What are case questions? Techniques for determining case

There are six cases in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional.

What questions do cases answer?. Let's show this using the example of the declension of the word friend.

1. Nominative case (who? what?) - friend
2. Genitive case (no who? what?) - friend
3. Dative case (approached whom? what?) - to a friend
4. Accusative case (I see who? What?) - friend
5. Instrumental case (happy with whom? What?) - friend
6. Prepositional case (talked about whom? about what?) - about a friend

• As far as I know, currently in the Russian language there are a total of six cases, each of which answers certain questions. In particular, the nominative case answers the questions Who? and What?, the genitive case answers the questions Who? and What?, the dative case answers the questions To whom? and What?, the accusative case answers the questions Who? and What?, the instrumental case answers the questions By whom? and With what, as well as the prepositional case answers the questions About whom? and About whm?.

  

  Let's remember the 6 cases of the Russian language: nominative p-zh, genitive, dative p-zh, accusative p-zh, instrumental p-zh, prepositional p-zh.

  Each of the listed cases answers certain questions. For example, let us inflect the animate and inanimate nouns child and table.

  1. Nominative: Who? child What? table
  2. Genitive: whom? baby what? table
  3. Dative: to whom? to kid why? table
  4. Accusative: whom? baby What? table
  5. Instrumental: by whom? child how? table
  6. Prepositional: about whom? about the child about what? about the table

• There are 6 cases in the Russian language, each of which answers the questions:

  1- Nominative case (there is who what?)

  2- Genitive case(no who?/what?)

  3- Dative case (give to whom; to what?)

  4- Accusative case (I see who?/what?)

  5- Instrumental case (I create by whom?/what?)

  6- Prepositional case (I think About who about what?)

  In russian language cases answer the following questions:

  • nominative case - who? What?
  • genitive case - whom? what?
  • dative case - to whom? what?
  • accusative case - whom? What?
  • instrumental case - by whom? how?
  • prepositional case - about whom? about what?

• There are 6 cases in Russian, each of which answers a specific question:

  • Nominative- Who? What?
  • Genitive- whom? what?
  • Dative- to whom? what?
  • Accusative- whom? What?
  • Instrumental- by whom? how?
  • Prepositional- about whom? about what?

• Remember when, as children, remembering the colors of the rainbow, we learned the saying: Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits? Similarly, to quickly learn the names of cases in the Russian language, it is enough to memorize one slightly funny saying: Ivan gave birth to a girl, he ordered her to carry diapers.

  Since we have already memorized the first letters of the six cases, all that remains is to learn the questions and figure out the ending. Amazing auxiliary words will help us with this.

  So, let's go!

  Nominative ( There is who is each of us? what mom;

  Genitive ( at Who do we look to for advice in difficult times? what?) - from mom;

  Dative ( give LOVE to whom? what?) - mom;

  Accusative ( blame(blame) especially in childhood, who for our own mistakes? what?) - mother;

  Creative (I created by whom? what?) - mom;

  Prepositional (I think often O com? about what?) - about mom.

  

  

  Good afternoon, in the Russian language you can find six cases, each of which has two questions. Below is a photograph in which all six cases are indicated, and questions are also shown depending on the gender of a particular word.

  

  It is advisable to know the names of the cases and what questions they are asked, so I advise you to learn them by heart.

  There are only six cases in the Russian language; they need to be learned by heart as early as primary school, because you can’t do without them in Russian lessons.

  Nominative: who? What?

  Genitive: whom? what?

  Dative: to whom? what?

  Accusative: whom? What?

  Creative: by whom? how?

  Prepositional: about whom? about what?

  Cases in Russian answer to case and on semantic questions. Based on these questions, it is easier to determine the case in which the word is found in a sentence or phrase. Below are lists of most of these questions with examples.

  Cases.

  • Nominative. Who? - Human. What? - Carrot.
  • Genitive. Whom? - Deer. What? - Notebooks.
  • Dative. To whom? - Kotnku. Why? - Spring.
  • Accusative. Whom? - Ttu. What? - Winter.
  • Instrumental. By whom? - General. How? - A mop.
  • Prepositional. About whom? - About the soldier. Oh what? - About determination.

  Semantic.

  • Nominative. (has no such questions)
  • Genitive. Where? - Near the river. Where? - To the lake. Where? - From the steppe.
  • Dative. Where? - Through the meadows. Where? - To the water.
  • Accusative. Where? - For the house.
  • Instrumental. Where? - Behind the estate.
  • Prepositional. Where? - In the snow.

• In modern Russian language only six cases. Let's look at them using words as an example beauty(inanimate noun) and nightingale(animate noun) with stressed endings:

  nominative case who? Nightingale_, what? beauty- A

  genitive case there is no one? nightingale- I, what? beauty- s

  dative case I'm running to whom? nightingale Yu, for what? to beauty- e

  accusative case see who? nightingale- I, What? beauty- at

  instrumental case I admire whom? nightingale, what? beauty-oh

  prepositional case I think about whom? oh nightingale e, oh what? about beauty e.

  Animate nouns have the same genitive and accusative plural forms, while inanimate nouns have the same nominative and accusative plural forms. accusative case plural:

  no one?, see who? - nightingales;

  What? tables, see what? tables.

  In the great Russian language there is six cases, to determine which, each has its own grammatical questions:

  U nominative case - questions: who what?

  U genitive case - questions: who?, what?

  U dative case - questions: to whom; to what?

  U accusative case - questions: who?, what?

  U instrumental case - questions: by whom?, by what?

  U prepositional case - questions: About who about what?

  

  Cases, in the Russian language, are designed to fill in all possible variations in the declension of words in different contexts. That is, there are exactly as many of them as are needed so that every person can structure his speech in such a way that through it he can fully convey information to others.

How to distinguish the Nominative case from the Accusative case?

1. The nominative case differs from the accusative case in questions. Nominative case questions - who? What? For example: (who?) girl, (what?) ball.
   And questions of the accusative case - who? What? . For example: said (who? what?) a word, did (who? what?) work.
   To distinguish the accusative case from the nominative case, you can substitute the word see. I see (who? what?) a ball - this noun is in the accusative case.
   Also:
   1Nouns in these case forms perform different syntactic
   functions: in the nominative case the role of the subject, in the accusative
   additions.
   2Nouns in the nominative case are used without prepositions. In the accusative case there are prepositions in, on, for, through.
2. If you mean in a sentence, then the Accusative (in a sentence) differs from the Nominative in that: If the noun is the subject, then it is By Him. case, and if secondary. member then wine.
3. The nominative answers the questions who, what... and the accusative who, what
4. We need to ask two questions: who? What? - Nominative, (blame) WHO? What? - Accusative. Also WHO? what? - Genitive.
5. The nominative case answers the question who, what. For example: who? (fox)
   Accusative of whom, what. For example: I see who? (fox)
6. 
   
7. Ask two questions at once: who? what? - genitive; whom? What? - accusative.
   The word sister also helps. We put the word sister instead of the substantive, the case of which is difficult for us to determine, and, no matter how ridiculous the resulting sentence may look, but if SISTERS is inserted, the genitive case is used, if SISTER is the accusative case.
8. Them. -Who? what?, vin. -whom? What?
9. Who what? no prepositions, always the subject in the sentence
   Who, what? there may be prepositions, a minor member of the sentence.
10. When asking a question, the nominative case answers questions (who? what?), and the accusative case (whom? what?)
11. 
    
12. The nominative case answers the questions WHO? WHAT? (example: earth, fox, water, house...) And the accusative to the questions of Who? What? (land, fox, water, house)
13. Thank you very much for the information, otherwise I’ve already forgotten everything in 25 years!
14. The nominative case is always the subject,
    The accusative case is an addition (if without a preposition).

    To avoid mistakes, take a feminine word, for example, “book,” and in the sentence where you need to determine the case, replace the problematic word with “book.”

    Will you have it or who? What? - “book” (Nominative p.), or whom? What? "book" (Vinit. p.)

15. eminent case - questions who? What? accusative - questions of whom? What?
16. The first answers the questions Who? What?
    Second on Who? What???
17. A noun in the nominative case answers the question “Who?” or “What?”, in the accusative case it answers the question: “Who?”, “What?” (I see who, what?. I blame who, what?)
18. and how to distinguish?
19. In the nominative case there is most often a subject ( actor or the subject referred to in the sentence).

Cases of nouns.

It is difficult to imagine the Russian language without cases. They are the ones who help us speak, write and read correctly.
Total in Russian modern language There are six cases, each case has its own question and its own ending.
To make it more clear, we will look at each case separately, and also analyze what questions the cases answer.

Nominative case is the only case in Russian whose question is answered by the subject.

Genitive case determines affiliation, kinship and some other relationships.
Dative the case determines the exact end point of the action of the addressee of the message.
Accusative case denotes the immediate object of the action.
Instrumental case determines the instrument, some types of temporary accessory.
Prepositional the case can be presented in the form of a question: “Are you thinking about who, what?”

Nominative case answers the questions “who? ", "What? »

Auxiliary word " There is"

Who? Dog	What? Book	What? Sea
Who? Human	Who? Children	What? Forest

Genitive case answers the questions “who? ", "what? »

Auxiliary word " No". Prepositions: from, to, from, without,at, for, about,near, near.

Whom? Wolf	What? Tables	Whom? Natasha
What? Toys	What? Swamps	Whom? Student

Dative case answers the questions “who? ", "what? »

Auxiliary word " I'll give". Prepositions: to, by.

To whom? To the athlete	Why? Gingerbread	To whom? Grandma
Why? on the road	Why? Field	To whom? Schoolgirl

Accusative case answers the questions “who? ", "What? »

Auxiliary word " I see". Prepositions: in, on, for, about,through.

Whom? Bird	What? Beach	What? roof
Whom? Shark	Whom? Doctor	What? Reed

Instrumental case answers the questions “by whom? ", "how? »

Auxiliary word " I'm creating". Prepositions: under, over, behind, with,before, between.

By whom? As a child	How? Home	How? bed
By whom? Bear	By whom? teacher	How? Puddle

Prepositional case answers the questions “about whom? ", "about what? »

Auxiliary word " Think". Prepositions: in, on, about, about, at.

About whom? (ABOUT) To mom	About what? (ABOUT) Tractor	About what? (ABOUT) Mathematics
About whom? (ABOUT) Giraffe	About whom? (ABOUT) To dad	About whom? (ABOUT) Mouse

In the nominative case, the noun appears in the sentence subject to.
In the morning Tanya(I. p.) went to the window.

To determine the case of other nouns you need to:
a) find the word with which this noun is connected in meaning and pose a case question from it;
b) using the case question, determine the case of the noun.
The sparrow tapped its beak on the glass.
Knocked(with what?) beak (etc.)
Knocked (on what?) on the glass (D.p.)

Three declensions of nouns.

Feminine, masculine and neuter nouns have different case endings.
Based on their endings, nouns are divided into three declensions.
To determine the declension of a noun, you need:

1. Determine the gender of the noun
2. Highlight the ending in the initial form

TO 1st declension include feminine and masculine nouns with endings -а, -я in the nominative case ( winter A, grandfather A, hundred I ).

Co. 2nd declension include masculine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative case and neuter nouns with endings -O, -e in the nominative case ( table, rain, sparrow to her, floor e, pestilence e ).

TO 3rd declension include feminine nouns with soft sign at the end and with a zero ending in the nominative case ( horse, night, spruce).

To determine the declension of a noun in the oblique case, you need to find its initial form.

A noun is a part of speech that denotes any objectivity, i.e. a noun answers the question “who” or “what”. The noun changes by case. In order not to confuse the cases with each other, there is a strictly defined system of differences between them. This article will help in the future to easily distinguish the genitive from the accusative case.

You will need

• Nouns in genitive and accusative cases.
• The ability to determine cases.
• Knowledge of questions that determine cases.

Instructions

1. There are six cases of nouns in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional. It is not for nothing that these names were given to them. Let's look at two cases of each: genitive and accusative.

2. Genitive case According to definitions in the Russian language, the genitive case means: Belonging to someone or something, say “an arctic fox skin”, “a teacher’s journal”; If there is a relationship between the whole and its part, say “magazine page (RP)”; Displaying the sign of an object in relation to another object, say “survey results (RP)”; The object of influence in the presence of a verb with a negative particle “not”, say, “does not eat meat (R.p.)”; The object of influence in the presence of a verb denoting desire, intention or removal, say, “want happiness (R.p.)”, “avoid responsibility (R.p.)”; If there is a comparison of objects, say, “stronger than oak (R.p.)”; If the noun is the object of measurement, counting, or genitive date, say “a spoonful of sour cream” or “Paris Commune Day.”

3. Accusative caseAccording to definitions in the Russian language, the accusative case means: The transition of action to the entire object, say, “leafing through a magazine,” “driving a car”; Transfer of spatial and temporal relations “walk a mile”, “rest for a month”; In rare cases, it is formed as a connection from an adverb, say, “insultingly for a friend.”

4. In order to never confuse the cases of a noun, it is important to remember that all cases in the Russian language correspond to a multifunctional question; asking the one for a given noun, as a result, we get the corresponding case. The genitive case corresponds to the question “there is no one?” for the animate and “no what?” for inanimate nouns. The accusative case corresponds to the question “I see who?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns. It is very difficult to determine the cases of nouns based on their definitions or endings. It is possible that remembering all the definitions of the genitive and accusative cases is quite difficult. And the endings of nouns quite often coincide. Let’s give an example using an animate noun in plural:I noticed people nearby (I see who? - V.p.) There were no people around (there was no one? - R.p.) As you can see, the word is declined in both cases identically. But, in order to finally verify the correctness case definitions, mentally substitute an inanimate noun for an animate noun. Let's say: Nearby I noticed a pillar (I see who? - V.p.) There were no pillars around (there was no one? - R.p.) From the example it is clear: an inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change in difference from the same noun having Genitive.

5. From here we can draw some conclusions: 1. To distinguish the genitive from the accusative, ask the noun a defining question.2. If you find it difficult to determine the case of an animate noun, because... the question “who?” refers to both cases, then substitute an inanimate noun for this noun and ask it a defining question. For the genitive it will be “no what?”, and for the accusative “I see what?”. If the word looks like it is in the nominative case, then the case of your noun is accusative.

In most cases, distinguishing the forms of the genitive and accusative case does not present any difficulties: you just need to pay attention to the case endings. If the endings of both forms coincide, it is necessary to do the following algorithm.

Instructions

1. If you have an inanimate noun in front of you, then you should ask a question about this word. Nouns in the genitive case answer the question “what?” and are in harmony with the word “no”. Nouns in the accusative case answer the question “what?” and are in harmony with the word “I see”. Let's say: I put on (what?) a coat - accusative case, I go without (what?) a coat - genitive case.

2. If you have in front of you an animate masculine noun of the 2nd declension, then you should substitute any word of the 1st declension in its place and look at its ending. Let's say: shot a boar = shot a fox (ending -у - accusative case), got scared of a boar = scared of a fox (ending -ы - genitive case).

3. If you have an animate noun in the plural, then it should be replaced inanimate noun in the same form. Let's say: I love people, I love (what?) letters - accusative case. I love the sincerity of people, I love the sincerity of (what?) letters - genitive case.

Helpful advice
In the Russian language there are indeclinable nouns, say, “coat”, “coffee”, when in any case the word looks identical. In this case, the case can be determined only by the key issue.

For coherent speech in Russian, the same words can be used in different forms, it can be singular or feminine, masculine or neuter, as well as declensions with changing endings. And especially important role in the construction of correct statements, it is precisely the cases that play syntactic role and the connection of words in a sentence. Pronouns and numerals are subject to declension. And in learning the Russian language, it is very important to learn how to determine the case form of these parts of speech and know what questions the cases answer.

Basic cases of the Russian language

The case system of the Russian language is quite simple to learn, but it has several features. Therefore, the school curriculum pays attention to this topic. great amount time. First of all, children are introduced to what questions cases answer and what they are called. As a rule, only six main cases are presented to the attention of schoolchildren, although in fact there are many more of them, however, due to the close similarity, the varieties of obsolete case forms were combined with the main ones. Although there is still debate about this among linguists.

Nominative

The nominative case in abbreviated form is written by Him. n. Questions of the nominative case - Who? So what? For all parts of speech, this is the initial one and can act as the name of an object, person or natural phenomenon, and in a sentence always acts as the subject. For example:

The girl left the room; The sun was setting below the horizon.

Also in the nominative case there can be a nominal part of a compound predicate. For example:

Nikita is my son; Alexander Vasilievich - director.

Also, the main member and address are always in the nominative case. For example:

Noise, noise, reeds; Here is the old house.

Genitive

The genitive case can be used both after verbs and after names. Words with this declension answer questions whom? what? In abbreviated form it is written R.p.

This form of words has varied meanings and syntactic uses. The verb genitive case can indicate the subject:

• in the case when the verb has a negation: don't blow your mind, don't tell the truth;
• if the action does not relate to the whole object, but only to its part: drink water, eat soup, chop wood.

The adjective genitive case can indicate a number of relationships:

• belonging to someone or something: mother's house, doll's dress;
• the relationship of something whole to any part: hotel number, tree branch;
• assessment or determination of qualities: green cap, tears of happiness, man of his word.

That is why, in order to correctly determine the case form, it is very important to know what questions the cases answer.

Nouns used in the genitive case together with adjectives of comparison indicate the object or person with which they are compared. For example:

More beautiful than Natasha, whiter than snow, faster than lightning.

Dative

To understand how to use a word in a particular case, you need to clearly know what questions the cases answer, in which case a certain form of declension is used. So, for example, the dative case (to whom; to what?) words are most often placed after verbs and only in a few cases after words denoting objects.

Mainly words in this case are used to designate the main object to which the action is directed.

For example:

Say hello to a friend, threaten an enemy, order to subordinates.

IN impersonal sentences words in the dative case can be used as a predicate. For example:

Sasha became scared. The boy was cold. The patient is getting worse.

Accusative

Questions in the accusative case are similar to questions in other cases, namely the genitive and nominative. So, for an animate object this is a question whom? and to the inanimate - What? And quite often schoolchildren confuse this case with the nominative, therefore, for the correct definition, first of all, it is necessary to highlight in the sentence grammatical basis. Words in this case form are most often used with verbs and denote the object to which the action is completely transferred.

For example:

Fish, shine shoes, sew a skirt, bake a pie.

Also, words in can express quantity, time, space and distance. For example:

The whole summer, every minute, every year.

Instrumental case

Just like other case forms, instrumental case questions have two forms for living and nonliving objects. These are special questions that cannot be confused with other forms. So, for an animate object, the instrumental case answers the question by whom? For example:

He knew (who?) Oksana and (who?) her mother.

For inanimate object the instrumental case answers the question how? For example:

He fed (what?) bread, gave him (what?) water to drink.

As a rule, this form of words is used in combination with verbs that are closely related to names.

This case form of words with verbs always acts as a means and instrument of action, can be an image or method of action, and also have meanings of time, place, space and who is performing the action. For example:

(with what?) stick.

The old man propped himself up with (what?) his palm.

The road led through (what?) forest.

The fairy tales “Aibolit”, “Confusion” and “Cockroach” were written (by whom?) Korney Chukovsky.

Also, this case form of words can also occur with names and have following values. With nouns:

• instrument of action: beat with hand, brush;
• actor: security of the house by guards, release of goods by the seller;
• content of the action itself: study German;
• defining meaning: sausage ring, bass singing.

With adjectives, words in the instrumental case are used with the meaning of limiting the specified attribute. For example:

He was strong in mind and famous for his discoveries.

Prepositional

The sixth and last case that is studied in the school curriculum is prepositional.

Questions of the prepositional case, like other case forms, are divided in the direction of living objects (on whom? about whom?) and inanimate (on what? about what?). Words in this case are always used with prepositions, which is where the name of the case itself comes from. Depending on the preposition used, the meaning also changes; questions of the prepositional case are always constructed using the same prepositions that are used in specific cases in the context.

Using prepositions with words in the prepositional case

To correctly determine the case form of words and correct use in speech it is very important to know how cases are connected with questions and prepositions when used various forms words in sentences.

Each of the prepositions used gives the word its own meaning:

What role do cases, questions and prepositions play?

The table of prepositions that are used in combination with various case forms of words plays a huge role in the study of the case system of the Russian language.

After all, it is they who, by joining nouns, can reveal different meanings the same word.

Declension of nouns, adjectives and numerals by case

One of the main topics of this section of the Russian language is the topic: “Declination by cases.” As a result of such a change, the word is transformed, acquiring a new ending, which is quite important for the correct construction of speech. Declension occurs by changing the word so that it answers the questions of each case. The declension of nouns is independent, while adjectives and numerals in context always depend on the case in which the word associated with them appears.

In the case of declension of numerals, the question can also be modified, as for an adjective, making it easier to decline the word.

Target school curriculum- teach children not only to correctly determine the case form of words in a given sentence, but also to be able to correctly use a preposition that will fully reveal the meaning of the statement. Such skills are very important for building competent speech. That is why special attention is paid to this topic and sufficient quantity Russian language lessons so that children can not only learn, but also consolidate this material well.