What does a sentence consist of in Russian? Composition of a complex and simple sentence.

Sentences are formed from words and phrases. You can use sentences to express your thoughts and feelings. All words in a sentence are related both in meaning and grammatically. Grammar basis constitute the main members of the sentence. This grammatical basis a sentence may consist of a subject and a predicate (or only a subject or a predicate). The remaining members of the sentence are secondary.

The stars lit up in the sky. (stars are the subject, lit up is the predicate)
It's getting dark. (it’s getting dark – predicate)
Wonderful day! (day – subject)
At the end of sentences there is a period, exclamation or question mark. The sentence is also characterized by the intonation of completeness.

According to the purpose of the statement there are offers three types:
- narrative (the sentence tells about something)
The sky was already breathing in autumn. (A.S. Pushkin)
-interrogative (the sentence contains a question)
Why are you, my old lady, silent at the window? (A.S. Pushkin)
- incentive (the sentence expresses an incentive to action, a request, an order)
Tell us about your favorite writer.

In an exclamatory sentence an exclamation mark is used if the sentence is pronounced with strong feeling(joy, sadness, surprise, etc.)
What a great way to relax during the holidays! (declarative sentence, exclamatory)
Come early! (motivating sentence, exclamatory)
Who broke the chair?! (interrogative, exclamatory sentence)

According to their structure, sentences are divided into: simple and complex
A simple sentence has one grammatical basis.
The sun illuminated the room.
A complex sentence contains several grammatical basics.
The sun illuminated the room and I woke up.

Simple sentence:
-two-part (two main members)
The sun illuminated the room.
-single-member (one main member)
It's getting dark.
- widespread (there are minor members)
Children are playing happily everywhere.
-unextended (no minor members)
Kids are playing.
-complete (no missing major or minor members)
Children are playing happily everywhere.
-incomplete (major or minor members are missing)
There are children everywhere.
-complicated (there are homogeneous, isolated members of the sentence, introductory words, addresses)
Everywhere, in the playgrounds and meadows, children are playing happily.
- not complicated (there are no homogeneous, isolated parts of the sentence, introductory words, addresses)
Children are playing happily everywhere.

Plan general structure simple sentence
1. Two-part – one-part (type of one-part);
2. Uncommon – widespread;
3. Complete – incomplete (indicate which member is omitted);
4. Uncomplicated - complicated (indicate what is complicated - homogeneous, isolated members, introductory words, appeal).

There are different types of syntactic units in . They can be divided into groups according to different criteria: according to the purpose of the statement, according to the features of the grammatical basis, according to intonation, according to structure. The Russian language has a whole section that studies this construction as a unit of text. This section is called "". Let's consider what types of sentences exist in the Russian language.

In contact with

Division into groups

Let's look at what sentences there are based on the purpose of the statement:

Declarative sentences are sentences that end with a period. Declarative sentences tell about an event. Examples can be given from any text describing certain events.

There should be an exclamation mark at the end of the exclamation point. It is used to express anger, surprise and other strong feelings.

An interrogative always ends with a question mark. It is used in cases where a person wants to ask about something, make inquiries, or clarify information.

Attention! In Russian, unlike some other European languages ​​(for example, from), you can turn a narrative statement into an interrogative one (and vice versa) without changing the word order. For example: “Masha is a student” and “Masha is a student?” In the first case, this is a statement of fact, in the second case, it is an expression of uncertainty, a desire to clarify the accuracy of the information.

Division into groups according to emotional coloring

According to the emotional coloring of sentences there are exclamation and non-exclamation.

Exclamation:

• Aren `t you ashamed!
• Shame on the losers and lazy people!
• Look how quiet it is around! Grace!

Exclamatory sentences, as can be seen from the examples, express different meanings, from contempt to admiration.

Non-exclamation:

• My mother is a teacher.
• There are many interesting places in my hometown.
• When I grow up, I will be a mechanic.

In order to understand what non-exclamatory statements are, any examples of them can be read aloud. The intonation will be even and calm. If there is an exclamation mark at the end of a written statement, the intonation, on the contrary, will be uneven and rising.

Sentences vary in intonation. This applies not only to Russian, but also to all other languages ​​of the world. In Russian, according to the intonation of sentences, there are emotionally charged or emotionally neutral.

Sentences in written speech that have a pronounced emotional connotation have an exclamation mark at the end. Statements in oral speech characterized by emotions are pronounced with a raised voice at the end of the phrase.

Attention! If there is an exclamation mark at the end of a phrase, this phrase must be read out loud very expressively. This is especially true for reading poetry. If you pronounce such phrases evenly, in a calm voice, the meaning of the statement and its expressiveness are often lost.

Classification according to the features of the grammatical basis

Based on the presence or absence of components of the grammatical basis, sentences are divided into one-piece and two-piece. A one-component sentence has only a predicate or subject. A two-part sentence has both a subject and a predicate. Characteristics of constructions based on the characteristics of the grammatical basis occupies an important place in the school course of the modern Russian language.

Based on the complete or partial presence of a grammatical basis, complete thoughts in written form can be one-part or two-part. Here are examples of a typical incomplete one-part sentence:

• It's getting light.
• It's getting colder.
• I came, I saw, I conquered.

Here are examples of two-part complete ones:

• The embroiderer has finished her needlework.
• Santa Claus came to the school Christmas tree.
• Grandmother milked the cow and went to rest.

Classification of sentences

Classification by the number of grammatical stems

What groups are these syntactic units divided into based on the number of grammatical stems? For two – simple and complex. You can determine what type a statement belongs to by the presence of one or more stems. When it comes to simple and complex sentences, you can simple examples study important rule punctuation. It is given below.

Simple sentences

Attention! All grammatical bases included in the composition are separated by a comma. There may be an alliance between them, but it may not be. For example: “The sun set, and the animals in the barn fell asleep” or “It was drizzling, a boy in galoshes splashed through the puddles.”

A simple sentence is a written statement that has only one grammatical stem. Here are typical examples:

• I went to distant lands.
• My uncle works as a tractor driver on a collective farm.
• The cat can jump and scream loudly.

The main signs of complexity: presence of several grammatical bases, the use of conjunctions (although there may not be any), dividing statements into logical parts using commas. Examples:

• My brother taught lessons and I played the piano.
• Mom sang a song and the children sang along with her.
• Morning came, the grandmother took her grandson to kindergarten.

Types of complex sentences

A complex sentence can consist of several parts connected to each other by a coordinating or subordinating connection. What groups can they be divided into? complex designs? On complex and compound. Here are typical examples:

• I live in a house that is located under the mountain (subordinate connection).
• I will go where no one knows me (subordinate connection).
• The snowflakes are spinning and the new year is coming (coordinating conjunction).
• I was sitting at home, my mother was sleeping (coordinating non-union connection).

Sentence, its grammatical basis

Different types of complex sentences

Conclusion

Characteristics of the proposal - one of the most complex issues in modern Russian language. This problem is actively studied by modern linguists, and is also discussed in the Russian language course for students in grades 5–9. secondary schools. According to various criteria in modern Russian they are divided into different groups. A detailed description of this syntactic unit helps to better understand the essence of the statement, as well as to understand the rules of punctuation.

As you know, according to the structure of sentences, sentences are divided into simple and complex. A simple sentence has one predicative unit, consisting of either one or two main members of the sentence. For example: The morning was fresh and beautiful (L.); In the afternoon she began to be thirsty (L.); Shchukar’s eyes grew increasingly dark (Shol.). A complex sentence consists of two or more predicative units, combined in meaning and grammatically. Each part of a complex sentence thus has its own grammatical basis. Thus, the sentence The boy peered into familiar places, and the hated chaise ran past and left everything behind (Ch.) consists of two parts, each of which has its own grammatical basis, consisting of a subject and a predicate.
Our task is to consider general issues simple sentence.
Simple sentences in Russian are very diverse in structure and semantics. Differences in structure are associated with the structure of the predicative basis, with the ratio of main and secondary members, their presence and absence.
In accordance with these characteristics, they distinguish:
1. Separable and indivisible simple sentences.
2. Two-part and one-part sentences.
3. Uncommon and common.
4. Complete and incomplete.

1. Separable and indivisible simple sentences. Types of indivisible sentences.
2. Types of divisible simple sentences: two-part and one-part.
3. The main members of two-part sentences: subject and predicate; meaning and ways of expression.
4. Types of simple sentences based on the presence of minor members: unextended and common. Secondary members of the sentence: types of determinants (adverbial and subject-object) and types of conventional secondary members of the sentence (definition, application, addition, circumstance); meaning and ways of expression.
5. Complete and incomplete sentences. Question about elliptic sentences.

1. Separable and indivisible simple sentences. Types of indivisible sentences.

The basis of the articulation of a sentence is the possibility of identifying in its structure the main and secondary members of the sentence as its structural and semantic components. In articulated sentences, either a subject and a predicate are distinguished, correlated with the subject and predicate in a two-part sentence, or only a predicate, correlated with the main member of a one-part sentence. For example: The autumn forest is like a fairy tale! Amazing! Accordingly, in indivisible sentences there is no division into sentence members. Therefore, they are not characterized by composition, structural type (presence of a structural diagram), prevalence/non-prevalence, etc. For example: Ah! Yes Yes!

Indivisible sentences consist either of one word, hence the traditional name “word-sentences,” or of combinations of particles, modal words and interjections.
Among the indivisible sentences, there are affirmative ones like Yes, Of course, negative ones like No, What else, and interrogative ones: Really? Really?, incentives: Come on, Get out! Well! Shh!, emotional-evaluative: Hurray! Alas! Eh-eh!
Among the indivisible words-sentences there are a large number of so-called etiquette words such as Thank you, Please, Goodbye, etc., which some scientists consider as part of interjections. Sentence words are used in dialogical speech. They are characteristic only of spoken language.

Are you sleeping now?
“No,” answered the guest (Ch.). Or

Take your places. It's time. Is the moon rising?
- Exactly like that (Ch.).
- But it must be quite embarrassing if they refuse.
- Still would! (G.).

Indivisible sentences should be distinguished from some one-part and incomplete sentences. To do this, you need to be attentive to the context. For example:
- Get out! Go away! (T.). Here the 2nd sentence is one-part, in which the role of the main member (equivalent to the predicate) is played by an interjection (it is used in the meaning “go away!”), in which there is a spreading member - an adverbial place. And the 1st sentence is syncretic in nature. In an isolated form for the purpose of expression, this is an incentive simple sentence, inseparable in structure, expressed by the interjection out. However, in this context, supported by the construction Get out of here!, the sentence being analyzed can be characterized as one-part, in which the position of the main member is occupied by the interjection out in the function of the predicate.

2. Types of divisible simple sentences: two-part and one-part.

Among articulated simple sentences, based on the presence of main members, two-part and one-part sentences are distinguished. In two-part sentences, the grammatical (predicative) basis consists of both main members - subject and predicate, in one-part sentences - only one.
Let's consider the issue of one-part sentences.
One-part sentences are those in which the composition of only one main member is verbally represented. This main member acts in a completely independent position and is the predicative basis of the sentence: I’m walking along the road. Autumn.
According to the method of expressing the main member, one-part sentences are divided into verbal and nominal. In many university manuals and in old school textbooks, verbs are monosyllabic. sentence are called predicate (subjectless), and nominal - subject (unpredictable). However, there is another approach. Some scientists (authors of academic grammar, Valgina N.S., Lekant P.A., etc.) believe that the main member of one-part sentences is neither the subject nor the predicate, since it combines the functions of the two main members of the sentence. This is the first problem that has not been fully resolved.
The second concerns the classification of one-part sentences. They are different in educational and scientific literature. In school grammars there are four types of one-part sentences (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal, denominative), in university grammars - from six to eight. However, almost all researchers consider definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal, infinitive, nominative. Genitive and vocative are not highlighted by all authors, and in some textbooks they are included in nominative or incomplete sentences. Let us briefly consider each of the types of one-part sentences, which can be combined into two groups depending on the morphological nature of the main member - verbal and substantive. Definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal, and infinitive sentences are considered as part of verbs. The substantives include nominative and genitive.
Definitely personal sentences are one-part sentences in which the main member indicates a specific character and is expressed in the personal form of the verb. Example: I love thunderstorms at the beginning of May (Fet) - here is the form of the main story. indicates a specific person - the speaker himself. The main members are defined-personal. sentence most often expressed hl. 1l. and 2l. units or plural present or bud. time, as well as ch. pov onc., e.g.: I’m walking along the road. We sit, think, write. Don't cool your heart, son! Such one-part sentences are synonymous with two-part sentences: I’m walking along the road - I’m walking along the road. Used in formal speech, in business style and in casual style. literature.

Indefinite-personal sentences are those one-part sentences in which the action expressed by the forms of the predicate refers to an indefinite person. Example: There is a knock on the door (someone unidentified). The main member is most often expressed in the form of 3 l. pl. hours present or bud. time, ch. pl. part last time, ch. in conjunctive inclination. For example: They are waiting for you in the audience. They gave you a book (they will give it to you). If they had asked me, I would have answered yes.

Generalized-personal sentences are those in which the action of the predicate verb is addressed to a generalized person, i.e. to anyone. Nr: What you sow, so shall you reap (who sows? - anyone and everyone: you, and I, and he, - everyone). Main the penis is most often expressed in the form of 2 l. or 3 l. units present or bud. tense, as well as verb. pov ncl., for example: If you like to ride, you also like to carry a sled. They are used primarily in folk poetic speech: proverbs, sayings, riddles, sayings, where it is expressed folk wisdom in the form of truths.

Impersonal sentences are those one-part sentences in which the main member denotes an action or state that exists independently of the idea of ​​the person, for example: It was already dawn. It was frosty and clear. IN impersonal sentences are called natural phenomena (frost), physical and mental states person (I'm bored), the state of the environment, assessment of the situation (It's cold. I think well on the steppe roads), modal relations (I wanted to eat), etc. The predicate in the impersonal. sentence is expressed impersonal verb(It’s getting light), a personal verb in an impersonal meaning (There was a knock in the attic), words of the state category (It’s so good all around!), a short passive participle past time (Decided to go on an excursion), with a negative word (No peace). Most often used in bad times. lit. (accuracy, conciseness).

Infinitives are those sentences in which the main member is expressed by an independent infinitive and denotes a necessary, inevitable or desirable action, for example: You should start! They differ from impersonal ones in that they are impersonal. the infinitive is dependent, and in infinitives it is independent: Should I tell you about this? - inf. and should you (should) talk about it? - impersonal

In the second group of one-part substantive sentences, nominative ones are distinguished, in which the main member is expressed in the nominative case of the name and denotes the existence of objects, phenomena, states, for example: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy (Block). The main member combines the meaning of the subject and its existence. Distinguish following types sentences: nominative existential: Night. Street:; nominative demonstrative: There's an asterisk: nominative emotional-evaluative: What a neck! What eyes! (Krylov).
They are not nominative sentences. the following designs:
1. Im. case in the role of a simple name: “The Master and Margarita”, Supermarket - the so-called proper-nominal constructions.
2. Nominative representation, or im. topics, which names the topic of the subsequent message: Desires: What good is in vain and eternally wishing (Lermontov).
3. Nominative naming: Fomka - that was my name hunting dog(Sokolov-Mikitov).
4. Postpositive nominatives (colloquial speech): He looked smart even in hospital clothes - commander.
Genitive sentences are those in which ch. member is expressed by the independent gender case of the noun. with value quantities: People! Colors! Laughter! Not a speck! Not a crumb! Field of use: colloquial speech.
Vocative sentences are those that coincide in form with addresses. But if addresses only name the person to whom speech is addressed, then the structural center of vocative sentences is a noun (or pronoun) in the nominative case, which not only names a person (object), but also expresses a call, request, reproach, joy, etc. shades: - Take this Kant and for such evidence for three years in Solovki! - Ivan Nikolaevich plumped completely unexpectedly.
- Ivan! - Berlioz whispered, embarrassed (M. Bulg. “The Master and Margarita”). Vocative sentence Ivan! does not have the meaning of address, but expresses reproach and encouragement to stop the action.

3. The main members of two-part sentences: subject and predicate; meaning and ways of expression.

A two-part sentence is a sentence that has two grammatical compositions: the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate. The composition of the subject is the subject with or without dependent words related to it; the composition of the predicate is the predicate with or without words related to it. In the sentence Lilies of the valley and roses melted in pearl foam (T.), the composition of the subject - lilies of the valley and roses, the composition of the predicate - melted in pearl foam. The subject and predicate, therefore, are the organizing centers of a two-part sentence. The secondary members of the sentence are grouped around them.

The subject is an absolutely independent main member of a two-part sentence, expressed by the nominative case of a name or the indefinite form of a verb, which in the first case denotes the object that produces the action, and in the second case, an independent action, the characteristics of which are expressed by the predicate. This means that two types of subject are distinguished: nominative and infinitive. And there are a great many specific implementations of these two types of subject: from one-word to predicative, from morphologized to non-morphologized. The subject in the structure of a sentence is identified using the following semantic and logical questions: who or what is the sentence talking about?; what is the subject of speech
The most common form of expressing the subject is it. pad. noun name The subject meaning of a noun and the independent nominative case are most suitable for performing the function of the subject as an independent member in a sentence, denoting the subject of the statement. For example: The horses walked at a pace and soon became (P.). To express the subject, local nouns are also widely used: a) personal pronouns: He barely deigned the poor girl with a cursory and indifferent glance (T.); b) interrogative: Who gallops, who rushes under the cold haze? (Zhuk), etc.
Any substantivized part of speech can act as the subject, for example: The well-fed does not understand the hungry (last); Those around were silent (Furm.). A loud howl echoed through the forest. The subject can be expressed by a numeral, for example: Fifteen is an odd number; Seven do not wait for one (linear)
Indeterminate form a verb that performs the function of naming an action-state can also act as a subject, for example: This is a wonderful activity - catching bullfinches (M. G.) (cf.: Catching bullfinches is a wonderful activity). This role is played by the so-called independent infinitive, i.e. an infinitive that is independent of other members of the sentence. Compare: 1. Walking in the mountains at night is dangerous (the sentence is intonationally divided into two parts, a pause is made before the dangerous predicate; this is a two-part sentence, the subject in it is expressed by an infinitive). 2. It is dangerous to walk in the mountains at night (with the changed word order, the infinitive has become dependent and forms part of a complex predicate; it is dangerous to walk in a one-part impersonal sentence).
The indefinite form of the auxiliary verb may have a controlled word closely related to it in meaning, and then the entire combination acts as a compound subject, for example: Becoming a teacher is his childhood dream.
The role of the subject can be phrases that are integral in meaning, lexically or syntactically indecomposable. These include:

1. Composite geographical names (Northern Arctic Ocean, South America); names of institutions (Ministry of Health, National Bank); stable combinations of words ( Railway, Agriculture, Red Ribes); so-called winged words (Achilles' heel, Procrustean bed, Sisyphus's work, filk's letter).
2. A combination of a noun that has a quantitative meaning (majority, minority, row, part, etc.) with a noun (or pronoun) in the genitive case, for example: A lot of people have already gathered in the prince’s sakla (L.).
3. A combination of a numeral (definite-quantitative, collective, indefinite-quantitative) or pronominal words how many, several, as many with a noun in the genitive case. In these cases, the subject forms the so-called quantitative-nominal combination (countable turnover). For example: The apartment contained only two pianos, a violin and a cello (Fed.); One day about ten of our officers dined at Silvio (P.) (the subject is expressed by the combination ten officers, since the meaning of the statement is that ten officers dined, and the word man in this combination is used with a weakened lexical meaning).
4. When indicating an approximate quantity using the words more, less, over, about, up to, etc. the subject is expressed by a phrase that does not include the nominative case, for example: About six hundred Arnauts scattered throughout Bessarabia... (P.)
5. A combination of an adjective, or numeral, or pronoun in the nominative case and a noun. (or pronouns) in the genitive case with the preposition from, for example: The best of the students could not solve this problem.
6. Combination of indefinite places. with him adj. No.: Something familiar is heard in the long songs of the coachman... (P).
7. A combination of a noun (or personal pronoun) in the nominative case and a noun in the instrumental case with the preposition s (such as “brother and sister”), for example: Grandfather and mother walked ahead of everyone (M. G.)

The predicate is the main member of a two-part sentence, grammatically dependent on the subject and denoting a predicative feature of the subject that is expressed by the subject. For example: The crunch of snow was heard near the house (A.N.T.) The predicate denotes various predicative features attributed to the object that is named as the subject (as opposed to the attributive features that the definition expresses): action - The detachment approached the river (L. T. .); condition - She became his wife; he was happy (T.); property - Uneven glass windows cast colors of the rainbow (T.); quality - My thoughts on the road were not very pleasant (P.); quantity - So, nine forty is three hundred and sixty, right? (Letters), etc. This means that the predicate is both semantically and grammatically related to the subject. Grammatical connection is traditionally called agreement, or more precisely, coordination. Questions to the predicate: what have we learned about the subject of speech?; what is he like?
The predicative feature, expressed by the predicate, consists of two meanings: real, or lexical (according to school terminology), and grammatical. Real meaning is the specific name of the subject attribute, which is determined by the lexical meaning of the word or phrase. And the grammatical meaning of the predicate is the attribution of the attribute to the object and its modal-temporal assessment, which is expressed by the conjugated form of the verb or its absence: The days of late autumn are usually scolded; The autumn wind brings sadness (N.); A sad time - a charm of the eyes!
The classification of the predicate is based on P.A. Lecantu, there are ways of expressing real and grammatical meaning - synthetic (one word or a lexicalized combination of words) and analytical (separate expression of real and grammatical meanings). Therefore, a distinction is made between a simple predicate and a complex one.
A complex predicate consists of two components: the main one, expressing only the real meaning, and the auxiliary, expressing only the grammatical meaning.
According to the way of expressing the main component, a complex predicate can be a compound verbal if the real meaning is expressed by a full-valued infinitive, and a compound nominal if the real meaning is expressed by a name: Vladimir began to get very worried (P.); I began to weaken in health (L. T.); She continued to walk along the path with somewhat slow steps (T); The village where Evgeniy was bored was a lovely corner (P).
As a special type of predicate, a complex or polynomial predicate stands out, such as Everything around ceases to be interesting: (M.G.). However, in the doctrine of the predicate prof. P.A. Lekant has no place for this type as a special one: he operates with the concept of a complicated form, proving that both a simple and a compound predicate can be complicated.
In a modern school textbook for the 8th grade, a simple verbal predicate, a compound verbal predicate and a compound nominal predicate are distinguished. In this typology, a verb word is superfluous to name a simple predicate, because a simple predicate can only be a verb.
When characterizing the main members of a two-part sentence, the coordination of the forms of the predicate and subject is important for the culture of speech.
The verb predicate is coordinated with the subject, expressed by the personal pronoun, in person and number, and in the past tense of the indicative mood and in the subjunctive mood - in gender and number. For example: I remember wonderful moment(P.).
When the subject is expressed as a cardinal numeral or infinitive, the predicate is put in the 3rd person singular form, and in the past tense - in the neuter form, for example: Seven among players is called a poker... (Ch.);
With the subject - interrogative pronoun who, the predicate is put in the masculine form, regardless of whether a male or female person is meant, for example: Which of your friends was with you?
At relative pronoun that in the role of subject the predicate is put in the form plural, if the word replaced by the pronoun in the main part is in the plural, for example: The houses that rise on this avenue were built recently.
If the subject is expressed by an inflected compound word, then the choice of the predicate form is normal, for example: Our university has announced a new intake of students. In the absence of a grammatical form for a compound abbreviated word, the predicate chooses the form of the leading word of the combination that forms the compound name, i.e. is put in the form in which it would appear with the full name, for example: GUNO convened a meeting of school directors (cf. the city department of public education).
When the subject is expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination (such as ten students) or a combination of a collective noun with a quantitative meaning and the genitive case of the noun (such as most students), two forms of the predicate are possible: setting the predicate in the singular form and in the plural form. The plural form is usually used in cases where the subject denotes persons, and the predicate denotes the active action of these persons, for example: Eighty young specialists went to work in the periphery; With the subject - inanimate object- the predicate is usually put in the singular, for example: A row of tables stood in the middle of the room. The specific forms of predicates in these cases depend on a number of conditions, which include: the degree of remoteness of the predicate from the subject, the presence of an enumeration in the subject or predicate, word order, lexical meaning of the subject and predicate, etc.
When the subject is expressed by a combination of the nominative case and the instrumental case, which is preceded by the preposition s (such as brother and sister), the predicate is placed in the plural. number, for example: Grandfather and mother walked ahead of everyone (M. G.). Setting the predicate in singular form. the number indicates that the noun in the instrumental case acts as an object, for example: And the countess and her girls went behind the screens to finish their toilet (P.).

4. Types of simple sentences based on the presence of minor members: unextended and common. Secondary members of the sentence: types of determinants (adverbial and subject-object) and types of conventional secondary members of the sentence (definition, application, addition, circumstance); meaning and ways of expression.

The presence or absence of minor members leads to such a characteristic of simple sentences as prevalence - non-prevalence. For example: September has come (S.-M.). - unextended proposal, since there are no minor members of the sentence, but a sentence After the sultry summer, after the warm August days, golden autumn came (S.-M.). - widespread, since there are secondary members: the subject is widespread by definition, the predicate - by circumstances, in turn, by widespread definitions. The hierarchy of sentence members can be represented schematically:

Autumn has come
which? When?
golden after summer, after August days
which ones?
warm

The doctrine of the secondary members of a sentence is based on the doctrine of the phrase - its grammatical relations and grammatical connections.
When qualifying the members of a sentence by the nature of the connection with other members of the sentence, members of the sentence with one connection, with two (duplexives - L. Chesnokova) and with a weakened connection (determinants) are distinguished. According to the nature of semantics, a distinction is made between unambiguous and polysemantic, or syncretic, members of a sentence. Let's look at some difficult issues.
A double connection of minor members of a sentence is found when one word refers to two different main ones. Such a minor member of the sentence is polysemantic and is called a duplex. For example: in the sentence At the table she sits as a queen (P.), the word form queen refers to the subject pronoun she, answering the question what? and thus expressing the meaning of the definition, and also refers to the predicate verb sits, answering the question how? how? and expressing the meaning of the circumstance.
Secondary members of a sentence most often have a verbal connection. However, there are such minor members of the sentence - circumstances and additions that relate to the entire sentence, spreading it. Such members of the sentence are called determinants, or propagators of the sentence, and their connection with the entire predicative part is called free accession. Wed. determinant connection and conditional connection in the following sentences: A woodcutter’s ax was heard in the forest and We had a nice walk in the forest. The doctrine of determinants is under development.
Syntactic analysis of common sentences does not cause any particular difficulties. However, in cases where more words are used as subjects or predicates than usual, as well as when parsing incomplete and indivisible PPs, certain difficulties may arise. For example:
We've arrived better days in the year: (T.). The characteristics of this sentence according to the specified criterion depend on whether we include or do not include the form in the year in the subject. In our opinion, the grammatical basis of Better Days Are Coming, although informatively sufficient, has a different meaning, or rather, can be understood in different ways: both in the specific meaning that is realized in the sentence, and more broadly. We propose to consider the form in the year as part of the subject and qualify this sentence as unextended.
The human personality must be strong (T.) Here the word human is part of the subject, therefore the sentence is not widespread.
You imagine yourself to be advanced people, but all you have to do is sit in a Kalmyk tent! (T.) In the first predicative unit of this SSP, the subject is you, everything else is the predicate, since none of the four words can be excluded from its composition without significant damage to the meaning. The offer is not widespread.

Nikolai, I remember that in my father’s division there was a doctor named Bazarov.
- It seems there was (T.). The highlighted contextually incomplete sentence should be qualified as a two-part common one, because the complete implementation of its structural scheme, possible thanks to the context, has the form: It seems that there was a doctor in Father’s division, Bazarov.
Nikolai Petrovich was embarrassed.
“Hello, Fenechka,” he said through his teeth (T.). The selected indivisible, complicated sentence is not characterized according to the attribute under consideration.

5. Complete and incomplete sentences. Question about elliptic sentences.

All types of simple sentences, except indivisible ones, can be complete or incomplete. There are semantic and structural incompleteness. However, it cannot always be determined unambiguously. Therefore prof. L.D. Chesnokova proposes to use the concept of continuity to distinguish between complete and incomplete sentences syntactic connections and relationships, which creates a “chain of connections.” For example: One of us went north, to Far East- another.
Most scientists believe that the specificity of incomplete PP is revealed only against the background of complete ones. Therefore, the most effective (although quite criticized) is the well-known technique of “equalizing” incomplete PPs with complete ones. Incomplete PPs are most often found in dialogues, and their incompleteness in this type of speech is especially pronounced. For example:

What are you thanking him for? - Bezdomny inquired, blinking.
“For very important information...,” the foreign eccentric (M.B.) explained, raising his finger meaningfully.

Let’s “align” the selected sentence with the full PP:

For very important information... - I thank him for very important information.
This allows us to qualify the utterance in question as a structurally and semantically incomplete two-part sentence, in particular a dialogical incomplete PP, since in this replica the structural diagram of a two-part sentence is not implemented: the components N1Vf (subject and predicate) are omitted, as well as not included in the structural diagram, but closely component N2 associated with the predicate (its complement). Skipping such a number of sentence members does not impede understanding, because they are easily restored (in memory) from the previous replica (text). Outwardly, such constructions are often similar to interrupted utterances, but differ qualitatively from them in that what is missing in them has already been said before, exists in memory and can be easily verbalized in the form specific words- members of the sentence, if this is required in a speech situation or for the purposes of a linguistic experiment.
With contextually incomplete sentences, that is, with those whose incompleteness is determined by the context, the same experiment is possible, if necessary.
We have already noted that incomplete PPs are often very similar in appearance to one-part sentences. For example:
When everyone fell asleep, Dunno took paints and began to draw everyone. He drew the donut so thick that he didn’t even fit in the portrait (N.N). If we consider the highlighted predicative unit to be a simple sentence (and this, with a reservation, is acceptable), then we have a contextually incomplete sentence, the missing member is in the previous context - the subject Dunno.
It's evening on the river. It's getting chilly. I go down to the river and fill the pot (Matyushin).
They don’t die in the morning, they live and live in the morning (A.Ya. Yashin).
There are no subjects in the highlighted sentences, they are absent in the previous context (or there is no such context), these sentences are single-part (definitely personal and generalized personal) with the main member - the predicate, the form of which in the first construction indicates a specific person - the producer of the action (I go down:, fill), and in the second - to indefinite persons, and taking into account the semantics of the entire sentence - to any person (generalized subject of action: Everyone does not die in the morning,: live).
More complex cases include the recognition and qualification of situational incomplete sentences, in which the missing member is filled in by the situation. For example:

Roy.
In our small garden there are blue, pink and green hives.
- Look carefully! - I told Sasha. - Today a swarm is going to emerge from the blue hive.
I went to the well to get water and heard a loud cry:
- Grandfather! Quicker!
There was a noise above the hive, bees curled and circled in a club (S.-M.).

In the highlighted sentence, the predicate is suggested by the situation: walk or run. The sentence should be qualified as one-part incomplete, since its structural diagram is not implemented: there is no predicate, there is only a form adjacent to it rather.
Certain difficulties are also associated with the identification of elliptical sentences - incomplete only in structure, but semantically always sufficient. In such constructions there is no predicate, the restoration of which is not necessary, since the PP is clear, semantically complete and without a predicate. For example:
“I’ll come later, when he wakes up,” the voice continued. - I really want to ask him about balloon. What if he has a concussion? (N.N.)
The sentence should be qualified as elliptical, i.e. incomplete in structure, but complete in semantics. If an attempt is made to restore the predicate, then, as a rule, several options arise: it was, is, happened, happened, etc. The time plan is suggested by the context or situation.
Elliptic sentences should be distinguished from two-part complete sentences with a compound nominal predicate, consisting of a zero connective and a nominal part expressed by a noun with a preposition, as well as another name or nominal combination. For example:
The sky is without a single cloud (S.-M.). This proposal should be considered a two-part complete one, since the structural diagram is implemented here

N1 - N2 (Adv).
The subject is the sky, the predicate is a compound nominal: zero connective + nominal part - without a single cloud. The semantic structure of such constructions represents a characteristic of the subject according to external or internal characteristics. This also applies to proposals like Gazebo - in the snow.
Wed: Gazebo in the garden. The proposal, apparently, should be characterized as a two-part incomplete one, namely elliptical, since it does not implement the structural scheme N1Vf; the predicate is missing, and the sentence does not need to be restored. The semantic structure of this sentence represents a characteristic of the subject according to an inactive procedural state (presence, location).
However, there are frequent cases of syncretism of the described phenomena, when the boundary between elliptical and two-part complete sentences of the type described above is very unstable. For example:
Higher and higher above the forest is the sun (S.-M.).
In our opinion, this is a syncretic construction, since the sentence is quite correlated with two synonymous two-part PPs:

The sun rises higher and higher above the forest.
The sun is getting higher and higher above the forest.

However, it seems that there are more signs of an elliptical sentence in the original version: this is the preposition of forms higher and higher (in the two-part N1 N2 (Adv) the form Adv is more often in postposition), a more direct transformation into a synonymous two-part complete sentence (without changing the forms, with an insertion informative optional predicate with the meaning of movement).
Finally, incomplete sentences are used quite often, outwardly similar to one-part nominative ones. They are on the periphery of two-component ones, uniting with them by the possibility of restoring the missing predicate, but also getting closer to one-component ones in structure and, to some extent, in the nature of the thought expressed. For example:
1.Spring. Thaw. Children in the park. All sentences are one-part, nominative, complete.
2. The sun laughs and plays with its rays. And I don’t have the strength, looking at the sun, to restrain myself.
- Sun! Sun! Sun! - birds are singing.
- Sun! Sun! Sun! - flowers open (S.-M.).
3. Anna Vasilievna was killed, but she was much more crushed by her daughter’s departure than by her marriage. - Uvar Ivanovich played with his fingers.
“Mother,” he said, “well... and that: (T.).
To differentiate, we will again resort to the technique of “alignment” to full PP. The designs of the 1st row are not amenable to such transformation. Let's analyze the 2nd and 3rd examples:
Sun! - The sun rose (this verb is in the previous context) or rose, appeared, etc.
Mother... - She is a mother. (The missing subject is easily guessed, although there is no word in the context).
When analyzing, we characterize the last two sentences as contextually incomplete two-part sentences, having signs of syncretic constructions.

A sentence is a universal (i.e. present in all languages) phrasal category. The syntactic structure of a sentence is determined mainly by the grammatical properties of the words included in it, primarily by their combinability features. The combinability features of a word include its semantic and syntactic valences. The semantic valence of a word is the blank part (variable) of its semantic description; for example, the verb to chop has three valences - WHO (doer), WHAT (object of action application) and WHAT (tool) chops, the semantic valences of the verb to catch up - WHO (catching up) and WHOM (catching up). The syntactic valencies of a word form those linguistic units that can enter into a relationship of direct syntactic dependence with it. There are syntactic valencies that correspond to some semantic valence of a word (its actants), and syntactic valences that do not correspond to any semantic valency (circonstants). For example, in the sentence Now I want you to leave, because it is already late, the subject I and the complementary clause so that you leave are actants of the verb want, since they fill out parts of its semantic description (WHO wants WHAT), and the adverbial now and the clause of reason because it’s already late - these are circonstants, since they are not related to the lexical meaning of the verb want. It should, however, be borne in mind that the boundary between actants and circonstants is not always clearly visible.

According to the French syntaxist L. Tenier, a sentence is a “little drama” that includes an action (a situation denoted by a predicate), characters(actants) and circumstances (circonstants). In addition to the fact that each actant in each situation has some inherent role, there are also “roles” - certain standard semantic roles that appear in different situations. Such roles include the agent - the animate initiator of the action, controlling it (the boy runs; the boy breaks the table); patient - the participant who is more involved in the situation than others and undergoes the most significant changes in it (the boy falls; the father beats the boy); beneficiary - a participant in a situation whose interests are affected in it (I give a book to a boy; I praise the boy); experiencer - the bearer of an involuntary feeling or the recipient of information with verbs of perception (the boy sees; the boy likes); tool - an inanimate object with the help of which an action is carried out (writing with a pencil) and some others. The most important property predicate words (i.e. words for which it is natural to act as a predicate) is that among them there are almost no ones in which two actants would perform the same semantic role.

A sentence that contains at least one other sentence is called complex. The inclusion of sentences into each other can be done in two ways - composition and subordination. A sentence that is part of another sentence is called a non-independent sentence. In English grammatical terminology, to denote a non-independent sentence, there is a widely used term clause, which plays such a role in the conceptual apparatus of syntactic theory. important role, that in some concepts this concept is considered primary and it is through it that the very concept of a sentence is determined. Some authors try to compensate for the lack of an acceptable analogue of this term in the Russian-language conceptual system of syntactic theory by borrowing - the term “clause” (or “clause”) is obtained. A non-independent sentence that has a predicate in personal form is called a subordinate clause. Subordinate clauses can be unconjunct or, more often, introduced using subordinating conjunctions. Some subordinating conjunctions (that, as if, as, so that) are used mainly with sentential actants (expressed explanatory subordinate clauses), for example I think it’s late; There were rumors that he was selling the apartment; In Russian syntactic science, such sentences are called explanatory clauses. Other conjunctions (how, when, while, if) are used with sentential constants. Subordinate clause, acting as a definition of a noun, is called relative. It uses allied words that perform the functions of both a conjunction and a member of a sentence: This is the house in which I live; This skipper was that glorious skipper, by whom our land moved (A.S. Pushkin).

A non-independent sentence headed by an imfinite form of a verb is called a dependent clause. Such impersonal forms can be infinitives, gerunds, participles, verbal nouns, etc.

Different morphological forms words can have different syntactic valences. Voice constructions are sets (in particular, pairs, if there are only two voices in the language) of sentences that have the same basic meaning, but differ in which participant in the situation corresponds to which member of the sentence. Thus, in the active voice the agent corresponds to the subject, and in the passive (passive) it corresponds to the object, and the patient becomes the subject: Workers are building a house - The house is being built by workers.

In modern Russian, sentences are divided into various categories: 1) according to modality, that is, in relation to reality; 2) according to the purpose of the statement; 3) by structure; 4) according to the form of the predicate.

Affirmative and negative sentences

Affirmative sentences in Russian are poor in grammatical and structural forms of expression. The only formative detail of affirmative sentences is the particle “yes” or its lexical equivalents, which are not part of the structure of the sentence itself, but precede or complete it. Yes, yes, I despise your weakness, your tears,... Of course, I will go with you.

In negative sentences, the attribute of the subject of thought, that is, the predicate, is denied. She doesn’t like lies, she doesn’t understand. Today I was not in the theater. In these cases, the negation comes before the predicate. These are generally negative sentences. But the negation may not come before the predicate, but before some other member of the sentence. Such sentences are called partial negative.

The structural features of different types of negative sentences depend on different means of expressing negation. In modern Russian, the forms and indicators of negation are very different. When constructing negative sentences, the particles “not” and “neither” are most often used. The particle "ni" forms negative sentence when negating “not” before the predicate. Not a soul is visible on the street.

The negative word “no” is also a means of denial.

In modern Russian, sentences are used in which, although there is a negation, the sentence is affirmative in nature, even with a special intensifying property. In such affirmative sentences, the meaning in the particles “not” and “nor” is lost, and the entire statement takes on an intensifying connotation of affirmation. You can't not trust your grandmother. How not to happen - it happened.

Declarative sentences

The structure of a narrative sentence depends on its content and character. If the story is about the action or movement of an object, the predicate will be a verb. The bell rang, the sleigh began to sway, and the wind rang under the runners. If a declarative sentence describes a characteristic, then the predicate will be nominal. Quiet Ukrainian night.

Interrogative sentences

In Russian, the order of words in interrogative sentences plays only an auxiliary role in expressing the question, while in other languages ​​the interrogative nature of sentences is usually determined by the place of the predicate. In Russian, the preposition of the predicate does not determine the interrogative nature of a sentence if it does not have interrogative intonation.

There are two types of interrogative sentences:

) interrogative sentences in which interrogativeness is formalized, in addition to intonation, word order, by interrogative pronouns and pronominal adverbs; such sentences are called pronominal interrogative;

) interrogative sentences with a modal connotation, formed only by interrogative intonation and word order; Such sentences are called non-pronominal interrogatives.

Incentive offers

The structure of incentive offers is very diverse.

1. The morphologized form of the predicate incentive sentence is verbs in the form of the imperative mood of the 2nd person singular or plural. Leave her alone. Look to the right.

Incentive sentences can be formed with a predicate expressed by verbs in the 3rd person form; in a solemn speech the particle yes is added to the verb, and in a colloquial speech the particle let is added. Let the steel be strong. Let our heart not freeze, let our hand not tremble.

Sentences with a predicate expressed by verbs in the 1st person plural indicative form can have the meaning of an invitation with an invitation. Let's run to the bridge!

Incentive sentences are formed with a predicate, an expressed verb in the 2nd person present-future tense or in the past tense form. Go away!

Often, incentive sentences are formed with a predicate, an expressed infinitive. Take him to headquarters!

• 2. Incentive sentences are formed with a predicate, an expressed zero verb and a noun in the form of various cases. "Fire! Gas! Light! Into the gun!" - Dubov commanded.
• 3. In incentive sentences, the predicate can be expressed in the subjunctive mood. You would make peace with Vanya.

Incentive sentences are formed from zero verbs and adverbs. Into the alley, quickly!

Motivation can be enhanced by particles of incentive meaning. Come on, get up!

Incentive sentences can be formed from adverbs. Go away, go away, march! Half-hearted!

Exclamatory sentences

Exclamatory sentences are distinguished based on the principle of distinguishing intonation. Sentences of this type use various means expressions of emotional content: intonation, interjections and particles. What a woodsman he is!

One-part sentences

Definitely personal proposals

Definitely-personal sentences are one-part: the main member - the predicate - is expressed by a verb in a definite-personal form. The inexpressibility of the subject is a normal phenomenon in the structure of the sentence, since the verbal predicate of the most personal form of the verb indicates the person of the actor, suggests which subject could be used: in the form of personal pronouns I, we, you, you, or in the form of an objective noun, conceivable as a subject of speech.

Definitely personal sentences are formed in two ways: 1) with a predicate from a verb in the form of the indicative mood of the present and future tenses of the 1st and 2nd persons; 2) with a predicate in the form of the 2nd person of the imperative mood.

Vaguely personal proposals

Indefinite-personal sentences are single-component, subjectless sentences in which the bearer of the active feature is thought of as indefinite and therefore not named, and the person cannot be determined by the verbal predicate. The predicate in indefinite-personal sentences is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural form of the present, future or past tense. Indefinite-personal sentences are also formed from predicates - verbs in the form of the subjunctive mood. They would give me a plot of six acres not far from the car plant.

Generalized-personal proposals

Generalized personal sentences are one-part subjectless sentences with a verbal predicate, an expressed verb in the form of the 2nd person singular or 1st and 2nd person plural. Generalized personal sentences express an action that applies either to all people in general, or as an ordinary, repeated action. Crows are neither fried nor boiled.

Impersonal offers

One of the types of one-part subjectless sentences are impersonal sentences with one main member - the predicate, in the form of which the person is not expressed. In impersonal sentences, not only is the agent of the named action not expressed or designated, but he is not even thought of.

Nominative sentences

Nominative sentences (from the Latin nomen-name) are one-part sentences that have in their structure only one main member, expressed by a noun in the nominative case with a definition or phrases of the nominative and the genitive. Cold, snow, January. A trench, twenty-eight guardsmen, white rows of snowdrifts.

Predicate in Russian sentence

Simple verb predicate.

Expressed by any verb lexical meaning in various grammatical forms of person, tense and mood, as well as inconjugated forms of the verb.

She knows what she's talking about. Why are you silent?

Compound verb predicate

Formed from two constructive elements: from the form of a personal verb and the infinitive adjacent to it.

Now you have to go to the podium and answer something. She is not yet used to studying.

Compound nominal predicate.

Expressed by two in independent words- ligament and attachment member.

His lips were tightly compressed. Wheat fields are like the sea.

Comparison of simple sentence structures in German and Russian

As the analysis shows, the structure of a simple sentence in German and Russian has its own similarities and differences.

In particular, we find similarities in the following:

The presence of general negative and particular negative sentences: Ich frage nicht dich. - I'm not asking you. Wir lernen am Samatag nicht. - We don't study on Saturday

The presence of pronominal interrogative and non-pronominal interrogative sentences: Gehst du nach Hause? - Are you going home? Was schreibst du? - What are you writing?

In an incentive sentence, the predicate can be in the imperative, indicative or conditional mood: Hort zu! - Listen! Er soll zu mir kommen.- He must come to me. Man nehme diese Arznei 3 Mal am Tage. - Take this medicine 3 times a day.

Availability of nominative sentences: Ein Spätsommerabend Ende August.-Late summer evening at the end of August.

The presence of a simple verb, a complex verb and a complex nominal predicate: Wir lernen in der Schule.-We study at school. Sie ist Lehrerin.-She is a teacher. Wir gehn spazieren - We're going for a walk.

We will summarize the differences we have identified in the form of a comparative table.

Table 1 Comparative table of differences in simple sentence structures in German and Russian

Differences between the structure of a simple sentence in German and Russian can lead to errors during translation.