Fig tree: features of growing and caring for an ancient plant. Fig tree - tree of paradise
However, this fig tree is famous not only for its leaves - its fruits are so tasty and healthy that they are widely used in cooking and winemaking. You will learn how to care for a fig tree at home and which varieties are most suitable for this by reading this material.
What kind of fig tree: homeland and names in different countries
The homeland of the fig or fig tree (Ficus) is the Mediterranean countries, Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and Crimea. Figs were cultivated in ancient times, according to some archaeological data, 5000 years ago. He was bred in Ancient Egypt, V Ancient Greece.
Currently, figs are cultivated in many countries with subtropical climates. The largest areas of fig orchards are in Turkey, Algeria, Tunisia, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, the USA (California), Georgia, and Azerbaijan. In Russia, only the southernmost regions of the European part, especially the coasts of the Black and Caspian Seas, are suitable for growing figs.
The plant in question has many names, each country has its own. The Russian version is a fig tree, because its fruits are figs. In another version, they are called figs, and the tree, by analogy, is called a fig tree. Its most famous and common name is fig. In the scientific world, this is Ficus carica. It is believed that the homeland of the plant is ancient Caria, which existed before the Trojan War. For a long time there have been no Carians or Caria, only the ficus that bears her name remains. Craftsmen make wine from figs (or figs). Therefore, another name for the plant is wineberry.
Fig trees live up to 100 years (according to some sources, 30-60). Some specimens live up to 200 years. In India there is one fig tree, which, according to local residents, is as much as three thousand years old.
Fig-fig tree - first fruit tree which is mentioned in the Bible. Eve's first clothing after her expulsion from paradise, as we know, was a fig leaf. The Talmud says: “Figs are good for eating, pleasing to the eye and adding to the mind.” According to one of the myths of Ancient Greece, figs appeared as follows. Zeus began to fight the Titans, the sons of the Earth. He struck them down one after another with thunderbolts. Thus Sikeus, the beloved son of the Earth, was defeated. Unwilling to accept her son's death, his mother turned him into a fig tree.
Look at a photo of a fig tree in its natural habitat:
How figs bloom: description of the shape of leaves and flowers (with photos)
Common fig (F. carica) is a deciduous tree or branched shrub. The height of the plant in nature is up to 12 m. It grows on stony and rocky slopes, mainly on limestone. Indoors it reaches 1 - 1.5 m, begins to bear fruit from 2 - 3 years of age. Fig leaves are single, large, petiolate, the lower ones are entire or slightly notched. The shape of the upper leaves of figs is three- or five-lobed, heart-shaped
As you can see in the photo, the upper side of the fig leaf is green, rough, the lower side is gray, finely hairy:
The flowers are small, unisexual, collected in peculiar, pear-shaped, hollow inflorescences (figs) inside, opening with a narrow hole; some inflorescences; ripening early towards the end of winter, so called “grossi” or “orni”, are placed in the upper part of last year’s branches above leaf scars (such inflorescences in wild F. trees contain for the most part male flowers, the bred one has female flowers); other inflorescences are placed in the axil of the leaves, of which the lowest ones ripen before leaf fall and are called “forniti” (they contain female flowers and only a few male flowers or do not contain them at all), the upper ones, called “cratiri”, remain for the winter (they contain almost no male flowers ).
Pay attention to the photo - the male fig flower consists for the most part of a three to five-part perianth and 3 to 5 stamens:
Female flowers are twofold: sterile, so called “nut-bearing”, developing mainly in a wild F. tree (caprificus) and fertile, so called “seed”, developing in a real, cultivated F. tree. In the female flower, the perianth is also three to five separate, and the pistil either has a short style and stigma without papillae (in nutty flowers), or with a long style and papillae on the stigma (in seed flowers).
Here you can see a photo of how figs bloom:
The ovary is superior, unilocular, single-seeded; the fruit is a drupe. When the fruit ripens, the entire inflorescence (and perianth) becomes fleshy and represents the infructescence, which is how the fig is called (wineberry, fig). Fertilization is cross-fertilization, which occurs through gall moths (Cynips psenes, also known as Blastophaga grossorum), which lay eggs in the ovary of nut flowers, since these gall moths cannot pierce the ovary of seed flowers with their short ovipositor. A new generation of gallworms hatched from the eggs crawls in the same inflorescence, gets dirty with the pollen of the male flowers that have developed by that time, and finally flies out with the pollen; flies to other inflorescences, and in those of them where the seed flowers are located, pollinates and fertilizes them. This significance of the wild fig tree (caprificus) for the fruiting of the real fig tree was known in ancient times. Even then, in order to get figs, wild fig branches were hung on the branches of a cultivated fig tree; this operation was known as "caprificatio" and is mentioned by Pliny and Theophrastus. In recent times, the meaning of caprification and methods of pollination have been studied in detail by Westwood, Delpino, Solms-Laubach, Fr. Muler, Keen, etc. It is curious that the inflorescences of the wild fig tree are not the same, but just one of them, so called. “mamme”, contain only nutty flowers in which gallworms overwinter, others, so-called. "profichi", contain nutty and male flowers.
Figs are rich (up to 70%) in sugar and are used as food and as a delicacy in raw or dried form (“wine berries”, “figs”). In trade, several varieties of figs are distinguished (many varieties of fig trees are known in cultivation), for example, small ones - Marseilles, large ones - Genoese; Levantine figs (delivered from Smyrna) are considered the best; dried figs (Kalamata figs) come from the seaside town of Kalamata, the harbor of Messina. S.R.
When describing the fig plant, it is worth noting that its shoots and leaves secrete a white thick juice - latex, which is characteristic of all representatives of the genus Ficus.
Pollination is carried out by blastophagous wasps. In the presence of pollinators and favorable conditions interior, the plant is capable of producing fruit. Keep the plant on light, warm soil.
As shown in the photo, the fig plant sheds its leaves for the winter, and it can be placed in a dark, cool room:
Figs, or fig trees, can grow in open ground in a protected location, such as next to a sunny wall. In warm countries it grows into a low, spreading tree, but near the southern wall it develops into a finely branching shrub. In a container, the figs will remain small and graceful, especially if you leave approximately when pruning. five main branches. The plant should be cultivated in a very large container with light, highly nutritious soil. In summer it requires a lot of water and fertilizer. In winter it should be stored in a frost-free place and kept almost dry and, if necessary, in the dark. In this case, the leaves will fall off. If the plant grows successfully, it needs to be replanted every three years. In this case, it is advisable to replace all the soil or as much of it as possible. You can also trim back some thick roots to give more room for the root system to expand. There are many varieties of figs suitable for growing in containers.
What does the fruit of a fig tree look like (with photo)
The fruits of the fig tree range in color from yellow to black-blue, depending on the variety. Yellow-green fruits are more common. They are shaped like a pear, about the size of a walnut or twice as large. Unripe fruits contain caustic milky juice and are therefore inedible. The fruits contain many very small seeds; the taste of the fruits is sugary or moderately sweet.
You can see what fig fruits look like in the photo below:
Fresh fig fruits are delicate and cannot be stored for a long time; depending on the variety and degree of ripeness, they contain: 12–23% sugars, 0.5–4.2% pectin, 3.4–7.4% fiber, up to 1% acids. Fig fruits are rich in vitamins C, B1, B2, carotene, calcium, iron and phosphorus. They are used both fresh and for processing (drying, jam, jam, compote). Dried figs are high in calories and contain 50–77% sugars.
As a remedy, figs are recommended for cardiovascular diseases, vascular blood clots (it reduces blood clotting), anemia, urinary tract diseases, kidney stones, and cancer. It is also used as an emollient, expectorant, mild laxative, diuretic, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent. Figs boiled in milk are good for treating diseases of the upper respiratory tract (drink 1/2 cup warm 2-4 times a day). A decoction of fruits and jam from them have a diaphoretic and antipyretic effect, improve digestion and have a mild laxative effect. Fig syrup is given to children as a mild laxative. Due to the high sugar content, figs are contraindicated for diabetes, obesity and acute inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The milky juice of figs is used to treat wounds, acne, and skin cancer.
Description of indoor varieties of figs
IN room conditions The following varieties bear fruit: Kadota, Dalmatsky, Oglobsha, Violetovy Sukhumsky, Sochinsky-7, Solnechny.
Kadota. The fruits are pear-shaped, convex, ribbed, large, weighing up to 100 g, very tasty. The fruits of the second harvest are formed on this year's shoots.
Sukhumi purple. Gives one harvest per year - in August-September. The fruits are blue-violet, almost black, the flesh is red, not very sweet.
Sochi No. 7. The fruits are large, up to 55–60 g, yellow, with a matte coating. The pulp is dark burgundy, with thick sweet juice. When ripe, some fruits crack. Figs of this variety bear fruit once a year, the fruits ripen at the end of August.
Oglobin seedling. The fruits are medium size, yellow-green. When propagated by cuttings, it begins to bear fruit in the 2nd–3rd year.
White Adriatic. It bears fruit twice a year, in June and at the end of August. The fruits are yellow and sweet.
Black Crimean. Very productive variety, bears fruit twice a year. The fruits are quite large, dark purple, almost black, pleasant to the taste.
Dalmatica. Fruiting is annual, twice a year. The first time was in July, the second time was in September. It forms large inflorescences weighing from 60 to 150 g, pear-shaped, widened at the apex and narrowed towards the base. The color of the fruit is grayish-green, the flesh is dense, fibrous, sweet, light red. The surface is ribbed, slightly pubescent.
Propagation of fig tree by cuttings (with video)
Temperature Requirements: In summer, figs easily tolerate heat; in winter, before the growing season begins, best temperature is 3–10 °C, but figs easily tolerate significant deviations from the optimum.
Figs are heat-loving, not picky about soil and adapt well to dry conditions. room air. Figs are propagated by cuttings, root suckers and seeds. In the first case, it is better to do this before the leaves begin to bloom, but you can root the cuttings by the end of spring and summer. Woody or green cuttings 0-15 cm long should have 3-4 buds.
An oblique lower cut is made below the bud by 1–1.5 cm, a straight upper cut is made 1 cm above it. For better rooting of the cutting, several longitudinal scratches are applied to the lower part. After cutting, the cuttings are kept for 5–6 hours in a cool, dry place so that the milky sap released at the cutting site dries, and then placed in a heteroauxin solution (1 tablet per 1 liter of water) for 10–12 hours and planted in pots.
Fine expanded clay is poured onto the bottom of the pot in a layer of 1 cm, then a pre-steamed nutritious earth mixture (leaf humus - 2 parts, turf - 1 part, sand - 1 part) is poured in a layer of 6 cm. Pure calcined soil is poured on top of the earth mixture. river sand layer 3–4 cm, moisten it well and make holes in it 3 cm deep at a distance of 8 cm from each other.
The lower part of each cutting is dipped in wood ash, and the cuttings are placed in the holes. The sand is pressed tightly around the cuttings with your fingers, and then both the sand and the cuttings are sprayed with water. Plants planted in pots are covered with a glass jar, and those planted in boxes are covered with a special wire frame covered with transparent plastic film.
The sand in boxes and pots should be kept moderately moist at all times. A prerequisite for growing figs is to ensure the room temperature is 22–25 °C. As a rule, after 4–5 weeks the cuttings take root, and after another month they are planted from the box into separate pots with a diameter of 10–12 cm.
Figs planted from cuttings usually begin to bear fruit in the 2nd year. Sometimes shoots grow from the root - they can be separated and planted in separate pots, on which a transparent plastic bag. Usually after 3-4 weeks the shoot takes root. Then the film is opened slightly for a while, accustoming the plant to the outside air. Gradually this period of time is increased.
To grow figs at home, cuttings can also be rooted in water, but this method is used extremely rarely when there is no prepared soil or sand in February-March. The cuttings are placed in a jar of water, and their ends should be immersed in water by about 3 cm. After 2-3 days, the water is changed. If you do this less often, the cuttings will rot. After 3–4 weeks, when good roots appear, the cuttings are planted in pots with a capacity of 0.5–0.7 liters and covered with plastic bags on top.
The video “Propagation of figs by cuttings” shows how this agrotechnical technique is performed:
Growing figs from seeds at home (with video)
If it is not possible to purchase cuttings from fruiting figs, they can be grown from seeds. Fig seeds remain viable for a very long time (even after 2 years). Seeds are sown in pots at a distance of 1.5–2 cm from each other to a depth of 2–3 cm. To grow figs at home from seeds soil mixture made up of humus and sand in equal parts. After sowing the seeds, moisten the soil well and cover the pots with glass or transparent plastic film. The soil must be constantly kept moist. The room temperature should be 25–27 °C. Shoots appear in 2–3 weeks. Month-old seedlings are planted in separate pots with a diameter of 9-10 cm.
Seedlings begin to bear fruit in the 4th-5th year, although there are cases of earlier fruiting. It is better to replant figs before the growing season begins. Young plants are replanted annually, and 4-5 year old plants - as the root system grows. For ease of planting and caring for figs, you can grow trees in wooden boxes.
Compared to citrus fruits, figs require a larger container, but before fruiting begins, they should not be planted in large pots: they will grow greatly, and fruiting time will be delayed, and caring for large plants will become much more difficult. And when the plant begins to bear fruit, its growth will slow down.
With each transplant of young plants, the capacity is increased by approximately 1 liter. So, a 5-year-old fig bush requires a 5-7-liter container. Subsequently, with each transplant, its volume is increased by 2–2.5 liters. Figs are replanted using the transshipment method, although slight destruction of the earth clod, removal of old soil and replacing it with new soil are allowed. When transplanting, prepare a soil mixture from turf land, leaf humus, peat and sand in a ratio of 2:2:1:1; The pH of this mixture is 5–7.
This video shows growing figs from seeds:
How to care for a fig tree indoors
When caring for homemade figs, keep in mind that this plant is light- and moisture-loving, so during the growing season it is better to keep it in a bright room and water it abundantly. With a lack of moisture, leaves curl and then partially fall off; when the earth clod dries out, the leaves may fall off completely, and although with abundant watering new leaves will subsequently grow, it is not advisable to allow this to happen.
Under indoor conditions, figs bear fruit twice a year: The first time the fruits set in March and ripen in June, the second - respectively, at the beginning of August and at the end of October. In the summer, it is advisable to take the plant out into the loggia or garden.
At the beginning of November, figs shed their leaves and go into a dormant state. At this time, it is placed in a cool place (cellar, basement) or placed on a windowsill closer to the glass and fenced off from the room. warm air plastic film. Water it very rarely, not allowing the soil to dry out completely. The water temperature for irrigation should be no higher than 16–18 °C, so that the buds do not grow. If in the fall the figs stand with green leaves, then a dormant period should be artificially induced: a deciduous crop needs rest, even if only slightly. To induce a dormant period, reduce watering and allow the soil to dry out slightly - then the leaves will begin to turn yellow and crumble.
If in winter time the plant was in the room, it begins to grow in December - early January, if it was in the basement or cellar - in February.
If necessary (if the fig grows only upward, without producing side shoots), the crown of the plant is formed by pinching the top of the central trunk. Later the side shoots are also pinched, and the long ones are shortened. This creates conditions for the growth of side shoots. For good development and fruiting, the plant is fed with organic and mineral fertilizers, but not during the dormant period.
During care when growing figs, when the buds begin to bloom after winter rest, the plant is watered with an infusion of manure, and after 10–15 days it is fed with liquid nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer. The following solution can be used for watering: Dissolve 3 g of double superphosphate in 1 liter of water and boil for 20 minutes, then add boiled water to the original volume and add 4 g of urea. During the growing season, figs are fed regularly (2 times a month). organic fertilizers(infusion of slurry, wood ash, infusion of herbs). To make the leaves have a bright green color, twice a year (in spring and summer) the plant is watered with a solution of iron sulfate (2 g per 1 liter of water) or the entire crown is sprayed with it. In spring and summer it is fed with microelements.
The most common pests in open ground are the fig moth, the fig psyllid, and the fig pine beetle. In indoor conditions they are extremely rare. Diseases that affect its leaves include brown spot, anthracnose and gray rot. However, due to the fact that figs shed their leaves annually, these diseases do not cause significant harm to this plant. If necessary, the same control measures are applied against pests and diseases as for indoor citrus crops.
For indoor gardening the most suitable varieties figs are considered to be ‘Kadota violet’, ‘Dalmatian’, ‘Smirnsky’, ‘San Pedro’, ‘Chapla’, ‘Sukhumsky’, ‘Sochi No. 7’, etc.
Dried figs are superior in taste to dates. In addition, fig fruits serve as an excellent raw material for making preserves, jams and other confectionery products.
Pruning and caring for homemade figs (with video)
In the southern regions of central Russia, figs can be grown in warm areas in a low-standard form as a wall crop.
Shoot formation in figs is very active, but when pruning figs from a plant, only those shoots that are capable of filling the space between the main skeletal branches should be preserved. In the first year of formation, the main conductor should be shortened to 40 - 45 cm. Throughout the growing season, growing shoots must be regularly tied up, leaving skeletal shoots at a distance of at least 35 - 40 cm from each other.
When caring for figs during pruning in the second year, in the spring, the skeletal branches remaining from last year are shortened by about half. In the period from May to September - the time of intensive growth of figs - growing side shoots They are regularly tied at a distance of at least 40 cm from each other. All excess and weak shoots are cut out. Similar work is carried out in the third year of formation. Such formation must be carried out in winter garden or greenhouse, stopping it in the fourth year.
In mature plants in the fall, after the leaves have fallen, the branches that bear fruit are removed and only one strong bud is left. in spring next year cut out all branches that are thickening and damaged by low temperatures. The distance between the remaining shoots should be at least 15 - 20 cm. At the end of June, all continuing shoots on fruiting branches are pinched to 4 - 5 buds, and after pruning, the resulting new shoots are tied at a distance of 10 - 20 cm from each other.
In the fall, after fruiting has ended, it is necessary to remove all diseased and damaged branches. Old skeletal branches are also cut out to replace them with new growing shoots.
The tenacity of fig roots is limitless. Small fig plants can be found in the Caucasus on poplar or oak trunks, in crevices vertical walls and stone screes.
Watch the video “Pruning figs”, which shows how to properly perform this agricultural technique:
Fig or fig tree- Ficus carica L. has many other names: wineberry, fig, fig tree, etc. It is a small deciduous tree or large shrub from the mulberry family (Moraceae), up to 10 m high, with thick branches. It has a powerful, highly developed root system. The trunk and old branches are covered with gray bark, young branches have thick green stems.
The leaves of figs are alternate, round, 3-7-lobed, sometimes almost entire, large, up to 15 cm long and up to 12 cm wide, leathery, hard, dark green on top, rough, grayish-green below, fluffy, with long thick petioles. The stems, leaves, and young fruits of figs contain milky juice.
Original fig inflorescences, called syconia, are located in the axils of the leaves. Each syconium has the shape of a pear, hollow inside, with a small hole at the top (“eye”). The syconium is formed from the expanded axis of the inflorescence. Tiny flowers sit on the inner walls of such swollen formations. Each inflorescence initially contains both male and female flowers. On some trees, female flowers do not bear fruit, although they have formed. Naturally, such individuals are male. On other trees, male flowers in inflorescences are modified into scales, only female flowers remain normal. Such individuals function as females. Therefore, figs are a dioecious plant.
Syconiums that develop on male trees are called caprifugs. In every male flower 3-membered perianth and 3 stamens. Female syconia are called figs. The female flower consists of a 5-membered perianth and pistil. The fruits are nuts. When ripe, they are immersed in the tissue of overgrown fruits, which are usually called figs, or figs, like the whole tree. Different varieties have different fruit sizes and colors. The predominant varieties are purple-black and yellow in color. Good varieties reach large sizes - up to 8 cm in length and up to 5 cm in diameter. The weight of one fig is 32 - 77 g.
In the wild and feral state, figs grow in Southern Europe, Asia Minor and Central Asia, the Caucasus and other southern regions of Eurasia. Figs were cultivated in ancient times, according to some archaeological data, 5000 years ago. This happened for the first time, it is believed, in Arabia, where the state of Yemen is now located. From there, cultivated figs spread throughout Western Asia. It was bred in Ancient Egypt. Images of the process of collecting figs made by Egyptian craftsmen 2500 years ago have been found. In the IX-VIII centuries. BC e. figs appeared in Ancient Greece, and soon in neighboring countries. In Hellas, it was the daily food of wealthy citizens.
Let us remember that figs are often mentioned in religious literature. So, Adam and Eve covered themselves with fig leaves. The Qur'an speaks of Allah "swearing on the fig tree." In Ancient Egypt, the ideal was “to live under a fig tree and eat its fruit.”
Currently, figs are cultivated in many countries with subtropical climates. The annual world fruit harvest is 1.5-2 million tons. The largest areas of fig orchards are in Turkey, Algeria, Tunisia, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, the USA (California), Georgia, and Azerbaijan. In Russia, only the southernmost regions of the European part, especially the coasts of the Black and Caspian Seas, are suitable for growing figs. And even there it often freezes in harsh winters, so reliable cultivation is only possible if the plants are covered for the winter. However, figs are grown in Russia. Five promising varieties are known, adapted to the conditions of our country. Some hobbyists grow figs as a houseplant.
Figs- subtropical drought-resistant plant. It cannot withstand severe frosts - it suffers already at -12° C, and at -20 - 22° C it freezes to the root collar. It is propagated by cuttings, less often by layering. Young fig plants begin flowering and fruiting at 2 - 3 years of age; the fruit yield is not high enough at 7 - 10 years of age.
Figs bloom in several stages from spring to autumn. Pollination is carried out by small blastophagous wasps that climb inside the inflorescence through a hole at its top (the “eye”). They hatch in male inflorescences from eggs that are laid by the females of these insects in underdeveloped female flowers. Climbing out of the cavity of the inflorescence, the wasps become dirty with pollen. In the wild, they are attracted by the smell of inflorescences on female trees. Once in female inflorescences, blastophages involuntarily leave pollen brought on their bodies on the stigmas of female flowers. Those flowers whose stigmas have received pollen set viable fruits, and their syconium develops into juicy, sweet fruits, for which figs are bred.
One tree produces 80 - 100 kg of fruits per year. Fig trees live up to 150, or even 200 years, but on industrial plantations they are kept for up to 30-60 years, as long as they bear fruit well.
Economic use of figs
Figs- an important food plant. Ripe female fruits, commonly called figs, are eaten as food, as is the tree that produces them. Fresh figs contain 12 - 26% sugars, dry figs contain up to 75%. More than 90% of fig carbohydrates are represented by simple sugars (monosaccharides): fructose and glucose, which are very easily absorbed by the body. In addition, figs contain quite a lot of pectin, organic acids, provitamin A, vitamins C and group B, as well as microelements. Thanks to this composition, fig fruits represent a valuable dietary product. They are eaten fresh, dried and dried. They are used to make compote, preserves, marmalade, marmalade. Wine is also made from fig fruits, which is why they have long been called wine berries. Fresh fruits are not easily transportable, so the bulk of the harvest is dried. The yield of dry figs is 30 - 35% of the mass of fresh fruit.
Fig wood is used for various crafts and as fuel. The fruits serve as a surrogate for coffee.
Medicinal value of figs and methods of medicinal use of figs
For medicinal purposes, the “fruits” (fruits), leaves and roots are used. The fruits are collected in August - September, leaves - in April - May, roots - in spring and autumn.
In ancient medicine, figs were used as a means of strengthening strength, stimulating the activity of the liver, heart and other internal organs. Avicenna believed that figs are more nutritious than many other fruits and strongly advised people with poor health and the elderly to use them. Fresh and dried figs help against epilepsy (fainting condition associated with hypotension), open blockages in the liver and spleen, and are good for the kidneys and bladder. Milky fig juice is recommended for difficult to resolve tumors and ulcers.
The juice squeezed from the leaves removes tattoos and treats scabies. The decoction is used to gargle for inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Fig leaves are rubbed on the eyelids for hardening and trachoma. Unripe figs are applied as a medicinal bandage to birthmarks and all kinds of warts. Eating figs improves complexion, damaged due to disease, and promotes the maturation of abscesses. According to the descriptions of Muhammad Hussein Sherazi, figs are useful for palpitations, bronchial asthma, cough, chest pain, and hardening of the pleura. Before meals, it is useful to eat figs to soften the body, especially the intestines.
Traditional medicine recommends fig decoctions or jam as a diaphoretic and antipyretic. Fig decoction, jam and coffee surrogate made from dried figs have a diaphoretic and antipyretic effect and have a beneficial effect on laryngitis, tracheitis and bronchitis.
The decoction is prepared as follows: pour 100g of dried figs with 2 cups of boiling water (or milk), boil over low heat for 15 minutes, leave for 2 - 3 hours, strain. Take 1/2 cup 2-3 times a day before meals as an antitussive.
A decoction of 2 tablespoons of dry fruit (wine berries) per 1 glass of milk or water is used to gargle for sore throat, hoarseness, and is also taken orally 100 ml 2-3 times a day for gastritis and constipation.
Fig seeds are known as a laxative for constipation. Take 10 - 15 seeds once.
Externally, a decoction of figs is used for poultices for abscesses and gumboils. Sometimes, to speed up ripening, fresh or soaked dried fruits are applied to the abscesses.
Fruit decoction: 2 tablespoons of crushed raw materials per 1 glass of hot water, boil for 15 minutes, strain, bring the volume to the original volume. Used for rinsing with flux.
Figs boiled in milk also accelerate the ripening of abscesses when applied externally.
For dyspepsia, soak 2-3 dry figs in 200 ml of water overnight. Eat in the morning on an empty stomach.
If venous blood flow in the lower extremities is impaired, take 100 ml of fig juice prepared from fresh ripe fruits, which are rubbed through a metal sieve. Dilute the pulp with water (2:1), squeeze through several layers of gauze and drink 2-4 times a day. Not recommended for diabetes and gout.
For spleen disease, use an infusion of fig fruits: 2 tablespoons of dry crushed raw materials per 1 glass of hot water, leave in a water bath for 30 minutes, strain, squeeze, bring the volume to the original volume. Take 1/2 cup 3 times a day before meals.
For chronic constipation, consume fig seeds 10 - 15 g per dose.
Fruit decoction: 1 cup of crushed dry raw materials to 2 cups of boiling water, boil for 10 minutes, strain. Take 1/2 cup 4 times a day before meals for urolithiasis. Typically, this decoction is used in the preoperative period, when the type of stones is not established.
The milky juice of figs is used to treat wounds, acne, and skin cancer.
A vodka tincture of the leaves is drunk to treat malaria.
Fresh or dried figs have the property of eliminating side effect medicines prescribed to cancer patients. It is best to eat figs with kernels walnut or almonds.
In modern medicine, figs are prescribed to patients with venous insufficiency. It is recommended for patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system.
Unlike other fruits, the dietary value of figs is determined by the combination of a large amount of fructose with low acidity. Condensed fig juice acts like honey.
In the Salerno Health Code we read:
“Glands, goiter and abscess are soothed with a fig compress; You add poppy seed to it, and you will heal broken bones. It will excite lice and passion, but it will hinder your very desires.”
In scientific medicine, fig leaves are used. From them, furocoumarin bergapten is obtained, which is part of the drug psoberan. This drug increases the skin's sensitivity to ultraviolet rays and enhances its pigmentation, therefore it is used to treat vitiligo and alopecia. The pulp of fig fruits is an integral part of the laxative drugs kafiol and regulax, which enhance intestinal motility and are prescribed to elderly people suffering from constipation. Syrup from fig heads is used as a mild laxative for children. In Georgia, a thick extract from the fruits was produced - legvini, which has a diuretic effect, which was prescribed to patients with decompensation of the cardiovascular system. Japanese researchers have obtained an antitumor drug from fig fruits. Similar studies have been carried out in our country to test the antitumor activity of fig latex.
Precautionary measures. Due to the high sugar content, consumption of fig fruits is contraindicated for patients with diabetes mellitus. Figs contain a lot of fiber, so you should not use them if you have acute inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. It is also contraindicated for gout, as it contains a lot of oxalic acid.
In the Botanical Dictionary of Hermetic Medicine we read: “Fig tree. Moderately warm and humid. The black variety belongs to Jupiter, and the white variety belongs to Capricorn and Venus. In Sparta it was dedicated to Mercury and Bacchus. In India - Cherry. Saturn's crown consisted of its leaves. A branch of a fig tree, broken off under a favorable influence, calms angry bulls. The fruits are useful for calluses on the feet: the callus should be smeared with cut berries every day for several days. The leaves are used for fortune telling (Sycomantia): a question is written on the leaf, and if it dries up immediately, it is considered a negative answer.”
Tree of two fruits
Do you know such a tree, is it familiar to anyone? Now many will say no. But this is not so, we all know it and even eat its fruits almost regularly. The only thing that many, including me, do not know is that this tree bears fruit twice. That’s why I decided to introduce you to him in more detail, and it wouldn’t hurt me to find out more about him. Since I really love its fruits and already buy them at the market, I therefore need to know what we are consuming.
So, the tree of two fruits is nothing more than a fig tree or fig tree (Ficus carica). It produces early figs and figs, each fruit in its season.
The fig tree belongs to the mulberry family and grows in the Mediterranean and Middle East regions. This tree not only has delicious fruits, but also a pleasant aroma that can charm any of us.
Let's pay attention to the tree itself and its fruits, what they represent. The fruit of the fig tree is a fruit tree, like strawberries and blackberries. The fruits of this tree are early figs and figs. The early fig is the tree's first harvest and appears in June and July. It looks like a fig, but is larger, but it tastes less sweet than a fig.
Figs are the fruit of the fig tree and are harvested in August and September, smaller in size, less aromatic, but much sweeter than early figs.
There are several varieties. The most common are white, yellow-green, purple or black. (At our market they sell a purple variety and also a black one, but it would be more accurate to say - dark brown, very sweet, I can eat one or two fruits, but I can’t eat more). The shape of these varieties is oval or flat. The color of the fruit inside is whitish, pink or purple.
Why are early figs and figs beneficial?
- they are considered the most digestible fruits, they are recommended for those who need extra energy. And all this is due to the fact that they contain carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose), fiber, vitamins (provitamin A and vitamin C) and minerals (magnesium, potassium and calcium), and are also rich in water. Figs have enveloping, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, laxative, carminative, restorative, expectorant, and secretolytic properties. Figs are useful for colds, anemia, chronic fatigue, asthenia.
But there are also contraindications for some diseases - diabetes mellitus, gout, acute pathology of the digestive system, obesity.
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It is better to eat fresh fruits; if this is not possible, then in dried form, since dried figs contain all the nutrients and lose only a few percent of water. And, the fruits of this tree are also used in preparing not only desserts, but also as a side dish for meat (pork, duck).
So we learned more about this tree. I think you liked this information and will find it useful.
As one of the most revered plants, the fig tree, along with the olive, can often be found next to the mosque.
“By the fig tree and the olive! I swear by Mount Sinai! I swear by this safe city (Mecca)! We created man in the most beautiful form" (Sura “The Fig Tree”, 95/1-4).
Fig tree, fig, fig, wineberry, Smyrna berry and, finally, fig tree are names of the same plant, known to man since ancient times. The Quran tells that the first man and prophet Adam and his wife Hawwa (peace be upon them), who lived in paradise, disobeyed the order of Allah and followed the instigation of Iblis: “Your Lord forbade you this tree only so that you would not become angels or immortals » ( Surah "Barriers", 7/20). What happened was what should have happened by the will of Allah: “They both ate from it, and then their private parts became visible to them. They began to stick heavenly leaves on themselves. Adam disobeyed his Lord and fell into error" ( Surah Taha, 20/121).
As one of the most revered plants, the fig tree, along with the olive, can often be found next to the mosque. In Mecca itself you can see growing fig trees, but since it is located practically in the desert, figs, like other fresh fruits, are brought to the city's bazaars from the city of Taif, located 100 km to the east, located on a plateau at an altitude of two thousand four hundred feet above sea level, and which has a favorable climate suitable for growing figs in the vicinity of the city. Near the fortress wall of the Medina and in the city itself, you can also admire the growing nearby olive trees, figs and date palms.
In Jerusalem, which for Muslims is the third holiest city after Mecca and Medina, on the Temple Mount there is the "Fiat Tree Ground", which was built in 1760 by Ahmed Kul-Lari, a man from the guard of Sultan Mustafa III (1757-1774). This building is used as an open summer mosque. There are quite a lot of such platforms on the Temple Mount, but they are all located below, under the main “platform”, rising to a height of 4 meters, on which the main Shrine is located - the Mosque of Umar.
Fig tree, ficus carica, common fig (Ficus carica L) from the mulberry family (Moraceae) - a tree 10–15 m high with smooth light gray bark. In favorable conditions, branches with large palmate-lobed dark green leaves form a beautiful, wide and spreading crown, from under which the sky is not visible. The fig tree's leaves fall at the beginning of winter, and the tree remains bare for most of the winter rainy season until the buds begin to bloom in early April, heralding the approach of summer. The powerful root system of the tree allows the tree to obtain moisture from great depths, and therefore it can grow anywhere - on rocky screes, on mountain slopes, in cracks in rocks and even in cracks in stone walls, where only dust and occasional moisture from rain and night dew get in. On fertile soils, near groundwater outlets, and in river valleys, powerful, abundantly fruiting trees develop, from which up to 100 kg of fruits are harvested. The tree lives from 30 to 300 years and begins to bear fruit at 2-3 years, which makes its cultivation very profitable. Fig trees grow slowly, but produce fruit for almost ten months of the year.
The natural conditions of the Mediterranean and some places of the Arabian Peninsula were favorable for the fig tree, and it grew wild everywhere here. Most likely, it was in Southern, the so-called Happy Arabia, where, thanks to irrigation during the last millennium BC, there were relatively fertile lands and a fairly developed civilization, the wild fig was finally transformed into a cultivated plant that produces abundant fruit. Archaeologists have discovered that, apparently, figs are one of the first fruit plants on earth that our distant ancestors learned to grow. It was its dried fruits that were found at sites of ancient man next to grains of barley, oats and wheat.
From Arabia, figs spread to Phenicia, Syria and Egypt, from where in the 9th century BC. e. was brought to Hellas. Fruits called "fig", originating from Church Slavonic language, appeared in Russia in the 17th century. from the east and began to be used as a delicacy on ordinary days and as a sweet dish during numerous fasts. This plant had other names in Rus' - wine berry, because wine could be made from figs, and Smyrna berry, because figs were mainly delivered to Russia from Smyrna, the oldest Greek city and port of Asia Minor. Archaeological research has suggested that the first settlers of this city settled here in the third millennium BC. Located in the depths of a bay of the Aegean Sea, at the end of the caravan routes, it was the most important trading point and cultural center on the western coast of Asia Minor, where trade routes, leading from countries adjacent to the eastern part Mediterranean Sea and northern Africa. Through the port of Smyrna, goods from the Middle East and Africa reached Europe and Russia. Currently, the city belongs to Turkey and is called Izmir.
In the Russian language of the 18th century, the generic scientific name of the plant “ficus carian” appeared, given to it by the Swedish taxonomist K. Linnaeus, which quite quickly turned into “fig”, and from here came the common name “fig tree” until the beginning of the 20th century.
The fig tree has characteristics of flowering, pollination and fruit formation that are unique to it. Without going into details, which are of interest only to narrow specialists or meticulous lovers of botany, we will only note that during the year 3 generations of inflorescences develop on the tree, in the pollination of which small blastophagous wasps inevitably take part. From the pollinated inflorescences, green, yellow, brown, purple or black inflorescences subsequently develop, with yellowish-green or reddish tasty, sweet pulp inside.
Phases of growth and maturation
In April, small young fruits, the so-called “early figs,” appear on the trees, before the leaves, symbolizing the end of winter. These not very juicy early fruits are eaten only because there are few other fresh fruits at this time of year.
Late May – early June On fig trees covered with lush foliage, unusually tasty and juicy fruits ripen, which, alas, cannot be stored for long. At this time, driving past Arab villages, you can see many enterprising young Arabs selling fresh figs right on the highway.
In August, “late figs” ripen - the most delicious, which are eaten fresh, dried and stored in bundles. These are the well-known figs, figs, wine berries or figs, which are now almost always sold in stores all over the world, and with which it is so tasty and healthy to drink good tea.
The fig tree is a favorite tree of the inhabitants of the Islamic world, the abundant fruits of which were distinguished by their special taste, nutritional value, healing properties and served as a symbol of spiritual and everyday well-being.
At all times, its fruits have been very important food products. Figs were eaten fresh, dried and pressed into cakes. Dried fig cakes are a very satisfying and compact food that perfectly retains its nutritional and taste qualities in hot climates. These were a kind of “canned food”, indispensable for the traveler and warrior.
A legend from the life of Imam Ali ibn Musa ar-Riza says: “The fruit of the fig tree removes bad breath, strengthens gums and bones, promotes hair growth and cures some diseases without any additional medicine.”.
In 1968-1970 404 antique pointed-bottomed amphorae were raised to the surface from the remains of an ancient ship lying at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, not far from the seaside city of Kerenia, located in the north of the island of Cyprus. After careful research, it was found that they had lain underwater for 23 centuries and were used to transport wine and olive oil. But the most interesting thing is that cloves of garlic, 18 olive pits, 14,760 fig tree (fig) seeds and about 10,000 almonds were found on the ship, indicating that garlic, dried figs, olives and almonds served as food for the crew of the ship on a long voyage. at that time, sailing between Cyprus, the Greek islands and, possibly, reaching the ports of Syria.
Nutritional properties of figs
Ripe fig fruits there are different colors– from almost white to dark purple. Light fruits with golden skin and white pulp, about 5 cm in diameter, are more suitable for drying. They are dried for 3-4 days under the sun, always with the hole at the top of the fruit facing up.
Jam and jam are made from fig fruits. Fig puree is used for filling sweets and for making oriental sweets and marshmallows. Vinegar is obtained from low-grade varieties. Dried figs are used to make compotes and make flour, which is used in the confectionery industry as an additive to cakes and pastries. Fresh and dried fruits are added to pilaf, salads and poultry dishes.
Fresh fruits contain 83% water, up to 1% proteins, 0.5% fats, 12% sugars, 3% pectin and dietary fiber; organic acids, anthocyanins, coumarins, flavonoids, triterpene compounds, sterols, provitamin A (carotenoids), B1, B2, B6, Bc (B9), C, P, PP (niacin, B3), D, macro- and microelements: iron , potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium phosphorus, zinc; enzymes protease, lipase, amylase. In dried fruits, the proportion of sugars increases to 40-70%, which gives them a rich sweet taste.
Figs are well absorbed by the body and have great nutritional value, give strength, strengthen memory, and improve thinking.
It has been known since ancient times that figs have a mild laxative, diuretic and expectorant effect. A legend from the life of Imam Ali ibn Musa ar-Riza says: “The fruit of the fig tree removes bad breath, strengthens gums and bones, promotes hair growth and cures some diseases without any additional medicine.” And further it says: “Figs, more than any other fruit, resemble the fruits of the Heavenly Gardens” ( Bihar al-Anwar, volume 66, page 184).
Modern research has confirmed what was known several centuries ago and added to the basic medicinal properties the ability of biologically active substances contained in fruits to have a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system, exhibit antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.
Fresh and dried fruits can be used in dietary nutrition for people with impaired digestion, accompanied by habitual or chronic constipation, as well as in the presence of chronic, sluggish inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, a tendency to form blood clots and fluid retention in the body. Figs, as a tasty dietary remedy, are useful for people weakened by disease, suffering from anemia, anemia, as well as those who suffer from loss of strength due to old age. Figs containing a large number of easily digestible fructose, quickly restores the lack of energy in the body, eliminates mental and physical fatigue. At the same time, it should not be eaten in case of acute diseases or exacerbation of chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and in patients with diabetes mellitus.
A special mention in the Qur'an by Allah Almighty of the fig tree, which He created and gave to people, indicates the great benefits and importance of the fruits of this tree for people's health. Nutritional value figs and their benefits for human health have been fully confirmed in the last few decades, thanks to the new possibilities of medical science, which once again shows us the amazing wisdom and infinity of knowledge of the Almighty Creator.
The word “fig tree” is mentioned once in the Quran, but an entire sura bears the name of this tree, while the word “olive” appears in the text of the Holy Quran six times and is mentioned once more in an indirect form: “We have grown a tree that grows on the mountain Sinai and gives oil and seasoning to those who eat" ( Surah "The Believers", 23/20). Even if you take an oath with a fig tree and an olive tree direct meaning, because their fruits, which have extraordinary nutritional properties, give a person physical and spiritual strength and are always of high value for the people of the desert, the meaning of their mention retains its enormous depth and significance, because Allah Almighty himself chose them for the oath, for it is said: “Isn’t Allah the Most Wise Judge?”
Canon of medical science
Tin - fig
Essence. The fig itself has a special nature, and its leaves and milky juice have the properties of yattu. If its leaves are not found, then the branches of wild figs, broken and crushed, are boiled and their juice is consumed. The squeezed juice from figs is extracted in the same way as it is extracted from other woody plants. Condensed fig juice acts like honey.
Choice. The best figs are white ones, followed by red figs and finally black ones. The most ripe figs are the best and almost harmless. Dried figs are praiseworthy for their effects; but only the blood arising from it is bad. Therefore, figs cause lice, unless you eat them with nuts, then the chyme from them will be good. Almonds follow nuts in this regard. The lightest fig is white.
Nature. Red figs are a little hot, but fresh figs have a lot of wateriness and little medicinal properties. Unripe figs are cleansing except for their milky juice, but they are somewhat cold. Dried figs are hot in the first degree, at the limit of it, and rarefied.
Properties. Dry figs, especially pungent ones, strongly cleanse, promote the ripening of juices and dissolve, and fleshy figs promote ripening more, and they have nutritional value, they open the juices and thin out, and wild figs are even sharper, and they have a stronger effect in this regard. Figs are the most nutritious of all fruits. Very ripe figs are close to being harmless at all, but they have the ability to swell. Spicy dry figs sometimes go beyond cleansing and lead to ulceration. Dry fig leaves, if boiled in an infusion of black wolf bast, even become a treatment for jarab in animals. The juice squeezed from fig leaves strongly warms, cleanses and produces a significant softening, which drives putrefactive juices to the skin and causes perspiration, so drinking it, I think, should calm the fever. Dry figs also drive juices out and cause perspiration, and the milky juice of figs thickens thinned blood and milk and thins thickened juices. Although the nutritional content of figs is not as dense as the nutritional content of meat and grains, it is still denser than the nutritional content of other fruits. The strength of the squeezed juice from its branches before they become covered with leaves is close to the strength of its milky juice. To prevent milk from curdling in the stomach, give water twice infused with fig tree ash to drink. Water infused with oak tree ash is close to figs in this regard. Fig wine is rarefied and produces bad juice. Fig branches are so thin that they even boil meat if they are boiled with meat. The fig tree has an inherent power that draws juices from the depths and dissolves what is drawn out.
Areas of application of figs
Cosmetics. Unripe figs are smeared and applied as a medicinal bandage on birthmarks, all kinds of warts and bahs, fig leaves also act. Eating figs corrects complexion damaged due to illness and hot, loose tumors, and promotes the maturation of abscesses. It is especially good to apply it with orris root, soda, lime and pomegranate peel for nail infections. The milky juice of the fig tree helps with difficult to resolve tumors, mumps and ulcers; Fig tree decoction also works.
Figs help with tussus, but the fig tree is especially good for this. The squeezed juice of its leaves erases tattoo marks. Figs are also applied to cold cracks with wax ointment. In all these cases, its milky juice also acts.
Figs cause a large deposition of fat, which quickly resolves and contributes to the appearance of lice, they say due to the spoilage of its juice, but they say because the fig quickly rushes out and that its juice is favorable for the development of animal strength.
Tumors. Medicinal dressings from figs are applied to hard tumors; Figs in a decoction with fig fruits and barley flour also work. Unripe figs are used for bahak. It promotes the ripening of boils: fresh figs, when consumed, cause prickly heat. Its decoction as a gargle is useful for tumors in the throat and tumors at the base of the ears. Figs with pomegranate peel and fanise are applied to nail infections. Dry figs, due to their sweetness, are harmful for tumors of the liver and spleen. When the tumor is hard, then it is neither harmful nor useful, unless mixed with thinning and resolving agents; very useful in this case. The fruits of the fig tree strongly dissolve difficult to treat tumors.
Wounds and ulcers. The squeezed juice of fig leaves ulcerates; a decoction of it with mustard foam is applied to treat scabies. Casting it helps against lichen.
They are used for hives and ulcers containing thick fluids. Water, twice infused with the ashes of its wood, corrodes and cleanses rotting old ulcers. If you eat figs with pomegranate peel, it cures nailworm, and in combination with kalkand it is used for malignant ulcers on the legs. The milky juice of the fig tree heals wounds.
Organs of the joints. Soporific poppy leaves are added to unripe figs and their leaves; This composition is used for diseases of the periosteum. Water twice infused with fig wood ash is poured over the painful nerve. Sometimes they give it to drink in the amount of one and a half ukiy.
Organs of the head. Fresh and dried figs help against epilepsy, and a decoction of it with mustard foam is put into the ear, in which noise is heard. The milky juice of figs, or the juice squeezed from its branches before they become leaves, helps when applied to a corroded tooth. It is useful to use it as a medicinal bandage for a tumor under the ear; Fresh figs in powder form cure ulcers on the head.
Organs of the eye. The milky juice of figs with honey helps with wet veils, with the onset of cataracts, with thickening of the eyelids and thickening of the membranes of the eye. Fig leaves are rubbed for hardening of the eyelids and trachoma.
Breast organs. Fresh and dried figs are beneficial for rough throat and are suitable for the chest and pulmonary tube. Fig wine enhances the secretion of milk, and also helps against chronic cough, chest pain and tumors of the lungs and pulmonary tube.
Nutritional organs. Figs open blockages in the liver and spleen. Galen says: “Fresh figs are harmful to the stomach, but dry ones are not harmful; if eaten with murri, it cleanses the stomach of excess.”
Figs are one of the remedies that stop thirst arising from salty mucus. Dry figs stimulate thirst and help against dropsy, especially with wormwood. Drinking fig wine is also good for the stomach, but it discourages your appetite for food. Figs descend quickly and quickly pass into the blood vessels due to their cleansing properties. Dry figs are harmful to a swollen liver and spleen only due to their sweetness, and if the tumor is hard, then it is neither harmful nor beneficial. Eating figs on an empty stomach, especially when combined with nuts and almonds, is surprisingly beneficial in opening up nutrient pathways, but the nutritional value of figs combined with nuts is greater than the nutritional value of figs combined with almonds. If you eat figs with food that thickens the juices, its harmfulness becomes very significant. The fruits of the fig tree are very harmful to the stomach and have little nutritional value, but in the form of a medicinal dressing with usshak or with the milky juice of the fig tree, they are useful for hardening of the spleen. All varieties of figs are not suitable when excess is poured into the stomach.
Eruption organs. Figs, fresh and dried, are good for the kidneys and bladder. It helps with urinary retention, but is not suitable for effusion of matter into the intestines. Squeezed juice of fig leaves opens the mouths of blood vessels in the anus, and fresh figs soften and slightly laxate, especially if taken with crushed almonds. Its effect on hardening of the uterus is the same if it is mixed with soda and safflower dye and taken before meals. Its milky juice with egg yolk is injected into the vagina, this cleanses the uterus and drives menstruation and urine. Figs are also used to make medicinal dressings with fenugreek for diseases of the uterus. Mixed with rue, it is included in enemas for pain in the intestines. Figs, and especially their milky juice, if consumed, drive sand out of the kidneys. If you take curd whey with milky juice and drop it into milk, which is gently stirred with a fig tree branch, then it will release the essence more strongly and cleanse the kidneys. Water, twice infused with fig wood ashes, is given to a person suffering from diarrhea and dysentery in the amount of one and a half uki, or an enema is made from it; in both cases, water is mixed with olive oil.
Fig wine drives away urine and menstruation and softens the nature. Due to its cleansing properties, it quickly descends from the stomach and quickly penetrates the blood vessels.
Poisons. The milky juice of figs in the form of a vitamin helps against a scorpion bite, and also helps against a karakurt bite. Unripe figs or fresh fig leaves are applied to a rabid dog bite and this helps. They are applied as a medicinal bandage with vetch to a weasel bite, and this is beneficial. Water, twice infused with fig wood ash, helps in the form of drinking or rubbing against a karakurt bite. The fruits of the fig tree in the form of a drink or ointment help against the bites of poisonous animals.”
Home remedy
- Boil the dry fruit until completely softened in a glass of milk and grind thoroughly. Take the mixture ½ cup warm 2-4 times a day as an expectorant for dry coughs and coughs accompanying bronchitis, tracheitis and whooping cough.
- 2 dried fruits, pour 250 ml of water, bring to a boil, cook for 10 minutes, leave for 1 hour, strain. Take 100 ml 2 times a day for painful urination.
- Apply boiled figs to abscesses to speed up their ripening.
I.N. Sokolsky
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