5 modern processes in the Russian language. Valgina n.s.

UDC 811.161.1 BBK 81.2 Rus-923 Valgina N.S. Active processes in the modern Russian language: Textbook Moscow: Logos, 2001. 304 p. 3000 copies Reviewers: Professor, Doctor of Philological Sciences S.G. Antonov and N.D. Burvikova For the first time, a holistic concept of active processes in the Russian language is given, based on the study of oral and written speech in various spheres of social life. The active processes in the Russian language at the end of the 20th century are covered. - in pronunciation and stress, in vocabulary and phraseology, in word formation and morphology, in syntax and punctuation. Language changes are considered taking into account the internal sources of language development against the background of historical transformations in the life of society. Linguistic variation is widely represented in its relation to the literary norm. Particular attention is paid to the vocabulary of the media as the most obvious source of changes in the vocabulary of the Russian language. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the areas and specialties of “Philology”, “Linguistics”, “Journalism”, “Book Studies”. "Publishing and Editing." Of interest to linguists, philosophers, cultural experts, press workers, literary scholars, teachers and professors, as well as a wide range of readers. ISBN 5-94010-092-9

Preface 1. Principles of the sociological study of language 2. Laws of language development 3. Variation of the linguistic sign 3.1. The concept of variation and its origins 3.2. Classification of options 4. Language norm 4.1. The concept of the norm and its characteristics 4.2. Norm and occasionalism. General linguistic and situational norm 4.3. Reasoned deviations from the norm 4.4. Basic processes in the normalization of linguistic phenomena 5. Changes in Russian pronunciation 6. Active processes in the area of stress 7. Active processes in vocabulary and phraseology 7.1. Basic lexical processes 7.2. Semantic processes in vocabulary 7.3. Stylistic transformations in vocabulary 7.4. Determinologization 7.5. Foreign language borrowings 7.6. Computer language 7.7. Foreign language lexemes in Russian vernacular 7.8. Extraliterary vocabulary in the language of modern press 8. Active processes in word formation 8.1. The growth of agglutinative features in the process of word formation 8.2. The most productive word-formation types 8.2.1. Production of names of persons 8.2.2. Abstract names and named processes 8.2.3. Prefix formations and compound words 8.3. Specialization of word-forming means 8.4. Stepwise word formation 8.5. Collapse of titles 8.6. Abbreviation 8.7. Expressive names 8.8. Occasional words 9. Active processes in morphology 9.1. The growth of analyticism in morphology 9.2. Shifts in forms of grammatical gender 9.3. Forms of grammatical number 9.4. Changes in case forms 9.5. Changes in verb forms 9.6. Some changes in the forms of adjectives 10. Active processes in syntax 10.1. Dismemberment and segmentation of syntactic structures 10.1.1. Connecting members and parceled structures 10.1.2. Binomial constructions 10.2. Predicative complexity of a sentence 10.3. Activation of inconsistent and uncontrollable word forms 10.4. Growth of prepositional combinations 10.5. Tendency towards semantic accuracy of statements 10.6. Syntactic compression and syntactic reduction 10.7. Weakening the syntactic connection 10.8. The relationship between affective and intellectual in the sphere of syntax 11. Some trends in modern Russian punctuation 11.1. Point 11.2. Semicolon 11.3. Colon 11.4. Dash 11.5. Ellipsis 11.6. Functional and targeted use of punctuation 11.7. Unregulated punctuation. Author's punctuation Conclusion Literature 12. Sample program of the discipline “Active processes in the modern Russian language” 12. 1. The purpose and objectives of the discipline, requirements for knowledge and skills 12.1.1. The purpose of teaching the discipline 12.1.2. Requirements for knowledge and skills 12.1.3. List of disciplines, the mastery of which is necessary to study this discipline 12.2. Contents of the discipline 12.2.1. Name of topics, their content 12.3. Approximate list of practical exercises 12.4. Sample list of homework

The state of the modern Russian language at the end of the 20th century, the changes that are actively taking place in it, require careful study and coverage in order to develop assessments and recommendations from the standpoint of objectivity and historical expediency.

The dynamics of language development are so noticeable that they do not leave anyone indifferent either among the linguistic community, or among journalists and publicists, or among ordinary citizens not professionally associated with the language.

The media provide a truly impressive picture of the use of language, which causes conflicting judgments and assessments of what is happening. Some scrupulously collect gross errors in speech, focusing on the traditional literary norm of the past; others welcome and unconditionally accept “verbal freedom”, discarding any restrictions in the use of language - up to the admissibility of printed use of coarse vernacular, jargon and obscene words and expressions in the language.

The public's concern about the fate of language, although it has serious grounds, does not take into account that they lie somewhat apart from the linguistic essence itself. Indeed, the style of modern media causes alarm and concern. However, this often equates real dynamic processes in the language itself, in particular in the stormy growth of variant forms and the avalanche growth of word-formation types and models, and phenomena explained by the insufficient culture of oral and written public speech. The latter has a completely realistic justification: the democratization of society has incredibly expanded the circle of public speakers - in parliament, in the press, at rallies and in other spheres of mass communication. Freedom of speech, understood literally and in relation to the manner of expression, broke all social and ethical prohibitions and canons. But this is another problem - the problem of speech culture, the problem of ethics of public speaking, and finally, the problem of language education. In this sense, we have indeed lost a lot, at least the practice of editing and polishing the printed and spoken word. But, on the other hand, it is obvious that the literary smooth “reading of a written text” in the past could not serve as an exemplary manifestation of the culture of speech in its essence. A lively, spontaneously delivered speech is more attractive, but it, naturally, is fraught with many surprises.

Thus, when discussing the state of the Russian language today, it is necessary to distinguish between linguistic issues proper and issues of speech practice, issues of linguistic taste of the historical moment.

Language and time are an eternal problem for researchers. Language lives in time (this does not mean abstract time, but the society of a certain era), but time is also reflected in language. Language changes. This evolutionary quality is inherent in him. But how does it change? It is hardly legitimate to believe that it is constantly and steadily improving. Assessments of “good” or “bad” are inappropriate here. There is too much subjectivity in them. For example, contemporaries A.S. There were many, many things that Pushkin did not like about his linguistic innovations. However, it was they who subsequently turned out to be the most promising and productive (let us recall, at least, the attacks on the language of “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, up to its complete rejection).

Modern science of language, when characterizing changes in it “for the better,” prefers to use the principle of expediency. In this case, the functional-pragmatic essence of the language is taken into account, and not an abstractly and separately existing code model. Such a clear quality of modern language as the increasing variability of linguistic signs can be perceived as a positive phenomenon, since it provides language users with choices, which, in turn, indicates the expansion of the language’s capabilities in terms of satisfying specific communicative tasks. This means that the language becomes more mobile, subtly responding to the communication situation, i.e. The stylistics of the language are enriched. And this adds something to the resources already available in the language and expands its capabilities.

Despite the fact that the language of modern media often produces a negative impression due to a falsely understood thesis about freedom of speech, it must be admitted that the modern Russian language, due to the prevailing historical circumstances, today draws resources for updating the literary norm here - in the media, in colloquial speech, although for a long time such a source was fiction, it is not without reason that the standardized language is called the literary language (according to M. Gorky - processed by masters of words). The change in the sources of the formation of a literary norm also explains the loss of the norm’s former rigidity and unambiguity. Such a phenomenon in modern language as the variation of a norm is not a sign of its loosening and loss of stability, but an indicator of the flexibility and expedient adaptability of the norm to the life situation of communication.

Life has changed a lot. And not only the idea of the inviolability of the literary model in establishing the norm. The speech behavior of representatives of modern society has changed, speech stereotypes of the past have been eliminated, the language of the press has become more natural and lifelike; The style of the mass press has changed - there is more irony and sarcasm, and this awakens and develops subtle nuances in the word. But at the same time and nearby there is linguistic vulgarity and the nakedness of the direct, crude meaning of the taboo word. The picture is contradictory and ambiguous, requiring careful analysis and painstaking, long-term work on cultivating linguistic taste.

An interesting idea was expressed by I. Volgin back in 1993 (Lit. newspaper, August 25), quoting I. Brodsky: “Only if we have decided that it is time for “sapiens” to stop in its development, literature should speak the language of the people. Otherwise, the people should speak the language of literature.” As for the “obscene literature” that has so flooded our modern press, then for its own good it is better for it to remain marginal, fundamentally unbookish, inexpressible in the written word (I. Volgin’s advice). “There is no need to artificially pull this fragile object out of its natural habitat - from the element of oral speech, where only it is able to carry out its cultural mission.” And further: “This outstanding national phenomenon deserves to live an independent life. Cultural integration is killer for him.”

It must be said that the general decline in the style of the mass press, the loss of literary purity and stylistic “sublimity”, to a certain extent, removes neutrality in the assessment of events. Stylistic illegibility, as a protest against the pathos and show-off of past times, gives rise at the same time to stylistic deafness and loss of the sense of language.

However, it is not our task to analyze the language of the mass press as such. These materials are used only as an illustration of one’s own processes in language, since this area of application of language most quickly responds to new phenomena in language and, in a certain sense, actualizes them. The manual does not set the task of a normalization plan. This requires enormous statistical data and end-to-end analysis of modern texts and spoken speech. Even the authors of the collective monograph “The Russian Language of the End of the 20th Century,” prepared at the Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, officially declare that they are not normalizers.

The purpose of the manual is to introduce important patterns in modern language, with the sprouts of something new in it; help you see this new thing and correlate it with internal processes in the language; help establish connections between the self-development of language and the changes that stimulate it in the real life of modern society. Particular assessments of linguistic facts and corresponding recommendations can help to understand the complex “language economy” of our time and, possibly, influence the development of a sense of language.

The manual focuses on a conscious, thoughtful attitude to the processes in language, on the perception of language as a dynamic, functionally developed system.

The description of the material requires knowledge of the multi-level system of the Russian language and its modern style and stylistic differentiation.

Topic 3.1. ACTIVE PROCESSES IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE.

SPEECH. TEXT.

Plan

1. Active processes in the modern Russian language in the field of pronunciation, stress, word formation, morphology, vocabulary, syntax.

2. Speech as speech activity. Speech as a text, a product of speech activity.

3. Requirements for the text. Types of speech.

List of basic educational literature

1) Glazunova, O. I. Russian language and culture of speech [Text]: a textbook for students of higher educational institutions / O. I. Glazunova. – 2nd ed., erased. – Moscow: KnoRus, 2015. – 243 p.

2) Redenko, A. M. Speech culture and business communication in diagrams and tables [Text]: textbook / A. M. Rudenko. – Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2015. – 334 p.

3) Chernyak, V. D. Russian language and culture of speech [Text]: textbook for bachelors / [Chernyak V. D. et al.]; edited by V. D. Chernyak; Russian state Pedagogical University named after A. I. Herzen. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional – Moscow: Yurayt, 2014. – 505 p.

4) Active processes in the modern Russian language: a textbook for students of specialty 030901.65 “Publishing and Editing” / Comp. N.V. Lyubeznova / Saratov State Socio-Economic University. – Saratov, 2010. – 128 p.

1. Active processes in the modern Russian language in the field of pronunciation, stress, word formation, morphology, vocabulary, syntax.

Before starting to consider the topic “Active processes in the modern Russian language”, a clarification should be made regarding the understanding of the term "Modern Russian language". Some linguists associate its origins with the work of A. S. Pushkin, others limit it to the chronological framework of recent decades, while others take intermediate positions on this issue, which is reflected in the presentation of educational material by different authors.

Changes in Russian pronunciation

Modern pronunciation norms developed gradually on the basis of variant pronunciation in different territorial dialects, in different social groups and partly in different styles. In addition, the difference in options can be assessed chronologically as younger and older norms. New pronunciation displaces the old one, but often both coexist for quite a long time: getting rid of the old pronunciation is a more complex process than abandoning obsolete words and even grammatical forms. In any case, over the course of the life of one generation it is difficult to free oneself from the pronunciation features of one’s environment and family.

Pronunciation norms are fixed by orthoepic dictionaries, the task of which is to reflect stress norms.

1. Strengthening “literal” (“graphic”) pronunciation– one of the strongest trends in the modern Russian language, for example:

- was born instead of born[a]; T theirs instead of quiet;

Pronunciation of the combination [chn] instead of [shn] in words like bakery, pepper shaker;[cht] instead of [pcs] in the words that, so that, etc. Now only a certain number of words with these combinations have retained [shn], [pcs] as literary pronunciation: of course, that, something, nothing, eyeglass case, boring, on purpose, laundry, bachelorette party, Nikitichna, Ilyinichna, scrambled eggs and some others.

Correlation of options with [e] – [o]. This phonemic variation is associated with the replacement of the letter [ё] with the letter [e], which has been introduced into the practice of Russian writing. So the spelling subordinated the pronunciation: fade - fade; whitish - whitish.

2. Phonetic adaptation of foreign words. A borrowing language always strives to subordinate borrowings to its rules and laws.

First of all, the pronunciation of unstressed vowels in the position before the stress is subject to Russification; initially, in particular, a clear [o] was preserved in words like poet, glass, boa, team, station, dossier, novel. Today, such [o] is considered obsolete and, according to the law of Russian vocalism, is replaced by a reduced sound close to “a” [ъ]. Although, given the high stylistic connotation of the words poet, poetry, as well as some exoticism of the word boa, it is advisable to preserve the old clear [o].

Dictionaries pay a lot of attention to foreign words with the sound [e] in different positions - stressed (rector) and unstressed (Dean). Russification of such words consists of replacing the hard consonant before [e] with a softened one (spelling this is indicated by [e]). Pronunciation like racktor, pioneer is considered pretentious and illiterate. There are a lot of foreign words with the indicated sound in the modern Russian language; the pronunciation is often preserved in its original form, this is especially true for terminological vocabulary. The predominance of the hard version is also supported by the practice of using other words with re: progress [re], stress [re], congress [re], rating [re], where the norm provides for a soft version. As a non-normative option, you can even find the pronunciation of beret [re], correct [re], correction [re]. Of course, the combination with [e] in proper names remains: Descartes [de], Thatcher [te], Voltaire [te], Thorez [re], etc. Although toponyms may have a soft version as a recommendation: Texas, however, it is more widely used T[e]has. As we see, the process of Russification is proceeding unevenly and contradictorily, with a difficult-to-understand pattern. The recording of options in dictionaries has been changing over the course of several decades, which can hardly reflect the objective state of affairs.

3. Leveling (smoothing out differences) pronunciation in social terms, erasing the peculiarities of territorial pronunciation, etc. This is explained by general reasons - the growth of general education, bringing closer to a single literary norm, as well as the influence of the media, especially radio and television.

Active processes in the area of stress

Due to the fact that professional, business, colloquial speech is increasingly influencing public and official speech, the processes prepared by the language system itself are accelerating and the former strict literary norms are being shaken. In the area of stress, this is especially noticeable, since a stream of new words has poured into the language, not yet sufficiently mastered, understood, and often just heard. In such a situation, you can only rely on spoken speech (and it is far from always correct!), since much of what already lives in the language is not reflected in dictionaries and therefore does not have normative assessments.

The reasons for accent changes are mainly intrasystemic.

1. The clash of the laws of analogy and tradition, for example, by analogy with verb forms V And huh, nose And spinning, spinning And there is decomposition occurs. form whirlwind And there is(at lit. V And grunt from the whirlwind). Or by analogy with forms etc O given, pr O dan, pr O are given as a result of unification, decomposition occurs. form etc O given(at lit. sold A ).

2. The influence of some dialects, and borrowing sources– for borrowed vocabulary. For example, southern dialect b O ndar(if option bond A ry) is supported by analogy l e kar, p e kar, t O curry. In a variant pair P e aphid And loop I the second option, also from southern dialects, is supported by a systemic analogy: ski I , daub I, dear I, massacre I, kvashn I .

Among the borrowed words one can also observe fluctuations:

When borrowing twice ( ind at stria and industry And I- from lat. and Greek lang.);

When exposed to an intermediary language (lit. document and space. document- from Polish lang.);

When combining forms of the source language and Russified forms ( Sh e xpir– English And Shakespeare And R- Russified version).

Changes in lexical composition

New in Russian word formation

Changes in the use of grammatical forms S.R. see list of references

Changes in syntactic structure source #4

Some trends in modern punctuation

2. Speech as speech activity. Speech as a text, a product of speech activity.

Speech – specific speaking, occurring over time and expressed in audio (including internal pronunciation) or written form.

Speech is usually understood as both the process of speaking itself and the result of this process, i.e. speech activity, speech works recorded in memory or writing.

In humans, along with labor, scientific, government and other types of activity, there is the most common activity - speech activity. Without it, no other is possible; it precedes, accompanies, and sometimes even forms and forms the basis of other activities.

Types of speech activity may be different.

1) Depending on the form of expression, they are divided into:

Oral (speaking - generating speech, listening - perceiving an oral message),

Written (writing - creating a written text and reading - perceiving a written text).

2) Depending on whether a person generates speech or perceives it, types of speech activity are divided into:

Productive types (speaking and writing),

receptive types (listening and reading).

It is these types of speech activity that underlie the process of speech communication. The effectiveness and success of verbal communication depends on how well a person has developed the skills of these types of speech activities.

3) Depending on the number of participants, activities are divided into:

Monologue speech (the speech of one person addressed to listeners or to himself),

Dialogue speech (a form of speech in which statements are exchanged between two or more persons).

Speech activity is one of the most complex types of activity in all its parameters.

Speech activity as one of the types of human activity is characterized by purposefulness and consists of several successive stages:

Orientation, planning (in the form of internal programming);

Implementations;

Control.

In accordance with these stages, each individual speech action is carried out.

Speech activity is the activity of communication, the end result of which is text.

Text - a speech work, which is the result of a person’s speech activity, is the main communicative unit that he uses during speech activity.

3. Requirements for the text.

Text - main unit of speech; This is a speech work, a product of speech activity, which is characterized by a general concept, theme, structure, logical and stylistic unity, grammatical and semantic coherence of its components. Text is the result of speech activity carried out by participants in speech communication. The text may consist of one paragraph, but it can also be a note, article, or book.

Related information.

Preface

2. Laws of language development

3. Variation of a linguistic sign

3.1. The concept of variation and its origins

3.2. Classification of options

4. Language norm

4.1. The concept of the norm and its signs

4.2. Norm and occasionalism. General linguistic and situational norm

4.3. Motivated deviations from the norm

4.4. Basic processes in the normalization of linguistic phenomena

5. Changes in Russian pronunciation

6. Active processes in the area of stress

7. Active processes in vocabulary and phraseology

7.1. Basic lexical processes

7.2. Semantic processes in vocabulary

7.3. Stylistic transformations in vocabulary

7.4. Determinologization

7.5. Foreign language borrowings

7.6. Computer language

7.7. Foreign language lexemes in Russian vernacular

7.8. Extraliterary vocabulary in the language of modern press

8. Active processes in word formation

8.1. The growth of agglutinative features in the process of word formation

8.2. The most productive word-formation types

8.2.1. Production of names of persons

8.2.2. Abstract names and named processes

8.2.3. Prefix formations and compound words

8.3. Specialization of word-forming means

8.4. Intergradational word formation

8.5. Collapse of titles

8.6. Abbreviation

8.7. Expressive names

8.8. Occasional words

9. Active processes in morphology

9.1. The growth of analyticism in morphology

9.2. Shifts in forms of grammatical gender

9.3. Forms of grammatical number

9.4. Changes in case forms

9.5. Changes in verb forms

9.6. Some changes in adjective forms

10. Active processes in syntax

10.1. Dismemberment and segmentation of syntactic structures

10.1.1. Connecting members and parceled structures

10.1.2. Binomial constructions

10.2. Predicative complexity of a sentence

10.3. Activation of inconsistent and uncontrollable word forms

10.4. The growth of prepositional combinations

10.5. Tendency towards semantic accuracy of statements

10.6. Syntactic compression and syntactic reduction

10.7. Weakening of syntactic connection

10.8. The relationship between affective and intellectual in the sphere of syntax

11. Some trends in modern Russian punctuation

11.1. Dot

11.2. Semicolon

11.3. Colon

11.4. Dash

11.5. Ellipsis

11.6. Functional and purposeful use of punctuation

11.7. Unregulated punctuation. Author's punctuation

Conclusion

Literature

12. Approximate program of the discipline “Active processes in the modern Russian language”

12.1. The purpose and objectives of the discipline, requirements for knowledge and skills

12.1.1. The purpose of teaching the discipline

12.1.2. Requirements for knowledge and skills

12.1.3. List of disciplines, the mastery of which is necessary to study this discipline

12.2. Contents of the discipline

12.2.1. Name of topics, their content

12.3. Sample list of practical classes

12.4. Sample list of homework

Preface

The manual focuses on a conscious, thoughtful attitude to the processes in language, on the perception of language as a dynamic, functionally developed system.

The description of the material requires knowledge of the multi-level system of the Russian language and its modern style and stylistic differentiation.

Principles of sociological study of language

The language that society actively and daily uses as a means of communication lives and develops. Diachronically, this is revealed through the replacement of some linguistic signs by others (outdated ones are replaced by new ones), synchronously - through the struggle of options that coexist and claim to be normative. The life of a language is carried out in a society that creates conditions for certain changes and stimulates language processes that lead to the satisfaction of the needs of society. However, processes of self-development are also characteristic of language, since the signs of language (morphemes, words, constructions) are systemically connected and respond to changes in their own “organism”. Specific linguistic units have varying degrees of stability and vitality. Some live for centuries, others are more mobile and show an active need for change, adaptation to the needs of changing communication.

Changes in language are possible thanks to the internal potentials inherent in it, which are revealed under the influence of an external, social “push”. Consequently, the internal laws of language development can remain “silent” for the time being, awaiting an external stimulus that will set the entire system or its individual links in motion. For example, the intrasystemic quality of nouns of general grammatical gender (such as orphan, bully, sweetheart, slob), explained by the asymmetry of the linguistic sign (one form - two meanings), presupposes double agreement: masculine and feminine. By analogy with such nouns, under the influence of the social factor, other classes of names acquired the same ability: good doctor, good doctor; the director came, the director came. Such a correlation of forms was impossible when the corresponding professions and positions were predominantly male. The interaction of external and internal factors is the main law in the development of language, and without taking into account this interaction, the study of language in the sociological aspect has no prospects.

In the process of developing a new quality, external and internal factors can manifest themselves with different strengths, and the unevenness of their interaction is usually found in the fact that the stimulating force of the external, social factor either activates internal processes in the language, or, conversely, slows them down. The reasons for both are rooted in the changes that society itself, the native speaker of the language, undergoes.

The increased pace of linguistic dynamics in the 90s is explained primarily by the changing composition and appearance of Russian society, changes in social, political, economic, and psychological attitudes. Renewal in the language, especially in its literary form, is taking place very actively and noticeably today. Traditional normativity, previously supported by examples of classical fiction, is clearly being destroyed. And the new norm, freer and at the same time less defined and unambiguous, is under the influence of the mass press. Television, radio, periodicals, and mass culture in general are increasingly becoming “trendsetters” and “educators” of a new linguistic taste. Unfortunately, the taste is not always high class. However, these processes cannot be ignored; they contain the objective needs of a new society, a new generation - more relaxed, more technically educated, more in contact with speakers of other languages.

Against such a background, the importance of the social factor in language processes increases, but this also removes some inhibition in the manifestation of internal patterns in language, and, as a result, the entire mechanism of language begins to work at an accelerated speed. Thanks to the emergence of new linguistic units (the development of technology, science, contacts between languages), the expansion of the range of variant forms, as well as stylistic movements within the language, the old norm is losing its inviolability.

The problem of the interaction of external and internal factors in the development of language has repeatedly interested researchers, both in a broad theoretical sense and when considering linguistic particulars. For example, the operation of the general law of speech economy for our time is directly related to the acceleration of the pace of life. This process has been noted more than once in the literature as an active process of the 20th century.

The work of V.K. is devoted to the general characteristics of the processes observed in the modern Russian language. Zhuravleva, whose name directly indicates the noted interaction. The connection between the social and the intralingual can be seen at any level of linguistic expression, although, naturally, vocabulary provides the most obvious and extensive material. Here even particulars can serve to illustrate this connection. For example, in the Eskimo language, as V.M. testifies. Leichik, there are about a hundred names of shades of snow color, which could hardly be relevant for the languages of the inhabitants of the southern regions, and in the Kazakh language there are several dozen names of horse colors. Social and sometimes even purely political reasons may be important for various naming and renaming of cities and streets. The development of science, technology, contacts with other languages - all these reasons external to the language influence language processes, especially in terms of expanding the vocabulary and clarifying or changing the meaning of lexical units.

It is obvious that the influence of the social factor on changes in language is active and noticeable during the most dynamic periods of society's life, associated with significant transformations in various spheres of life. Although technical progress does not lead to the creation of a fundamentally new language, it significantly increases the terminological fund, which, in turn, enriches the general literary vocabulary through determinologization. It is known, in particular, that the development of electronics alone has led to the appearance of 60,000 names, and in chemistry, according to experts, about five million nomenclature and terminological names are used.

For comparison: in the latest editions of the dictionary S.I. Ozhegova recorded 72,500 words and 80,000 words and phraseological expressions.

The sociological study of language involves uncovering problems related to the social nature of language, the mechanism of influence of social factors on language and its role in the life of society. Therefore, causal connections between language and the facts of social life are important. At the same time, the issue of social differentiation of language comes to the fore, with indispensable consideration when registering linguistic phenomena of a speech situation. In general terms, sociolinguistics aims to answer mutually directed questions: how the history of society gives rise to linguistic changes and how social development is reflected in language.

The sociological aspect in the study of language becomes especially fruitful if research is not limited only to collecting linguistic facts (empirical level), but reaches theoretical generalizations and explanations, the latter is possible only by taking into account the interaction of internal and external factors in the development of language, as well as its systemic nature. It is known that exaggerating the importance of the social factor can lead to vulgar sociologism, which was observed in the history of Russian philology (for example, “The New Doctrine of Language” by Academician N.Ya. Marr in the 30s and 40s of the 20th century, which was then declared the last word in “Marxist linguistics”), when language was completely “denied” self-development and was assigned the role of a recorder of changing social formations.

The other extreme in the approach to linguistic changes is attention only to individual particulars that arose under the influence of the new social reality. In this case, the position that linguistic particulars are links in the system is forgotten, and therefore changes in a particular, separate link can set the entire system in motion.

If we discard both extremes, then there remains the need to recognize as the basic principles of the sociological study of language - taking into account the interaction of external and internal factors and the systemic nature of language. It is important to note that the language system is dynamic, not rigid, it is characterized by the coexistence of old and new, stable and mobile, which ensures gradual accumulation of new quality and the absence of fundamental, revolutionary changes. Language is characterized not simply by the desire for improvement (improvement is generally a relative concept here), but by the desire for convenient and appropriate forms of expression. Language seems to be groping for these forms, and therefore it needs a choice, which is provided by the presence of transitional linguistic cases, peripheral phenomena, and variant forms.

For sociolinguistics, the problem of social differentiation of language is important, which has a two-aspect structure: on the one hand, it is due to the heterogeneity of the social structure itself (reflection in the language of the speech characteristics of different social groups of society), on the other hand, it reflects the diversity of the social situations themselves, which leave an imprint on speech behavior representatives of different social groups in similar circumstances. The concept of a language situation is defined as a set of forms of language existence that serve communication in a certain ethnic community or administrative-territorial association. Moreover, special attention is paid to situations that reflect different spheres of communication and the speech behavior of different social groups in different spheres of communication. Sociolinguistics is also interested in the question of the interaction of language and culture. “The processes of contact between different cultures are reflected in lexical borrowings.” In any case, in sociological research the relationship between language and society is taken into account. In this case, society can be presented both as an integral ethnic aggregate and as a separate social group within this aggregate. The range of problems of sociolinguistics also includes the problem of language policy, which primarily consists of taking measures to ensure the preservation of old language norms or the introduction of new ones. Consequently, the question of the literary norm, its variants and deviations from the norm is also within the competence of sociolinguistics. At the same time, the very fact of establishing the social basis of the norm, which depends on which social strata of society turn out to be most active in the historical process of formation of the literary norm, turns out to be important. This may be a norm cultivated by the social elite of society or its democratic strata. Everything depends on a certain historical moment in the life of society. Therefore, a norm can be extremely rigid, strictly oriented towards tradition, and, in another case, deviating from tradition, accepting former non-literary linguistic means, i.e. norm is a socio-historical and dynamic concept, capable of qualitative change within the capabilities of the language system. In this sense, a norm can be defined as a realized possibility of language. The change in the norm is determined both by external (social) factors and internal trends in the development of language on the path of its movement towards acquiring means of expressing greater expediency.

For sociolinguistics, the statistical method turns out to be important. It helps to establish the degree of distribution and, therefore, assimilation of a linguistic phenomenon. However, this method, taken separately, does not have indisputable objective significance based on the results of its application. The widespread occurrence of a phenomenon is not always an indicator of its vital necessity and “luck” for the language. More important are its systemic qualities, which contribute to the development of more appropriate and convenient means of expression. The development of such means is a constant process in language, and it is carried out thanks to the action of specific linguistic laws.

Laws of language development

Serving society as a means of communication, language is constantly undergoing changes, increasingly accumulating its resources to adequately express the meaning of the changes taking place in society. For a living language this process is natural and natural. However, the intensity of this process may vary. And there is an objective reason for this: society itself - the bearer and creator of the language - experiences different periods of its existence differently. During periods of sharp disruption of established stereotypes, the processes of linguistic transformations also intensify. This was the case at the beginning of the 20th century, when the economic, political and social structure of Russian society changed dramatically. Under the influence of these changes, the psychological type of a representative of a new society also changes, albeit more slowly, which also acquires the character of an objective factor influencing processes in language.

The modern era has updated many processes in language, which in other conditions might have been less noticeable and more smoothed out. A social explosion does not make a revolution in language as such, but actively influences the speech practice of a contemporary, revealing linguistic possibilities, bringing them to the surface. Under the influence of an external social factor, the internal resources of the language come into motion, developed by intrasystem relations, which were not previously in demand for various reasons, including, again, for socio-political reasons. For example, semantic and semantic-stylistic transformations were discovered in many lexical layers of the Russian language, in grammatical forms, etc.

In general, language changes occur through the interaction of external and internal causes. Moreover, the basis for changes is laid in the language itself, where internal patterns operate, the reason for which, their driving force, lies in the systematic nature of the language. But a kind of stimulator (or, conversely, “extinguisher”) of these changes is an external factor - processes in the life of society. Language and society, as a language user, are inextricably linked, but at the same time they have their own, separate laws of life support.

Thus, the life of a language, its history, is organically connected with the history of society, but is not completely subordinate to it due to its own systemic organization. Thus, in the language movement, processes of self-development collide with processes stimulated from the outside.

What are the internal laws of language development?

Usually internal laws include law of consistency(global law, which is at the same time a property, quality of language); law of tradition, which usually restrains innovation processes; law of analogy(a stimulant for undermining traditionalism); the law of economy (or the law of “least effort”), especially actively focused on accelerating the pace of social life; laws of contradictions (antinomies), which are essentially the “initiators” of the struggle of opposites inherent in the language system itself. Being inherent in the object (language) itself, antinomies seem to be preparing an explosion from within.

The external factors involved in the accumulation of elements of a new quality by a language may include the following: a change in the circle of native speakers, the spread of education, territorial movements of the masses, the creation of a new statehood, the development of science, technology, international contacts, etc. This also includes the factor of the active action of the media (print, radio, television), as well as the factor of socio-psychological restructuring of the individual in the conditions of the new statehood and, accordingly, the degree of adaptation to new conditions.

When considering the processes of self-regulation in language that occur as a result of internal laws, and taking into account the impact of external factors on these processes, it is necessary to observe a certain measure of the interaction of these factors: exaggerating the action and significance of one (self-development) can lead to a separation of the language from the society that gave birth to it; exaggeration of the role of the social factor (sometimes while completely forgetting the first) leads to vulgar sociologism.

The answer to the question of why the action of internal laws is a decisive (decisive, but not the only) factor in language development lies in the fact that language is a systemic formation. Language is not just a set, a sum of linguistic signs (morphemes, words, phrases, etc.), but also the relationships between them, so a failure in one link of signs can set in motion not only nearby links, but also the entire chain in whole (or a certain part of it).

Law of consistency is found at different language levels (morphological, lexical, syntactic) and manifests itself both within each level and in their interaction with each other. For example, a reduction in the number of cases in the Russian language (six out of nine) led to an increase in analytical features in the syntactic structure of the language - the function of the case form began to be determined by the position of the word in a sentence and its relationship with other forms. A change in the semantics of a word can affect its syntactic connections and even its form. And, conversely, a new syntactic compatibility can lead to a change in the meaning of the word (its expansion or narrowing). Often these processes are interdependent processes. For example, in modern use, the term “ecology”, due to expanded syntactic connections, has significantly expanded its semantics: ecology (from the Greek óikos - house, dwelling, residence and...logy) is the science of the relationships of plant and animal organisms and the communities they form between yourself and with the environment (BES. T. 2. M., 1991). From the middle of the 20th century. In connection with the increased human impact on nature, ecology has acquired importance as the scientific basis for rational environmental management and the protection of living organisms. At the end of the 20th century. a section of ecology is being formed - human ecology (social ecology); Accordingly, aspects of urban ecology, environmental ethics, etc. appear. In general, we can already talk about the greening of modern science. Environmental problems have given rise to socio-political movements (for example, the Greens, etc.). From the point of view of language, there was an expansion of the semantic field, as a result of which another meaning (more abstract) appeared - “requiring protection.” The latter is visible in new syntactic contexts: ecological culture, industrial ecology, greening of production, ecology of life, words, ecology of spirit; environmental situation, environmental disaster, etc. In the last two cases, a new shade of meaning appears - “danger, trouble.” Thus, a word with a special meaning becomes widely used, in which semantic transformations occur by expanding syntactic compatibility.

Systemic relationships are also revealed in a number of other cases, in particular, when choosing predicate forms for subject nouns denoting positions, titles, professions, etc. For modern consciousness, say, the combination Doctor came sounds quite normal, although there is an obvious formal and grammatical discrepancy here. The form changes, focusing on specific content (the doctor is a woman). By the way, in this case, along with semantic-syntactic transformations, one can also note the influence of the social factor: the profession of a doctor in modern conditions is as widespread among women as among men, and the doctor-doctor correlation is carried out at a different linguistic level - stylistic.

Systematicity as a property of language and an individual sign in it, discovered by F. de Saussure, also exhibits deeper relationships, in particular the relationship between the sign (signifier) and the signified, which turned out to be not indifferent.

Law of linguistic tradition , on the one hand, appears as something lying on the surface, completely understandable and obvious. On the other hand, its action reveals a complex interweaving of external and internal stimuli that delay transformations in language. The understandability of the law is explained by the objective desire of language for stability, the “security” of what has already been achieved, acquired, but the potency of language just as objectively acts in the direction of shaking this stability, and a breakthrough in the weak link of the system turns out to be quite natural. But here forces come into play that are not directly related to the language itself, but can impose a kind of taboo on innovation. Such prohibitive measures come from linguists and special institutions with the appropriate legal status; in dictionaries, manuals, reference books, official regulations, perceived as a social establishment, there are indications of the legitimacy or incompetence of the use of certain linguistic signs. There is, as it were, an artificial delay in the obvious process, the preservation of tradition contrary to the objective state of affairs. Take, for example, a textbook example with the widespread use of the verb to call in the forms calling, calling instead of calling, calling. The rules preserve the tradition, cf.: fry - you fry, boil - you cook - you cook, in the latter case (cook) the tradition is overcome (formerly: Crows are not fried, they are not boiled. - I. Krylov; The stove pot is more valuable to you: you feed yourself food in it cook. - A. Pushkin), but in the verb to call the tradition is stubbornly preserved, not by language, but by codifiers, “establishers” of the literary norm. Such preservation of tradition is justified by other, similar cases, for example, the preservation of the traditional stress in the verb forms include - turn on, turn on, hand over - hand over, hand over (cf.: incorrect, unconventional use of the forms turn on, hand over by the presenters of the TV shows “Itogi” and “Vremya”, although such an error has a certain basis - this is the general tendency to shift the stress of verbs to the root part: cook - cook, cook cook, cook; beckon - beckon, beckon beckon, beckon). So tradition can act selectively and not always motivated. Another example: two pairs of felt boots (felt boots), boots (boots), boots (bot), stockings (stockings) have not been spoken for a long time. But the shape of the socks is stubbornly preserved (and the shape of the socks is traditionally classified as vernacular). The tradition is especially protected by the rules of writing words. Compare, for example, numerous exceptions in the spelling of adverbs, adjectives, etc. The main criterion here is tradition. Why, for example, is it written separately with pantalyku, although the rule states that adverbs formed from nouns that have disappeared from use are written together with prepositions (prefixes)? The answer is incomprehensible - according to tradition, but tradition is a safe conduct for something long gone. Of course, the global destruction of tradition can seriously harm a language, depriving it of such necessary qualities as continuity, stability, and solidity in the end. But partial periodic adjustments of assessments and recommendations are necessary.

Publisher: Logos (Moscow).
Year: 2003.
Pages: 304.
ISBN: 5-94010-092-9.

Textbook for university students.
For the first time, a holistic concept of active processes in the Russian language is given, based on the study of oral and written speech in various spheres of social life. The active processes in the Russian language at the end of the 20th century are covered. - in pronunciation and stress, in vocabulary and phraseology, in word formation and morphology, in syntax and punctuation. Language changes are considered taking into account the internal sources of language development against the background of historical transformations in the life of society. Linguistic variation is widely represented in its relation to the literary norm. Particular attention is paid to the vocabulary of the media as the most obvious source of changes in the vocabulary of the Russian language.
For students of higher educational institutions studying in the areas and specialties of “Philology”, “Linguistics”, “Journalism”, “Book Science”, “Publishing and Editing”. Of interest to linguists, philosophers, cultural experts, press workers, literary scholars, teachers and professors, as well as a wide range of readers.

Content:
Preface.
Principles of sociological study of language.
Laws of language development.
Variation of a linguistic sign.
(The concept of variation and its origins. Classification of options).
Language norm.
(The concept of a norm and its characteristics. Norm and occasionalism. General linguistic and situational norm. Motivated deviations from the norm. Basic processes in the normalization of linguistic phenomena).
Changes in Russian pronunciation.
Active processes in the area of stress.
Active processes in vocabulary and phraseology.
(Basic lexical processes. Semantic processes in vocabulary. Stylistic transformations in vocabulary. Determinologization. Foreign borrowings. Computer language. Foreign language lexemes in Russian vernacular. Extraliterary vocabulary in the language of modern press).
Active processes in word formation.
(Growth of agglutinative features in the process of word formation. The most productive word-formation types. Production of names of persons. Abstract names and names of processes. Prefix formations and complex words. Specialization of word-formation means. Intergradate word formation. Collapse of names. Abbreviation. Expressive names. Occasional words).
Active processes in morphology.
(Growth of analyticity in morphology. Shifts in forms of grammatical gender. Forms of grammatical number. Changes in case forms. Changes in verb forms. Some changes in adjective forms).
Active processes in syntax.
(Dismemberment and segmentation of syntactic constructions. Connecting members and parceled constructions. Binomial constructions. Predicative complexity of the sentence. Activation of inconsistent and uncontrollable word forms. Growth of prepositional combinations. Tendency towards semantic accuracy of the statement. Syntactic compression and syntactic reduction. Weakening of syntactic connection. Correlation of affective and intellectual in the field of syntax).
Some trends in modern Russian punctuation.
(Period. Semicolon. Colon. Dash. Ellipsis. Functional and intended use of punctuation. Unregulated punctuation. Author's punctuation).
Conclusion.
Literature.
Approximate program of the discipline “Active processes in the modern Russian language.”

Social causes of modern linguistic dynamics. Internal laws of language development: systematicity, tradition, economy, contradiction (antinomy of speaker and listener; usage and capabilities of the language system; code and text; antinomy due to the asymmetry of the linguistic sign, antinomy of two functions of language - informational and expressive, antinomy of two forms of language - written and oral).

The concepts of “language norm” and “system”. The history of the formation of norms in Russia. Types of norms (phonetic, lexical, grammatical, spelling and punctuation; imperative and dispositive norms). Features of the norm (sustainability (stability), widespread, mandatory). Standard criteria (functional, structural, aesthetic). Norm and language policy. Norm and linguistic purism. Motivated deviations from the norm.

The concept of "literary language". Features of a literary language (normativity (exemplary), common usage, long-term cultural processing). The concept of variability and the reasons for its occurrence. Classification of variants (accentual, phonetic, phonemic, grammatical (morphological and syntactic), spelling and punctuation.

Variants and synonyms. Variations and irregularities (speech errors). Norm and occasionalisms.

Changes in Russian pronunciation at the end of the 20th – beginning of the 20th centuries and their reasons: the influence of social factors (increasing the pace of language dynamics, an attitude towards live communication, loosening of norms, less correction of spoken speech, the influence of the printed word), aesthetic (taste attitudes) factors and intralingual factors (mobility and morphology of the Russian accent). Accentual tendencies (tendency towards rhythmic balance, grammaticalization, restoration of the pronunciation of the source language and Russification). Stress as a stylistic device (semantic-stylistic function of stress).

Changes in Russian vocabulary at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 20th centuries (rapid growth of the dictionary (neological boom); weakening of officiality; freedom of speech, understood as freedom of speech; intensification of borrowings). External reasons for changes in vocabulary and the processes generated by them (archaization of vocabulary denoting the realities of Soviet reality, the return of words from the language storehouses, “split connotation” of words, the creation of a new phraseology, political dictionary, the emergence of iconic words of the era, depoliticization and de-ideologization of vocabulary, revival of vocabulary, associated with spiritual traditions). Processes associated with the internal essence of language: expansion, narrowing of the meaning of words, their re-interpretation, creation of new words according to known word-formation models, formation of composite words, etc.

Stylistic transformations in vocabulary (stylistic neutralization of high book words; entry into a neutral, commonly used dictionary of elements of vernacular, jargon, highly professional words; stylistic redistribution, increased metaphoricality). Determinologization. Foreign language borrowings. Computer language. Extraliterary vocabulary in the language of modern press and the reasons for its appearance (psychological-pedagogical, socio-political, cultural-educational).

Main trends in the word-formation system of the Russian language. The connection between social and intralingual processes in word formation. Social needs and active ways of word formation.

The growth of agglutinative features in the structure of a derived word. Changes in the productivity of word-formation types: growth of the class of nouns into -fication, -ization; activation of feminine nouns with adjective endings; expanding the range of words producing relative adjectives; growth of the class of nouns with the suffixes -ost, -tel, -schik. Specialization of meanings of word-formation models; terminological formations.

Specialization of word-formation means (distribution of connections between generating stems and word-forming affixes; standardization of the meanings of word-formation types, elimination of doublet formations). Changes in suffix meanings. The process of turning relative adjectives into qualitative ones.

Keywords (words that are in the focus of social attention) as the basis of word production. Proper names as the basis of word-formation chains. Models of words-characteristics, words-evaluations. The growth of nominal prefixation. Abbreviation as a method of word formation and as a means of expression. Prefixation of foreign verbs. Non-usual word formation. "Reverse" word formation.

Main trends in morphology. The growth of analyticism (the use of zero inflection, indeclinable forms of words, common nouns, collective nouns). Reinforcement of short forms. Specifying the meanings of grammatical forms. Changes in the use of grammatical forms of gender, number, and case. Usage trends. Number forms. Usage trends. Case forms. Usage trends.

Economy of speech means, clarification of the meaning of the statement, dismemberment of syntactic structures. Strengthening the independence of syntactic forms of words. The tendency towards fragmentation and dismemberment of syntactic structures. Activation of nominative structures as a consequence of the movement towards analyticism. Strengthening the expressive qualities of syntactic units. Increased structural contamination. Trends in the development of the structure of a simple sentence (prepositive and postpositive nominatives; addition, parcellation; weakening of grammatical cohesion of word forms). Trends in the development of the structure of complex and complicated simple sentences (structural displacement, contamination). Syntactic compression and syntactic reduction. Weakening the syntactic connection of word forms. The growth of prepositional constructions.

Some trends in punctuation. Historical changes in the functions of punctuation marks. Code of rules for punctuation (1956) and modern practice of using signs. The concept of unregulated punctuation

General editing

Aspects of editorial text analysis. The structure of editorial analysis by text units. Units of text as a speech work. Graphic text units. Editorial analysis on multi-purpose mental operations. Mentally drawing up a text plan. Identification of semantic reference points. Correlating the content of the text with your own knowledge. Comparison of the content of different parts of the text. Visual representations. Anticipation of the content of the text.

Techniques and methods of working on the author's original. Analysis and evaluation of the composition of the work. Types and subtypes of text construction. Analysis and evaluation of rubrication. Working table of contents. Rules for creating lists. Analysis and evaluation of factual material. Techniques for checking the actual accuracy of a text. Citation rules. Analysis and evaluation of the text from the logical side. Laws of logic and text quality. Analysis and evaluation of language and style.

Preparation of reference materials for the publication. Publishing apparatus. Imprint. Annotation. Abstract. Bibliographic material. Content.

Direction and stages of work on the publication. Reasons for the relevance of the editor's profession. Editing concept. Editing and criticism. Editing and reviewing. Stages of the editor's work on the text. Types of text editing. Editorial-oriented disciplines.

The word as an object of editorial analysis. Lexical meaning of the word. Seme as microstructure of seme. Denotative and connotative semes. Component analysis as a method for identifying the semantic structure of a word. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of words. The concept of phraseology. The main types of text errors caused by non-compliance with systemic relationships in the vocabulary. Stylistic meaning of the word. Common, book and colloquial vocabulary. Stylistic errors. The grammatical meaning of the word. Errors associated with incorrect formation of words and word forms.

The proposal as an object of editorial analysis. The proposal and its key features. Formal, semantic and communicative syntax. The topic is rhematic division of the sentence. Modus-dictum organization of a sentence. Grammatical syntax errors.

Text as an object of editorial analysis. The concept of “text” in modern linguistics. Features and categories of text. Coherence of the text. Integrity of the text. Title functions. Title requirements. Articulation of the text. The concept of stylistic affiliation of the text. Styles of modern Russian language.

3. Modern literary process

The concept of “modern literature” in Russia. Main trends: realism, artistic journalism, village prose, religious prose. Existential psychological prose (V. Makanin. “Underground, or the hero of our time”, F. Gorestein “Psalm”). “Women’s Prose” (L. Ulitskaya, V. Tokareva, L. Petrushevskaya, D. Rubina, M. Arbatova). “The third wave” of postmodernism (T. Tolstaya). Postmodern trends in modern drama. “New drama” of the 21st century (M. Ugarov “Bummer off”; monodramas by E. Grishkoovets “How I Ate the Dog”, “Winter”).

Main trends in the development of literature in the second half of the twentieth century. “Magical realism” (G.G. Marquez. “One Hundred Years of Solitude”). Postmodernism as a type of worldview and a literary phenomenon. Ironic rethinking of tradition in the works of J. Fowles. F. Beigbeder’s novel “Windows on the World”: relevance of the topic, features of its artistic solution.

Poetics of a modern domestic bestseller. Classic literature of the 19th century. and its traditions in the bestseller (Akunin B. Turkish Gambit. State Councilor).

Modern foreign bestseller. The connection between modern mass literature and cinema. Books by J. Rowling about Harry Potter and their cinematic versions.

Problems in the study of mass culture, mass literature as part of mass culture. Literary-aesthetic gradation in mass literature. The triad “classics/fiction/popular literature”. Mass writer and mass reader in a new sociocultural situation. The image of the reader as an organizing dominant of mass literature.

5 modern processes in the Russian language. Valgina n.s.

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