Years of turmoil. Time of Troubles (Time of Troubles) briefly
The Troubles of the early 17th century, the prerequisites, the stages of which will be discussed further, - historical period, accompanied natural disasters, deep socio-economic and state-political crises. A difficult situation in the country was aggravated by the Polish-Swedish intervention.
Troubles of the 17th century in Russia: reasons
The crisis was caused by a number of factors. The first problems occurred, according to historians, due to the cessation and struggle between the royal power and the boyars. The latter sought to preserve and strengthen political influence and increase traditional privileges. The tsarist government, on the contrary, tried to limit these powers. The boyars, in addition, ignored the proposals of the Zemstvo people. The role of representatives of this class is assessed extremely negatively by many researchers. Historians point out that the boyars' claims turned into a direct struggle with the tsarist power. Their intrigues had an extremely negative impact on the position of the sovereign. This is what created the favorable soil on which the Troubles arose in Russia. At the beginning of the 17th century it was characterized only from an economic point of view. The situation in the country was very difficult. Subsequently, political and social problems joined this crisis.
Economic situation
The Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century coincided with the aggressive campaigns of Grozny and the Livonian War. These events required great tension from the productive forces. The devastation in Veliky Novgorod and the forced displacement of service people had an extremely negative impact on the economic situation. This is how the Troubles began to brew in Russia. The beginning of the 17th century was also marked by widespread famine. In 1601-1603, thousands of small and large farms went bankrupt.
Social tension
The Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century were fueled by the rejection of the existing system by masses of fugitive peasants, impoverished townspeople, city Cossacks and Cossack freemen, large quantity servicemen. The introduced oprichnina, according to some researchers, significantly undermined the people's respect and trust in the law and government.
First events
How did the Time of Troubles develop in Russia? The beginning of the 17th century, in short, coincided with a reshuffle of forces in the ruling circles. The heir to Ivan the Terrible, Fyodor the First, did not have the necessary managerial abilities. The youngest son, Dmitry, was still a baby at that time. After the death of the heirs, the Rurik dynasty came to an end. The boyar families - the Godunovs and Yuryevs - came closer to power. In 1598, Boris Godunov took the throne. Period from 1601 to 1603 there were no harvests. The frosts did not stop even in the summer, and in the fall, in September, it snowed. The ensuing famine killed about half a million people. Exhausted people went to Moscow, where they were given bread and money. But these measures only worsened economic problems. The landowners were unable to feed the servants and slaves and kicked them out. People left without food and shelter began to engage in robbery and robbery.
False Dmitry the First
The Troubles in Russia in the early 17th century coincided with the spread of rumors that Tsarevich Dmitry had survived. It followed from this that Boris Godunov was on the throne illegally. The impostor False Dmitry announced his origin to Adam Vishnevetsky, the Lithuanian prince. After this, he became friends with Jerzy Mniszek, a Polish magnate, and Ragoni, the papal nuncio. At the beginning of 1604, False Dmitry 1 received an audience with the Polish king. After some time, the impostor converted to Catholicism. The rights of False Dmitry were recognized by King Sigismund. The monarch allowed everyone to help the Russian Tsar.
Entry to Moscow
False Dmitry entered the city in 1605, on June 20th. The boyars, led by Belsky, publicly recognized him as the Prince of Moscow and the legal heir. During his reign, False Dmitry focused on Poland and tried to carry out some reforms. However, not all the boyars recognized the legitimacy of his reign. Almost immediately after the arrival of False Dmitry, Shuisky began to spread rumors about his imposture. In 1606, in mid-May, the opposition of the boyars took advantage of the population's protests against the Polish adventurers who came to Moscow for the wedding of False Dmitry and raised an uprising. During it, the impostor was killed. The coming to power of Shuisky, who represented the Suzdal branch of the Rurikovichs, did not bring peace to the state. In the southern regions, a movement of “thieves” broke out. Events of 1606-1607 describes R. G. Skrynnikov. "Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. Troubles" is a book he created based on a large amount of documentary material.
False Dmitry II
Nevertheless, rumors still circulated in the country about the miraculous salvation of the rightful prince. In the summer of 1607, a new impostor appeared in Starodub. The turmoil in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century continued. By the end of 1608, he achieved the spread of his influence to Yaroslavl, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Vologda, Galich, Uglich, Kostroma, Vladimir. The impostor settled in the village of Tushino. Kazan, Veliky Novgorod, Smolensk, Kolomna, Novgorod, Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky remained faithful to the capital.
Seven Boyars
One of the key events that marked the Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century was the coup. Shuisky, who was in power, was removed. The country's leadership had a council of seven boyars - the Seven Boyars. They recognized Vsevolod, the Polish prince, as such. The population of many cities swore allegiance to False Dmitry 2. Among them were those who had recently opposed the impostor. The real threat from False Dmitry II forced the council of boyars to allow Polish-Lithuanian troops into Moscow. It was assumed that they would be able to overthrow the impostor. However, False Dmitry was warned about this and left the camp in a timely manner.
Militia
The turmoil in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century continued. It began It contributed to the formation of militias. The first was commanded by a nobleman from Ryazan Lyapunov. He was supported by supporters of False Dmitry II. Among them were Trubetskoy, Masalsky, Cherkassky and others. On the side of the militia there were also Cossack freemen, the head of which was Ataman Zarutsky. The second movement began under the leadership of He invited Pozharsky as leader. In the spring, the Moscow region camp of the First Militia swore allegiance to False Dmitry the Third. The detachments of Minin and Pozharsky were unable to march in the capital while supporters of the impostor ruled there. In this regard, they made Yaroslavl their camp. At the end of August, the militia reached Moscow. As a result of a series of battles, the Kremlin was liberated, and the Polish garrison that occupied it capitulated. After some time, a new king was chosen. He became
Consequences
The Troubles in Russia of the early 17th century, in terms of its destructive power and the depth of the crisis in the country, can probably only be compared with the state of the country during the period of the Tatar-Mongol invasion. This terrible period in the life of the state ended with huge territorial losses and economic decline. The Great Troubles of the early 17th century took away great amount lives. Many cities, arable lands, and villages were devastated. The population could not recover to its previous level for quite some time. Many cities fell into the hands of the enemies and remained in their power for several subsequent decades. The area of cultivated land has decreased significantly.
The year 1598 for Rus' was marked by the beginning of the Time of Troubles. The prerequisite for this was the end of the Rurik dynasty. The last representative of this family, Fyodor Ioannovich, died. A few years earlier, in 1591, he died in the city of Uglich. younger son Tsar Ivan the Terrible - Dmitry. He was a child and left no heirs to the throne. A brief summary of the events of the time period known as the Time of Troubles is presented in the article.
- 1598 - death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich and the reign of Boris Godunov;
- 1605 - death of Boris Godunov and accession of False Dmitry I;
- 1606 - boyar Vasily Shuisky becomes king;
- 1607 - False Dmitry II begins to rule in Tushino. The period of dual power;
- 1610 - the overthrow of Shuisky and the establishment of the power of the “Seven Boyars”;
- 1611 - the first people's militia gathers under the leadership of Prokopiy Lyapunov;
- 1612 - the militia of Minin and Pozharsky gathers, which liberates the country from the power of the Poles and Swedes;
- 1613 - the beginning of the Romanov dynasty.
The beginning of the Troubles and its causes
In 1598, Boris Godunov became Tsar of Russia. This man had a significant influence on political life in the country during the life of Ivan the Terrible. He was very close to the king. His daughter Irina was married to Ivan the Terrible's son, Fyodor.
There is an assumption that Godunov and his allies were involved in the death of Ivan IV. This was described in the memoirs of the English diplomat Jerome Horsey. Godunov, along with his ally Bogdan Belsky, was next to Ivan the Terrible in the last minutes of the Tsar’s life. And it was they who told their subjects the sad news. Later, people began to say that the sovereign was strangled.
Important! Much was done by the rulers themselves in order to lead the country to a crisis of power. The princes of his family, the Rurikovichs, were brutally killed by Tsar Ivan III at will, not sparing even those close to them. This line of behavior was continued by his children and grandchildren.
In fact, by 1598, representatives of the aristocracy had become serfs and had no authority. Even the people did not recognize them. And this despite the fact that the princes were rich and high-ranking people.
The weakening of power, according to many historians, is the main cause of the Troubles. Godunov took advantage of this situation.
Since the heir Fyodor Ioannovich was weak-minded and could not independently rule the state, a regency council was assigned to him.
Boris Godunov was also a member of this body. As mentioned earlier, Fedor did not live long, and the reign soon passed to Boris himself.
These events led to Troubles in the country. The people refused to recognize the new ruler. The situation was aggravated by the beginning of the famine. The years 1601–1603 were lean. Oprichnina had a negative impact on life in Russia - the country was ruined. Hundreds of thousands of people died because they had nothing to eat.
Another reason was the long Livonian War and defeat in it. All this could lead to the rapid collapse of the once powerful state. Society said that everything that happened was a punishment from 
higher powers for the sins of the new king.
Boris began to be accused of both the murder of Grozny and involvement in the death of his heirs. And Godunov could not correct this situation and calm the popular unrest.
During the Time of Troubles, individuals appeared who proclaimed themselves in the name of the late Tsarevich Dmitry.
In 1605, False Dmitry I tried to seize power in the country with the support of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Poles wanted the Smolensk and Seversk lands to return to them.
They were previously annexed to the Russian state by Ivan the Terrible. That is why the Polish invaders decided to take advantage of the difficult time for the Russian people. This is how the news appeared that Tsarevich Dmitry miraculously escaped death and now wants to regain his throne. In fact, the monk Grigory Otrepiev impersonated the prince.
Capture of Russian territory by Swedes and Poles
In 1605, Godunov died. The throne passed to his son, Fyodor Borisovich. At that moment he was only sixteen, and he could not maintain power without support. Came to the capital with his entourage 
False Dmitry I was proclaimed king.
At the same time, he decided to give the western lands of the state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and married a girl of Catholic origin, Marina Mniszech.
But the reign of “Dmitry Ioannovich” did not last long. Boyar Vasily Shuisky gathered a conspiracy against the impostor, and he was killed in 1606.
The next king who ruled during the difficult Time of Troubles was Shuisky himself. Popular unrest did not subside, and the new ruler was unable to calm them. In 1606–1607, a bloody uprising broke out, led by Ivan Bolotnikov.
At the same time, False Dmitry II appears, in whom Marina Mnishek recognized her husband. The impostor was also supported by Polish-Lithuanian soldiers. Due to the fact that False Dmitry, together with his associates, stopped near the village of Tushino, he was nicknamed the “Tushino thief.”
Vasily Shuisky's main problem was that he did not have the support of the people. The Poles easily established power over a large Russian territory– to the east, north and west of Moscow. The time has come for dual power.
When the Poles went on the offensive, they captured many Russian cities - Yaroslavl, Vologda, Rostov the Great. For 16 months the Trinity-Sergius Monastery was under siege. Vasily Shuisky tried to cope with the invaders with the help of Sweden. A little later, the people’s militia also came to Shuisky’s aid. As a result, in the summer of 1609 the Poles were defeated. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga, where he was killed.
At that time the Poles were at war with Sweden. And the fact that the Russian Tsar enlisted support from the Swedes led to a war between the Russian state and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Polish troops again approached Moscow.
They were led by Hetman Zolkiewski. The foreigners won the battle, and the people were completely disillusioned with Shuisky. In 1610, the king was overthrown and they began to decide who would come to power. The reign of the “Seven Boyars” began, and popular unrest did not subside.
Uniting the people
The Moscow boyars invited the heir of the Polish king Sigismund III, Vladislav, to replace the sovereign. The capital was actually given to the Poles. At that moment, it seemed that the Russian state had ceased to exist.
But the Russian people were against such a political turn. The country was devastated and practically destroyed, but it finally brought people together. Therefore the move troubled period turned the other way:
- In Ryazan in 1611, a people's militia was formed under the leadership of the nobleman Prokopiy Lyapunov. In March, troops reached the capital and began its siege. However, this attempt to liberate the country failed.
- Despite the defeat, the people decide to get rid of the invaders at any cost. A new militia is formed in Nizhny Novgorod Kuzma Minin. The leader is Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. Under his leadership, detachments from different Russian cities rallied. In March 1612, the troops moved towards Yaroslavl. Along the way, there were more and more people in the ranks of the militia.
Important! Minin and Pozharsky's militia - the most important moment history, when the further development of the state was determined by the people themselves.
All that he had, the common people donated for military service. The Russians fearlessly and of their own free will marched towards the capital to liberate it. There was no king over them, there was no power. But all classes at that moment united for a common goal.
The militia included representatives of all nationalities, villages, and cities. A new government was created in Yaroslavl - the “Council of All the Earth”. It included people from the townspeople, nobles, the Duma and the clergy.
In August 1612, the formidable liberation movement reached the capital, and on November 4 the Poles capitulated. Moscow was liberated by the forces of the people. The Troubles are over, but it is important not to forget the lessons and main dates of the Time of Troubles.
Letters were sent to all corners of the state stating that a Zemsky Sobor would be held. The people had to choose the king themselves. The cathedral opened in 1613.
This was the first in history Russian state a case when representatives of each class participated in the elections. A 16-year-old representative of the Romanov family, Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected Tsar. He was the son of the influential Patriarch Filaret and was a relative of Ivan the Terrible.
The end of the Time of Troubles is very an important event. The dynasty continued to exist. And at the same time, a new era began - the reign of the Romanov family. Representatives royal family ruled for more than three centuries, until February 1917.
What is Troubles in Rus'? In short, this is a crisis of power that led to ruin and could destroy the country. For fourteen years the country fell into decay.
In many counties, the size of agricultural land has decreased by twenty times. There were four times fewer peasants - a huge number of people simply died of hunger.
Russia lost Smolensk and could not regain this city for decades. Karelia was captured from the west and partly from the east by Sweden. Because of this, almost all Orthodox Christians - both Karelians and Russians - left the country.
Until 1617, the Swedes were also in Novgorod. The city was absolutely devastated. There are only a few hundred indigenous people left local residents. In addition, access to the Gulf of Finland was lost. The state was greatly weakened. Such were the disappointing consequences of the Time of Troubles.
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Conclusion
The country's emergence from the Time of Troubles has been widely celebrated in Russia since 2004. November 4th is National Unity Day. This is the memory of those events when the country experienced the Time of Troubles, but the people, united, did not allow their Fatherland to be destroyed.
While the rulers of the old dynasty, direct descendants of Rurik, were on the Moscow throne, the population for the most part obeyed their rulers. But when the dynasties ceased and the state turned out to be a nobody's, there was fermentation in the population, both in the lower classes and in the upper ones.
The upper stratum of the Moscow population, the boyars, economically weakened and morally humiliated by the policies of Ivan the Terrible, began a struggle for power.
There are three periods in the Time of Troubles. The first is dynastic, the second is social and the third is national.
The first includes the time of struggle for the Moscow throne between various contenders up to and including Tsar Vasily Shuisky.
First period
The first period of the Time of Troubles (1598-1605) began with a dynastic crisis caused by the murder of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible of his eldest son Ivan, the rise to power of his brother Fyodor Ivanovich and the death of their younger half-brother Dmitry (according to many, he was stabbed to death by the minions of the de facto ruler of the country, Boris Godunov). After the death of Ivan the Terrible and his sons, the struggle for power intensified even more. As a result, Boris Godunov, the brother of Tsar Fedor’s wife, became the de facto ruler of the state. In 1598, the childless Tsar Fedor also died, and with his death the dynasty of the Rurik princes, which ruled Russia for 700 years, ended.
A new king had to be elected to rule the country, with whose arrival a new reigning house would be erected on the throne. This is the Romanov dynasty. However, before the Romanov dynasty gained power, it had to go through difficult trials, these were the years of the Time of Troubles. After the death of Tsar Fedor, the Zemsky Sobor elected Boris Godunov (1598-1605) as Tsar. In Rus', for the first time, a king appeared who received the throne not by inheritance.
Boris Godunov was talented politician, he strove to unite the entire ruling class and did a lot to stabilize the situation in the country, but he turned out to be unable to stop the intrigues of the disgruntled boyars. Boris Godunov did not resort to mass terror, but dealt only with his real enemies. Under Godunov, the new cities of Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn, Ufa, and Voronezh arose.
The famine of 1601-1603, caused by prolonged crop failures, caused enormous damage to the country's economy. This undermined the Russian economy, people died of hunger, and cannibalism began in Moscow. Boris Godunov is trying to suppress a social explosion. He began distributing bread for free from state reserves and established fixed prices for bread. But these measures were not successful, because bread distributors began to speculate on it; moreover, the reserves could not be enough for all the hungry, and the restriction on the price of bread led to the fact that they simply stopped selling it. In Moscow, about 127 thousand people died during the famine; not everyone had time to bury them, and the bodies of the dead remained on the streets for a long time.
The people decide that hunger is the curse of God, and Boris is Satan. Gradually, rumors spread that Boris Godunov ordered the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry, then they remembered that the Tsar was a Tatar.
The famine also led to an outflow of the population from the central regions to the outskirts, where self-governing communities of the so-called free Cossacks began to emerge. Famine led to uprisings. In 1603, a major uprising of slaves began (the Cotton uprising), which covered a large territory and became the prologue to the peasant war.
TO internal reasons external ones were added: Poland and Lithuania, united in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, hastened to take advantage of Russia’s weakness. The aggravation of the internal political situation led, in turn, to a sharp decline in Godunov’s prestige not only among the masses, but also among the feudal lords.
In these difficult conditions, a young Galich nobleman, Grigory Otrepyev, appeared in Rus', declaring himself for Tsarevich Dmitry, who had long been considered dead in Uglich. He showed up in Poland, and this became a gift to King Sigismund III, who supported the impostor. The impostor's agents vigorously disseminated in Rus' the version of his miraculous salvation from the hands of assassins sent by Godunov, and proved the legality of his right to his father's throne. This news led to confusion and confusion in all layers of society, in each of which there were many dissatisfied with the rule of Tsar Boris. The Polish magnates who stood under the banner of False Dmitry provided some assistance in organizing the adventure. As a result, by the autumn of 1604, a sufficiently powerful army had been formed to march on Moscow. At the end of 1604, having converted to Catholicism, False Dmitry I entered Russia with his army. Many cities in southern Russia, Cossacks, and dissatisfied peasants went over to his side.
False Dmitry's forces grew rapidly, cities opened their gates to him, peasants and townspeople joined his troops. False Dmitry moved on the wave of the outbreak of the peasant war. After the death of Boris Godunov, the governors began to go over to the side of False Dmitry, and Moscow also went over, where he solemnly entered on June 20, 1605 and was crowned king on June 30, 1605.
It turned out to be easier to achieve access to the throne than to stay on it. The support of the people, it seemed, was supposed to strengthen his position on the throne. However, the situation in the country turned out to be so difficult that, with all his abilities and good intentions, the new king was unable to resolve the tangle of contradictions.
Refusing to fulfill promises made to the Polish king and catholic church, he lost the support of external forces. The clergy and boyars were alarmed by his simplicity and elements of “Westernism” in his views and behavior. As a result, the impostor never found support in the political elite of Russian society.
In addition, in the spring of 1606, he announced a call for service and began to prepare for a campaign against the Crimea, which caused discontent among many service people. The position of the lower classes of society did not improve: serfdom and heavy taxes remained. Soon everyone was dissatisfied with the rule of False Dmitry: peasants, feudal lords and the Orthodox clergy.
The boyar conspiracy and the uprising of Muscovites on May 17, 1606, dissatisfied with the direction of his policy, swept him from the throne. False Dmitry and some of his associates were killed. Two days later, the tsar “shouted out” the boyar Vasily Shuisky, who gave the cross-kissing record to rule with the Boyar Duma, not to impose disgrace and not to execute without trial. Shuisky's accession to the throne served as a signal of general unrest.
Thus, during the Time of Troubles, 3 main periods are distinguished:
Dynastic;
Social;
National.
In this paragraph, we examined the first stage of the turmoil, which is characterized, first of all, by the “death” of the old dynasty of kings and the impossibility of choosing a new ruler based on the principle of patrimonial inheritance of the throne. In this regard, dissatisfaction with the ruler begins to grow among all segments of the population, supported by crises in many sectors of the state. Which leads to the change of one king to another, but this does not solve the main problems and then the turmoil continues to flare up with even greater force.
Time of Troubles - Chronology of events
The chronology of events helps to better understand how events unfolded during a historical period. The chronology of troubled times presented in the article will help students better write an essay or prepare for a report, and teachers will choose key events that are worth talking about in class.
The Time of Troubles is a designation for the period in Russian history from 1598 to 1613. This period was marked by natural disasters, Polish-Swedish intervention, and a severe political, economic, government and social crisis.
Chronology of events of the Time of Troubles
The threshold of troubled times
1565-1572 - oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible. The beginning of a systemic political and economic crisis in Russia.
1569 - Union of Lublin between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Formation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1581 - murder of Ivan Ivanovich's eldest son in a fit of rage by Ivan the Terrible.
1584, March 18 - death of Ivan the Terrible while playing chess, accession to the throne of Fyodor Ivanovich.
1596. October - Schism in the church. The cathedral in Brest, which split into two cathedrals: Uniate and Orthodox. The Kiev Metropolis was divided in two - those faithful to Orthodoxy and the Uniates.
December 15, 1596 - Royal universal to the Orthodox with support for the decisions of the Uniate Council, with a ban on obeying the clergy loyal to Orthodoxy, an order to accept the union (in violation of the law on freedom of religion in Poland). The beginning of open persecution of Orthodoxy in Lithuania and Poland.
The beginning of troubled times
1598 - the death of Fyodor Ivanovich, the end of the Rurik dynasty, the election of boyar Boris Fedorovich Godunov, the brother-in-law of the late tsar, as king at the Zemsky Sobor.
January 01, 1598. Death of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich, end of the Rurik dynasty. The rumor that Tsarevich Dimitri is alive is spreading in Moscow for the first time
February 22, 1598. Boris Godunov’s agreement to accept the royal crown after much persuasion and the threat of Patriarch Job to excommunicate from the Church for disobedience to the decision of the Zemsky Sobor.
1600 Bishop Ignatius the Greek becomes the representative of the Ecumenical Patriarch in Moscow.
1601 Great famine in Rus'.
Two spread contradictory friends a friend hears: the first is that Tsarevich Dimitri was killed on the orders of Godunov, the second is about his “miraculous salvation.” Both rumors were taken seriously, despite the contradiction, they spread and provided the anti-Godunov forces with support among the “masses.”
Impostor
1602 Escape to Lithuania by Hierodeacon of the Chudov Monastery Grigory Otrepiev. the appearance in Lithuania of the first impostor, posing as the miraculously escaped Tsarevich Dmitry.
1603 - Ignatius the Greek becomes Archbishop of Ryazan.
1604 - False Demetrius I, in a letter to Pope Clement VIII, promises to distribute Catholic faith in Russia.
April 13, 1605 - Death of Tsar Boris Feodorovich Godunov. The oath of Muscovites to Tsarina Maria Grigorievna, Tsar Feodor Borisovich and Princess Ksenia Borisovna.
June 03, 1605 - Public murder on the fiftieth day of the reign of sixteen-year-old Tsar Feodor Borisovich Godunov by princes Vasily Vas. Golitsyn and Vasily Mosalsky, Mikhail Molchanov, Sherefedinov and three archers.
June 20, 1605 - False Dmitry I in Moscow; A few days later he appoints Ignatius the Greek as patriarch.
Tushino camp
May 17, 1606 - Conspiracy led by Prince. Vasily Shuisky, uprising in Moscow against False Dmitry I, deposition and death of False Dmitry I.
1606-1610 - reign of the “boyar tsar” Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky.
June 03, 1606 - Transfer of relics and canonization of St. Righteous Tsarevich Dimitry of Uglich.
1606-1607 - uprising under the leadership of the “voivode of Tsar Dmitry” Ivan Bolotnikov.
February 14, 1607 - Arrival in Moscow by royal command and at the request of Patriarch Hermogenes, the “former” Patriarch Job.
February 16, 1607 - “Letter of Permission” - a conciliar ruling on the innocence of Boris Godunov in the death of Tsarevich Dimitry of Uglich, o legal rights the Godunov dynasty and the guilt of the Moscow people in the murder of Tsar Feodor and Tsarina Maria Godunov.
February 20, 1607 - Reading of the petition of the people and the “letter of permission” in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin in the presence of Sts. Patriarchs Job and Hermogenes.
1608 - False Dmitry II's campaign against Moscow: the impostor besieged the capital for 21 months.
The beginning of the Russian-Polish war, the Seven Boyars
1609 - agreement between Vasily Shuisky and Sweden on military assistance, open intervention of the Polish king Sigismund III in Russian affairs, siege of Smolensk.
1610 - murder of False Dmitry II, mysterious death the talented commander Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky, defeat by the Polish-Lithuanian troops near Klushino, the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky from the throne and his tonsure as a monk.
1610, August - the entry of Hetman Zholkiewski's troops into Moscow, the calling of Prince Vladislav to the Russian throne.
Militia
1611 - creation of the First Militia by the Ryazan nobleman Prokopiy Lyapunov, unsuccessful attempt liberate Moscow, capture Novgorod by the Swedes and Smolensk by the Poles.
1611, autumn - creation of the Second Militia led by Nizhny Novgorod Posad elder Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky.
1612, spring - The second militia moved to Yaroslavl, the creation of the “Council of All Land”.
1612, summer - connection of the Second and the remnants of the First militia near Moscow.
1612, August - reflection of Hetman Khodkiewicz’s attempt to break through to the Polish-Lithuanian garrison besieged in the Kremlin.
1612, end of October - liberation of Moscow from the invaders.
Election of the Tsar
1613 – The Zemsky Sobor elects Mikhail Romanov as Tsar (February 21). Mikhail's arrival from Kostroma to Moscow (May 2) and his royal crowning (May 11).
The defeat of Zarutsky and Marina Mnishek near Voronezh.
Troubles – Civil War, in which various social strata came out in support of their contenders for the throne.
Causes of the Troubles:
1.dynastic: the suppression of the Rurik dynasty reduced the authority of the tsarist government and intensified the political struggle (there were many who wanted to become king, and the memory of the previous dynasty gave rise to many impostors);
2.political: the oprichnina disrupted the system of relationships in the ranks political elite(nomination of B.F. Godunov, who was not very noble and did not have sufficient authority among the boyars);
3. socio-economic: the consequences of the economic ruin of the last third of the 16th century were not overcome, the famine of 1601-1603 was perceived by the people as punishment for the sins of the king. Social relations have worsened: the crisis of the local system (there are more and more nobles, but they have less and less land with the peasants) and the enslavement of the peasants (they fled to the Cossacks, the main participants in the Troubles);
4. foreign policy: the intervention of Poland and Sweden (intervention) contributed to the development and prolongation of the internal crisis.
Stages
1. 1598-1605. The key figure is Boris Godunov. By decision of the Zemsky Sobor, he was elected to the royal throne in 1598. He was known as a cruel politician, was a guardsman, and had an extraordinary mind. With his active participation, the patriarchate was established in Moscow in 1598. He dramatically changed the nature of the internal and foreign policy states (development of the southern outskirts, development of Siberia, return of western lands, truce with Poland). Consequently, there is a rise in the economy and an intensification of the political struggle. In 1601-1603, the harvest failed, famine and food riots began. During this period, the first False Dmitry appeared on the territory of Poland, received the support of the Polish gentry and entered Russian land in 1604. In April 1605, Godunov died unexpectedly. In June, False Dmitry I entered Moscow. 11 months later, in 1606, he was killed as a result of a conspiracy.
2. 1606-1610. This stage is associated with Vasily Shuisky, the first “boyar tsar”. He ascended the throne immediately after the death of False Dmitry 1 by decision of Red Square, giving a cross-kissing record about his good attitude towards the boyars. On the throne he faced many problems (Bolotnikov's uprising, LD2, Polish troops, the collapse of the SU, famine). Shuisky managed to solve only part of the problems. In 1610, Polish troops defeated Shuisky's troops and he was overthrown from the throne and the regime of the seven-boyars was established; the boyars wanted to invite the Polish prince Vladislav to the throne, guaranteeing the inviolability of the faith and the boyars, and also for him to change his faith. The church protested this, and there was no answer from Poland.
3. 1611-1613. Patriarch Hermogenes in 1611 initiated the creation of a zemstvo militia near Ryazan. In March it besieged Moscow and failed due to internal divisions. The second was created in the fall, in Novgorod. It was headed by K. Minin and D. Pozharsky. The money raised was not sufficient to support the militia, but not small. The militia called themselves free people, headed by the zemstvo council and temporary orders. On October 26, 1612, the militia managed to take the Moscow Kremlin. By decision of the boyar duma, it was dissolved.
Results
1. The total number of deaths is equal to one third of the population.
2. Economic catastrophe, the financial system and transport communications have been destroyed, vast territories have been taken out of agricultural circulation.
3. Territorial losses (Chernigov land, Smolensk land, Novgorod-Seversk land, Baltic territories).
4. Weakening of domestic merchants and entrepreneurs and strengthening of foreign merchants.
5. The emergence of a new royal dynasty on February 7, 1613 Zemsky Sobor elected 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov. The first representatives of the dynasty (M.F. Romanov - 1613-1645, A.M. Romanov - 1645-1676, F.A. Romanov - 1676-1682). They had to solve 3 main problems - restoring the unity of the territories, restoring the state mechanism and economy.