not ignore the painful signals of our psyche and engage in the prevention of psychological disorders. If from problem situation there is no way out, then it will be optimal to simply switch to something distracting and more useful. Sometimes a great solution to psychological problems will be a visit to a psychologist.

The ability to identify psychological problems is an indicator of the high qualification of a manager. A prerequisite for the formation of this useful skill is the understanding that it is necessary to highlight two features of the decision-making process. First, decision making is not an irrational process. Logic, reasoning and realism are important elements of this process. Careful analysis, development and evaluation of alternatives is also important for him. Second, managers should never consider their decisions to be completely rational. Personal factors and character are also elements of decision making. Knowing how behavioral factors affect the whole process and each of its stages helps to understand how administrative decisions are made. It is also important because there are several types of decisions that managers have to make, which we will discuss in the next section. J. March proposed to group the psychological problems of individual decision-making as follows.

• 1. Attention problems. A person cannot pay attention to many objects at the same time. Therefore, the psychological theory of decision-making considers as the main thing how a limited resource is spent - attention.
• 2. Memory problems. The ability of individuals to store information is limited: memory fails, records and files are lost, the sequence of events is erased or distorted. The ability to search for information in various databases is also limited. The knowledge accumulated by some members of the organization is often difficult to access for other members.
• 3. Problems of understanding. Decision makers have limited understanding abilities. They have difficulty using and summarizing information to establish causal relationships between events, often drawing the wrong conclusions from the information they have, or being unable to combine different pieces of that information to give a coherent interpretation.
• 4. Communication problems. The ability of people to exchange information is also limited. Communication is difficult not only between different cultures, different generations, but also between professionals of different specialties. Different groups of people use different theoretical models (paradigms) to simplify the real world.

Finally, the same people accept different solutions, depending on whether they act alone or in a group. Such phenomena are called "phenomena of collective decisions" (O. A. Kulagin). The following phenomena of collective decisions stand out:

• groupthink;
• polarization effect;
• the effect of "social facilitation";
• the phenomenon of "learned dissonance";
• effects of volume and composition;
• the effect of "asymmetry in the quality of decisions";
• the phenomenon of idiosyncratic credit;
• the phenomenon of false consciousness;
• the phenomenon of the virtual solver;
• conformity phenomenon.

groupthink causes unintentional suppression of critical thinking due to the assimilation of group norms by the individual. In other words, the individual unconsciously sacrifices his ability to critically evaluate alternatives for fear of causing discontent among other members of the group. The more cohesive the group, the stronger the desire of each of its members to avoid a split, which leads one to lean towards the fact that any proposal supported by the leader or the majority of the group members is correct.

In a cohesive group, the main danger lies not in the fact that each member hides his objections to the proposals of its other members, but in the fact that he is inclined to believe in the correctness of such a proposal without carefully weighing the pros and cons. The dominance of groupthink is manifested not in the suppression of dissent, but in voluntary renunciation from doubt in the name of group consensus.

Exploring the causes of groupthink, the English researcher I. Janis identified eight causes of groupthink:

• 1. Illusion of Invulnerability Most or all members of the group share the illusion of their own invulnerability, which prevents them from objectively assessing even quite obvious dangers and turns them into "over-optimists" who are inclined to make very risky decisions. This illusion also makes them unable to see clear signs danger.
• 2. False rationality. Victims of groupthink not only tend to ignore danger warnings, but also collectively invent rationalizations for downplaying the warning signs, as well as other messages that, if taken seriously, would force the group to critically examine the assumptions used by the group in making decisions.
• 3. group morality. Victims of groupthink blindly believe in the ultimate justice of their group's goals, and this belief leads them to ignore the ethical or moral implications of their decisions. In practice, this is manifested in the fact that such issues are not raised at all at group meetings.
• 4. Stereotypes. Victims of groupthink hold stereotypical views of the leaders of hostile groups. The latter are considered villains, with whom honest attempts at negotiation to resolve differences are pointless, or too weak or stupid to effectively counter any measures taken by the group to defeat them, however risky these measures may be.
• 5. Pressure. Victims of groupthink put direct pressure on any individual who expresses doubts about any of the group's delusions or makes arguments in favor of an alternative course of action to that approved by the majority of the group. These features are a consequence of the norm of consent-seeking, which is expected from loyal members of the group.
• 6. Self-censorship. Victims of groupthink avoid deviating from what might be called group consensus; they keep their doubts to themselves and even involuntarily downplay their own doubts.
• 7. Unanimity. Victims of groupthink share the illusion that the group is unanimous in accepting nearly all the arguments made by groupthink in favor of the majority view. This symptom is partly a consequence of the symptom described above. The silence of any of the participants in the meeting (actually holding back their objections) is misinterpreted as their complete agreement with what other participants in the meeting are saying.

When a group of people who respect the opinions of their colleagues comes to an agreement on any issue, each of its members is inclined to believe in the group's correctness. Thus, in a group where there are no clearly expressed disagreements between members, consensus (often false) begins to be perceived as proof of the correctness of the decision made and replaces critical understanding of reality.

8. Gatekeepers. Victims of groupthink assume the role of gatekeepers, protecting their leaders and groupmates from unpleasant information that could destroy the group's shared belief in the effectiveness and morality of earlier decisions. If there is any doubt about the correctness of the decisions made, the members of the group say that the time for discussion has passed, the decision has been made, and now the duty of the group is to provide all support to the leader who has assumed the burden of responsibility. I. Janis gives the following example of "gatekeeping": at a big reception in honor of his wife's birthday, US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, who constantly received information about the plan to invade Cuba, took the then Secretary of Defense A. Schlesinger aside and asked why he objected to the invasion plan. After hearing his answer coldly, Kennedy said, "You may or may not be right, but the president has already made up his mind. Don't try to change his mind. Now is the time for all of us to help him in any way we can."

When a decision-making group exhibits all or most of these symptoms, a careful analysis of its work reveals a number of typical shortcomings. It is these shortcomings that lead to the adoption of poor-quality decisions for the following reasons:

first, from the outset, the group avoids a general overview of all available alternatives and is limited to discussing a small number (usually two) of alternative courses of action;

secondly, the group does not re-discuss the course of action that was originally approved by the majority after risks and obstacles that were not discussed before are identified;

third, members of the group spend little time discussing the non-obvious benefits of alternative courses of action or previously unnoticed ways to reduce costs, due to the excessiveness of which alternative courses were rejected at the first stage of decision-making;

fourthly, members of the group pay little attention to obtaining information from experts in their own organizations, which could help to more accurately assess potential costs and benefits;

fifth, members of the group are interested in facts and opinions that can be interpreted as confirming the correctness of the chosen policy, and tend to ignore other facts and opinions.

polarization effect. In the process of making collective decisions, when members of the group directly interact with each other, the so-called polarization of risk takes place. This phenomenon consists in the fact that the decision made by the group turns out to be more or less risky, depending on what, on average, the risk attitude of the group was before the discussion of the problem. If initially the group was more conservative than risk-averse, then as a result of the collective decision it becomes even more conservative and cautious. In this case, there is a "shift to caution" effect. If the group was initially more risky than cautious, then after discussion its propensity to take risks increases, and the group makes an even more risky decision. In this case, the opposite phenomenon is observed - the effect of "shift to risk". Thus, a polarization effect occurs: after the discussion, the group's opinion "shifts" towards one of the poles - extreme risk or extreme caution.

Previously, it was believed that collective decisions are always less risky than individual ones. The discovery of the "shift to risk" effect was quite unexpected for researchers, since this phenomenon contradicted the prevailing ideas that collective decisions, unlike individual ones, should be more accurate, balanced, rational, and therefore less risky.

However, experiments have shown that in many cases the group demonstrates a greater propensity to take risks than each of the participants individually. A. V. Karpov offered several explanations for this phenomenon:

Firstly, in the conditions of collective problem solving, the so-called diffusion of responsibility takes place. The overall responsibility for the final result is distributed among the members of the group, and, as a result, for each of them it becomes less, which encourages them to make more risky decisions;

secondly, the risk in the minds of people has positive value. Therefore, risky behavior is more highly valued by others than cautious behavior, which is usually associated with indecision. Since any person wants to be valued more highly, it is in a group that he begins to demonstrate risky behavior to a greater extent than in solitude. As a result, the participants in the discussion, as it were, begin to compete "who is more risky", which directly affects the overall risk of a collective decision.

Subsequently, the researchers clarified that the group makes a riskier decision if the initial group assessment was already biased towards risk. Otherwise, there is a "shift to caution." On this basis, O. A. Kulagin comes to the conclusion that the most reasonable explanation for the polarization effect is information influence hypothesis. During the discussion, group members listen to the opinions of other participants, who, in order to confirm their position, can bring new and sometimes unexpected arguments, which their colleagues did not even think about. If the group as a whole is conservative, then when discussing the problem, each of its participants receives new information for themselves, which only reinforces their cautious position. Naturally, in this case the collective decision turns out to be even more cautious and conservative. On the other hand, if before the discussion the group was radical and optimistic, then in the course of the discussion the members of the group once again become convinced of "their rightness" by listening to the opinions of other participants. As a result, a collective decision turns out to be even more risky.

The effect of "social facilitation". The term "facilitation" is derived from English verb facilitate- facilitate, assist, assist. The fact is that the presence of other people or even one observer in a number of cases increases the activity of people, has a "facilitating" effect on the performance of individual actions and the adoption of individual decisions. In other words, it is easier to work and make decisions in a group than alone. However, later it was found that this is only half true. As experiments have shown, the behavior of people in the presence of observers becomes more confident and accurate only when solving relatively simple and familiar problems. When it is necessary to solve a complex problem, the presence of other people "fetters" and interferes. Thus, the group facilitates correct solution simple and makes it difficult to make the right decision challenging tasks.

However, further research has shown that social facilitation can lead to the opposite phenomenon - the so-called the Ringelmann effect. It consists in the fact that in conditions of collective activity, the personal efforts and productivity of each member of the group decrease. Probably main reason"social laziness" is the division of responsibility for the final result among all members of the group. In addition, under these conditions, people do not so clearly feel and understand the connection between their individual efforts and the overall result of their activity, which leads to a decrease in their activity.

The phenomenon of "learned dissonance". This phenomenon arises from the fact that many members of the group, even before the start of the discussion or during the collective solution of the problem, understand the impossibility of influencing the final group decision. Therefore, they seem to foresee in advance that the final decision of the group will not take into account their individual preferences and, as a result, this decision will be contrary to their personal interests.

Such a psychological attitude is further fixed in the minds of people ("learned"), which leads to a noticeable decrease in their creative activity in the process of making collective decisions.

Effects of volume and composition. In the process of collective decision-making, the effect of volume is often observed, which consists in the fact that groups that are too large and too small in volume (number of participants) make less effective decisions than groups that have some optimal size. As studies show, the size of this optimal volume is not constant, but usually lies in the range of four to eight people. Thus, the quality of collective decisions has non-linear dependence on the number of persons involved in its preparation and adoption: with an increase in the size of the group, the quality of decisions increases, reaches a maximum value, and then begins to decline.

The reason for this is that groups that are too small tend not to have enough information and the necessary diversity of opinion to make decisions. quality solutions. On the contrary, in groups that are too large, the negative effects of interpersonal interaction are very pronounced, such as risk polarization, social laziness, learned dissonance, and others that reduce the quality of collective decisions.

At the same time, it was found that the effectiveness of the decision-making process strongly depends not only on the number of participants, but also on the composition of the group. As is known, decision-making groups can be "equal" or differ in certain characteristics - age, gender, professional experience, education, cultural level, official position, etc. The totality of these differences is described as the "homogeneity-heterogeneity" of the group. As a result, it often appears composition effect, which lies in the fact that groups that are too homogeneous and too heterogeneous tend to make less successful decisions than groups that have some "optimal" degree of homogeneity. This is explained by the fact that in extremely heterogeneous groups it is very difficult to combine or even harmonize the positions of participants due to their strong differences.

On the other hand, in completely homogeneous groups, the quality of decisions is negatively affected by the very similarity of positions, views, attitudes, and personal qualities of their participants. Therefore, such groups lose the necessary diversity of ideas and opinions. In addition, it is the homogeneity of the group that creates the prerequisites for the emergence of groupthink.

The effect of "asymmetry in the quality of solutions". This phenomenon describes the differences in the influence that a group can have on the quality of people's individual decisions, depending on their status within this group. As O. L. Kulagin points out, the effect of "asymmetry in the quality of solutions" has a twofold manifestation:

First, the group has more power to influence the quality of the individual decisions of its members than the quality of the leader's decisions. Due to his status, the leader is less influenced by the group and less likely to change his decisions;

secondly, the group has less opportunity to change the leader's bad decision, compared to how the leader himself can convince or force the group to make a different decision. This phenomenon clearly shows that the influence of the group on the individual decisions of individual subjects depends on their hierarchical status and position in the group, even if formally it is considered that all participants in the discussion have "equal" rights.

The phenomenon of idiosyncratic credit. This phenomenon is a kind of group permission for deviant behavior, i.e. behavior that deviates from accepted norms. At the same time, different members of the group may be allowed different deviations from group norms. The magnitude of this deviation usually depends on the status of the members of the group and their past contribution to the achievement of group goals: the higher the position of the individual within the group, the greater the freedom of behavior and statements he has.

The phenomenon is enhanced in new or unique environments, as well as in situations of innovation that require fresh and original solutions. Thus, it is obvious that the phenomenon of "idiosyncratic credit" manifests itself primarily in the activities of the leader (due to his special position and highest status in the group), as well as in non-standard situations that require decisions that go beyond the established stereotypes. The amount of such credit determines the "degree of freedom" of a member of the group. Therefore, the very phenomenon of "idiosyncratic credit" should be considered not only as a psychological effect, but also as a real mechanism for making collective decisions.

The phenomenon of false consent. It consists in the fact that during the discussion, some members of the group may take a kind of position of conciliation with the leader or with the majority. However, this is not due to the fact that their views really coincide, but to completely different reasons: lack of competence, weakness of character, lack of personal views, unwillingness to think and spend energy on solving the problem. Taking this position, the subject is not included in the group discussion, but only actively emphasizes his agreement with other participants who, as a rule, have a higher status. Moreover, this agreement is not supported by any arguments at all. Moreover, it may not even coincide with the personal beliefs and preferences of the subject. At the same time, in the processes of making collective decisions, another behavioral attitude is also clearly manifested - the desire to "stand out", to emphasize one's significance and a special role in the group.

This setup usually results in the opposite phenomenon - the phenomenon of demonstrative disagreement. In this case, individual members of the group formally behave "exactly the opposite": they actively deny any opinions that do not coincide with their "point of view", and deliberately oppose themselves to the group. However, but in essence, their behavior is also not based on any meaningful and noteworthy arguments and aims to attract the attention of more authoritative members of the group.

The "virtual solver" phenomenon. Here the "virtual solver" is a person who is not really in the group, but who, according to the group's opinion, "should appear and solve the problem" (A. V. Karpov). Usually this phenomenon is perceived and evaluated by people negatively, as it leads to the fact that decision-making is delayed or postponed indefinitely. However, the "virtual solver" phenomenon has one positive trait: in the process of waiting for the "virtual solver", the group involuntarily prolongs the preparation of the decision and therefore, in some cases, increases its validity.

"Mirror" in relation to this phenomenon is the phenomenon of "expansion of the solution area". It has two main features:

• the group has an illusory idea of ​​its own high role in solving certain problems that are really within its competence, i.e. that no one but this group will solve them;
• in the group there is a tendency to unreasonably expand their powers. This leads to the fact that the decisions of higher authorities are replaced by their own group decisions, and, thus, the area of ​​tasks to be solved that fall within the competence of this group spontaneously expands.

The phenomenon of conformism. This well-known socio-psychological effect is often observed in the processes of collective decision-making and consists in the fact that many people make decisions and make judgments only on the basis of the opinions of others, even if it contradicts their own. Numerous experiments have been conducted to investigate this effect, which have shown that people tend to conform when they are opposed by even a small majority of the group. Thus, this phenomenon can be called differently effect of agreement with the majority. It has several characteristic features:

firstly, as the majority increases, the tendency to conformism in the rest of the group increases, but it does not grow above a certain level. In other words, the influence of the majority on the minority is not unlimited, but has some reasonable limits. So, in one of the experiments, with an increase in the number of figureheads playing the role of the majority, the subjects agreed with their incorrect opinion in 33% of the answers, and the consent of the minority did not rise above this level;

secondly, it was found that agreement with the majority increases with an increase in the size of the group, i.e. in large groups, the majority has a stronger influence on the minority than in small ones;

thirdly, the majority has a significant impact on the minority only if it is unanimous in its assessments. If "dissenting" or "doubting" appear among the majority, then this influence sharply weakens. In particular, in one of the experiments, a participant was introduced into the majority, who, unlike the others, gave correct answers to control questions. This led to a surprising effect: the number of cases when the subjects agreed with the incorrect answers of the majority was reduced by four times, i.e. conformism has become four times less than before.

In the future, the researchers went even further. They posed the question: How does the minority of a group influence the behavior of the majority? To answer it, experiments were conducted in which the subjects were in the majority, and the nominees who deliberately gave incorrect answers were a clear minority of the group. It turned out that the minority is also capable of influencing the majority and forcing it to agree with itself. However, one important condition must be fulfilled for this - the minority must take firm, consistent and coordinated positions. Only in this case can it have an influence on the opinion of the majority. So, in the next experiment, the group consisted of four subjects and two "dummy". If the nominees unanimously gave incorrect answers, it was found that, on average, in 8% of cases, the subjects agreed with them. If the minority began to hesitate, then the majority of the group agreed with him only 1% of the time. This phenomenon is called effect of minority influence, must be taken into account in collective decision-making processes when a minority of the group hopes to change the balance of power and tilt the discussion in their favor.

Results and conclusions

Such psychological factors as mood, emotions, sympathies, desires actively influence the decision-making process. They operate at both the individual and group levels. Therefore, there are personal and group psychological factors.

Personal factors are characterized by features individual perception problems, the influence of stereotypes in the assessment of people and situations, the phenomenon of a halo. Thus, rational thinking in decision-making always appears in the form of subjective rationalism.

Another psychological factor is defined as the adoption of "adequate" decisions, which are not the best, but satisfactory, corresponding to the accepted criteria. The reasons for making adequate decisions are determined by the short time frame for making a decision, the desire to solve this problem and move on to other issues, the unwillingness to engage in detailed analysis, which requires more experience and high qualifications, as well as limited rationalism, i.e. incomplete, inconsistent rationalism, due to the limited capabilities of the human intellect in processing information.

Methods that facilitate decision making are called heuristics. stand out the following types heuristic approaches: decomposition or decomposition of the problem, framing or consideration of the problem from a certain angle, "simplification" of the problem.

To determine the individual psychological problems of decision-making, it is advisable to identify the difficulties arising from the limited concentration of attention, memory, human ability to process information, problems of understanding and communication.

Collective decision making is often limited to groupthink, a way of thinking in group decision making where the desire for agreement becomes so strong that it makes it impossible to realistically evaluate alternative courses of action.

Each person during his life experiences psychological problems during contacts with the outside world, which are a reflection of his inner world, beliefs, system of personal values. These problems often begin in childhood and then worsen in adulthood.

Psychological problems - what is it?

The concept of a psychological problem is closely related to the inner worldview of a person. It is difficult to distinguish between them, since any problem that begins in family relationships can affect the entire personality. They are related to the biological and social needs of man. Psychological problems are: explicit (problem states and relationships), hidden and deep.

Problem states include fears, addictions, depression, loss of will. Relationships are jealousy, loneliness, conflicts, attachments. Unlike obvious problems, hidden ones are not obvious to a person, he denies them and looks for the source of his failures in others. Hidden ones include:

1. Revenge, demonstrative behavior, struggle for power.
2. Tension in the body, underdevelopment and tightness.
3. Lack of knowledge, responsibility, the habit of seeing the negative in everything, feeling sorry for yourself.
4. False beliefs, lifestyles - nocturnal, alcoholism, smoking.

The relationship of diseases and psychological problems

The expression "all diseases are from the nerves" has scientific confirmation. And the role of the psyche in the occurrence of diseases according to WHO is 40%. If the psychological balance is disturbed, the body starts a whole chain of processes leading to the disease:

1. Stress and chronic nervous tension stimulate the release of hormones by the adrenal glands, which disrupt the functioning of the heart, stomach, and brain.
2. Long negative emotions lead to vasospasm, the accumulation of toxins in the blood, the development of autoimmune diseases. The psychological problem of allergy is intolerance, rejection of the situation, the person.

Causes of psychological problems

At the heart of psychological problems is the difficulty for a person to control his subconscious. The unconscious area is that part of the psyche in which all negative experiences, situations and defeats are stored. Problems of a psychological nature appear if a person does not use his active part - consciousness. For example, in a bad mood, you need to remember any positive event from your life, try to see the beauty of everything that surrounds us. In the same way, you can help another person by switching his attention to the positive.

Psychological problems of modern society

Social psychology, studying the psychological problems of people in the modern world, highlights the crisis tendencies common to all. First of all, this is the loss of the meaning of life, the substitution of spiritual values ​​for momentary pleasures. The second common feature of economically developed countries is disunity and loss of ties with society. A society of loners is being formed. Live communication is not necessary for communication, a person can live alone, he does not need to create groups to save his life. The increase in drug addiction and alcoholism is considered a consequence of the violation of contacts between people.

Loneliness as a psychological problem

Loneliness turns into a problem not when a person is left alone with himself, but if at the same time he feels abandoned and unnecessary. These psychological problems are perceived more acutely in adolescence and old age. In adolescents, this feeling develops with self-doubt, failures in school, complexes. In older people, it is associated with the separation of children, the difficulty of communicating with friends, the death of peers.

In adulthood, a person may feel lonely when he is fired from work and loses contact with the team, this leads to a loss of the meaning of life and is the cause of severe depression. Problematic psychological situations associated with loneliness make people pessimists, not talkative, they look tired, angry at sociable and happy people. Psychological help is often needed to get out of this state.

The problem of the development of intelligence

Intelligence as the ability to know, learn, logical thinking leads a person to understand the consequences of his actions, the ability to avoid conflicts. One of the features of a person with a developed intellect can be called an intuitive solution to complex problems. In societies with totalitarian regimes, people can form a narrow target thinking, when the entire sphere of interest is narrowed down to everyday everyday goals. The problem of intelligence in the thinking of groups of people is reduced to standard, stereotypical patterns of behavior.

Aggression as a socio-psychological problem

Aggression is a form of destructive actions of a person, in which he harms others both psychologically and physically with the help of force. Human aggression as a social and psychological problem has the following manifestations:

1. Tendency to be superior to others.
2. Using people for your own purposes.
3. Destructive intentions.
4. Causing harm to other people, animals, things.
5. Violence and cruelty.

There are factors that contribute to the manifestations of aggression: stress, the influence of the media with types of violence, large crowds of people, alcohol, drugs, low, addictions, envy. Such people are usually afraid of being unrecognized, they are characterized by increased irritability, suspicion, they are unable to feel guilty, touchy and cannot adapt to new conditions.

Fear as a psychological problem

A person's fears are those emotions that he would never want to experience. Panic attacks with an unexplained sudden feeling of fear occur more often in large cities and are accompanied by chills and disorientation:

1. Fear of public speaking.
2. Fear of death.
3. Fear of fire or water.
4. Height phobia.
5. Fear of closed or open spaces.

The main cause of these states is not fear, but the fear of fear. A person begins to be afraid of what in reality cannot happen to him. The socio-psychological problems of such people are solved when they realize that all the reasons for fears are inside, there is always the strength to overcome them, and life should be filled with joy, not fears.

Psychological problems of virtual communication

Virtual communication is becoming more popular than real. Psychological problems of communication arise during communications in the network in the event of the formation of dependence and termination social contacts in the reality. Communication through a computer changes the psychology of a person, he begins to express his thoughts in a different way. Using invisibility, he can ascribe to himself non-existent qualities and virtues. This leads a person to isolation from the outside world and to the substitution of feelings and emotions for their surrogates.

Overeating as a psychological problem

Obesity is not only a cosmetic problem, sometimes its causes lie in the field of psychology. The psychological problems of obesity manifest themselves as fears of an aggressive environment. One of the reasons for recruiting excess weight is an attempt to protect oneself from the outside world. Then, when gaining extra pounds, a person ceases to feel his body, real needs, ceases to understand the people around him. Takes on a lot of responsibility and tries to live a life that is not his own. Overweight makes people clumsy in thought. It is with great difficulty that they give up their beliefs, with the same difficulty they get rid of excess weight.

Psychological sexual problems

Psychological problems in sex are experienced by both women and men. For women, the reasons for the inability to achieve orgasm and sexual coldness (frigidity) can be:

1. Fear of unwanted pregnancy.
2. Strict upbringing.
3. Sexual abuse.
4. Bad first experience.
5. Temperament mismatch.
6. Family conflicts.
7. Disappointment in a partner.

Psychological problems with erection and premature ejaculation are experienced by men with such experiences:

1. stressful situations.
2. Psychological stress.
3. Indifference to a partner.
4. Fear of not being able to have sexual intercourse.
5. Conflicts between partners.
6. Anxiety before sexual intercourse.
7. Mismatch of sexual desires and habits of partners.

Psychological problems and ways to solve them

Problems associated with the psychological aspects of life for a person are a heavy burden that prevents a full existence. Unresolved difficulties and obstacles worsen health and relationships. The solution of psychological problems takes place in several stages. The same steps are needed for any kind of tasks:

1. Goal setting.
2. Definition of conditions.
3. Solution planning.
4. Solution implementation.
5. Checking the result.

But even a person with a high IQ and self-organization often does not know how to get rid of such problems. This is due to the fact that, being a direct participant in the process and experiencing negative emotions for oneself, it is difficult to help oneself in such problems. Therefore, qualified psychological assistance will be useful.

Year of publication and journal number:

annotation

The article analyzes the essence of the psychological problem, its main characteristics, concepts related to psychological problems. An attempt is made to determine the types of psychological problems and build a model of the classification system of psychological problems based on their content. It is proposed to create a working group to develop a diagnostic system for psychological problems.

Keywords: psychological problem, psychological problems of personality, analysis of psychological problems, solution of psychological problems, classification of psychological problems.

The work of a practical psychologist can be conditionally divided into two main parts or stages - the diagnosis of a psychological problem and its solution. If numerous methodological systems and techniques have been created to solve psychological problems, then there are no special generally accepted approaches, diagnostic systems, such as DSM or ICD, for diagnosing psychological problems. Each specialist, on the basis of his own knowledge, experience and psychotherapeutic orientation, determines the client's problem himself. As a result, both in practical work and in the training of specialists, the process of orientation in psychological problems becomes subjective, intuitive, and if a specialist strictly follows a particular psychotherapeutic direction, then it becomes one-sided. In our opinion, the lack of a unified theory and classification system of psychological problems, as well as criteria for their diagnosis, significantly complicates not only work, but also training. practical psychologists. The solution of this, in our opinion, fundamental problem of practical psychology is possible only on a collective basis, but here we will try to outline the contours of the problem and our vision of the principles for its solution. First of all, let's try to define the concept of "psychological problem". In psychological dictionaries, in scientific and educational literature this concept is rarely defined and differentiated. We were able to find two definitions. So, according to T. D' Zurilla and co-authors, “A problem (or problem situation) ... is a life situation or task (in the present or future) that requires a response for adaptive functioning, but the positive result of this reaction is not obvious or impossible due to the presence one or more obstacles” (D'Zurilla et al., 2004, p.12-13). A. Blaser and co-authors define a psychological problem as "...excessive requirements for the patient's adaptive capabilities" (Blazer et al., 1998, p. 55).

Various definitions of a psychological problem can also be found in the popular psychological literature. So, in the encyclopedia of practical psychology N.I. Kozlov, psychological problems are defined as "... internal problems that do not have a clear rational basis" (Kozlov, 2015, p. 637).

Our understanding of psychological problems in methodological terms is based on the so-called problem approach, according to which any process can be considered as a movement aimed at solving a specific problem. From this position, psychological, socio-psychological, pathopsychological processes, behavioral reactions and personality activities can be considered as forms of solving psychological problems. And the joint work of a psychologist and a client can be viewed as a process aimed at diagnosing, understanding and solving the psychological problems of a person. We define a psychological problem as an actualized psychological contradiction within a person or group, which manifests itself within the framework of the mental norm, but creates discomfort, tension, and hinders the normal development, functioning and adaptation of the person or group. Let's try to expand this definition. First, we consider the problem as a contradiction, since any obstacle, difficulty, conflict reflects a contradiction between opposing tendencies. We can say that any problem is based on a contradiction, and any problem, including a psychological one, can be characterized through this basis. For example, fear can be characterized as a contradiction between the desire to live, or to maintain self-esteem, and a situation that threatens these desires. At the same time, one can speak of the presence of a psychological problem if the contradictions are relevant. The latter may exist in a latent form, potentially not bothering the subject, not perceived as a problem. Discomfort, tension, and generally negative emotions usually accompany actualized problems, although sometimes, for example, with intellectual problems, tension can have a positive connotation (for example, during creative work). In our opinion, psychological problems are a kind of barriers to adaptation, development and normal functioning of the individual. Features of overcoming these barriers determine the options for personality development (progressive, regressive, pathological development).

In this definition, we have tried to differentiate between psychological (normal) and so-called "psychiatric" problems, i.e. mental disorders (in English literature, these concepts are usually treated as synonyms). In fact, mental disorders are also psychological problems, but within the pathology, not the norm. Consequently, two types of psychological problems can be distinguished - pathological problems (symptoms of diseases) resulting from mental disorders and the so-called "normal" problems, reflecting the contradictions of a normally functioning psyche. It should be noted that the line between these types of problems is very thin, difficult to distinguish, not stable and is often determined not by the problem itself, but by the characteristics of the person who has this problem, her attitude to this problem. At the same time, pathological problems very often arise as a result of deepening and sharpening of normal psychological problems, their inadequate solution. The classification of mental disorders, as you know, is presented in the DSM and ICD systems. In the classification system of psychological problems, pathological problems, in our opinion, can also be represented as a separate subgroup in the section of psychological problems of the substructure of the psyche where they manifest themselves (this is, of course, a very debatable issue). For example, in the section on psychological problems of thinking, in a separate subgroup, one can present thinking disorders (for example, delirium, disorder of the associative process, etc.).

Let's try to present some characteristics of psychological problems that are important in practical work. First of all, this is the dynamics of psychological problems, i.e. the process of formation, development, actualization / de-actualization, exacerbation / weakening of problems in different periods of a person's life or under different circumstances. Another characteristic of psychological problems is the level of their awareness and critical attitude towards them. In practical work, a specialist often encounters a lack of awareness or denial of their own psychological problems. The position of explaining psychological problems is also important. Patients often explain psychological problems not by psychological, but by objective, independent circumstances. Here an important role is played by the so-called determinative system of personality, i.e. a system of ideas on the basis of which a person explains the causes of various phenomena, including his own problems. Based on research by clients who applied to psychological services we have singled out biological, socio-economic, mystical and psychological determination systems. These studies also showed that in order to understand and accept their own psychological problems and increase the effectiveness of psychotherapy, it is very important for the patient to switch to a psychological determination system.

Duration of existence, severity are also characteristics of psychological problems. There are chronic psychological problems with which a person lives for a long time and acute problems.

Psychological problems also have individual manifestations, i.e. the same problem different people differently perceived, evaluated and experienced. At the same time, in practical work, a specialist usually encounters not one isolated psychological problem, but a system of interrelated, interdependent problems, and the effectiveness of work largely depends on systems approach to the solution of the problem, and not a separate problem of the individual. In this regard, we consider it important to introduce into practical psychology such a concept as “psychological problems of personality” or “system of psychological problems of personality”. Like any system, psychological problems also have a hierarchical structure, consisting of central, initial and derivative, or actual and secondary problems. To study the problems of personality means to systematize, to compile a hierarchy (for example, causal) of psychological problems.

The next important issue related to the psychological problems of the individual concerns the strategies for their analysis. Each psychotherapeutic school and even each specialist has its own principles, approaches and traditions of studying psychological problems. The following main approaches can be distinguished: a) analysis of the mechanisms of manifestation of psychological problems; b) analysis of the origin and dynamics of problems; c) analysis of cause-and-effect relationships of problems; d) analysis of the phenomenal characteristics of psychological problems, etc.

The concept of “solution of a psychological problem” also needs clarification. In practical psychology, methods and techniques for solving psychological problems are usually described, but the solution of the problem itself, as a result of psychological work, is rarely analyzed. Meanwhile, it is very important to understand not only the essence of the psychological problem, but also the essence of its solution. In this regard, when working with psychological problems (also in the training of practical psychologists), it is necessary to clarify: a) how do the patient and the psychologist imagine the process of solving the problem, to what extent do these ideas coincide with each other and are realistic? b) What are the patient's strategies for solving (coping strategies) of his psychological problems? c) What options, levels, types, forms, ways of solving psychological problems exist? d) What should be the sequence and time frame for solving problems? e) What will be the consequences of solving problems?

Can be distinguished various forms solutions to psychological problems, such as: a) adequate / inadequate; b) everyday / professional; c) neurotic, psychotic, healthy; d) psychological, social, economic, biological, etc. It is possible to distinguish levels of problem solving: a) partial/full; b) solving the problem at the levels of causes, effects, etc. Options for solving a psychological problem can be: a) deactualization of the problem (for example, through its rethinking); b) elimination of factors contributing to the emergence of a problem or interfering with its solution, etc. Ways to solve psychological problems can be identified on the basis of those general strategies that are used in practical psychology, for example: a) awareness; b) reflection/rethinking; c) suggestion/programming; d) catharsis; e) training; f) desensitization, etc.

Now let's move on to the issue of classification of psychological problems. In the literature on practical psychology, it is difficult to find systematic, holistic studies specifically devoted to psychological problems and their classification. In psychotherapy, sometimes psychological problems are classified on the basis of psychotherapeutic areas, for example, you can find such expressions as “psychoanalytic problems” [McWilliams, 2001], “existential problems” [Grishina, 2011]. Often there are such concepts as “behavioral problems” (usually, they mean such disorders as hyperactivity and attention deficit, destructive behavior, etc.), “emotional problems” (anxiety, depression). N. D. Linde classifies psychological problems on the basis of "... the difficulty of their solution and in terms of the depth of their rootedness in the personality" [Linde, 2001, p. 26]. The author distinguishes seven levels of psychological problems, for example, the “supernormal level”, “the level of neurosis”, “psychosis” [Linde, 2001, p. 27-30].

Based on many years of experience in psychotherapeutic work, we have developed a model of the classification system of psychological problems [Khudoyan, 2014], which we will try to present below.

Psychological problems can be grouped on the basis of their form and content. In terms of form, psychological problems can be classified according to different criteria. So, according to the criterion of awareness, one can distinguish conscious, poorly conscious and unconscious (usually, deep problems that determine external clearly perceived problems, about which the patient turns to a psychologist, are not recognized). It is possible to distinguish between causal (reflecting the causes of other problems) and investigative (resulting from other problems, for example, anxiety may be the result of an intrapersonal conflict) psychological problems.

In the literature, there is a division of psychological problems into external (for example, negative emotions) and deep (for example, intrapersonal conflicts)

By temporal characteristics, severity and significance for the subject, one can distinguish between old (for example, old grievances) and new, chronic (problems with which a person lives for a long time) and acute, relevant and irrelevant psychological problems.

One can also distinguish between major and minor, complex and simple problems, overt/hidden, real and imagined, solvable/unsolvable, accepted and not accepted by the patient, problems presented by the patient and problems attributed to the patient by relatives or specialists, etc. Psychological problems can also be intrapersonal, interpersonal, intragroup and intergroup (the latter can be considered as socio-psychological problems).

Practical psychology most urgently needs to classify psychological problems on the basis of their content, to single out, group and describe the problems of different personality substructures. It is on this classification that a diagnostic system of psychological problems should be built. Naturally, the construction of such a classification system is possible only through the joint efforts of numerous specialists, but here we will try to present a hypothetical model for constructing such a system.

To classify psychological problems, it is first necessary to identify the areas of their manifestation. We have identified four such areas.

1. Mental sphere of personality.

2. Biological substructure of personality.

3. Personal development, her life path, present and future.

4. The system of relationships personality - environment.

Below we will schematically present the main groups of psychological problems in the selected areas of personality. At the same time, we want to note that both the identified areas and the groups of psychological problems included in these areas are relative, and the model itself does not claim to be complete and accurate.

Problems associated with the mental subsystem of personality

1. Problems of the I system - problems associated with self-awareness, I-concept, attitude towards oneself, with a sense of I, with the integrity of I (inadequate I-concept, narcissism, inferiority complex, depersonalization, dysmorphophobia, split personality, etc.). Problems associated with the substructures of the Self (for example, a weak ego, a strong superego or id), with defense mechanisms (inadequate, immature defense mechanisms, etc.). intrapersonal conflicts. Problems associated with introspection and reflection, with the awareness and verbalization of one's own experiences.
2. Problems with awareness and critical assessment of reality (disorientation in time, space, low level introspection, intrapunitiveness, etc.).
3. Problems associated with the need-motivational sphere of the individual - loss of the meaning of life, decreased motivation, inadequate needs, frustration of needs, inadequate forms of meeting needs, etc.
4. Problems associated with the volitional sphere of the personality - weak will, abulia, problems with self-control, impulsiveness, underdevelopment of the volitional qualities of the personality, etc.
5. Problems associated with the emotional sphere - increased anxiety, apathy, aggressiveness, depression, inadequate emotions, over-emotionality, emotional immaturity, emotional coldness, etc.
6. Problems associated with the cognitive sphere of the individual - problems and disorders of sensations (for example, poor vision, hearing, senestopathies, etc.), perception (for example, problems with the perception of time, speech, hallucinations, etc.), attention (for example, absent-mindedness), memory (eg, stress amnesia), thinking, and intelligence (eg, comprehension problems, delusional disorders, mental retardation)․ In our opinion, this category can also include such problems as cognitive dissonance, lack of information, etc.
7. Problems related to speech - stuttering, speech disorders (aphasia, dysarthria, oligophasia, schizophasia, etc.), tachilalia, delayed speech development, dyslexia, dysgraphia, etc.
8. Problems associated with the sexual sphere of personality - frigidity, impotence , lack of sexual satisfaction, sexual perversion, problems related to gender identity, etc.
9. Behavioral problems - addictions, impulsive, irrational, inappropriate behavior, enuresis, tic disorders, hyperactivity, aggressive behavior, obsessions, deceit, sleep disturbances, problems related to food, sexual, behavior, etc.
10. Problems related to temperament and character - character accentuations, psychopathy, sociopathy, negative character traits, etc.
11. Problems related to perception, reactions to stress and coping - inadequate reactions to stress and coping strategies, post-traumatic stress disorders, reduced stress tolerance, etc.
12. Problems of the spiritual, moral and religious spheres of the personality - guilt, moral decline, moral conflict, spiritual crisis, value conflict, fanaticism, problems associated with sects, etc.

Psychological problems associated with the biological subsystem of personality

1. Psychological problems associated with somatic diseases (for example, fear of death due to myocardial infarction, depression in cancer patients, emotional problems with hormonal disorders, etc.),
2. Psychological problems associated with normative stressful biological processes (menstruation, childbirth, menopause, etc.).
3. Psychological problems that contribute to the occurrence of somatic diseases (for example, alexithymia).
4. Somatized psychological problems (eg, somatized depression, conversion disorders).
5. Psychological problems associated with cosmetic surgery, organ transplants, surgical changes in appearance.
6. Psychological problems associated with bodily injuries and deformities, brain poisoning, etc.

Psychological problems associated with the development of the individual, with her life path, present and future

1. Problems associated with deviations of normative mental and social development (underdevelopment or delayed development of cognitive functions, emotional immaturity, etc.).
2. Problems associated with normative involutionary processes (normative changes in appearance, decreased sexual activity, etc.)
3. Problems associated with non-normative personality development (problems that arise in the process of personal growth, fall, degradation of personality, etc.).
4. Normative and non-normative crises of personality development, crises associated with normative life events (birth of a child, retirement, death of parents, etc.).
5. Problems associated with solving age-related developmental tasks (for example, with the assimilation of speech).
6. Problems related to vocational guidance, career, professional development, etc.
7. Specific problems of individual age periods(teenage problems, problems of late age, etc.), etc.

Psychological problems associated with interpersonal, intergroup relationships and personal living space

1. Psychological problems associated with interpersonal relationships ( interpersonal conflicts, rivalry, mutual dislike, love problems, relationship cooling, specific, interruption problems interpersonal relationships, for example, the death of loved ones, the separation of couples, problems associated with the relationship of opposite sexes, friends, relatives, neighbors, etc.).
2. Intra-group psychological problems (problems between the individual and the group, problems between groupings within the group, alienation from the group, etc.)
3. Psychological problems associated with intergroup relationships (ethnic conflicts, rivalry between groups, etc.).
4. Psychological problems of individual spheres of a person's life (family, work, educational psychological problems, specific problems associated with certain specialties, for example, problems in sports, diplomacy, police, etc.).
5. Transgenerational problems (identifications with relatives that make life difficult for a person, anniversary syndrome, etc.).
6. Psychological problems associated with the living space of the individual - lack of housing, poor living conditions, psychological problems associated with the physical effects of the environment (heat, cold, radiation, lack of oxygen, etc.)

Concluding this article, we note that the proposed theoretical model and scheme of the classification system of psychological problems are only an attempt to raise the problem and outline our vision of the contours of its solution. In the future, in our opinion, it is necessary to create a working group of practical psychologists and researchers and develop general theory and diagnostic system of psychological problems.

Abstract

The Psychological Problems: an Essence, Types, Characteristics

The essence of the psychological problems, their main characteristics, concepts related to psychological problems is analyzed in the article. An attempt to classify the psychological problems and to build a model of the classification system of psychological problems on the basis of their content is made. The author suggested establishing a working group for the elaboration of a diagnostic system of psychological problems.

keywords: psychological, psychological problematic of personality, analysis of psychological problems, solution of problem psychological problems classification of psychological problems.

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