Boris Godunov as a historical figure. Mysterious personality: Boris Godunov (11 photos)

Federal Agency for Education

St. Petersburg State Mining Institute

them. G.V. Plekhanov

(Technical University)

Department of Historical Sciences and Political Science

Essay

Boris Godunov: personality, politician, sovereign

Discipline: “National History”

Completed by: student gr.EG-09 _________ /Y.S. Trufanova/

(signature) (full name)

GRADE: _____________

Date of: __________________

CHECKED BY: k.i. Sc., Associate Professor ________ /F.L.Sevastyanov/

(signature) (full name)

Saint Petersburg

Introduction

The personality of Boris Godunov has always been of interest to contemporaries, historians, writers, poets, artists, and musicians. This is not surprising; his fate still causes a lot of controversy. Having started his service as an ordinary nobleman under Ivan the Terrible, Boris took the post of ruler under the feeble-minded Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, and then became the ruler of a huge power. Many historians agree on one thing: Boris Godunov was an amazing person in whom good and evil were mysteriously combined. But is there as much “evil” in him as is believed? Versatile statements speak of the duality of understanding of Boris’s personality and his policies. The historical material concerning his personality is so ambiguous and full of various ambiguities that it is impossible to give an unmistakably fair assessment of his moral and political qualities. Boris’s life was accompanied by many dramatic events, both in the history of Russia and in his private life, and above all, he was haunted by accusations of involvement in the tragic death of the young Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich. However, numerous accusations against Godunov have not been proven by anyone, but the fact that they influenced the attitude of his descendants towards him is a fact.

So who really was Boris Fedorovich Godunov? How did his policy affect the fate of Russia? Let us take a closer look at his fate, the reviews of his contemporaries and various historians about his personal qualities and the changes that he made to the domestic and foreign policy of our state.

General characteristics of the personality of Boris Godunov

Origin

Yesterday's slave, Tatar, Malyuta's son-in-law,

The executioner's son-in-law is an executioner himself at heart,

He will take the crown and barmas of Monomakh...

A.S. Pushkin "Boris Godunov"

Legends about Godunov's Tatar origin are well known. The ancestor of the family was considered to be the Tatar Chet-Murza, who supposedly came to Russia under Ivan Kalita. Its existence is stated in the only source - “The Tale of Chet”. But it should be noted that there are many historical inaccuracies in “The Tale of Chet”, and it is unlikely that the information obtained from this legend is trustworthy. From the information that has reached our time, it has been found that the ancestors of Boris Godunov were neither slaves nor Tatars. Coming from Kostroma, they served the boyars at the Moscow court. Low official position and ignorance saved the Godunovs during the days of the oprichnina. Kinship with the boyars, so highly valued before, could now ruin the career of a service man. Unknown nobles were enrolled in the oprichnina corps, and they received all kinds of privileges.

Boris Godunov was born shortly before the conquest of Kazan, in 1552. His father, Fyodor Ivanovich, was a middle-class landowner. Boris's father and his brother Dmitry jointly owned a small estate in Kostroma. Therefore, after the death of his father, Boris was taken into his family by his uncle. Not only family feelings and the early death of his own children prompted Dmitry Ivanovich to take a special part in the fate of his nephew. It was important to prevent the division of the last family estate. Dmitry Godunov ended up in the oprichnina corps at the time of its formation. The king sought to break out of his old environment: he needed new people, and he opened the doors of the palace to them. So the modest Vyazma landowner became a courtier. His uncle's career successes benefited his nephew Boris. V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote that Boris Godunov did not stain himself with service in the oprichnina and did not lower himself in the eyes of society. But this is not entirely true. In fact, Boris put on the oprichnina caftan when he barely reached adulthood.

By chance (or rather because of Naumov’s death), Dmitry Godunov becomes Ivan the Terrible’s bed-boy. Then, having received the Duma rank of okolnichy, he leaves his previous position to his nephew. In normal times, the head of the inner palace guard was an inconspicuous figure. In an environment of conspiracies and executions, he found himself among the king's close advisers. Even the head of the oprichnina, Malyuta Skuratov, sought the friendship and protection of the influential bed guard. Guided by political calculations, the influential chief of the guardsmen married his daughter to Boris Godunov. The Skuratovs and Godunovs tried at any cost to become related to the royal family. And they managed to marry the heir to the throne, Fyodor Ivanovich, to Evdokia Saburova (the Saburovs and Godunovs trace their origins to Dmitry Zern). And although some time later Evdokia was exiled to a monastery, kinship with the royal family remained - Grozny’s middle son Fyodor married Irina Godunova, Dmitry’s niece. Boris Godunov became a courtier close to the Tsar. He occupied close positions and carried out orders emanating from the sovereign himself, visited Grozny in his closest retinue, and as a “friend” at the royal wedding. At the age of thirty, Boris had already received the rank of boyar and the important position of “kravchiy”. The elevation of individuals and families through kinship with queens was a common phenomenon in Moscow history, but such elevation was often fragile. The relatives of the Ivanov spouses died along with other victims of his bloodthirstiness. Boris himself, due to his closeness to the Tsar, was in danger; they say that the king severely beat him with his staff when Boris stood up for Tsarevich Ivan, who was killed by his father. But Tsar Ivan himself mourned his son and then began to show Boris even more favor than before for his courage, which, however, cost the latter several months of illness. Boris remained in his favor until the king's death.

Having no illusions about Fedor’s ability to govern, closer to death, Tsar Ivan the Terrible did what the Moscow princes did, leaving the throne to his young heirs. He left his son and his family in the care of faithful people, whose names he named in his will. Ivan the Terrible's will dealt a mortal blow to the ambitious plans of the Godunovs. As Fyodor's closest relatives, they were ready to take the reins of power into their own hands. And at that moment, when there was only one step left to take, an insurmountable barrier appeared on their way, erected by the will of the Tsar, Ivan - the regency council.

1.2. Power struggle

Tsar Ivan IV died in March 1584. Boris lacked the nobility to occupy a high post. But ultimately, the appointment to the post of equerry, carried out contrary to the clearly expressed will of Ivan the Terrible, brought Godunov into the circle of the rulers of the state. In the very first two weeks after the death of Ivan the Terrible, an uprising broke out against Bogdan Belsky, the nephew of the royal executioner Skuratov. Rumors were spread that he was going to put the youngest son of Tsar Ivan, baby Dmitry, in power, so Ivan’s widow, Maria Nagaya, with one and a half year old Dmitry and all her relatives were sent to Uglich, which was given to the prince as an inheritance.

A struggle for power begins. The discord between Nikita Romanov and Mstislavsky attracted general attention. Having become the successor of the ill Romanov, Godunov waged the fight against Mstislavsky with redoubled energy. The clash ended with the resignation of the most distinguished member of the regency council.

In fact, power ended up in the hands of Boris Godunov. He managed to free himself from competitors: Mstislavsky in 1585. became a monk, N.R. Yuryev died in 1586, and I.P. Shuisky in the summer of 1586 He was captured, sent into exile and killed while trying to carry out a coup and eliminate Godunov.

The Zemshchina did not forgive Godunov for his oprichnina past. (The death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich also added fuel to the fire). Godunov felt more and more acutely the fragility of his position. Many considered Boris to be nothing more than a temporary worker. Meanwhile, Fyodor Ioannovich was in poor health. He was sick and almost died in the first year of his reign. Boris understood perfectly well that the death of Fedor would lead to the rapid collapse of his career.

The fate of the Godunovs seemed to hang by a thread. Boris became more and more determined to seek salvation abroad. Under pressure from the zemshchina, Boris disbanded the “yard” guards and thereby lost the opportunity to maintain order and control the situation in the capital. The camp of his supporters was melting before our eyes.

1.3. Carier start

The path to the throne for Godunov was not easy. In the appanage city of Uglich, the heir to the throne, Dmitry, the son of the seventh wife of Ivan the Terrible, grew up. On May 15, 1591, the prince died under unclear circumstances. The official investigation was conducted by boyar Vasily Shuisky. The reasons for what happened came down to the “negligence” of Nagikh, as a result of which Dmitry accidentally stabbed himself with a knife while playing with his peers. The prince was seriously ill with epilepsy. Giving such a child a knife was, in fact, criminal. The chronicle accuses Godunov of the murder of Boris, because Dmitry was the direct heir to the throne and prevented Boris from advancing to him, but this version is not officially supported by anything. On January 7, 1598, Fedor died, and the male line of the Moscow branch of the Rurik dynasty was cut short. The only close heir to the throne was Maria, the daughter of Fyodor’s cousin. On February 17, 1598, the Zemsky Sobor elected Boris Godunov to the throne. The close relationship outweighed the distant relationship of possible contenders for the throne. No less important was the fact that Godunov had actually ruled the country on behalf of Fedor for a long time, and was not going to let go of power after his death.

Boris was crowned king, even more magnificently and solemnly than Theodore, since he accepted Monomakh's utensils from the hands of the ecumenical patriarch. During the wedding, Boris said: “Father, great patriarch Job! God is my witness that in my kingdom there will be neither the orphan nor the poor,” and, shaking the top of his shirt, he said: “I will give this last one to the people.” This is how his reign began, about which historians even of our time have no clear opinion.

We will try to give a brief historical portrait of Boris Godunov in this article. He was outwardly handsome, smart, calculating, skilled with words and the gift of persuasion, but very selfish and selfish. Everything he did was solely for the sake of his own interests, leading to enrichment, strengthening of his power, and advancement of his family. But name one of the greatest politicians in the world who does not possess these qualities.

The historical portrait of Boris Godunov can be supplemented by other features. He was very cunning and calculating: he knew how to wait, take advantage of the right moment, sometimes remaining in the shadows, sometimes acting decisively, to show himself to be virtuous and inspire trust in people. His prudence boiled down to the fact that he never committed rash acts without first examining the current situation.

Boris Godunov through the eyes of his contemporaries

The historical portrait of Boris Godunov, like, perhaps, any person, has a dual characteristic. It has both positive and negative features. Contemporaries pointed out that Boris was virtuous, but the “thorn of envious malice” darkened this quality. This is a belief in denunciations and slanderers, as a result of which a large number of innocent people suffered. This caused the indignation of the “officials” of the Russian land, who rebelled against him and deposed him.

You can also read from the memoirs of his contemporaries that he was magnificent, surpassed everyone in appearance and intelligence, “a wonderful and sweet-tongued man,” he organized many things in the Russian state worthy of praise: he did not like bribery, fought against robbery, theft, but could not get rid of tavern, was pure in soul, merciful and loved to eat abundantly.

Historical portrait of Boris Godunov, given by Russian historians

The historian Karamzin N.M. wrote about Boris Godunov that if he had been born into a family of monarchs, he would have become the best ruler of the world. According to a prominent historian, who saw only a legitimate autocrat as the ruler of the country, those who seized power by killing a child were doomed to an inglorious death.

A.S. Pushkin, studying the materials, saw the tsar in a different light; he believed that Godunov’s tragedy lay in the attitude of the Russian people towards him, who turned away from him. Klyuchevsky V.O., accusing him of many bloody crimes, presented him as an intelligent and undoubtedly talented person, whom his contemporaries suspected of duplicity, but in fact he was an insidious and heartless person.

Soloviev, treating him as a tyrant and a villain, spoke of him as an intelligent and talented politician. Russian S.F. had a different opinion. He denied Boris Godunov’s involvement in the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry; in his view, he was a champion of the interests of the state, expressing the aspirations of the middle class. He believed that there were no documents in Russian history that could prove his involvement in infanticide. All rumors and unfounded accusations denigrate him in the eyes of his descendants. As you can see, it is quite difficult to compose a historical portrait of Boris Godunov.

Appearance at the Moscow throne

Boris Godunov's rise to power is full of tragic events. He appeared at the court of Tsar Ivan the Terrible as a guardsman and made a rapid career. At first he was Ivan the Terrible's friend at his wedding with Maria Sobakina, then he married the daughter of the Tsar's favorite Malyuta Skuratov. His sister Irina became the wife of the weak-minded Tsarevich Fyodor.

Thanks to his character and family ties with the Tsar’s family, Godunov makes a dizzying career at court. After the death of Ivan the Terrible, who, according to the Englishman D. Horsey, was strangled, he becomes regent under the weak-minded tsar. Many historians do not exclude the possibility that there was a conspiracy against Grozny. It was Boris and B. Belsky who were at the bedside of the dying man.

Regent

Afterwards, Tsarevich Fyodor, suffering from dementia, and young Dmitry and his mother Martha, the legal wife of Ivan the Terrible, became direct contenders for the throne. Two opposing sides were formed: on the one hand - Godunov, N. Romanov, princes I. Miloslavsky and P. Shuisky, on the other hand - B. Belsky, Dmitry’s teacher, and the boyars Nagy.

After the announcement of the death of Ivan the Terrible, an internecine struggle began between the two groups. Belsky tried to rouse the people of Moscow by announcing that if Fyodor Ivanovich was elected to the throne, other people would rule the country. Godunov, being proactive, sends the Tsarina and Tsarevich Dmitry from Moscow to Uglich, and then deals with Nagimi. Belsky, an active participant in the Troubles, is saved from death by Boris Godunov and sent into exile.

A year and a half later, having sent Miloslavsky to the monastery, he exiles and kills Shuisky and becomes the sole regent under the weak-minded Tsar Fyodor. Godunov was actually the sole ruler for 13 years. After the death of the king, who, according to many historians, was strangled, he becomes king.

Reign of Tsar Boris

With his accession to the throne, the “crossing of the Ryurevechi” takes place; the historical portrait of Boris Godunov was supplemented with one more touch, which his contemporaries blame him for. With his coronation, the line of descendants counting from the Rurikovichs was interrupted. According to clerk Ivan Timofeev, it was only because of this that God’s punishment followed and the time of Troubles came to Russia.

Being a regent and being on the throne, Boris Godunov did a lot for the Russian state. Under him, the first water supply system was built in Moscow, and the construction of fortresses began in the Wild Field in southern Russia. Subsequently, these cities became: Samara, Tsaritsyno, Saratov, Voronezh, Livny, Belgorod. The city of Tomsk was founded in Siberia. New fortifications were built in Moscow, which made it possible to repel the invasion of Khan-Girey.

During the reign of Godunov, the enslavement of the peasants took place; in 1597, a decree was issued on “fixed years”, according to which serfs who fled before 5 years were ordered to be caught and handed over to the landowners.

Especially a lot has been done for Russia in foreign policy. The conclusion of the Russian-Swedish peace treaty made it possible to return to Russia Korela, Koporye and Yam, lost in the Livonian War. Foreigners came to Russia, its authority was strengthened.

The Great Famine and Death of Boris Godunov

Today, young people make up a historical portrait of Boris Godunov in the 7th grade, but it is unlikely that at this age it is possible to evaluate the entire tragedy of the Russian people in the Time of Troubles, which began with the reign of this tsar, and give it an objective description.

During his reign, the difficult situation in foreign policy was resolved in favor of Russia, trade developed, cities were built, and the first industrial enterprises appeared. Therefore, it is difficult to judge by those rumors and speculations, denunciations of foreign agents who were interested in a weak and fragmented Russia.

The Russian people turned away from him, who, exhausted by the great famine that struck Russia, lasting 3 years (1601-1604), and constant rumors about the atrocities of Godunov, for which God sent Russia a terrible punishment, believed it. Godunov could not do anything about this, although he helped the starving people in every possible way. The uprising led by Khlopok, the appearance of False Dmitry - all this together undermined his strength.

We should not forget about the Poles and Swedes, who pursued a policy of undermining Russia. Therefore, it is difficult to give an objective description of this ruler, who died suddenly at the age of 53 for an unknown reason. According to the report of the English embassy, his death was strange. His wife and son Fyodor, who took the throne after him, were killed, his daughter Ksenia was given as a concubine to the impostor False Dmitry, and Russia plunged into the abyss of terrible turmoil.

1.Introduction…………………………………………..……………….…………............3

2. Chapter 1. Personality of Boris Godunov......................................................... .......6

3.Chapter 2. Reign and collapse of reign..…………………......................15

4. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….24

References……………………………………………………………………...……….26

Introduction

This work is relevant in our time, since in the modern world more and more attention is paid to history. In Russia, this issue should come first in personal development. Thus, only a person who knows his history can consider himself educated and socially complex. Also in relation to Russia, other countries of the world often use falsification of historical events in their favor, this is not acceptable, and we must pass on to future generations the true events that took place in the country throughout its centuries-old history.

This essay reveals the theme of the personality of Boris Godunov. Purpose of the work: to analyze the material found, to present to the reader the basic facts of the life of Boris Godunov.

I think the main task is to understand the personality of the figure, and decide for yourself whether Boris influenced the course of history positively or negatively.

Historians such as V.N. Tatishcheva, N.M. Karamzina, N.I. Kostomarova, I.E. Zabelina, S.M. Solovyov, S.F. Platonov, V.O. Klyuchevsky and others were looking for answer to the questions: what was the reason for Godunov’s rapid rise and why was his end so negative and so tragic? Many thought that Boris gained his way to the throne through brutal crimes, the leading of which was the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry, the son of Tsar Ivan the Terrible .

Another image of Godunov was created by historians who critically approached previously known facts. For example, Klyuchevsky noticed a number of positive qualities in Boris: deep intelligence, prudence, the ability to govern the state, as well as concern for his well-being, love of poverty, mercy, etc.). It was these qualities that ensured Boris's success at the Zemsky Sobor. But also negative qualities: lust for power, suspicion, patronage of informers, repressions against the boyars, which alienated people from him and helped his authority fall quite significantly and become a negative hero more than a positive one. The historian saw the success of Boris in his ability to govern the state, which manifested itself during the reign of Feodor, the reason for his fall was in the tragic coincidence of historical accidents: a three-year famine devastated the country, the unreliable boyar environment supported the impostor intrigue, etc.

Soloviev was one of the first to raise the question that B. Godunov was not a very great statesman. The historian explained his reign with the support of other persons who enjoyed authority in the country: Patriarch Job, the sister of Queen Irina, clerks. Solovyov explained the loss of Boris's reign by saying that he turned out to be unworthy of the throne: he suspected everyone, was afraid of everyone, did not trust anyone .

R.G. Skrynnikov gave a different assessment of B. Godunov as a ruler. He drew attention to the origins and work activities of Boris even under Ivan the Terrible, that he owed his rise to the oprichnina, uncle Dmitry Ivanovich, the tsar’s bed-keeper, and his marriage to the daughter of the tsar’s favorite Malyuta Skuratov. The marriage of sister Irina with Prince Phaedrus further cemented his position at court. According to Skrynnikov, Boris received the throne only thanks to political intrigue and the support of his supporters.

A.A. Zimin paid a lot of attention to Godunov, believing, like many others, that he was a follower of Tsar Fedor and, “using the techniques of social demagoguery, mastered the situation in the country and strengthened his power.” The historian believed that the reason for the fall of Boris was that his policy led to an overstrain of the people's forces, which ended in the Peasant War against the serfdom.

On February 17, 1598, which is approximately 400 years ago, a tsar was elected for the first time in Russia at the Zemsky Sobor. But his reign was short; after the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich on January 6, 1598, the throne was vacant, since he had no children. The Zemsky Sobor, assembled shortly after Fyodor's death, decided the fate of the throne. Boris Fedorovich Godunov, a boyar who did not belong to the dynasty of Moscow princes, was elected as the newly-crowned tsar.
The personality of Boris Godunov has always been extremely interesting to study, so quite a few historians have studied this topic. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Boris had the fate to play the role of both the winner and the victim. The actions of this person received both approval and criticism from his contemporaries. After the death of Ivan IV, Boris Godunov sent Tsarevich Dmitry and Nagikh to Uglich. He forced Bogdan Belsky to carry out an assassination attempt on Fyodor Ivanovich, then sent him to Nizhny Novgorod, and Mstislavsky to captivity, and there he ordered to strangle him, called on the wife of the King of Livonia, Marya Vladimirovna, so that she would be forcibly tonsured into a monastery and her daughter Evdokia killed. Next, he ordered the boyars to be killed and all the Shuisky princes strangled, while for some reason letting Vasily and Dmitry Ivanovich through. Then he established the patriarchate, killed Dmitry, forged a notice of murder, bribed the investigation and changed the council's decision on this matter, set fire to Moscow, called on the Crimean Khan to divert the people's attention from the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry and the fire of Moscow. He blinded Simeon Bekbulatovich, after that he founded the case of a conspiracy of the Nikitichs, Cherkasskys and others, killed and imprisoned them all. Finally, he even killed his sister Irina because she did not want to recognize him as king. Boris was unpleasant to all officials and boyars because he robbed, ruined and beat them, to the people because he returned serfdom, to the Moscow merchants and mob because he did not show mercy to the Shuiskys and Romanovs.

Supported by accurate sources, this list of accusations against Godunov is not exaggerated. Boris's trouble was that in the old days those who wrote about him did not escape the circle of slander and gossip. Things began to change when the attention of historians turned from the personality of Boris to the study of that era as a whole. A serious study of Boris's era led to the discovery of Boris's great talent as a ruler and new features that were favorable for his assessment were added to his characterization. Of course, not all historians have a positive attitude toward Godunov; but as soon as the chance arose to move from chronicle narratives to “documentary data,” Godunov began to have defenders and admirers.

Chapter 1. Personality of Boris Godunov

The date of birth of Boris Godunov is not precisely known. "Boris's Day" was celebrated on July 24, therefore this date, most likely, was his birthday. His father, Fyodor Ivanovich Krivoy, is not known for anything special and was not in the service anywhere.

According to pedigree, B.F. Godunov was greater than F.N. Romanov, due to the fact that a number of generations of his ancestors were the first offspring of their own fathers. One more myth needs to be dispelled: that Boris made a career only thanks to the oprichnina and his marriage to the daughter of Malyuta Skuratov. Books say that many Godunovs were quite famous people in the state from the very beginning of the 16th century. Vasily Grigorievich Bolshoi was the first governor of the Watch Regiment. Another cousin of Boris, Pyotr Grigorievich, was the governor of Velikiye Luki in 1508, Vasily Dmitrievich, Boris’s second cousin, in 1516 and 1519. headed a large regiment on Belaya. Other relatives of Boris were governors in various cities in the 50s and early 60s, i.e. before the oprichnina.

Dmitry Ivanovich Godunov, Boris’s uncle, achieved great success at the court of Ivan IV. From 1567 to 1573 he was the king's bed guard, heading the Bed Order. His job responsibilities included organizing the sovereign’s peaceful sleep, etc. Only a person very dear and close to Ivan IV could fill such a position. Having also received this position, he received permission to build his own courtyard in the Kremlin. His nephews, who lost their parents early, settled with him: Vasily and Boris and their younger sister Irina. In 1567, Boris received his very first court position - the fifth solicitor.

Most likely, he was the solicitor of the Bed Order, and his duties included accepting and serving clothes from the king. Ivan IV also drew attention to the handsome and courteous guy and began to patronize him. This gave the young ambitious man confidence in his abilities, and he began to fight for a higher place in the court hierarchy.

One of the most difficult and controversial eras of Rus' lasted from the end of the 16th century. and until the beginning of the 17th century. This is the so-called Time of Troubles, which became a turning point in the future fate of the great state, when the ground was created for a tough political struggle. In the spring of 1584, Tsar Ivan the Terrible dies. A large number of people claim the royal throne. The throne goes to his middle son Fedor.

Godunov

According to historical information, there is a version that Grozny personally killed his eldest son Ivan. At this time, mass uprisings began (from 1584 to 1586), a brutal struggle for power and political influence.

The lot fell on his group, indicating that in the future he becomes a co-ruler of Tsar Feodor and begins to have full state power.

Some time later, in 1591, Ivan Vasilyevich’s youngest son, Tsarevich Dmitry, born of the tsar’s seventh wife, tragically dies in Uglich. A commission specially created on this occasion was unable to determine the circumstances of his death. In an epileptic fit, he allegedly fell on a knife.

Boris Godunov. Historical portrait

Boyar Vasily Shuisky accuses Godunov of murdering the young prince. The real truth of this case remains unknown to this day.

Tsar Fedor had no heirs. His two-year-old daughter died. The wife remained on the throne for a short time and then retired to a monastery. Among the contenders for the throne were her brother Boris Godunov, relatives of Tsar Fedor (the Romanov boyars), and the noble princes Shuisky and Mstislavsky. In the winter of 1598, Tsar Fedor dies. The Rurik dynasty ends with it.

Godunov was the tsar’s co-ruler for a long time, and it was he who wanted to take power into his own hands. In the same year, the Zemsky Sobor unanimously elected Boris as the new Tsar. For the first time in the history of Rus', power was given to Godunov not by inheritance, but by popular decision.

Historical essay. Boris Godunov: Unified State Examination in History

Godunov’s unheard-of rise and tragic death attracted enormous attention from writers, historians, poets, artists, and musicians. It would seem that some ordinary boyar becomes the king of a great power.

One of the first creations during the Time of Troubles was the work of the first Russian Patriarch Job (1589) “The Tale of the Honest Life of the Tsar and Grand Duke Fyodor Ioannovich.”

In his work, he glorifies two people, since he was then a faithful ally of Tsar Feodor and his right hand, Boris. Patriarch Job was overthrown from the throne by False Dmitry, who appeared in 1605.

One can only guess that this work was born precisely in January 1598, since this work tells about the death of Fyodor, but does not talk about Tsar Boris Godunov. It was written during a period of intense struggle for the throne.

The Patriarch writes about the virtue and wisdom of Tsar Fedor, and also turns his attention to the senior boyar Boris Fedorovich Godunov. He writes that he is a worthy, wise and reasonable co-ruler of Tsar Fedor. He was his brother-in-law, servant and equerry.

Godunov's services to the Fatherland

Foreign tsars accorded Godunov honor equal to that of the Tsar of Rus' himself. He was a construction innovator. And many churches and monasteries, fortifications, merchant chambers, etc. were erected.

Boris Godunov, together with the Tsar of Livonia, very successfully beat the Swedes. He annexed several Baltic cities to Rus'. The Rugodiv campaign (Narva) made it possible to do this. The victory was solemnly celebrated in Moscow.

Patriarch of Rus' Job also did not forget to mention that the co-ruler of Tsar Godunov successfully defended Moscow from the attacks of the Crimean Tatars in 1591. This business was very risky, since the main troops were in Novgorod. Godunov used a trick. He placed carts with guns and ordered his men to fire their guns constantly. This greatly frightened the khan, who decided that it was the Novgorod troops who came to the rescue in time. And then he retreated in fear. Chroniclers write about this event as a miracle and sign of God.

Contemporaries about the Troubles

In works written later, you can read that Tsar Fedor was poisoned by Boris Godunov. But it is still more correct to consider that he died a natural death, since he was very sick. He gave his sovereign scepter (since he had no heirs) to his wife - Patriarch Job writes about this.

Thus, many contemporaries tried to create a historical portrait, expressing their opinions in stories, lives, chronographs, etc. But all the information collected was contradictory, since there was no clear opinion. Contemporaries of the Troubles gave their assessment based on their political and class convictions.

At school in high school they study the historical portrait of Boris Godunov (7th grade, briefly) and give an analysis of his political activities.

Biography

A well-known fact is that the Godunovs’ ancestry comes from the Tatar Khan Chete. Boris Godunov's ancestors were boyars. His father was a middle-class landowner. Godunov was born in 1552, that is, even before the conquest of Kazan by the Terrible.

At that time, not yet so noble, Boris Godunov was enlisted as a guardsman in the corps, and then received the rank of head of the Bed Order at the court. He was a witness at the wedding ceremony of Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible with Marfa Sobakina. And in the same year, Boris married the daughter of Malyuta Skuratov. In 1578, he became a steward and monitored those serving drinks and food to the king’s table.

Two years later, Godunov’s sister marries Ivan the Terrible’s second son, Fyodor. And then the king granted him the title of boyar. Boris was careful and smart. In the last years of the king, he was his close confidant and had enormous influence at court. Some historians claim that it was Godunov who strangled Grozny in 1584. After all, he and Belsky were next to the Tsar in the last minutes, and they were the first to announce the news of his death in the square.

End of life

How did Boris Godunov end his life? The historical portrait of the Tsar culminates in his sudden death at age 53. It is still unknown why he died.

Having eaten heartily and in a good mood, he decided to climb the tower to survey Moscow, but suddenly suddenly felt unwell. When the king came down from the tower, he was bleeding from his ears and nose. Godunov fainted and died. Shortly before his death, he took monastic vows.

The next king was his son Fedor, a very smart and educated man, who was overthrown and killed along with his mother, and his sister Ksenia was first a concubine of the enemy, then a nun. Today the remains of the Godunov family are kept in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

Conclusion

At school, in history lessons, they study the period of the Troubles and the reign of Tsar Boris Godunov. The Unified State Examination in literature also contains tasks on this rather complex topic. The events of that time are too full of contradictory moments, and here you need to be careful in drawing conclusions. Pushkin's tragedy "Boris Godunov" enters into the historical portrait that it was Godunov who became the murderer of the only heir - Tsarevich Dmitry. Pushkin wrote it under the impression of N.M. Karamzin’s works about Russia.

Boris Godunov was a very strong personality. His political portrait can be drawn from the thirteen years of his reign. At that time, this was quite a long period of time, and Tsar Boris showed himself very worthy.

Federal Agency for Education

St. Petersburg State Mining Institute

them. G.V. Plekhanov

(Technical University)

Department of Historical Sciences and Political Science

Essay

Boris Godunov: personality, politician, sovereign

Discipline: “National History”

Completed by: student gr.EG-09 _________ /Y.S. Trufanova/

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GRADE: _____________

Date of: __________________

CHECKED BY: k.i. Sc., Associate Professor ________ /F.L.Sevastyanov/

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Saint Petersburg

Introduction

General characteristics of the personality of Boris Godunov

Origin

Yesterday's slave, Tatar, Malyuta's son-in-law,

The executioner's son-in-law is an executioner himself at heart,

He will take the crown and barmas of Monomakh...

A.S. Pushkin "Boris Godunov"

1.2. Power struggle

1.3. Carier start

2. Domestic policy of Boris Godunov

2.1. Persecution of boyars

Very often in historical literature, when describing the period of Boris Godunov’s reign, such an aspect of his activity as “Persecution of the Boyars” is considered. After analyzing several different sources, I have formed my opinion on this issue. As we already know, Godunov’s policy constantly encountered mute resistance among the appanage and boyar nobility. Boris's discord with the boyars, the discontent of the "decreasing" nobles and city uprisings gave rise to a policy that in some ways resembled the oprichnina. Boris’s activities, in fact, at first glance, acquired a distinct anti-boyar character. But the clash with the nobility still did not lead to a repetition of the oprichnina. A pupil of Grozny was able to defeat the boyars in a different way. He also owed his triumph to the success of political centralization achieved by the end of the sixteenth century. Without the support of a strengthened administrative apparatus, Godunov would hardly have been able to cope with the surge of aristocratic reaction. The originality of Godunov’s political course was that he refused the services of the privileged security corps and tried to find a strong support among the entire mass of the nobility.

The history of Godunov’s rise to power is outlined above. The path to power was not easy: Godunov had to fight with four regents left to him by Ivan the Terrible. But the difference between Godunov and Grozny is that, having defeated his opponents, he never finished them off. Ivan IV, having defeated another boyar family, slaughtered it down to the fifth generation, including children. As comrade wittily said. Stalin “Ivan the Terrible made one mistake: he did not finish off the last five boyar clans!”

Boris Godunov did not even execute any of his direct opponents. He always limited himself to references and, moreover, only to party leaders (Mstislavsky, Shuisky, Romanov, etc.).

The only separate cases are the cases of Ivan and Andrei Shuisky, as well as the Romanov brothers. For a very long time, throughout 1596, I. Shuisky demanded the head of B. Godunov from the Boyar Duma in connection with the “Austrian Affair.” He was also a constant instigator of “manifestations of popular indignation” in Moscow. Godunov actually killed him shortly after his exile to Beloozero. The younger Shuisky - Andrei (the one with whom Godunov had a fight in the Duma) - was killed in prison. But this is where the repression against the Shuiskys ended. And 5 years after the “Austrian Case,” Andrei’s brother, Vasily Shuisky, headed the investigation into the “Uglich Case,” which was fundamental for Godunov.

The real tragedy happened only with the Romanovs. Before his death, Regent Romanov transferred his rights as regent to B. Godunov. Since then, the Romanovs have been the closest allies of the Godunovs for 10 years. The breakup occurred a year before the death of Tsar Feodor. The Romanovs did not want to put up with the role that Godunov assigned for them, and slowly began to intrigue. Feeling this, Boris quickly pushed them aside (after all, it was the Romanovs, and not the Godunovs, who came to power in the event of Fedor’s death). Subsequently, the Romanovs continued their policy to the end, creating trouble for Godunov in the Duma, and then, during the famine, openly inciting rebellion, and paid for it. Fyodor Romanov (the main contender for the throne, the future patriarch) was imprisoned in a monastery. Alexander, Mikhail and Vasily Romanov died in exile. But not a single one was executed according to the verdict! The last of the brothers, Ivan, was returned from exile a year later and received a position. Having already come to power, the Romanovs did everything to take revenge on Boris Godunov, even after his death. Godunov was subjected to total blackening. This is especially observed in the works of the historian K. Valishevsky, who is under the patronage of the Romanovs. In them, Godunov appears as a real “fiend of hell.” Klyuchevsky refutes this in his works, and Karamzin, Solovyov, and Platonov came to the same conclusion independently of him at different times. No, Boris Godunov was not “...an executioner in the soul...”. Fortunately for Russia.

Godunov’s gentleness aroused contempt among his enemies (albeit mixed with fear). The former regent B. Belsky, having returned from exile, having gone to fulfill his post on the Russian border, arrived at the place and began to openly declare: “Godunov’s power is in Moscow, and Belsky’s power will be here!” It’s hard to even imagine what Grozny would have done to him for something like this... Godunov took the denunciation against Belsky without attention. Just a fantastic example for that time

Having finally quarreled with the chief zemstvo clerk and his teacher, Andrei Shchelkalov, Godunov achieved his removal from office and transferred the post to Andrei’s brother, Vasily Shchelkalov. One can imagine how Ivan the Terrible would behave in such a situation. Most likely, the very name of the Shchelkalov family would have remained only in the memorial sheets of some remote monastery.

2.2. Establishment of the Patriarchate

Anti-feudal uprisings, feuds between boyars and the complete incapacity of Tsar Fedor weakened the autocratic system of government. Discord between the secular and spiritual authorities and the deposition of Metropolitan Dionysius aggravated the crisis. The government sought to smooth out contradictions and avoid new clashes with church leaders. The situation of acute social crisis required the revival of a strong church organization. In such a situation, the secular authorities took the initiative to establish a patriarchate in Russia. Boris Godunov managed to elevate his protege Job to the metropolitan see. But the new metropolitan did not enjoy authority and popularity. After Job’s accession to the patriarchal table, the authorities drew up the so-called approved letter of his election. It contained an indication of the historical role of the Russian state as a stronghold of the universal Orthodox Church. “Moscow is the third Rome,” with all its pretentiousness, expressed the advantage of the desire to eliminate the inferior position of Moscow in relation to other centers of Orthodoxy. The establishment of the patriarchate strengthened the prestige of the Russian Church and reflected a new balance of power within the ecumenical Orthodox hierarchy.

2.3. "Saved Summers"

The formation of serfdom in Rus' was a long and irreversible process. It began under Ivan III (with the introduction of St. George's Day) and ended under Alexei Mikhailovich Quiet. The era of the Romanovs thus became the “era of serfdom” and peasant wars. Godunov actually made a small contribution to this great process. But much more significant than this contribution were the decrees adopted during his reign, freeing the territories of Siberia, the Russian North, Cossack villages, and some other areas from serfdom. And this was incommensurably more global than the notorious decree of 1597, which would have been adopted anyway, had Godunov or someone else been in power.

The famous Russian historian V.N. Tatishchev believed that Godunov enslaved the peasants with a special law of 1592. After the death of the ill-fated Boris, the text of his law was lost, so thoroughly that no one could find it. The weakness of the “decree” theory was that it was based not on strictly verified facts, but on guesses. Noting this circumstance, V.O. Klyuchevsky called the opinion about the establishment of peasant bondage by Godunov a historical fairy tale. “It was not government orders,” he argued, “but the real living conditions, the debt of the peasants that put an end to peasant transitions.” But this theory was shaken when documents about “reserved years” were discovered in the archives. Sources paint a rather unexpected picture. During the reign of Godunov, the serfdom regime began to acquire clear contours for the first time. The mechanism of “reserved years” arose not from a legislative act, but from practical orders of the authorities. Finance has become one of the main springs of this mechanism. And Boris Godunov was destined to play the sinister role of the serf owner. The authors of the historical reference of 1607 claimed that the pious Fyodor enslaved the peasants at the instigation of Boris. In reality, everything happened differently. The foundations of the serfdom regime were laid by the administrative department of clerk Andrei Shchelkolev. Having removed the actual co-ruler, Boris appropriated the fruits of his many years of efforts. Three years after the resignation of the clerk, Godunov put Shchelkolev’s provisions on a 5-year period for searching the peasants into the form of a detailed legislative act. The publication of the law of 1597 meant that the system of measures to streamline finances finally degenerated into a system of attachment to land. This was the mechanism for enslaving the multi-million Russian peasantry. The serfdom law of 1597 was issued on behalf of Tsar Feodor. But Fyodor was living out his last days, and his contemporaries knew very well from whom the personal decree came. The serfdom policy brought Boris widespread support from the feudal nobility.

Foreign policy. Boris Godunov as a diplomat

Godunov's government continued Grozny's foreign policy on the Baltic issue. But it refrained from active actions in the Baltic states while there was a danger of a union between Poland and Sweden. As soon as this danger lost its real character, Russia immediately struck Sweden. She intended to regain the Russian lands captured by the Swedes, and most importantly, to revive “Narva navigation”.

In January 1590, Russian regiments occupied Yan, blocked Koporye and advanced to Narva. Boris Godunov took control of the siege of the enemy fortress. His ill-wishers then suspected him of treason. But in fact, Godunov’s orders under the walls of Narva were explained not by his sympathy for the enemy, but by his complete lack of combat experience. On February 19, the Russians launched a general assault. Having a huge numerical superiority, they attacked the fortress at once at 7 points. The position of the Swedes was such that a rapid onslaught could decide the fate of the fortress in a matter of hours. But Boris, finding himself at the mercy of the military element with its constant companion - risk, did not feel confident. He chose the path of negotiations, hoping to persuade the Swedes to capitulate. Under the terms of the truce concluded under the walls of Narva, the Swedes cleared the Russian fortresses of Ivan-Gorod and Koporye that they had previously captured. Russia regained the sea coast between the Narva and Neva rivers. But she failed to capture the port of Narva and restore “Narva navigation”. Thus, the main goal of the offensive was not achieved. The Swedish king Johan III did not want to admit defeat in the war with Russia and was preparing for revenge. He entered into an alliance with the Crimean Khanate, and Moscow became the target of the enemy invasion. Early in the morning of July 4, 1591, the Tatars reached Moscow along the Serpukhov road and occupied Kotly. The Russian regiments settled down near the Danilov Monastery in a mobile fortification - the “walk-city”. There was a battle during the day, and at night the Tatars retreated. As during the siege of Narva, Boris Godunov showed neither determination nor energy in the war with the Tatars. However, all the glory after the victory went to him. The capital and court honored him as a hero. Boris longed for the glory of a great military leader. But the noise of praise and awards did not deceive anyone. In the florid expressions usual for that time, contemporaries wrote that Godunov “was not skilled in fighting”, “but was not skilled in weapons.” Godunov's eastern policy was marked by great successes. Russia repelled the attack of the Tatars and strengthened the security of its southern borders. In a short time, new border fortresses were built: Voronezh (1585), Livny (1586), Yelets (1592), Belgorod, Oskol, Kursk (1596). The defensive line was pushed south into the “wild field.”

In general, many historians note Boris Godunov as a talented diplomat. During the years of his reign, the agreement on free trade of Danish merchants in Russia was renewed, monetary assistance was provided to Austria to fight Mohammed (“the enemy of Christianity”), favorable relations were established with England: Boris gave a new charter for free and duty-free trade between England and Russia , Germany Boris refused duty-free trade and the construction of Catholic churches on Russian soil.

4. Reviews from contemporaries

It is worth noting that contemporaries considered Godunov an amazing speaker. People who knew Boris admired his speeches. “By nature he is endowed with a sonorous voice and the gift of eloquence,” Thorius wrote about the ruler. Boris’s younger contemporary, Semyon Shakhovskoy, called him a “very sweet-tongued” man. The Englishman noted Boris’s manners, the beauty of his face and his constant friendliness in his manner. According to Shakhovsky, Boris “bloomed with splendor” and “surpassed many people in his image.” Possessing an indestructible will, Boris gave the impression of a gentle person. In moments of emotional excitement, tears welled up in his eyes. Godunov amazed his contemporaries with his constancy in family life and affection for children. Listing the tsar’s virtues, Russian writers emphasized his aversion to “ungodly wine drinking.”

Even his enemies, paying tribute to Godunov, wrote that he could have accomplished many great things if unfavorable circumstances had not prevented him. This opinion was expressed by both foreigners and Russian writers. Of course, in order to appreciate this or that praise, you need to imagine who it comes from. Boris's admirers were nobles, who were especially admired by his generosity towards serving people. Russian writers fully appreciated Boris's merits after his death, when his insignificant successors took the throne. “Although other smart kings appeared after Godunov,” I. Timofeev diplomatically noted, “their mind was only a shadow of his mind.” Having taken possession of the crown, Boris brought upon his own head the indignation of the nobility. However, thanks to a flexible policy, he managed to rally the elite around the throne. The hatred of the lower classes turned out to be fatal for the Godunov dynasty. Boris erected a throne on a volcano.

5. Tragic end

5.1. The attitude of the people towards Tsar Boris Godunov

Living power is hateful to the mob,

They only know how to love the dead.

A.S. Pushkin, "Boris Godunov".

The beginning of Boris's reign seemed unusually prosperous. But this was only an appearance. For the first two years, Boris was a good king in the eyes of his people, and the cellarer of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, Avraamy Palitsyn, who lived during Boris’s time, says that “for the sake of his nation-wide buildings, Boris was kind to everyone.”

The subsequent reign of Godunov was marked by great disasters for Russia: a terrible crop failure caused widespread famine. In Moscow alone, 120,000 people died in two years. The Tsar fought the disaster with all his might and finally ordered bread to be distributed for free in Moscow; but this measure had very sad consequences: a great many parasites came to Moscow who did not want to work, since it was possible to feed in the capital for nothing. As a result of a terrible famine, many robbers appeared in the state, from whom civilians suffered near Moscow itself.

The people hiccupped for the culprits of all the disasters and finally found them in the person of Tsar Boris himself: already in 1601 they began to quietly talk about the fact that the wrath of God was punishing the Russian people for putting up with a child-killer tsar on the throne. The Moscow people openly show their dislike: they spit after Godunov’s carriage, adding the insulting word “thin”. Boris learns about these rumors, and his bright mind is darkened by gloomy anger: he looks for his enemies, encourages all sorts of slander. The life of the enemies becomes unbearable. Two boyars will quarrel, and one, in anger at the other, will report that he is plotting against the tsar, and that’s enough: the unfortunate man is captured, tortured, and sometimes executed. Slaves and servants, dissatisfied with something about their masters, run and slander them. Through the denunciation of his own slave, the Romanov family was destroyed by Godunov. Boris believed the words of the yard man, one of the Romanov brothers. He remembered well that the eldest of the brothers, Fyodor, was his rival when elected to the kingdom, and decided to get rid of the family that was dangerous to him. The Romanov brothers were subjected to cruel imprisonment, and the eldest of them, Fyodor, was forcibly tonsured a monk under the name of Philaret: by this they wanted to deprive him forever of the opportunity to take the throne. His wife Ksenia Ivanovna, with the name Martha, was also forced to become a monk. Their five-year-old son Mikhail was separated from his parents and, together with his aunt Anastasia Nikitichna, was exiled to Beloozero. Mikhail Nikitich Romanov experienced a particularly difficult imprisonment: he was kept in an earthen pit prison in the village of Nyrobe (now Perm province, Cherdyn district). The heavy iron shackles in which the unfortunate boyar was shackled are still preserved there. Of the five Romanov brothers, only monk Filaret and Ivan Nikitich endured a difficult prison sentence and remained alive.

The feeling of hostility towards the sovereign was also fueled by skillfully spread rumors about the non-accidental death of Tsarevich Dmitry. Rumors were spread by opponents of Godunov Nagimi. Many historians of past years, including Karamzin, considered Godunov guilty of the death of the prince, and the great Russian poet Pushkin in his work “Boris Godunov” even described the mental anguish of the king: “And the boys are bloody in the eyes...”. However, in fairness, it is worth noting that there is no direct evidence of the involvement of the future king in the death of the boy. But rumors about Boris’s alleged crime spread throughout Russia and penetrated abroad.

Godunov soon began to move away from the Russians, abolished the regulations of ancient times: he did not want to go out to the people on holidays and listen to their complaints. Suspicions began to awaken in Boris that they wanted to kill him, expel him from the throne, “dreamed of secret feats against himself, poison, sorcery.” Subsequently, as Karamzin noted, “the voice of the Fatherland was no longer heard in private, selfish praise, and the silence of the people, serving as a clear reproach for the Tsar, announced an important change in the hearts of the Russians: they no longer loved Boris!”

5.2. Death

At the beginning of 1602, on the Russian-Swedish border, a letter from a foreigner from Narva was intercepted, in which it was written that Ivan the Terrible’s son Dmitry was not killed in 1591, but was happily saved and is now with the Cossacks and is soon going to Moscow with a large army. It was False Dmitry I. The ghost of the prince was revived by circles close to the Romanovs. The true face of False Dmitry was the fugitive of the Chudov Monastery, Grigory Otrepiev.

When Boris was informed about the appearance of an impostor in Poland, he did not hide his feelings and told the boyars in the face that it was their doing and it was conceived to overthrow him. It seems incredible that Godunov later entrusted the army to the same boyars and sent them against the impostor. The explanation is that popular movements threatened to overthrow the foundations of the feudal regime that was born, but not yet strengthened. In such a situation, the dominant feudal class, willy-nilly, had to rally around the dynasty in order to protect its own interests.

Grigory Otrepyev found himself at the crest of the popular movement. He tried to play the role of a Cossack chieftain and people's leader, but the true interests of the people were deeply alien to him. Several low-ranking governors went over to the side of False Dmitry. The fortresses were surrendered by the rebel Cossacks and townspeople.

Agitation in favor of the “good” Tsar (False Dmitry) spread among the people like a fad. Overwhelmed by fear of the impostor, Godunov more than once sent secret assassins to his camp. Later, he ordered Dmitry’s mother to be brought to Moscow and asked her for the truth: whether the prince was alive or had been gone for a long time.

At this time, Tsar Boris himself changed dramatically. Usually active and actively involved in governing the country, he retreated more and more from business. His long-standing illness, gout, made itself felt more and more often. Moreover, those around him began to notice his unusual irritability and suspiciousness. The king devoted more and more time to prayers; witches and fortune tellers appeared in the palace, whom the king asked about his future and the future of his family.

On April 13, 1605, Boris Godunov died under unclear circumstances in his palace in the Kremlin. After attending a diplomatic dinner with foreign ambassadors in the Golden Chamber, Boris ascended to the balcony in the upper chambers of his palace. Here he was overtaken, according to the official version, by an apoplexy. Blood gushed from the mouth, nose and ears. The doctors who came running could no longer help him. The Tsar only managed to bless his son Fedor for the kingdom.

The death of Boris Godunov facilitated the capture of Moscow by False Dmitry I and the reprisal of his supporters against the family of the former tsar. They didn’t leave Boris’s ashes alone. They removed the corpse from the Archangel Cathedral and buried it along with the remains of his wife and son in an abandoned cemetery outside the city.

Conclusion

Tsar Boris not only visits me, but also sits with me inseparably and graciously turns in all directions so that I can see him. Seeing him so close, I admit, I fell in love with him.

A.K. Tolstoy.

Thus, we can conclude that Boris's dominance and power were not based only on court dexterity and intrigue, as is sometimes mistakenly believed. Boris Godunov had an extraordinary mind and talent for government. His political fate cannot be envied: the country fell to him during the years of the gravest crisis. The lost war (1558-1583), which exhausted the state; the disorder of the population and the collapse of landowners in the center, the oprichnina terror with its grave consequences - all this created the most difficult situation. He constantly tried to normalize the situation in the country and achieved some success.

If you do not pay attention to the rumors and slander that accompany the life of the Tsar, you can see a man who truly cares not only about his well-being, but also about the good of his Fatherland. Boris Godunov was destroyed by a fatal combination of circumstances and the hatred of his own people. Godunov is an ambiguous personality, but, nevertheless, as Platonov wrote, it is the direct duty of historians to morally rehabilitate him.

Bibliography

Valishevsky K. Time of Troubles. - M., 1993.

Klyuchevsky V.O. Historical portraits. – M., 2008.

Klyuchevsky V.O. Russian history. Full course of lectures. - M., 1996.

Platonov, S. F. Boris Godunov. The sage and the criminal. - M., 2006.

Pushkin A.S.. Works in three volumes. - M., 1986.

Skrynnikov R.G. Boris Godunov. - M., 1992.

Soloviev S.M. Readings and stories on the history of Russia. - M., 1990.

Encyclopedia of the Russian Monarchy - M., 2002.

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Boris Godunov as a historical figure. Mysterious personality: Boris Godunov (11 photos)

Department of Historical Sciences and Political Science

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Boris Godunov through the eyes of his contemporaries

Historical portrait of Boris Godunov, given by Russian historians

Appearance at the Moscow throne

Regent

Reign of Tsar Boris

The Great Famine and Death of Boris Godunov

Godunov

Boris Godunov. Historical portrait

Historical essay. Boris Godunov: Unified State Examination in History

Godunov's services to the Fatherland

Contemporaries about the Troubles

Biography

End of life

Conclusion

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Causes and consequences of the Time of Troubles for Russia

Russian literature of the 19th century. Famous personalities

Ivan the Terrible era and personality

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