Dramatic genres of literature. Literary theory

?INTRODUCTION
Lyrics is a word that came to us from the Greek language. In the classical sense, this is one of the types of literature, which is based on an image of a person’s spiritual life, the world of his feelings and emotions, thoughts and reflections. A lyrical work implies a poetic narrative that reflects the author’s thoughts about various natural phenomena and life in general.

One of the founders of Russian literary criticism was V.G. Belinsky. And although serious steps were taken in the development of the concept of literary gender back in antiquity (Aristotle), it was Belinsky who owned the scientifically based theory of three literary genders.
There are three types of fiction: epic (from the Greek Epos, narrative), lyrical (the lyre was called musical instrument, accompanied by chanted poems) and dramatic (from the Greek Drama, action).
An epic is a story about events, the fate of heroes, their actions and adventures, a depiction of the external side of what is happening (even feelings are shown from their external manifestation). The author can directly express his attitude to what is happening.
Drama is a depiction of events and relationships between characters on stage (a special way of writing text). The direct expression of the author's point of view in the text is contained in the stage directions.
Lyrics - experiencing events; depiction of feelings, inner world, emotional state; the feeling becomes the main event.
Each type of literature in turn includes a number of genres.

A genre is a historically established group of works united by common features of content and form. Such groups include novels, stories, poems, elegies, short stories, feuilletons, comedies, etc. In literary studies, the concept of literary type is often introduced; this is a broader concept than genre. In this case, the novel will be considered a type of fiction, and genres will be various types of novels, for example, adventure, detective, psychological, parable novel, dystopian novel, etc.
Examples of genus-species relationships in the literature:
? Gender: dramatic; type: comedy; Genre: sitcom.
? Genus: epic; type: story; genre: fantasy story, etc.
Genres, being historical categories, appear, develop and eventually “leave” from the “active stock” of artists depending on the historical era: ancient lyricists did not know the sonnet; in our time, the ode, born in antiquity and popular in the 17th-18th centuries, has become an archaic genre; Romanticism of the 19th century gave rise to detective literature, etc.

1. Lyric genres

Until the 19th century, lyric poetry was divided into: sonnet, fragment, satire, epigram and epitaph. Let's take a closer look at each of these genres of lyrics.

The sonnet is one of the poetic forms of the Renaissance. A dramatic genre in which its structure and composition are united in meaning, like a struggle of opposites.

A passage is a fragment of a work or an intentionally unfinished poem of philosophical content.

Satire, as a genre, is a lyric-epic work designed to ridicule some phenomenon of reality, or social vices; in essence, it is evil criticism public life.

An epigram is a short satirical work. This genre was especially popular among Pushkin’s contemporaries, when an evil epigram served as a weapon of revenge against a rival author; later the epigram was revived by Mayakovsky and Gaft.

An epitaph is a gravestone inscription dedicated to the deceased, often the epitaph is written in poetic form.

Today, there are other ways to classify lyric genres. According to the theme of the poems, the following main genres of lyricism are distinguished: landscape, intimate, philosophical.

Landscape lyrics in most cases reflect the author’s own attitude to nature and the world around him through the prism of his own worldviews and feelings. For landscape poetry, more than for all other varieties, figurative language is important

Intimate lyrics are a depiction of friendship, love, and in some cases, the personal life of the author. It is similar to love lyrics, and, as a rule, intimate lyrics are a “continuation” of love lyrics.

Philosophical lyrics examine universal questions about the meaning of life and humanism. Its continuation and varieties are “civil lyrics” and “religious lyrics”. If philosophical lyrics examine the eternal themes of the meaning of life, good and evil, the world order and the purpose of our stay on earth, then “civil” poetry is closer to social problems - to history and politics, it describes (certainly in poetic language!) our collective aspirations, love for our homeland , the fight against evil in society.

The theme of “religious lyrics” is understanding one’s faith, church life, relationship with God, religious virtues and sins, repentance.

We will now discuss the features of writing poetry for each of these varieties of the lyrical genre.
Lyrical is a type of literature in which the author’s attention is paid to depicting the inner world, feelings, and experiences. An event in lyric poetry is important only insofar as it evokes an emotional response in the artist’s soul. It is the experience that becomes the main event in the lyrics. Lyrics as a type of literature arose in ancient times. The word "lyric" is of Greek origin, but has no direct translation. In Ancient Greece, poetic works depicting the inner world of feelings and experiences were performed to the accompaniment of the lyre, and this is how the word “lyrics” appeared.

The most important character in lyric poetry is the lyrical hero: it is his inner world that is shown in the lyrical work, on his behalf the lyricist speaks to the reader, and the external world is depicted in terms of the impressions it makes on the lyrical hero. It is very important not to confuse a lyrical hero with an epic one. Pushkin reproduced the inner world of Eugene Onegin in great detail, but this is an epic hero, a participant in the main events of the novel. The lyrical hero of Pushkin's novel is the Narrator, the one who is familiar with Onegin and tells his story, deeply experiencing it. Onegin becomes a lyrical hero only once in the novel - when he writes a letter to Tatyana, just as she becomes a lyrical heroine when she writes a letter to Onegin.
By creating the image of a lyrical hero, a poet can make him personally very close to himself (poems by Lermontov, Fet, Nekrasov, Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, etc.). But sometimes the poet seems to be “hiding” behind the mask of a lyrical hero, completely far from the personality of the poet himself; for example, A. Blok makes the lyrical heroine Ophelia (2 poems entitled “Ophelia’s Song”) or the street actor Harlequin (“I was covered in colorful rags…”), M. Tsvetaev - Hamlet (“At the bottom is she, where is the mud?” ..."), V. Bryusov - Cleopatra ("Cleopatra"), S. Yesenin - a peasant boy from a folk song or fairy tale ("Mother walked through the forest in a bathing suit ..."). So, when discussing a lyrical work, it is more competent to talk about the expression in it of the feelings not of the author, but of the lyrical hero.
Like other types of literature, lyrics include a number of genres. Some of them arose in ancient times, others - in the Middle Ages, some - quite recently, one and a half to two centuries ago, or even in the last century.
LYRIC GENRES:

Ode (Greek “Song”) is a monumental solemn poem glorifying a great event or a great person; There are spiritual odes (arrangements of psalms), moralizing, philosophical, satirical, epistle odes, etc. An ode is tripartite: it must have a theme stated at the beginning of the work; development of the theme and arguments, as a rule, allegorical (second part); the final, didactic (instructive) part. Examples of ancient ancient odes are associated with the names of Horace and Pindar; The ode came to Russia in the 18th century, the odes of M. Lomonosov (“On the day of the accession to the Russian throne of Empress Elisaveta Petrovna”), V. Trediakovsky, A. Sumarokov, G. Derzhavin (“Felitsa”, “God”), A. .Radishcheva (“Liberty”). He paid tribute to the ode of A. Pushkin (“Liberty”). TO mid-19th century, ode lost its relevance and gradually became an archaic genre.
Hymn - a poem of praise; also came from ancient poetry, but if in ancient times hymns were composed in honor of gods and heroes, then in later times hymns were written in honor of solemn events, celebrations, often not only of a state, but also of a personal nature (A. Pushkin. “Feasting Students” ).
Elegy (Phrygian “reed flute”) is a genre of lyric poetry dedicated to reflection. Originated in ancient poetry; originally this was the name for crying over the dead. The elegy was based on the life ideal of the ancient Greeks, which was based on the harmony of the world, proportionality and balance of being, incomplete without sadness and contemplation; these categories passed into modern elegy. An elegy can embody both life-affirming ideas and disappointment. Poetry of the 19th century continued to develop elegy in its “pure” form; in the lyrics of the 20th century, elegy is found, rather, as a genre tradition, as a special mood. In modern poetry, an elegy is a plotless poem of a contemplative, philosophical and landscape nature.

A. Blok "From Autumn Elegy":

An epigram (Greek for “inscription”) is a short poem of satirical content. Initially, in ancient times, epigrams were inscriptions on household objects, tombstones and statues. Subsequently, the content of the epigrams changed.
Examples of epigrams:

Yuri Olesha:

Sasha Cherny:

An epistole, or epistle, is a poem, the content of which can be defined as a “letter in verse.” The genre also came from ancient lyrics.
A. Pushkin. Pushchin ("My first friend, my priceless friend...")
V. Mayakovsky. "To Sergei Yesenin"; "Lilichka! (Instead of a letter)"
S. Yesenin. "Letter to Mother"
M. Tsvetaeva. Poems to Blok
A sonnet is a poetic genre of the so-called rigid form: a poem consisting of 14 lines, specially organized into stanzas, having strict rhyming principles and stylistic laws. There are several types of sonnet based on their form:
? Italian: consists of two quatrains (quatrains), in which the lines rhyme according to the scheme ABAB or ABBA, and two tercets (tercets) with the rhyme CDС DСD or CDE CDE;
? English: consists of three quatrains and one couplet; general scheme rhymes - ABAB CDCD EFEF GG;
? sometimes French is distinguished: the stanza is similar to Italian, but the terzets have a different rhyme scheme: CCD EED or CCD EDE; he had a significant impact on the development the following type sonnet -
? Russian: created by Anton Delvig: the stanza is also similar to the Italian, but the rhyme scheme in tercets is CDD CCD.
The content of the sonnet is also subject to special laws: each stanza is a step in the development of one general thought (thesis, position), therefore the sonnet belongs not so much to narrowly lyrical as to intellectual poetic genres.
This lyrical genre was born in Italy in the 13th century. Its creator was the lawyer Jacopo da Lentini; a hundred years later Petrarch's sonnet masterpieces appeared. The sonnet came to Russia in the 18th century; a little later, it receives serious development in the works of Anton Delvig, Ivan Kozlov, Alexander Pushkin. Poets showed particular interest in the sonnet " silver age": K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, I. Annensky, V. Ivanov, I. Bunin, N. Gumilev, A. Blok, O. Mandelstam...
In the art of versification, the sonnet is considered one of the most difficult genres. In the last 2 centuries, poets rarely adhered to any strict rhyme scheme, often offering a mixture of different schemes.
This content dictates the features of the sonnet language:
? vocabulary and intonation should be sublime;
? rhymes - accurate and, if possible, unusual, rare;
? significant words should not be repeated with the same meaning, etc.
A particular challenge - and therefore the pinnacle of poetic technique - is the wreath of sonnets: a cycle of 15 poems, the opening line of each of which is the last line of the previous one, and the last line of the 14th poem is the first line of the first. The fifteenth sonnet consists of the first lines of all 14 sonnets in the cycle. In Russian lyric poetry, the most famous are the wreaths of sonnets by V. Ivanov, M. Voloshin, K. Balmont.
In school literary criticism, this genre of lyricism is called a lyric poem. In classical literary criticism such a genre does not exist. IN school curriculum it was introduced to somewhat simplify the complex system of lyrical genres: if the bright genre features of a work cannot be identified and the poem is not, in the strict sense, an ode, a hymn, an elegy, a sonnet, etc., it will be defined as a lyric poem. In this case, you should pay attention to the individual characteristics of the poem: the specifics of the form, theme, image of the lyrical hero, mood, etc. Thus, lyric poems (in the school understanding) should include poems by Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Blok, etc. Almost all lyric poetry of the 20th century falls under this definition, unless the authors specifically specified the genre of the works.
Satire (Latin “mixture, all sorts of things”) is like a poetic genre: a work whose content is the exposure of social phenomena, human vices or individual people through ridicule. Satire in antiquity in Roman literature (satires of Juvenal, Martial, etc.). The genre received new development in the literature of classicism. The content of satire is characterized by ironic intonation, allegory, Aesopian language, and the technique of “speaking names” is often used. In Russian literature, A. Kantemir and K. Batyushkov (XVIII-XIX centuries) worked in the genre of satire; in the 20th century, Sasha Cherny and others became famous as the author of satires. Many poems from V. Mayakovsky’s “Poems about America” can also be called satires ( "Six Nuns", "Black and White", "Skyscraper in Section", etc.).
Ballad is a lyric-epic plot poem of the fantastic, satirical, historical, fairy-tale, legendary, humorous, etc. character. The ballad originated in ancient times (it is believed that in the early Middle Ages)
etc.................

One of the founders of Russian literary criticism was V.G. Belinsky. And although serious steps were taken in antiquity in developing the concept of literary gender (Aristotle), it was Belinsky who owned the scientifically based theory of three literary genera, which you can get acquainted with in detail by reading Belinsky’s article “The Division of Poetry into Genera and Types.”

There are three types of fiction: epic(from Greek Epos, narrative), lyrical(a lyre was a musical instrument, accompanied by chanting poems) and dramatic(from Greek Drama, action).

When presenting this or that subject to the reader (meaning the subject of conversation), the author chooses different approaches to it:

First approach: in detail tell about the object, about the events associated with it, about the circumstances of the existence of this object, etc.; in this case, the author’s position will be more or less detached, the author will act as a kind of chronicler, narrator, or choose one of the characters as the narrator; the main thing in such a work will be the story, narration about the subject, the leading type of speech will be narrative; this kind of literature is called epic;

The second approach: you can tell not so much about the events, but about the impressed, which they produced on the author, about those feelings which they called; image inner world, experiences, impressions and will relate to the lyrical genre of literature; exactly experience becomes the main event of the lyrics;

Third approach: you can depict item in action, show him on stage; present it to the reader and viewer surrounded by other phenomena; this kind of literature is dramatic; In a drama, the author's voice will be heard least often - in stage directions, that is, the author's explanations of the actions and remarks of the characters.

Look at the following table and try to remember its contents:

Types of fiction

EPOS	DRAMA	LYRICS
(Greek - narrative) story about events, the fate of the heroes, their actions and adventures, a depiction of the external side of what is happening (even feelings are shown from their external manifestation). The author can directly express his attitude to what is happening.	(Greek - action) image events and relationships between characters on the stage(a special way of writing text). The direct expression of the author's point of view in the text is contained in the stage directions.	(from the name of the musical instrument) experience events; depiction of feelings, inner world, emotional state; the feeling becomes the main event.

Each type of literature in turn includes a number of genres.

GENRE is a historically established group of works united by common features of content and form. Such groups include novels, stories, poems, elegies, short stories, feuilletons, comedies, etc. In literary studies, the concept of literary type is often introduced; this is a broader concept than genre. In this case, the novel will be considered a type of fiction, and genres will be various types of novels, for example, adventure, detective, psychological, parable novel, dystopian novel, etc.

Examples of genus-species relationships in the literature:

• Gender: dramatic; type: comedy; Genre: sitcom.
• Genus: epic; type: story; genre: fantasy story, etc.

Genres, being historical categories, appear, develop and eventually “leave” from the “active stock” of artists depending on the historical era: ancient lyricists did not know the sonnet; in our time, the ode, born in antiquity and popular in the 17th-18th centuries, has become an archaic genre; Romanticism of the 19th century gave rise to detective literature, etc.

Consider the following table, which presents the types and genres related to the various types of word art:

Genera, types and genres of artistic literature

EPOS		DRAMA		LYRICS
People's	Author's	Folk	Author's	Folk	Author's
Myth Poem (epic): Heroic Strogovoinskaya Fabulous- legendary Historical... Fairy tale Bylina Thought Legend Tradition Ballad Parable Small genres: proverbs sayings puzzles nursery rhymes...	EpicNovel: Historical Fantastic. Adventurous Psychological R.-parable Utopian Social... Small genres: Tale Story Novella Fable Parable Ballad Lit. fairy tale...	A game Ritual Folk drama Raek Nativity scene...	Tragedy Comedy: provisions, characters, masks... Drama: philosophical social historical social-philosophical Vaudeville Farce Tragifarce...	Song	Oh yeah Hymn Elegy Sonnet Message Madrigal Romance Rondo Epigram...

Modern literary criticism also highlights fourth, a related genre of literature that combines the features of the epic and lyrical genres: lyric-epic, which refers to poem. And indeed, by telling the reader a story, the poem manifests itself as an epic; Revealing to the reader the depth of feelings, the inner world of the person telling this story, the poem manifests itself as lyricism.

LYRICAL is a type of literature in which the author’s attention is paid to depicting the inner world, feelings, and experiences. An event in lyric poetry is important only insofar as it evokes an emotional response in the artist’s soul. It is the experience that becomes the main event in the lyrics. Lyrics as a type of literature arose in ancient times. The word "lyric" is of Greek origin, but has no direct translation. In Ancient Greece, poetic works depicting the inner world of feelings and experiences were performed to the accompaniment of the lyre, and this is how the word “lyrics” appeared.

The most important character in the lyrics is lyrical hero: it is his inner world that is shown in the lyrical work, on his behalf the lyricist speaks to the reader, and the external world is depicted in terms of the impressions it makes on the lyrical hero. Note! Do not confuse the lyrical hero with the epic one. Pushkin reproduced the inner world of Eugene Onegin in great detail, but this is an epic hero, a participant in the main events of the novel. The lyrical hero of Pushkin's novel is the Narrator, the one who is familiar with Onegin and tells his story, deeply experiencing it. Onegin becomes a lyrical hero only once in the novel - when he writes a letter to Tatyana, just as she becomes a lyrical heroine when she writes a letter to Onegin.

By creating the image of a lyrical hero, a poet can make him personally very close to himself (poems by Lermontov, Fet, Nekrasov, Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, etc.). But sometimes the poet seems to be “hiding” behind the mask of a lyrical hero, completely far from the personality of the poet himself; for example, A. Blok makes the lyrical heroine Ophelia (2 poems entitled “Ophelia’s Song”) or the street actor Harlequin (“I was covered in colorful rags…”), M. Tsvetaev - Hamlet (“At the bottom is she, where is the mud?” ..."), V. Bryusov - Cleopatra ("Cleopatra"), S. Yesenin - a peasant boy from a folk song or fairy tale ("Mother walked through the forest in a bathing suit ..."). So, when discussing a lyrical work, it is more competent to talk about the expression in it of the feelings not of the author, but of the lyrical hero.

Like other types of literature, lyrics include a number of genres. Some of them arose in ancient times, others - in the Middle Ages, some - quite recently, one and a half to two centuries ago, or even in the last century.

Read about some LYRIC GENRES:
Oh yeah(Greek "Song") - a monumental solemn poem glorifying a great event or a great person; There are spiritual odes (arrangements of psalms), moralizing, philosophical, satirical, epistle odes, etc. An ode is tripartite: it must have a theme stated at the beginning of the work; development of the theme and arguments, as a rule, allegorical (second part); the final, didactic (instructive) part. Examples of ancient ancient odes are associated with the names of Horace and Pindar; The ode came to Russia in the 18th century, the odes of M. Lomonosov (“On the day of the accession to the Russian throne of Empress Elisaveta Petrovna”), V. Trediakovsky, A. Sumarokov, G. Derzhavin (“Felitsa”, “God”), A. .Radishcheva (“Liberty”). He paid tribute to the ode of A. Pushkin (“Liberty”). By the middle of the 19th century, ode lost its relevance and gradually became an archaic genre.

Hymn- a poem of laudatory content; also came from ancient poetry, but if in ancient times hymns were composed in honor of gods and heroes, then in later times hymns were written in honor of solemn events, celebrations, often not only of a state, but also of a personal nature (A. Pushkin. “Feasting Students” ).

Elegy(Phrygian "reed flute") - a genre of lyrics dedicated to reflection. Originated in ancient poetry; originally this was the name for crying over the dead. The elegy was based on the life ideal of the ancient Greeks, which was based on the harmony of the world, proportionality and balance of being, incomplete without sadness and contemplation; these categories passed into modern elegy. An elegy can embody both life-affirming ideas and disappointment. Poetry of the 19th century continued to develop elegy in its “pure” form; in the lyrics of the 20th century, elegy is found, rather, as a genre tradition, as a special mood. In modern poetry, an elegy is a plotless poem of a contemplative, philosophical and landscape nature.
A. Pushkin. "To sea"
N. Nekrasov. "Elegy"
A. Akhmatova. "March Elegy"

Read A. Blok's poem "From Autumn Elegy":

Epigram(Greek “inscription”) - a small poem of satirical content. Initially, in ancient times, epigrams were inscriptions on household objects, tombstones and statues. Subsequently, the content of the epigrams changed.
Examples of epigrams:

Yuri Olesha:

Sasha Cherny:

Epistle, or message - a poem, the content of which can be defined as a “letter in verse.” The genre also came from ancient lyrics.
A. Pushkin. Pushchin ("My first friend, my priceless friend...")
V. Mayakovsky. "To Sergei Yesenin"; "Lilichka! (Instead of a letter)"
S. Yesenin. "Letter to Mother"
M. Tsvetaeva. Poems to Blok

Sonnet- this is a poetic genre of the so-called rigid form: a poem consisting of 14 lines, specially organized into stanzas, having strict rhyming principles and stylistic laws. There are several types of sonnet based on their form:

• Italian: consists of two quatrains (quatrains), in which the lines rhyme according to the scheme ABAB or ABBA, and two tercets (tercets) with the rhyme CDС DСD or CDE CDE;
• English: consists of three quatrains and one couplet; the general rhyme scheme is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG;
• sometimes French is distinguished: the stanza is similar to Italian, but the terzets have a different rhyme scheme: CCD EED or CCD EDE; he had a significant influence on the development of the next type of sonnet -
• Russian: created by Anton Delvig: the stanza is also similar to the Italian, but the rhyme scheme in tercets is CDD CCD.

This lyrical genre was born in Italy in the 13th century. Its creator was the lawyer Jacopo da Lentini; a hundred years later Petrarch's sonnet masterpieces appeared. The sonnet came to Russia in the 18th century; a little later, it receives serious development in the works of Anton Delvig, Ivan Kozlov, Alexander Pushkin. Poets of the “Silver Age” showed particular interest in the sonnet: K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, I. Annensky, V. Ivanov, I. Bunin, N. Gumilev, A. Blok, O. Mandelstam...
In the art of versification, the sonnet is considered one of the most difficult genres.
In the last 2 centuries, poets rarely adhered to any strict rhyme scheme, often offering a mixture of different schemes.

Such content dictates features of sonnet language:
• vocabulary and intonation should be sublime;
• rhymes - accurate and, if possible, unusual, rare;
• significant words should not be repeated with the same meaning, etc.

A particular difficulty - and therefore the pinnacle of poetic technique - is represented by wreath of sonnets: a cycle of 15 poems, the opening line of each being the last line of the previous one, and the last line of the 14th poem being the first line of the first. The fifteenth sonnet consists of the first lines of all 14 sonnets in the cycle. In Russian lyric poetry, the most famous are the wreaths of sonnets by V. Ivanov, M. Voloshin, K. Balmont.

Read “Sonnet” by A. Pushkin and see how the sonnet form is understood:

Text	Stanza	Rhyme	Contents(topic)
1 The stern Dante did not despise the sonnet; 2 In him Petrarch poured out the heat of love; 3 The creator of Macbeth 1 loved his game; 4 Camoes 2 clothed them with sorrowful thoughts.	quatrain 1	A B A B	History of the sonnet genre in the past, themes and tasks of the classic sonnet
5 And today it captivates the poet: 6 Wordsworth 3 chose him as his instrument, 7 When away from the vain world 8 He paints an ideal of nature.	quatrain 2	A B A IN	The meaning of the sonnet in European poetry contemporary to Pushkin, expanding the range of topics
9 Under the shadow of the distant mountains of Tauris 10 Lithuanian singer 4 in the size of his cramped 11 He instantly concluded his dreams.	terzetto 1	C C B	Development of the theme of quatrain 2
12 Our virgins did not know him yet, 13 How Delvig forgot for him 14 Hexameters 5 sacred chants.	terzetto 2	D B D	The meaning of the sonnet in Russian poetry contemporary to Pushkin

In school literary criticism, this genre of lyricism is called lyric poem. In classical literary criticism such a genre does not exist. It was introduced into the school curriculum to somewhat simplify the complex system of lyrical genres: if the clear genre features of a work cannot be identified and the poem is not, in the strict sense, an ode, a hymn, an elegy, a sonnet, etc., it will be defined as a lyric poem . In this case, you should pay attention to the individual characteristics of the poem: the specifics of the form, theme, image of the lyrical hero, mood, etc. Thus, lyric poems (in the school understanding) should include poems by Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Blok, etc. Almost all lyric poetry of the 20th century falls under this definition, unless the authors specifically specified the genre of the works.

Satire(Latin “mixture, all sorts of things”) - as a poetic genre: a work whose content is the denunciation of social phenomena, human vices or individual people - through ridicule. Satire in antiquity in Roman literature (satires of Juvenal, Martial, etc.). The genre received new development in the literature of classicism. The content of satire is characterized by ironic intonation, allegory, Aesopian language, and the technique of “speaking names” is often used. In Russian literature, A. Kantemir and K. Batyushkov (XVIII-XIX centuries) worked in the genre of satire; in the 20th century, Sasha Cherny and others became famous as the author of satires. Many poems from V. Mayakovsky’s “Poems about America” can also be called satires ( "Six Nuns", "Black and White", "Skyscraper in Section", etc.).

Ballad- lyric-epic plot poem of the fantastic, satirical, historical, fairy-tale, legendary, humorous, etc. character. The ballad originated in ancient times (it is believed that in early middle ages) as a folk ritual dance and song genre, and this determines its genre features: strict rhythm, plot (in ancient ballads they talked about heroes and gods), the presence of repetitions (whole lines or individual words were repeated as an independent stanza), called refrain. In the 18th century, the ballad became one of the most beloved poetic genres in Romantic literature. Ballads were created by F. Schiller ("Cup", "Glove"), I. Goethe ("The Forest Tsar"), V. Zhukovsky ("Lyudmila", "Svetlana"), A. Pushkin ("Anchar", "Groom") , M. Lermontov ("Borodino", "Three Palms"); At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, the ballad was revived again and became very popular, especially in the revolutionary era, during the period of revolutionary romance. Among the poets of the 20th century, ballads were written by A. Blok ("Love" ("The Queen Lived on a High Mountain..."), N. Gumilev ("Captains", "Barbarians"), A. Akhmatova ("The Gray-Eyed King"), M. Svetlov (“Grenada”), etc.

Note! A work may combine the characteristics of certain genres: a message with elements of elegy (A. Pushkin, “To *** (“I remember” wonderful moment..."), a lyrical poem of elegiac content (A. Blok. “Motherland”), an epigram-message, etc.

1. The creator of Macbeth is William Shakespeare (tragedy "Macbeth").
2. Portuguese poet Luis de Camões (1524-1580).
3. Wordsworth - English romantic poet William Wordsworth (1770-1850).
4. The singer of Lithuania is the Polish romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855).
5. See the material on topic No. 12.

You should read those works of fiction that can be considered within the framework of this topic, namely:

• V.A. Zhukovsky. Poems: "Svetlana"; "Sea"; "Evening"; "Unspeakable"
• A.S. Pushkin. Poems: "Village", "Demons", "Winter Evening", "Pushchina" ("My first friend, my priceless friend...", "Winter Road", "To Chaadaev", "In the depths of the Siberian ores...", "Anchar ", "The flying ridge of clouds is thinning...", "The Prisoner", "Conversation between a bookseller and a poet", "The Poet and the Crowd", "Autumn", "...I visited again...", "Am I wandering along the noisy streets...", " A vain gift, an accidental gift...", "October 19" (1825), "On the hills of Georgia", "I loved you...", "To ***" ("I remember a wonderful moment..."), "Madonna" , “Echo”, “Prophet”, “To the Poet”, “To the Sea”, “From Pindemonti” (“I value loud rights inexpensively...”), “I have erected a monument to myself...”
• M.Yu. Lermontov. Poems: “The Death of a Poet”, “Poet”, “How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...”, “Thought”, “Both boring and sad...”, “Prayer” (“I, Mother of God, now with prayer...”) , “We parted, but your portrait...”, “I will not humiliate myself before you...”, “Motherland”, “Farewell, unwashed Russia...”, “When the yellowing field is agitated...”, “No, I’m not Byron, I’m different ...", "Leaf", "Three Palms", "From Under a Mysterious, Cold Half Mask...", "Captive Knight", "Neighbor", "Testament", "Clouds", "Cliff", "Borodino", "Clouds heavenly, eternal pages...", "Prisoner", "Prophet", "I go out alone on the road..."
• N.A. Nekrasov. Poems: “I don’t like your irony...”, “Knight for an hour”, “I will soon die...”, “Prophet”, “Poet and Citizen”, “Troika”, “Elegy”, “Zine” (“You are still on you have the right to life..."); other poems of your choice
• F.I. Tyutchev. Poems: “Autumn Evening”, “Silentium”, “Not what you think, nature...”, “The earth still looks sad...”, “How good you are, O night sea...”, “I met you...”, “ Whatever life teaches us...", "Fountain", "These poor villages...", "Human tears, oh human tears...", "You can't understand Russia with your mind...", "I remember the golden time...", "What are you talking about howling, the night wind?”, “The gray shadows have shifted...”, “How sweetly the dark green garden slumbers...”; other poems of your choice
• A.A.Fet. Poems: “I came to you with greetings...”, “It’s still a May night...”, “Whisper, timid breathing...”, “This morning, this joy...”, “Sevastopol rural cemetery”, “A wavy cloud...”, “Learn they have - at the oak, at the birch...", "To the poets", "Autumn", "What a night, how clean the air...", "Village", "Swallows", "On the railway", "Fantasy", "The night was shining The garden was full of the moon..."; other poems of your choice
• I.A.Bunin. Poems: "The Last Bumblebee", "Evening", "Childhood", "It's Still Cold and Cheese...", "And Flowers, and Bumblebees, and Grass...", "The Word", "The Knight at the Crossroads", "The Bird Has a Nest" …", "Twilight"
• A.A.Blok. Poems: “I enter dark temples...”, “Stranger”, “Solveig”, “You are like the echo of a forgotten hymn...”, “The earthly heart grows cold again...”, “Oh, spring without end and without end...”, “ About valor, about exploits, about glory...", "On the Railway", the cycles "On the Kulikovo Field" and "Carmen", "Rus", "Motherland", "Russia", "Morning in the Kremlin", "Oh, I I want to live crazy..."; other poems of your choice
• A.A.Akhmatova. Poems: "Song last meeting", "You know, I'm languishing in captivity...", "Before spring there are days like this...", "Tear-stained autumn, like a widow...", "I learned to live simply, wisely...", " Motherland"; "I have no need for odic armies...", "I am not with those who abandoned the earth...", "Courage"; other poems of your choice
• S.A. Yesenin. Poems: “Go you, my dear Rus'...”, “Don’t wander, don’t crush in the crimson bushes...”, “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry...”, “Now we are leaving little by little...”, “Letter to mother,” “ The golden grove dissuaded me...", "I left my home...", "To Kachalov's dog", "Soviet Rus'", "The hewn horns began to sing...", "Uncomfortable liquid moonlight...", "The feather grass is sleeping. The dear plain...", "Goodbye , my friend, goodbye..."; other poems of your choice
• V.V. Mayakovsky. Poems: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Here!”, “To you!”, “Violin and a little nervously,” “Mom and the evening killed by the Germans,” “Cheap sale,” “ Good attitude to the horses", "Left March", "About rubbish", "To Sergei Yesenin", "Anniversary", "Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva"; other poems of your choice
• 10-15 poems each (of your choice): M. Tsvetaeva, B. Pasternak, N. Gumilyov.
• A. Tvardovsky. Poems: “I was killed near Rzhev...”, “I know, it’s not my fault...”, “The whole point is in one single covenant...”, “In memory of the mother,” “To the bitter grievances of one’s own person...”; other poems of your choice
• I. Brodsky. Poems: “I entered instead of a wild beast ...”, “Letters to a Roman friend”, “To Urania”, “Stanzas”, “You will ride in the darkness ...”, “To the death of Zhukov”, “From nowhere with love ...”, “Notes of a fern "

Try to read all the literary works that are named in the work in a book, and not in electronic form!
When completing tasks for work 7, pay special attention to theoretical materials, since completing the tasks of this work by intuition means dooming yourself to mistakes.
Do not forget to draw up a metrical diagram for each poetic passage you analyze, checking it many times.
The key to success when performing this complex work is attention and accuracy.

Recommended reading for work 7:

• Kvyatkovsky I.A. Poetic dictionary. - M., 1966.
• Literary encyclopedic Dictionary. - M., 1987.
• Literary criticism: Reference materials. - M., 1988.
• Lotman Yu.M. Analysis of poetic text. - L.: Education, 1972.
• Gasparov M. Modern Russian verse. Metrics and rhythm. - M.: Nauka, 1974.
• Zhirmunsky V.M. Theory of verse. - L.: Science, 1975.
• Poetic structure of Russian lyrics. Sat. - L.: Science, 1973.
• Skripov G.S. About Russian versification. A manual for students. - M.: Education, 1979.
• Dictionary of literary terms. - M., 1974.
• Encyclopedic dictionary of a young literary critic. - M., 1987.

Lyrics- one of the three (along with epic and drama) main literary genres, the subject of which is the inner world, the poet’s own “I”. Unlike epic, lyric poetry is most often plotless (not eventful), and unlike drama, it is subjective. In lyric poetry, any phenomenon and event in life that can influence spiritual world person, are reproduced in the form of subjective, direct experience, i.e. a holistic individual manifestation of the poet’s personality, a certain state of his character. The poet’s “self-expression” (“self-disclosure”), without losing its individuality and autobiographical nature, acquires universal human significance in the lyrics due to the scale and depth of the author’s personality; This type of literature has access to the fullness of expression of the most complex problems of existence. A. S. Pushkin's poem "...I visited again..." cannot be reduced to a description of rural nature. It is based on a generalized artistic idea, a deep philosophical thought about the continuous process of renewal of life, in which the new comes to replace the past, continuing it.

Each time develops its own poetic formulas, specific socio-historical conditions create their own forms of expression of the lyrical image, and for a historically correct reading of a lyrical work, knowledge of a particular era and its cultural and historical uniqueness is necessary.

There are different forms of expression of the experiences and thoughts of the lyrical subject. This can be an internal monologue, thinking alone with oneself (“I remember a wonderful moment...” by A. S. Pushkin, “About valor, about exploits, about glory...” by A. A. Blok); monologue on behalf of a character introduced into the text ("Borodino" by M. Yu. Lermontov); addressing a specific person (in various style design), which allows you to create the impression of a direct response to some phenomenon of life (“ Winter morning"A. S. Pushkin, "The Seated" by V. V. Mayakovsky); an appeal to nature, helping to reveal the unity of the spiritual world of the lyrical hero and the world of nature ("To the Sea" by A. S. Pushkin, "The Forest" by A. V. Koltsov , "In the Garden" by A. A. Fet). In lyrical works, which are based on acute conflicts, the poet expresses himself in a passionate dispute with time, friends and enemies, with himself ("The Poet and the Citizen" by N. A. Nekrasov ) From a thematic point of view, lyrics can be civil, philosophical, love, landscape, etc. For the most part lyrical works are multi-themed, in one experience of the poet various motives can be reflected: love, friendship, patriotic feelings, etc. (“In Memory of Dobrolyubov” by N. A. Nekrasov, “Letter to a Woman” by S. A. Yesenin, “Bribed” by R. I. Rozhdestvensky).

There are various genres of lyrical works. The predominant form of poetry of the 19th–20th centuries. – poem: a work written in verse of a small volume compared to a poem, which allows one to embody in words the inner life of the soul in its changeable and multifaceted manifestations (sometimes in literature there are small works of a lyrical nature in prose, which use the means of expressiveness characteristic of poetic speech: “Poems” in prose" by I. S. Turgenev). Message- a lyrical genre in poetic form in the form of a letter or address to a specific person or group of persons of a friendly, loving, panegyric or satirical nature (“To Chaadaev”, “Message to Siberia” by A. S. Pushkin, “Letter to Mother” by S. A. Yesenin). Elegy- a poem of sad content, which expresses the motives of personal experiences: loneliness, disappointment, suffering, the frailty of earthly existence ("Confession" by E. A. Baratynsky, "The flying ridge of clouds is thinning..." by A. S. Pushkin, "Elegy" N A. Nekrasova, “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry...” S. A. Yesenina). Sonnet- a poem of 14 lines, forming two quatrains and two tercets. Each stanza is a kind of step in the development of a single dialectical thought ("To the Poet", "Madonna" by A. S. Pushkin, sonnets by A. A. Fet, V. Ya. Bryusov, I. V. Severyanin, O. E. Mandelstam, I. A. Bunin, A. A. Akhmatova, N. S. Gumilyov, S. Ya. Marshak, A. A. Tarkovsky, L. N. Martynov, M. A. Dudin, V. A. Soloukhina, N. N. Matveeva, L. II. Vysheslavsky, R. G. Gamzatov). Epigram- a short poem that maliciously ridicules a person or social phenomenon (epigrams by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, I. I. Dmitriev, E. A. Baratynsky, S. A. Sobolevsky, S. Solovyov,

D. D. Minaeva). In Soviet poetry, the epigram genre was developed by V. V. Mayakovsky, D. Bedny, A. G. Arkhangelsky, A. I. Bezymensky, S. Ya. Marshak, S. A. Vasiliev. Romance is a lyrical poem designed for musical transcription. Genre characteristics (without strict adherence): melodious intonation, syntactic simplicity, completeness of the sentence within the stanza (poems by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, A. V. Koltsov, F. I. Tyutchev, A. A. Fet , N. A. Nekrasov, A. K. Tolstoy, S. A. Yesenin). Epitaph– a gravestone inscription (usually in verse) of a commendable, parody or satirical nature (epitaphs of R. Burns translated by S. Ya. Marshak, epitaphs of A. P. Sumarokov, N. F. Shcherbina). Stanzas are a short elegiac poem in several stanzas, often meditative (in-depth reflective) than love content. Genre characteristics are vague. For example, “Am I wandering along the noisy streets...”, “Stanzas” (“In the hope of glory and goodness...”) by A. S. Pushkin, “Stanzas” (“Look how calm my gaze is...” ) M. Yu. Lermontov, “Stanzas” (“I know a lot about my talent”) by S. A. Yesenin and others.

Eclogue- a lyrical poem in narrative or dialogic form, depicting everyday rural scenes against the backdrop of nature (eclogues by A. P. Sumarokov, V. I. Panaev).

Madrigal- a small compliment poem, often of love-lyrical content (found in N. M. Karamzin, K. N. Batyushkov, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov).

Each lyrical work, which is always unique, carries the poet’s holistic worldview, and is considered not in isolation, but in the context of the artist’s entire work. A lyrical work can be analyzed either holistically - in the unity of form and content - observing the movement of the author's experience, the poet's lyrical thoughts from the beginning to the end of the poem, or combine a number of works thematically, focusing on the core ideas, experiences revealed in them (love lyrics by A. S. Pushkin, the theme of the poet and poetry in the works of M. Yu. Lermontov, N. A. Nekrasov, V. V. Mayakovsky, the image of the Motherland in the works of S. A. Yesenin).

You should abandon the analysis of the poem in parts and the so-called questions about the content. It is also impossible to reduce the work to a formal list of figurative means of language, taken out of context. It is necessary to penetrate into the complex system of linking all the elements of a poetic text, to try to reveal the basic feeling-experience with which the poem is imbued, to comprehend the functions of linguistic means, the ideological and emotional richness of poetic speech. Even V. G. Belinsky, in the article “The Division of Poetry into Genera and Species,” noted that a lyrical work “cannot be retold or interpreted, but only what can be felt, and then only by reading it as it came from -under the pen of a poet; being retold in words or transposed into prose, it turns into an ugly and dead larva, from which a butterfly glittering with rainbow colors has just fluttered out.”

Lyrics are a subjective type of fiction, unlike epic and drama. The poet shares his thoughts and feelings with readers, talks about his joys and sorrows, delights and sorrows caused by certain events in his personal or public life. And at the same time, no other type of literature awakens such a reciprocal feeling, empathy in the reader - both contemporary and in subsequent generations. If the basis of the composition of an epic or dramatic work is a plot that can be retold “in your own words,” it is impossible to retell a lyric poem, everything in it is “content”: the sequence of images of feelings and thoughts, the choice and arrangement of words, repetitions of words, phrases, syntactic structures, style of speech, division into stanzas or their absence, the relationship between dividing the flow of speech into verses and syntactic division, poetic meter, sound instrumentation, methods of rhyming, the nature of the rhyme.

The main means of creating a lyrical image is language, the poetic word. The use of various tropes in the poem (metaphor, personification, synecdoche, parallelism, hyperbole, epithet) expands the meaning of the lyrical statement. The word in the verse has multiple meanings. In a poetic context, the word acquires additional semantic and emotional shades. Thanks to its internal connections (rhythmic, syntactic, sound, intonation), the word in poetic speech becomes capacious, condensed, emotionally charged, and maximally expressive. It tends towards generalization and symbolism. Isolation of a word, especially significant in revealing the figurative content of a poem, in a poetic text is carried out in different ways (inversion, transfer, repetition, anaphora, contrast). For example, in the poem “I loved you: love is still, perhaps...” by A. S. Pushkin, the leitmotif of the work is created by the key words “loved” (repeated three times), “love,” “beloved.”

Many lyrical sayings tend to be aphoristic, which makes them popular like proverbs. Such lyrical phrases become popular, are learned by heart, and are used in relation to a certain mood of thought and mental state of a person. The winged lines of Russian poetry seem to focus on the most acute, polemical problems of our reality at different historical stages. The winged line is one of the primary elements of true poetry. Here are some examples: “It’s just a mess and it’s still there!” (I. A. Krylov. “Swan, Pike and Cancer”); “Listen! Lie, but know when to stop” (A.S. Griboedov. “Woe from Wit”); "Where should we go?" (A.S. Pushkin. “Autumn”); “I look at the future with fear, I look at the past with longing...” (M. Yu. Lermontov); “When the master comes, the master will judge us” (N. A. Nekrasov. “The Forgotten Village”); “It is not possible for us to predict how our word will respond” (F.I. Tyutchev); “So that words are cramped, thoughts are spacious” (N. A. Nekrasov. “Imitation of Schiller”); “And eternal battle! We only dream of peace” (A. A. Blok. “On the Kulikovo Field”); “Face to face you cannot see a face. Much is seen at a distance” (S. A. Yesenin. “Letter to a Woman”); “...Not for the sake of glory, for the sake of life on earth” (A. T. Tvardovsky. “Vasily Terkin”).

Literature refers to works of human thought that are enshrined in the written word and have social significance. All sorts of things literary work depending on HOW the writer depicts reality in it, it is classified as one of three literary families: epic, lyric or drama.

Epic (from the Greek “narration”) is a generalized name for works that depict events external to the author.

Lyrics (from the Greek “performed to the lyre”) - a generalized name for works - usually poetic, in which there is no plot, but reflects the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of the author (lyrical hero).

Drama (from Greek “action”) - a generalized name for works in which life is shown through conflicts and clashes of heroes. Dramatic works are intended not so much for reading as for dramatization. In drama, it is not the external action that is important, but the experience of a conflict situation. In drama, epic (narration) and lyrics are fused together.

Within each type of literature there are genres- historically established types of works, characterized by certain structural and content features (see table of genres).

EPOS	LYRICS	DRAMA
epic	Oh yeah	tragedy
novel	elegy	comedy
story	hymn	drama
story	sonnet	tragicomedy
fairy tale	message	vaudeville
fable	epigram	melodrama

Tragedy (from Greek “goat song”) is a dramatic work with an insurmountable conflict, which depicts an intense struggle of strong characters and passions, ending with the death of the hero.

Comedy (from Greek “funny song”) - a dramatic work with a cheerful, funny plot, usually ridiculing social or everyday vices.

Drama is a literary work in the form of a dialogue with a serious plot, depicting an individual in his dramatic relationship with society.

Vaudeville - a light comedy with singing couplets and dancing.

Farce – theatrical play light, playful character with external comic effects, designed for coarse tastes.

Oh yeah (from Greek “song”) - a choral, solemn song, a work glorifying, praising some significant event or heroic personality.

Hymn (from Greek “praise”) is a solemn song based on programmatic verses. Initially, hymns were dedicated to the gods. Currently, the anthem is one of the national symbols of the state.

Epigram (from Greek “inscription”) is a short satirical poem of a mocking nature that arose in the 3rd century BC. e.

Elegy - a genre of lyrics dedicated to sad thoughts or a lyric poem imbued with sadness. Belinsky called elegy “a song of sad content.” The word "elegy" is translated as "reed flute" or "plaintive song." Elegy originated in Ancient Greece in the 7th century BC. e.

Message – a poetic letter, an appeal to a specific person, a request, a wish.

Sonnet (from Provence “song”) is a poem of 14 lines, which has a certain rhyme system and strict stylistic laws. The sonnet originated in Italy in the 13th century (the creator was the poet Jacopo da Lentini), in England it appeared in the first half of the 16th century (G. Sarri), and in Russia in the 18th century. The main types of sonnet are Italian (of 2 quatrains and 2 tercets) and English (of 3 quatrains and a final couplet).

Poem (from the Greek “I do, I create”) is a lyric-epic genre, a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot, usually on a historical or legendary theme.

Ballad - lyric-epic genre, plot song with dramatic content.

Epic - a major work of fiction telling about significant historical events. In ancient times - a narrative poem of heroic content. In the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, the genre of the epic novel appeared - this is a work in which the formation of the characters of the main characters occurs during their participation in historical events.

Novel - a large narrative work of art with a complex plot, in the center of which is the fate of the individual.

Tale - a work of fiction that occupies a middle position between a novel and a short story in terms of volume and complexity of the plot. In ancient times, any narrative work was called a story.

Story - piece of art small size, which is based on an episode, an incident from the life of the hero.

Fairy tale - a work about fictional events and characters, usually involving magical, fantastic forces.

Fable is a narrative work in poetic form, small in size, of a moralizing or satirical nature.

The term comes from the Greek lyra - a musical instrument, to the accompaniment of which ancient poets performed their poems. Those works that were performed accompanied by the lyre were called lyrical. The lyrics are based on doo. The minds and experiences of the lyrical hero. Introduced the term "lyrical hero". Yu. Tynyanov, the lyrical hero cannot be identified with the author, although he is connected with the author, his spiritual and biographical experience, retinue, and spiritual mood. Lyrical experiences can be characteristic not only of the poet, but also of other persons who are unlike those before him.

The character of the lyrical hero is often revealed through actions and deeds. In a poem. V. Simonenko “Don’t believe me,” the lyrical hero in love characterizes the state of his soul in this way:

The words are clear, only I know

I'll pour it into boring mutterings

Your smile in cold fatigue

Thoughtlessly, headless I'll drown

And I'll be stupid

And it’s inappropriate to whine for some reason

But when you need to cry

I'll laugh homerically and stupidly

Direct authorial characterization occupies an important place in lyrical works. V. Simonenko addresses the average person with the words;

Anxiety doesn't wake you up in the morning

Your brain doesn't drink sweat

poisonous miracle curtains

You have closed the world from yourself

You are wise, you know a lot

You can do everything

You yawn with jokes

When an explosion shakes the earth

Often used in lyrical works of autocharacteristics:

When will I even be gray

and my life will go into fog

I'll be beautiful to you

but for some, maybe none

And for some, angry, stubborn

for someone else a witch, a cobra

And by the way, to be frank

it was me who was stupid and kind

(L. Kostenko, “By the way”)

Important role The description of appearance plays a role in revealing the character of the lyrical hero:

You must be rich, girl

hides a capricious smile in the corners of his lips

What is beer-frozen viburnum similar to?

(V. Vovk, “The Ballad of the Girl Who Was Autumn”)

In addition to the lyrical hero, in the lyrics there is an author-narrator and the author himself. S. Broitman calls this the lyrical “I”, which does not coincide with the lyrical hero. In works with an author-narrator, the lyrics are characterized by value expres- sion, which is expressed through the post-subjective forms of the author’s consciousness: the statements belong to a third person, and the subject of the language is not grammatically expressed.

The leaves are so hot in the fall. Peche palms

The ash trees creak sadly. Woke up

So hot leaves in autumn are like dreams that were. But they didn't come true

(X. Kerita, “The leaves are so hot in autumn”)

In works where the speaker’s face is not revealed, in which she is only a voice, the illusion of the absence of a split between the speaker and the author is created; the author himself dissolves in his creation

Unlike the author-narrator, the author himself is a grammatically expressed person, he is present in the text as “I” or “we.” In the foreground, it is not he, but situations, circumstances, events. In such works, according to L. Ginsburg, lyrical personality “exists as a form of the author’s consciousness, in which themes are refracted, but does not exist as an independent theme” In the poem by X. Kerita “Time forgot about my existence,” her experiences and not the author herself experiencing; This is the experience, and not the author herself who is experiencing:

Time forgot about my existence. All the small anxieties have disappeared, the stars beckon in the trembling twilight, the ceiling is blue, unknown roads. There's a big one underneath me. Earth,. And I myself am like a slow-winged bird. The depths of the sky have brought my wings together, I’m already testing the whirlpool with my wings.

We can talk about the lyrical “I” in the case when the native speaker becomes a subject-in-himself, in an independent way. According to opinion. S. Broitman, “the lyrical hero is a subject in himself and a subject in himself, and for himself. In the lyric poetry of the 19th century, the number of such forms of expression is growing in which the one who speaks sees himself from the inside and from the middle and from the side.”

Lyrics originate in syncretic art, where, in addition to story and dramatic action, there were feelings and experiences. Lyrics are the most subjective type of literature. The range of lyrics is wide. Everything that excites, pleases or saddens the poet can be the subject of lyrical experience. Feature lyric work - laconicism. Thoughts, feelings, experiences in a lyrical work are compressed, condensed, no more generalized than in an epic. “Lyrics,” wrote the Romanticism theorist F. Schlegel, “always depicts only the state of mind itself, for example, impulse, surprise, outburst of anger ", pain, joy, etc. - the whole, in fact, is not a whole. Unity of feeling is necessary here"1. The lyrics do not strive to create a complete character of the heroic character of the hero.

Lyrical works are predominantly in poetic form. Lyrical works in prose are rare ("Poems in prose" by I. Turgenev, "Your letters always smell like withered roses" by Lesya Ukrainskaya, poetry in prose. Yu. Because Orshosh-Kumyatsky.. Borshosh-Kumyatsky).

The most common form of lyrical work is a monologue; dialogues are rare. The main means of presentation is reflection. In lyrical works, descriptions (of nature, things, interior) are often used; they are a means of luxuriously closing a person’s inner world. Some lyrical works contain stories about events - epic elements. There are also dramatic elements (dialogues). So, lyrics use the means of other types of literature. Lyric poetry is close to music; music, like lyrics, expresses the inner world of a person. In lyrical works there is no developed plot or situation. In some lyrical works there is a conflict between the lyrical hero and the poet, it fills the lyrical work with drama ("The Sun Sets" by T. Shevchenko, "Masons" I.. FrankoKamenari" I.. Frank).

There are "role-playing" lyrics. In such lyrics, the author plays the role of one or another person. Interesting use of the form of role-playing lyrics. P. Tychina in “Letters to a Poet” Three points of view of three readers are the points of view of the author himself.

Lyrics as a literary genre were formed in. Ancient. Greece reached a high level of development in. Ancient. Rome. They were famous ancient poets. Pindar. Sappho. Anacreon. Horace,. Ovid. In the era. From the excitement, works appear. Petrarch. Shakespeare of the 18th-19th centuries gave the world poetry. Goethe. Byron. Shelley,. Shevchenko. Pushkin,. Franco, Lesya Ukrainskieinki.

Ukrainian lyrics developed from folk songs. Legendary songs. Marusya. Churay. Forever included in the golden fund of Ukrainian lyrics:. He was a famous post-lyricist. Pan. A significant contribution to the development of Ukrainian "lyrics" was made by P. Tychyna, M. Rylsky, V. Sooyura, A. Malyshko, D. Pavlychko, V. Symonenko, Lina Kostenko, P. SkuntsP.. Skunk.

Types and genres of lyrics

A. Tkachenko for a step-by-step comprehension of the phenomenon of lyrics offers the following sequence: "1. Genus - lyrics 2. Type -

a) verse or poetry;

b) dramatized, or role-playing;

c) prose (miniatures and large forms)

3. Genre (song, ode, elegy, epigram, etc.)

Each of these positions in this hierarchy can have its own. Ranov go. For example:

1st gender - lyrics; varieties of the genus:

a) from an expressive point of view (autopsychological / role-playing; meditative / suggestive);

b) in terms of theme (landscape / urban; intimate / social; mythopoetic / cultural, etc.);

c) in terms of tonality (minor / major; heroic / comic; dramatic / idyllic, etc.)"

In addition to these varieties, other parameters are possible: tendentious / non-tendentious, metaphorical / autological. In accordance with the types of pathos, other varieties are possible. Probable and other hierarchical chains. Yes, and intimate lyrics can be lovelorn.

Ode (Greek give - a lyrical work that glorifies the gods, outstanding people, important social events, majestic natural phenomena. In antiquity, an ode was called a choral song. An outstanding classic of odic poetry was Pi. Indar (5th century BC). He wrote religious hymns of a mythological nature in honor of Dionysus, solemn songs in honor of the military victories of the Greeks and epinikia - songs in honor of the winners of the Olympic Games, only epinikia have survived to our time. Odes of Pindar (522 - 422 BC) had a solemn , lush style, refined methods, strict metrical form and composition (strophe - antistrophe - epod). The Roman poet. Horace (IV century BC) glorified in his odes. Venus,. Bacchus, Emperor. Octavian. Augustus. In era. Renaissance ode becomes popular in the work of the poets of the Pleiades, headed by the famous French writer Ronsard, who published the book “Odes” (1550). Ode was a favorite genre of classicists. They considered ode a high poetic genre. N. Boileau in his work “Poetic Art” outlined the rules of description. In his opinion, the ode should be solemn and touch the reader. Odoscribes were famous. Klopstock,. Schiller (Germany). Lomonosov,. Kantemir (Russia). Byron (England) Lomonosov,. Kantemir (Russia). Byron (England).

In Ukrainian literature, the ode genre was formed at the beginning of the 19th century (I. Kotlyarevsky “Song for the New Year 1805 to our lord and prince. Alexei. Borisovich. Kurakin”). In the Baroque era, the ode was known as paneg girik; Ukrainian poets moved away from the high style of ode. Gulak-Artemovsky reworked the ode in the burlesque style. Horace ("K. Garaska", "K. Parkhom"). In the literature of the 20th century, this genre lost popularity and is rarely used by poets. The famous cycle from. S. Kryzhanovsky (“Ode to Man”, “Ode to a Tree”, “Ode to Speed”, “Ode to the Library”). The ode genre was also addressed. Muratov, I. Drach. In Soviet times, socialist realists exalted the socialist realities in the odes of the leaders of the Communist Party.

I. Kachurovsky calls the ode a stanza with a genre tendency. Three forms are known from:

1) an eight-verse stanza of two quatrains with cross rhymes, meter - iambic tetrameter;

2) eight-verse stanza of two quatrains, the first of them has cross rhymes, the second - okhopni;

3) a ten-verse stanza from a quatrain, which has cross rhymes and six verses with tournament rhymes

There were odic stanzas of twelve verses

Paean (Greek rayan, rayeon, rayon - healer, savior) is a hymn in honor of the god of poetry and the sun, protector from harm. Apollo, later. Peano began to be called prayer songs, songs of gratitude in honor of other gods. Formed as a genre. Sparta (VII century BC). By the authors. There were peanos. Alkman,. Bacchylides. Pinda. Pindar.

Anthem (from Greek hymnos) is a solemn song in honor of an outstanding event or hero. V. Ancient. Egypt and Greece praised the gods in hymns (cult hymns). Aphrodite. Artemis and the Heroes (war hymns). V. Kievskaya. Rus' composed hymns in honor of the princes. Religious hymns gained popularity in the Middle Ages. Ancient hymns had a special composition. They included a form of address to the object of praise, and the hymn sang in detail the feats. The works ended with a prayer, an incantation, a wish; they used exclamation, interrogative figures, and repetitions. V. Ancient. Greece's hymns were plot-driven.

In Ukraine, the role of national anthems was played by “Testament” by T. Shevchenko,"Eternal Revolutionary" And.. Franko. The anthem of independent Ukraine is “Ukraine Is Not Yet Dead” (words by P. Chubinsky, music by M. Verbitsky)

Canzones (Italian canzone - song) - a genre of medieval lyric poetry by troubadours. Provence, dedicated to love, the canzone had a strophic structure and continuous rhyming. The last stanza was shorter, it is dedicated to the lady of the heart. The genre of canzones was used. Dante. Petrarch. Boccaccio, Ukrainian poets rarely turned to this genre. In Ukraine, canzones are known from translations. And.. Franco and. M. Bazhan.. Bazhana.

Psalms (Greek psalmos - song, playing a string instrument) - a song of religious content. Psalms were popular during the Baroque era. Psalms are known. G.. Skovoroda ("Garden of Divine Songs"). T. Shevchenko ("David's psalms"). This genre was used with certain changes. P. Tychina ("Psalm to Iron"). Eat. Malanyuk ("Psalms of the steppe"), E.. Malanyuk ("Psalms of the steppe").

Madrigal (Italian madrigale - song in native language) is a short essay (2-12 lines) on the theme of love. N. Boileau wrote that the madrigal should breathe “tenderness, sweetness and love.” The madrigal has the form of an address, is marked by wit, and contains compliments to the person to whom it is addressed. He appeared in the era. Renaissance. They were the authors of madrigals. Petrarch. Boccaccio. Madrigal is common in salon and album poetry of the 16th–18th centuries. It was rarely used in later poetry. The author of Ukrainian madrigals was. Clementius. Zinoviiv. O. Konissky. M. Staritsky. Olga. Petrovna, I. Franco, Lesya Ukrainian. Alexander. Oles,. Oleg Mr. Olzhyndr. Oles,. Oleg. Olzhich.

Dithyramb (Greek dithyrambos) is a solemn choral song dedicated to God. Dionysus, and subsequently other gods and heroes. The dithyramb is close to an ode and anthem with solemn pathos; it was accompanied by dancing. The flourishing of difi iramba is associated with creativity. Pindara and. Bacchylides, and the formation of the genre with the lyrics of the ancient Greek poet. Arion. Aristotle believed that the dithyramb developed from the Greek tragedy of the late 4th century BC dithy. Rambam ceased to exist. Now, by praises we mean excessive praise of some person.

Stanzas (Italian stanza - stop, room) - a four-line stanza, has a complete thought and a genre of meditative lyrics. In terms of content, stanzas are something between an ode and a hymn. Consider the poem to be a textbook example of stanzas. O. Pushkin's "Wander along the noisy streets" The authors of the stanzas are. M. Rylsky. B. Kravtsov and. M. Vingranovsky. In creative heritage. B. Kravtsiva is a collection of "Sonnets and stanzas. From the poetic diary (1971-1973) of the schodennik (1971-1973)".

Alba (Provence alba - dawn) - a genre of courtly lyrics of the 11th-12th centuries. This is a song that takes the form of a dialogue or monologue, the situation of Alba is the separation of lovers at dawn. It contains complaints that the dawn, the watchman from the tower, the first sound of the horn were interrupted by the spell of love, the meeting of the knight-troubadour with the “lady of the heart.” Characters of the album: a lady, a knight, a jealous husband, a comrade of the knight who stands guard. The creators of the album were talented. Ukdela. Baccalaria,. Bertrand de. BorBertrand de. Born.

Rubai is a genre of meditative lyrics, borrowed from the folklore of the Tajiks and Persians. The rubai flourished in the 11th century and was associated with creativity. Lobster. Khayyama and Abu. Sayida. The Rubaiyat includes four lines, of which the first, second and fourth rhyme. The first beit (two-line poem) is the premise, the third the conclusion, which is reinforced by the aphoristic expression in the last line. Rubai-dramas, rubai-descriptions, side-by-side and panegyrics are known. The totality of rubai is called rubayatoayat.

They turned to the rubai genre. D. Pavlychko. O. Plowman. Galina. Tarasyuk. V. Bazilevsky. The study is devoted to the characteristics of the rubai. Elena. Semochkin “Rubai in the genre-style system of Ukrainian poetry of the second half of the 20th century” (2005 p.) (2005 p.).

Epithalama (Greek epithal fell in the 8th-6th centuries BC. The authors of the epithalam were Sappho, Theocritus, Catullus. This genre was addressed by V. Trediakovsky, and Severyanin, it is found in the works of M. RilskogRilsky.

Serenade (French serenade from Italian sera - evening) is a love song performed to the accompaniment of a mandolin or guitar. The serenade praised the girl’s virginity and invited her on a date. It was distributed in. Spain and. Italy, in the music of the 18th-19th centuries, it became an instrumental work of chamber character.

In the poem. Lesya Ukrainsky "Old fairy tale" knight. Bertoldo won the beauty's heart with serenades. Isidora. They turned to the serenade genre. M. Voronoi. Eat. Comb,. S. Cherkasenko

Epitaph (Greek epitaphios - funeral word) is a poem intended for inscription on a gravestone. Such an inscription in the form of an epigram, epinikia (song about the buried dead) is associated with the cult of the dead; it had a didactic function. V. Ancient. In Greece, epitaphs glorified the virtues of outstanding people, heroes, in particular defenders. Fatherland. Subsequently, epitaphs appeared in honor of non-existent people, in which certain human vices were exposed. In Ukraine, epitaphs became widespread in Baroque literature (Lazar. Baranovich, Varlaam. Yasinsky, Feofai. Prokopovich). Epitaphs appeared in the literature of the 20th century. V. Ellana-Golubogo. V. Simonenko. M. Soma. This genre has not lost its significance even today.

Epigram (Greek epigramma-inscription) is a genre of satirical lyrics. V. Ancient. In Greece, epigrams were written on altars, first in the form of an elegiac distich, later in an iambic meter. The history of the epigram is connected with names. Ez zopa,. Plato. Sappho. Simonides. Anacreon, in Roman literature -. Marshall,. Juvenal. The epigram was popular in creativity. G. Smotritsky. A. Rimshi. This genre was used. I. Franko,. V. Samoilenko. V. Sos Yu-ra,. D. Belous. V. Simonenko. P. Osadchuyo. P.. Osadchuk.

Elegy (Greek elegeia - complaint) is a lyrical work of melancholic, sad content. The elegy appeared in. Ancient. Greece in the 7th century BC. Small form of elegiac distich. Archilochus. Tyrtaeus,. Solon was written by patriots and elegies. Mimnerm - intimate. Roman literature cultivated the genre of love elegy (Propertius, Tibullus, Ovid). Elegy was a favorite genre of sentimentalists and Ukrainian romantics (M. Petrenko, V. Zabelaya). Famous elegies-confession (S. Rudansky), elegies-thoughts (T. Shevchenko), elegies-songs (L. Glebov). There are elegies in creativity. I.. Franko ("Mayovi Elegies"). Lesya Ukrainsky ("To my piano" ("Elegy about the ring of night", "Elegy about the ring of love"). Modern poets (P. Tychina, A. Malyshko, I. Drach, Lina. Kostenko) turn to this genre. The features of the elegy genre were studied by such literary scholars as G. Sivokon ("For a long time, elegies were studied by such literary scholars as G. Sivokin (" Long ago

Ukrainian poetics"), V. Maslyuk ("Latin poetics and rhetoric of the 17th - first half of the 18th centuries and their role in the development of literary theory in Ukraine"), Elena. Tkachenko ("Ukrainian classical elegy")

Epistles are a lyrical work written in the form of a letter or appeal to some person or person. The works of this genre used didactic or moral-philosophical issues, which were combined with non-hyric, humorous or satirical ones. The founder of the genre was a Roman poet. Horace, author of the message "K. Pisoniv" The genre of the message was addressed. T.. Shevchenko (“My friendly message to both the dead and the living and the unborn of my fellow countrymen in Ukraine and not in Ukraine”, “To Gogol”, “Mark. Vovchka”, “K. Osnovyanenko”), etc. Franco (“To Comrades from Prison”, “To a Young Friend”). Lesya Ukrainskaya (this genre is in the works of P. Tychina, M. Rylsky, M. Drai-Khmara, V. Sosyur. This genre is in the creative field. P. Tichini, M. Rilsky,. M.. Drai-Khmari, V.. Sosyuri.

A lyrical portrait is a poem that evaluates a certain real personality (Est. Malanyuk - “To the Portrait of Mazepa”, D. Pavlychko - “Alexander. Dovzhenko”, M. Rylsky - “Shevchenko”). In lyrical portraits, the appearance and inner world of a lyrical hero or a facial hero or a specific individual are painted.

Opinion (duma) is a lyrical genre of meditative-elegiac nature, widespread in the works of Ukrainian, Polish, and Belarusian romantic writers of the 19th century. Thoughts are works. T. Shevchenko “Why do I need you with black eyebrows”, “It’s hard to live in the world”, a cycle of poems. M. Petrenko "Thoughts and songs" "Think and Sing".

Fiction is developing, lyrics are being enriched with new genre formations. In poetic practice there are genres borrowed from music (march, nocturne, prelude, waltz, variation, suite, symphony, rhapsody, requiem, oratorio, cantata), painting (study, portrait, self-portrait, still life, bas-relief). Sometimes poets call their works monologues, reports, essays, stories, short stories, pamphlets.

Since the fine classification of lyrical works in modern literature is impossible, pure genres are rare, their synthesis occurs, it is advisable to distinguish broad genre groups of works, in particular, philosophic, meditative, suggestive, journalistic, satirical and scientific lyrics. In philosophical lyrics, the rational dominates over the emotional; its subject is the philosophical exploration of man and the world, the general laws of the development of society and nature, ontological and existential problems. Philosophical lyrics use such genres as elegy, etude, sonnet, ghazal, rubai. In the 50-70s of the XX century in the genre of philosophical s. The coins worked. M. Rylsky. A. Malyshko. P. Shestov.. Tichina.

Meditation (Latin meditatio - reflection) - genre lyric poetry, in which the poet reflects on ontological, existential problems. The basis of meditative lyrics is an analysis of the inner world of a person, as he sleeps with the environment. The author of the meditation strives to understand himself and the world, certain life phenomena. Meditations were written in Ukrainian poetry. Lazarus. Baranovich, G. Skovoroda. T.. Shevchenko,. P. Kulish, I. Franco, M. Rylsky. M. Zerov. B-I. Antonich. Lina. Kostenko, P. Movchan,. Igor. Kalynets Igor. Kalinets.

Suggestive lyrics (Latin suggestio - hint, suggestion) - a genre group of lyrical works, masters the spiritual sphere, internal conflicts moral and psychological nature. An important role in suggestive lyrics is played by associative connections, rich metaphors, melody, blurry images, loose cultural intonation structures, and indirect allusions. Suggestive lyrics are often a flow of feelings, complex emotional experiences without defining motives, reasons, incomprehensible, elusive states of the lyrical hero, which are difficult to reproduce by realistic means. Suggestive poems are written by poets of a philosophical and meditative mindset. Artists with introspective thinking most often turn to it (B. Pasternak - "Winter Night", Lina. Kostenko - "Autumn Day, Autumn Day, Autumn Day, Autumn...").

In poetic suggestion, the impressionistic style dominates; in it, a living impression is in the foreground. An example of such lyrics is a poem. Lina. Kostenko "Autumn day, autumn day, autumn"

Autumn day, autumn day, autumn!

Oh blue day, oh blue day, oh blue!

Hosanna of autumn, in sadness

Is it really autumn, autumn, oh!

The last asters were filled with pain

Gen, a carpet woven from birds, flies over a field

The Baghdad thief stole summer, the Baghdad thief

And the horse cries among the grass - there are no melodies

Journalistic lyrics are openly tendentious works, its subject is social, political, ideological problems, tasks: to confirm or refute some idea. Journalistic lyrics are addressed to a specific person or a wide range of readers. She organically combines the rational and the emotional; she resorts to such a method of expression as declarations.

Journalistic lyrics use the genres of monologue, message, ode, pamphlet, report, open letter

It is difficult to name a poet who would not write journalistic poems

Satirical lyrics. Satire (Latin satira from satura - mixture, all sorts of things) combines works of different genres that expose negative phenomena in the life of society or a person. In the narrow sense, these are lyrical works of accusatory content. The first examples of this genre are found in the Roman poet. Juvenalnal.

“In the era of classicism,” notes T. Valkovaya, “poetic satire could be epic and lyrical in its compositional structure. In some posts, satire had a lyric-epic character (Kantemir, Derzhavin) and sometimes more epic than lyrical (Kantemir ), in others - lyrical (Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Derzhavin). When creating a satirical image, the poet uses hyperbole, grotesque, caricature. Satire is represented by such genres as parody, epigram, satirical miniature, satirical art song, satirical dialogue, microbike, paradoxical aphorism, lyrical feuilleton, epitaph, satirical pamphlet, friendly cartoon, replica, pop couplet. According to the observation of T Valkov, in satire there is a noticeable interaction of genre forms, in particular, parody, epigram, satirical miniature and miniature.

Scientific lyrics. This is a genre of lyrics in which the content is a scientific component. The theorist of scientific poetry is the French literary critic Z. Gil. IN"". Treatise on the Word" (1869), he wrote about the need to combine science and art in a work of art. An example of scientific poetry is the work of Titus. Lucretius. Kara "On the Nature of Things" by Horace ("K. Pisoniv"), N. Boileau ("Poetic Art") violated in their works the problem we have of the theory of art. Scientific poetry is gaining particular popularity in the literature of the 20th century, it is represented by M. Dolengo ("Objective lyrics. Schemes and diagnoses", 1923), V. Polishchuk ( "Brilliant crystals"). The influence of scientific and technological progress was reflected in the lyrics of the futurists and constructivists. Scientific problems are comprehended by I. Drach ("The Ballad of DNA", "Chernobyl. Madonna"). Samples of scientific poetry are individual works from the collection. RKI "In the space orchestra" by P. Tychina, "Number" M. Desired. Scientific poetry can be philosophical (P. Antokolsky - "The Fourth Dimension", and. Selvinsky - "Cosmic Sonata"), meditative (L. Vysheslavsky - "Starry sonnets"), journalistic (I. Drach - "The Ballad of DNA"), characteristic - "Cosmic Sonata"), meditative (L.. Visheslavsky - "Zoryani Sonnets"), journalistic (I.. Drach - "Balada about. DNA") character.

From what has been said about lyrics, we see that the problems of its classification remain open.

When studying lyrical works, thematic classification is often used. The following genres are distinguished:

1. Civil lyrics - reveals social and national issues and feelings ("Golden hubbub" by P. Tychyna, "Love Ukraine" by V. Sosyura, "Any Parliament" by P. Skunts)

IN civil lyrics We can distinguish socio-political ("Anti-globalistic" by P. Skunts) and patriotic ("I Don't Care" by T. Shevchenko) themes

2. Intimate lyrics reflect the hero’s experiences associated with the personal life of its variety:

a) love - about love as a state of soul of the lyrical hero (“Nobody Loved Like That” by V. Sosyura);

b) erotic - about physical, sensual love (collection "Golden Yabko" by D. Pavlychko);

c) family (“The Gray Swallow” by B. Oleinik);

d) lyrics of friendship ("Without Leaders" by P. Skunts)

3. Philosophical lyrics - understanding the meaning of human life, the problem of good and evil (collection of Lina. Kostenko "Over the Shores of Eternity")

4. Religious lyrics - expresses religious feelings and experiences ("Prayer" by T. Shevchenko, "My Temple" by Zoreslav)

5. Landscape lyrics convey the reflections and experiences of the lyrical hero caused by natural phenomena (“Autumn in the Hutsul region” by Y. Borshosh-Kumyatsky, “Again the rain is lamenting under the windows” by X. Kerita)

6. Satirical lyrics expose social or human vices ("Caucasus" by T. Shevchenko, "From the voiced to the deaf" by P. Skunts)