Purpose of the automated workstation arm. Automated workstations (AWS)

INTRODUCTION

Purpose this graduation qualifying work was the disclosure of the concept of an automated workplace, its types and classifications.

Relevance is determined by the widespread introduction of automated workplaces into all areas of activity without exception, both organizations and individuals.

Tasks automated workstation (AWS) can be derived from the very concept of an automated workplace, so we can say that this is a computing system designed to automate professional activities.

Modern enterprises and firms are complex organizational systems, the individual components of which are the main and revolving funds, labor and material resources and others are constantly changing and are in complex interaction with each other. The functioning of enterprises and organizations of various types in conditions market economy set new goals for improvement management activities based on comprehensive automation of management of all production and technological processes, as well as labor resources.

The market economy leads to an increase in the volume and complexity of tasks solved in the field of production organization, planning and analysis processes, financial work, relations with suppliers and consumers of products, operational management which is impossible without organizing a modern automated information system.

The presence of a system that automates the collection, preparation and processing of information is one of necessary conditions that determine the ultimate success of the enterprise.

An automated workplace can be defined as a complex of information resources, software, hardware, organizational and technological tools for individual and collective use, combined to perform certain functions of a professional management employee.

One of the first examples of the systematic use of computers in world practice were the so-called administrative data processing systems: automation of banking operations, accounting, reservations and ticketing, etc. Of decisive importance for the effectiveness of systems of this kind is the fact that they rely on automated information bases. This means that the computer memory constantly stores information necessary to solve the problems for which the system is designed. It constitutes the contents of the information base of the corresponding system.

When solving the next problem, the system only needs to input small portion additional information, - the rest is taken from the information base. Each piece of newly entered information changes the information base of the system. This base (information or database) is thus in a state of continuous updating, reflecting all changes occurring in the real object with which the system deals.

With their further development, administrative data processing systems develop into automated control systems (ACS) for the corresponding objects in which, as a rule, they are not limited to one computer, but two or more computers are combined into a computer complex (CC).

An automated control system (ACS) is a human-machine system in which, with the help of technical means, the collection, accumulation, and processing of information is ensured, the formulation of an optimal control strategy for certain components and the delivery of results to a person or group of people making management decisions. An optimal strategy is understood as a strategy that minimizes or maximizes some characteristics of an object.

In order to ensure the possibility of interaction between a person and a computer in an interactive mode, there is a need to implement within the framework of an automated control system, the so-called automated workplace. workplace. An automated workplace is a set of software and hardware that ensures human interaction with a computer, i.e. such functions as the ability to enter information into a computer; the ability to output information from a computer to a monitor screen, printer or other output devices (currently this list is quite wide - plotters, etc.).

The so-called intelligent workstations, in turn, also contain a computer connected in one way or another to the central computer (VC) of the automated control system. Input devices must also provide a wide range of input information: text, coordinates, fax, etc. Therefore, workstations are equipped, if necessary, with a universal or special keyboard, coordinate information input devices (such as a mouse), various types of scanners, etc.

In order to increase the range of forms of presentation of information output from the computer, the workstation is equipped with color monitors, means for creating and managing audio signals, up to the ability to create and reproduce speech signals.

1.1. general characteristics control systems

A control system is a combination of a controlled object or process and a control device, which includes a set of means for receiving, collecting and transmitting information and generating control signals and commands. In this case, the action of the control system is aimed at improving and maintaining the operation of a process or object. In some cases, without an automated control system it is generally impossible to solve a problem due to the complexity of the control process. A managed object is an element of a system that requires systematic control and regulation for normal functioning. A control object is a system element that monitors the activities of a managed object, identifies possible deviations from a given program and ensures its timely return to normal operation.

All control systems, from the point of view of the logic of their functioning, solve three problems:

1. Collection of information about the managed object;

2. Information processing;

3. Issuance of control actions in one form or another.

Depending on the type of system, management represents impacts at the physical or information level aimed at maintaining or improving the functioning of the managed object in accordance with the existing program or management goal.

There are two main types of control systems:

1. Process control systems in the broad sense of the word, intended for direct control production processes at the physical level of the process;

2. Information management systems dealing with objects of an organizational nature, designed to solve management problems of such management objects as large technical units, military, construction and other objects of various ranks.

The main difference between them is the nature of the control object. In the first case, these are all kinds of installations, instruments, machines, etc., in the second, first of all, people.

Another difference between these systems is the form of information transfer. If in process control systems the main form of information transfer is various kinds of signals, then in systems organizational management these are documents. It is impossible to draw a clear boundary between the two types of systems under consideration; most often, information is transferred both with the help of documents and with the help of signals.

Automation of control systems is carried out using computer technology. Depending on the degree of human participation in management, control systems can be classified as follows:

1. Automated;

2. Semi-automatic;

3. Automatic.

An automated system does not exclude, but on the contrary, presupposes human participation in managing the system and human making key decisions, while automatic control systems exclude human participation in managing the object. A semi-automatic system can be considered as a variant of an automatic system in which the level of technological development does not yet allow excluding a person from the control system circuits.

The central core of the control system, with the help of which its automation is carried out, is the computer. There are two possible ways of interaction between the computer, the control object and the control body.

In the first case, a computer is used, as a rule, to solve individual periodically repeated labor-intensive tasks. Information is collected manually, and documents with control actions are also prepared. Such a system can be called a data processing system. Users' access to data processing systems most often results in updating information; The output of information may be completely absent or may be the result of software processing of stored information, and not the information itself. An example of a data processing system would be the system of a city savings bank. It contains information about the deposits of city residents; most processing of banking information involves updating deposit amounts, calculating interest, summing up results for a certain period of work, etc.

In the second case, basic information about the state of the managed object is collected automatically by a machine (in the general case, a computer center). The computer processes incoming information and prepares output documentation in one form or another, after which a decision is made on the impact on the object. Automated control systems are also classified depending on the type of output documentation they issue. The latter can be represented as:

1. A processed, ordered set of information about the managed object. Based on them, a person (or a group of people) makes a decision about the nature of the impact on the object. This is inherent in the data processing system, but not in the automated system itself.

AUTOMATED WORKPLACE

12.1 Automated specialist workstation: purpose and specifics of the tasks to be solved

Automated workstation (AWS) is a set of methodological, language, technical and software tools that allow organizing the work of end users in a certain subject area. Specifics of workstation – if previously computer users were people with special programming and engineering training, now PC users are people of a wide variety of professions, who, as a rule, do not have such special training.

Therefore, it is necessary to provide each PC user with the opportunity to work in terms familiar to him, to operate with the concepts and rules that form the essence of his profession.
AWP has a problem-professional orientation to a specific subject area. Localization of the workstation allows for rapid processing of information immediately upon its receipt, and the results of processing can be stored for as long as desired by the user.

In the context of the implementation of the management process, the goal of introducing automated workplaces is to strengthen integration management functions, and every more or less “intelligent” workplace must provide multifunctional work.

In the most complex systems, workstations can be connected through special equipment not only to the resources of the main computer of the network, but also to various information services and general-purpose systems (news services, national information retrieval systems, databases and knowledge, library systems).

The capabilities of the created workstations depend on the technical performance characteristics The computers on which they are based. Any AWS configuration must meet general requirements in relation to the organization of information, technical, software.

An automated workstation (AWS) can be defined as a set of information, software and technical resources that provide the end user with data processing and automation of management functions in a specific subject area.

The creation of an automated workplace assumes that the main operations for the accumulation, storage and processing of information are assigned to computer technology, and the economist performs some of the manual operations and operations that require creative approach when preparing management decisions. Personal equipment is used by the user to control production economic activity, changes, values of individual parameters during problem solving,

as well as entering initial data into the AIS to solve current problems and analyze management functions.

Analyzing the essence of automated workplaces, experts most often define them as professionally oriented small computing systems located directly at the workplaces of specialists and designed to automate their work.

For each control object, it is necessary to provide automated workstations that correspond to their functional purpose. However, the principles for creating an automated workplace should be:

– consistency;

– flexibility;

– stability;

- efficiency;

– maximum focus on the end user;

– problem orientation towards solving a certain class of problems;

– ergonomics;

– the principle of matching the user’s information needs with the technical ones used

means;

– the principle of creative contact between automated workplaces and their potential users.

According to the principle of systematicity, automated workplaces should be considered as systems, the structure of which is determined functional purpose.

The principle of flexibility means the adaptability of the system to possible restructuring due to the modularity of the construction of all subsystems and the standardization of their elements.

The principle of sustainability is that the automated workplace system must perform basic functions regardless of the impact of internal and external possible factors on it. This means that problems in its individual parts should be easily fixed, and the system’s functionality should be quickly restored.

The effectiveness of automated workplaces should be considered as an integral indicator of the level of implementation of the above principles, related to the costs of creating and operating the system.

The functioning of an automated workplace can give a numerical effect only if the functions and load are correctly distributed between a person and computer information processing tools, the core of which is a computer. Only then will automated workplaces become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.

AWP as a tool for rationalization and intensification of management

activity is created to ensure the performance of a certain group of functions. The simplest function of the automated workplace is information and reference services. Although this function is, to one degree or another, inherent in any workstation, the features of its implementation significantly depend on the category of the user.

AWPs have a problem-professional orientation to a specific subject area. Professional workstations are the main tool for human communication with computing systems, playing the role of autonomous workstations. Workstation systems perform decentralized simultaneous processing of information at the performers' workstations as part of a distributed database. At the same time, they have output through the system device and communication channels to the PC and database of other users, thus ensuring the joint functioning of the PC in the process of collective processing.

AWSs created on the basis of personal computers are the simplest and

a common version of an automated workstation for workers in the field of organizational management. Such an automated workplace is considered as a system that, in an interactive mode of operation, provides a specific employee (user) with all types of support exclusively for the entire work session. This is consistent with the approach to designing such a component of an automated workplace as internal information support, according to which the information fund on magnetic media of a specific automated workplace should be at the exclusive disposal of the user of the automated workplace. The user himself performs all functional responsibilities for converting information.

The creation of a PC-based workstation provides:

Simplicity, convenience and user friendliness;

Ease of adaptation to specific functions user;

Compact placement and low requirements for operating conditions;

High reliability and survivability;

Relatively simple organization of maintenance.

An effective mode of operation of an automated workplace is its functioning within a local area network as a workstation. This option is especially appropriate when it is necessary to “distribute” information and computing resources between several users.

Typical workstation structure

The creation of automated workplaces for organizational management systems involves their structuring and parameterization at the design stage. The structuring of automated workplaces includes a description of the operating environment: supporting and functional subsystems and connections between them, interfaces with the user and technical means, information and software tools

Parameterization involves the selection and study of parameters; the selection and study of parameters of technical, software and information tools that meet the requirements and restrictions formed during structuring

Structurally, the automated workplace includes functional and supporting parts. The functional part determines the content of a specific workstation and includes a description of a set of interrelated tasks that reflect the features of the automated functions of the user’s activity. The development of functional support is based on the user's requirements for the automated workplace and its functional specification, which includes a description of input and output information, means and methods for achieving the reliability and quality of information, the media used, and communication interfaces.

Typically this also includes descriptions of means of protection against unauthorized access, system recovery in faulty situations, and management in non-standard cases. The supporting part includes traditional types support: information, software, technical, technological, and others.

Information support includes a description of the organization of the information base, regulates information communications, and predetermines the composition and content of the entire information display system.

AWP software is divided into general and functional. General software is supplied complete with the PC and includes operating systems, application programs that expand the capabilities of operating systems, dialogue software and others.

General software is designed to control the operation of the processor, organize access to memory, peripheral devices, launch and control the processor, execute application programs, and ensure the execution of programs in high-level languages.

Functional software is designed to automate the solution of functional tasks; it includes universal programs and functional packages. When designing these software tools, it is necessary to adhere to the principles of user-oriented development.

The totality of software and hardware requirements is reflected in a variety of user functions, and this makes it possible to solve the problem of professional user orientation. The technical support of the automated workplace is a complex of technical means of information processing based on a PC, designed to automate the functions of a specialist in the subject and problem areas of his professional interests. The workstation of a specialist in the field of organizational management is usually based on a personal or collective personal computer.

The technological support of the automated workplace is intended to organize the technological process of using the automated workplace in relation to a set of tasks to be solved that correspond to the functions of a specialist. The technological process is a set of functional works, including the provision of input, control, editing and manipulation of data, accumulation, storage, search, protection, and receipt of output documents. Due to the fact that the user is, as a rule, a member of a certain team and performs certain work in it, it is necessary to provide for the technological interaction of performers when solving problems, to ensure the conditions for joint work of specialists. These provisions should be reflected in
qualification requirements and job descriptions for automated workplace users.

Classification of workstations

The classification of automated workplaces can be based on a number of classification criteria. Taking into account the areas of application, it is possible to classify automated workplaces according to functional criteria:

1. Workstation of administrative and managerial personnel;

2. Workstation for the designer of radio-electronic equipment, automated control systems, etc.

3. Workstation of a specialist in the field of economics, mathematics, physics, etc.
4. Workstation for production and technological purposes.

An important classification feature of an automated workplace is its operating mode, which distinguishes between single, group and network operating modes. In the first case, the workstation is implemented on a separate PC, all resources of which are at the exclusive disposal of the user. Such a workplace is focused on solving non-standard, specific problems, and low-power computers are used for its implementation. In the group operating mode, several workstations are implemented on the basis of one computer, united according to the principle of administrative or functional community. In this case, more powerful computers and rather complex software are required.

Group operation mode is usually used to organize distributed data processing within a separate department or organization to serve stable groups of specialists and managers. The network mode of operation of the workstation combines the advantages of the first and second. In this case, each workstation is built on the basis of one computer, but at the same time it is possible to use some common resources of the computer network. One of the approaches to classifying automated workplaces is to systematize them according to the types of tasks being solved.

The following groups of workstations are possible:

1. To solve information and computing problems;

2. To solve problems of data preparation and entry;

3. To solve information and reference problems;

4. To solve accounting problems;

5. To solve problems of statistical data processing;

6. To solve problems of analytical calculations.

Reasonable assignment of automated workplaces to a certain group will contribute to a more in-depth and thorough analysis, the possibility of a comparative assessment of various automated workplaces of the same type in order to select the most preferable one.

A more complex form is an automated workplace using a PC as

intelligent terminal, as well as with remote access to the resources of the central (main) computer or external network.

In this case, several PCs are connected via communication channels to the main computer, while each PC can also work as an independent terminal

device.

In the most complex systems, workstations can, through special equipment

connect not only to the resources of the main computer of the network, but also to various information services and general-purpose systems (news services, national information retrieval systems, databases and knowledge, library systems, etc.).

The capabilities of the created automated workplaces largely depend on the technical

operational characteristics of the computers on which they are based. In this regard, at the design stage of the automated workplace, the requirements for the basic parameters of technical means for processing and issuing information, a set of component modules, network interfaces, ergonomic parameters of devices, etc. are clearly formulated.

A prerequisite for the functioning of the automated workplace is technical support. This is a reasonably selected set of technical means to equip them.

Information processing tools - computing machines different capacities and types - form the basis technical support computer networks. Characteristic feature practical use technical means in organizational and economic management at present is the transition to decentralized and network processing based on a PC.

If the PC is used as a small workstation local network, on which all the information necessary for work is centrally stored, the volume of information processed is small. The speed of work is determined not by the speed of the computer, but by the speed of dialogue between the operator and the machine. It follows that in this case a PC with low speed and a minimum amount of RAM is quite acceptable.

In another case, if the computer is intended for regular preparation of voluminous documents and uses large amounts of information for this, it is necessary to install powerful machines with a large amount of external and internal memory.

The information content of the automated workplace when determining the circle of users and clarifying the essence of the tasks they solve is carried out by the information support of the automated workplace. In the field of organizational management, users can be divided into three categories:

managers, management staff and support staff. The workstations being developed for different categories of users differ in the types of data presentation. For example, service personnel usually deal with internal data of the organization, solve repetitive tasks, and, as a rule, use structured information.

Managers require both internal and external data to implement a management goal or make a decision.

The use of automated workplaces should not disrupt the user’s usual rhythm of work. AWSs focus the user's attention on the logical structure of the tasks being solved, and not on the characteristics of the software system that implements them. However, if the action specified by the system is not performed, the user must know the reason, and information about this must be displayed on the screen.

The Orion system is an object-oriented system designed for

organizing the workplace of the duty operator of the security service and managing the work of the following subsystems: security and fire alarm, access control, video surveillance, fire automatic control, control of engineering subsystems

The Orion system operator works directly with the system's operational task and must use the following commands and functions of this program:

1) launching the program and identifying the operator;

2) change of duty;

3) arming and disarming zones and sections;

4) alarm processing;

5) launching control scripts;

6) management of access control elements;

7) display of statistics and regulation of smoke and dust thresholds;

8) launch screen saver;

9) disable alarm sound notification;

10) viewing the list of connected devices;

12) view the program status;

13) switching between floor plans;

14) receiving a report for the shift;

15) regular shutdown of the program.

And also follow the “Procedure for action in case of operating system failure”.

An automated workstation (AWS) is a specialist’s workplace equipped with a personal computer, software and a set of information resources for individual or collective use, which allow him to process data in order to obtain information that provides support for the decisions he makes when performing professional functions.

The creation of an automated workplace assumes that the main operations for accumulating, storing and processing information are assigned to computer technology, and the economist performs some of the manual operations and operations that require a creative approach in preparing management decisions.

Personal equipment is used by the user to control production and economic activities, change the values of individual parameters in the course of solving a problem, as well as enter initial data into the AIS for solving current problems and analyzing management functions. Analyzing the essence of automated workplaces, experts most often define them as professionally oriented small computing systems located directly at the workplaces of specialists and designed to automate their work. Structure A specialist's workstation, includes five main components:

Personal Computer;

a set of programs for information processing;

training system (hypertext documentation system for the user; integrated hint system; system of bookmarks, indexes and help; system of examples; system of control and error detection);

tools for setting up workstations (calculation algorithms, analytical and technological parameters; devices: printer, scanner, modem; ergonomics of screen forms, etc.);

means of operating automated workplaces (classifiers, generator of reporting forms, tools for receiving/transmitting data via communication channels, copying and storing data, database administrator, monitoring the work of specific users).

In addition, the workstation is equipped with documentation and methodological materials on the use of programs, as well as regulations for performing work on information processing. The specific intensity of each component is determined by the tasks being solved. Workstation can operate autonomously or as part of a computer network. In the offline operating mode, workstations are created to solve individual functional problems and cannot quickly use the entire information base of an economic object, and the exchange of information between different workstations is carried out using computer media. Working on the basis of computer networks allows you to organize data exchange between workstations via communication channels, combine the information space of the control object and organize access to it for any employee within the limits of his authority.

Each workstation is considered as an independent subsystem, and together they form a single whole. At the same time, the head of the department has the opportunity to manage the process of solving functional problems and integrate the results of the work of individual specialists, promptly receiving processed information for decision-making. At the same time, the possibility of autonomous work of each specialist remains. As a rule, workstations are organized in accordance with the existing distribution of work. Depending on the scope of work and total number computers at one workplace can solve various problems. Another option is possible, when one task will be distributed among several workstations.

Classification of automated workstations.

1. By degree of automation:

Manual workstations - special furniture available to the employee (table, chair, cabinets, telephone, rulers, tables and other auxiliary equipment);

Mechanized workstations also contain simple or programmable calculators;

Automated workstations necessarily use a PC with appropriate software.

2. By the number of employees using automated workplaces and the functions they perform:

Individual workstations, which are typical for managers of various ranks;

Group workstations used by persons who prepare information for the purpose of its further use and management decision-making by managers (workstation of accountants, financiers, clerks, etc.).

3. According to the typification of the functional tasks to be solved:

Unique workstations, highly specialized for solving a set of non-standard tasks;

Massive workstations created to solve typical problems in various industries.

4. By specialization: The manager’s workstation is characterized by functional isolation, fully ensuring autonomous operation leader. A specialist's workstation should provide him with the opportunity to solve any functional tasks facing him, making maximum use of all the necessary information. A technical worker's workstation should relieve him of the daily routine work that requires certain professional skills.

5. By technical base creation of workstations: workstations based on large-scale (general-purpose) computers, providing specialists with the opportunity to work with large amounts of data with technical and software support provided by employees of their own information center (ICC). Workplaces based on personal computers are the simplest and most common option for creating automated workstations, as they eliminate all the disadvantages of workstations based on mainframe computers.

The general principles of creating automated workstations remain unchanged, these include: consistency; flexibility; sustainability; efficiency. The principle of consistency means the following: an automated workstation must be a system of interconnected components. At the same time, the structure of the automated workplace must clearly correspond to the functions for which this automated workstation is created.

The principle of flexibility is of great importance when creating modern and efficient automated workstations. This principle means the possibility of adapting the automated workplace to the intended modernization of both software and hardware. At present, when the rate of obsolescence of software and hardware is constantly growing, compliance with this principle becomes one of the most important conditions when creating an automated workplace. To ensure the principle of flexibility in actually working automated workstations, all subsystems of a single workstation are implemented in the form of separate, easily replaceable modules. To avoid incompatibility problems when replacing, all elements must be standardized.

The principle of sustainability is of great importance. It consists in performing the functions laid down in the automated workplace, regardless of the influence of both internal and external factors. If failures occur, the functionality of the system must be quickly restored, and problems with individual elements must be easily resolved.

The principle of efficiency implies that the costs of creating and operating a system should not exceed the economic benefits from its implementation. In addition, when creating an automated workplace, it must be taken into account that its effectiveness will largely be determined by the correct distribution of functions and load between the employee and the information processing machines, the core of which is the PC. Only if these conditions are met, automated workplaces become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.

It is necessary to develop an automated workstation for a department specialist. The software should have an intuitive interface, be easy to use, convenient, informative, flexible and multifunctional. The essence of the automated workplace of a department specialist is as follows: formation of an individual load; creating schedules for control, independent, consulting work, defense schedules coursework. Graphs are created for convenience in Microsoft Word.

Using the capabilities of modern computer technology to automate the information processing process allows you to increase labor productivity, improve the efficiency of working with documents and speed up the exchange of management information. Currently, the concept of distributed automated control systems aimed at local information processing has become widespread. This allows you to organize the division of labor of management personnel and automate the performance of their functions. To implement this idea, it is necessary to create automated workstations based on personal electronic computers (PCs) for each management level and each subject area.

Currently, the concept of distributed automated control systems aimed at local information processing has become widespread. This allows you to organize the division of labor of management personnel and automate the performance of their functions. To implement this idea, it is necessary to create automated workstations based on personal electronic computers (PCs) for each management level and each subject area.

Distributed control systems allow us to identify the following requirements for an effectively and fully functioning automated workstation:

Timely satisfaction of the user’s information needs;

Minimum response time to user requests;

Adaptation to the level of training of the user and the specifics of the functions he performs;

Opportunity fast learning user basic operating techniques;

Reliability and ease of maintenance;

Friendly interface;

Ability to work as part of a computer network.

The workstation consists of hardware and software (Fig. 10) of computer equipment, as well as the necessary methodological documentation that allows the user to effectively interact with these tools.

The increasing pace of informatization of society contributes to the increasing role of computer technology in management processes. The capabilities of modern computer technology to automate the information processing process can increase labor productivity, improve the efficiency of working with documents and speed up the exchange of management information.

Currently, the concept of distributed automated control systems aimed at local information processing has become widespread. This allows you to organize the division of labor of management personnel and automate the performance of their functions. To implement this idea, it is necessary to create automated workstations based on personal computers for each management level and each subject area.

Automated workstation(AWS) is a complex of computer hardware and software located directly at the employee’s workplace and designed to automate his work within the specialty.

Automated workstations must be created strictly in accordance with their intended functional purpose. However general principles creation of workstations remain unchanged:

consistency;
flexibility;
sustainability;
efficiency.

Under principle of consistency the following is understood: an automated workstation must be a system of interconnected components. At the same time, the structure of the automated workplace must clearly correspond to the functions for which this automated workstation is created.

The principle of flexibility is of great importance in creating modern and efficiently working automated workplaces. This principle means the possibility of adapting the automated workplace to the intended modernization of both software and hardware. At present, when the rate of obsolescence of software and hardware is constantly growing, compliance with this principle is becoming one of the most important conditions when creating automated workplaces.

To ensure the principle of flexibility in actually working automated workstations, all subsystems of a single workstation are implemented in the form of separate, easily replaceable modules. To avoid incompatibility problems when replacing, all elements must be standardized.

Of great importance principle of sustainability. It consists in performing the functions laid down in the automated workplace, regardless of the influence of both internal and external factors. If failures occur, the functionality of the system must be quickly restored, and problems with individual elements must be easily resolved.

Principle of efficiency implies that the costs of creating and operating the system should not exceed the economic benefits from its implementation. In addition, when creating an automated workplace, it should be taken into account that its effectiveness will largely be determined by the correct distribution of functions and load between the employee and computer information processing tools, the core of which is a personal computer. Only if these conditions are met, automated workplaces become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.

Practical experience in using automated workplaces as one of the elements of distributed control systems allows us to highlight the following: requirements for an effectively and fully functioning automated workstation:

timely satisfaction of the user's information needs;
minimum response time to user requests;
adaptation to the user’s level of training and the specifics of the functions he performs;
the ability to quickly teach the user basic operating techniques;
reliability and ease of maintenance;
user-friendly interface;
ability to work as part of a computer network.

Let's consider the structure of an automated workstation and the connections between it components. Typically, an automated workplace consists of hardware and software computer tools, as well as the necessary methodological documentation that allows the user to effectively interact with these tools.

Information support means constant information support for each individual automated workstation. The functioning of modern automated workplaces is impossible without the supply of timely, reliable and high-quality information.

Methodological documentation is a set of documents relating to the functioning of a given automated workplace and, as a rule, includes input and output documents, instruction cards, job descriptions and etc.

Creating a well-thought-out set of methodological documentation that is not difficult to master is especially important when an organization is introducing a system of automated workstations for the first time. In this case, it is necessary to explain to employees in detail how to work with equipment that is new to them, as well as all the positive aspects of its use.

If necessary, it is necessary to arrange for employees to attend advanced training courses in working with computer technology. Every effort must be made to ensure that when implemented in an organization modern technologies information processing employees did not consider the emerging technical means to be an obstacle to their normal work, but understood all the benefits and all the advantages of their use.

Currently, there is a huge selection of different software products that meet almost all the requirements imposed on them by representatives of various professions. However, there are situations when there is a need for some other programs. In such cases, special professional workstations are developed. When creating such programs, it is necessary to take into account such points as:

tasks to be solved;
interaction with other specialists;
professional habits and inclinations of the employee;
development of not only functional software (FPO), but also special technical means (mouse, network, automatic telephone dialing, etc.).

The creation of efficiently operating professional workstations allows increasing the productivity of specialists and reducing the number of personnel. At the same time, the speed of information processing and its reliability increase, which is necessary for effective planning and management.

For effective use of the automated workplace complex, it is necessary, first of all, to clearly define for which specialists (managers, economists, statisticians, accountants) automated jobs will be created. The composition and number of automated workplaces depend on the profile of the organization, its structure, scale and other parameters.

In practice development specific workstations most often represents the automation of the most typical functions performed by an employee at a given workplace. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that the employee’s workstation should consist only of those programs that the specialist really needs for his work. Excessive software in the workplace takes up PC resources and can distract an employee from performing his duties.

To solve this problem, it is necessary to clearly define the information needs of each specialist - the intended user of the automated workplace. Generally speaking, each user must formulate such needs independently. Optimal implementation of the system being created is only possible if users can define their goals and indicate the nature of the information they need to achieve these goals. In addition, this approach to solving the problem of creating automated workplace software eliminates the psychological barrier in the relationship between man and machine. In this case, the user himself determines the operations that he constantly performs, and clearly knows which programs were installed for their automated execution.

However, in practice, it is not always easy for employees of an organization to clearly define their needs for the information necessary for their work. In this case, you can obtain information about the operations performed by the employee and the data used for this in two different ways: by asking the employee a direct question or by obtaining information indirectly.

In the first case, employees in in writing draw up special certificates containing:

a list of your main responsibilities;
specific information necessary to perform the above responsibilities.

Information needs are determined by the employee based on the composition of the main responsibilities and decisions made in the process of their implementation.

In another approach, information about responsibilities and information needs is obtained indirectly. The AWS developer asks employees - users of future automated workstations - to describe what happens in the process of executing job responsibilities. After this, the developer must formulate specific questions that need to be answered under the assumption that the automated workplace is already functioning. This approach also allows the employee to gain greater insight into their activities and, in particular, the process of making complex decisions.

The result of applying any of the above approaches should be a clearly formulated list of the functions performed by the employee and his information needs. The next steps towards creating an automated workplace are to determine those functions from this list, which can be automated, and the choice of programs with which this can be done.

An employee of any specialty using an automated workplace can perform the following operations:

enter written information from the keyboard and visually monitor this process using a monitor;
edit data;
move, copy, delete information;
display information on the screen, printer, record it on media;
transfer data from one PC to another using storage media;
exchange data via communication channels within a local area network or the Internet;
accumulate and store data;
search and collect necessary information, update data;
obtain information from databases;
protect information.

Let us determine the composition of the software necessary to create standard workstations. Let us recall that the composition of specific workstations largely depends on the specific organization and job responsibilities performed by employees.

Let's consider the main approaches to staffing a manager's workstation. By manager we mean not only the head of the organization, but also his deputies, chief accountant, chief engineer, heads of structural divisions of the enterprise, i.e. managers at various levels. For these categories of employees, the functions they perform are largely similar, so the composition of the functional workstation software will be approximately the same.

Most often, a manager needs information in connection with the implementation of the management process. The nature of information needs depends mainly on two factors: the personal qualities of the manager (knowledge information systems, management style, idea of information needs) and the organizational management structure within which decisions are made.

The higher the manager's competence in the field of information systems, the more complex and precise his information needs will be. A realistic understanding of the capabilities and costs involved puts him in a much better position to help develop an effective system.

A manager's technical background, leadership style, and decision-making ability all influence the nature and amount of information he or she requires. Some managers prefer to make decisions based on detailed information, while others prefer to make decisions based on more general information, using personal consultations with subordinates.

The manager’s own ideas about information needs also influence great importance on the composition of the automated workplace software. Often, managers hesitate between wanting to know only the necessary data or knowing all the information. Many managers have no idea what information they need.

There are several views among managers regarding their responsibilities regarding the dissemination of information to their subordinates. A leader who cannot or does not want to delegate authority usually tends to withhold information.

Problems of information support for management depend on the scale of the enterprise and the complexity of its organizational structure. More large enterprises, having a more complex organizational structure, require more formal information systems, and information needs become even more critical to operations.

Each level of management requires different types of information and, as a rule, in different forms. At the planning level, a one-time message, inference or single request is required; at the level of calendar and planning management - reporting deviations, conclusions and various messages about periodic assessments. At the operational control level, formal communication of established procedures and daily communication of the operation are necessary to ensure operational control of activities.

The more complex the organization's structure, the easier it is to determine information needs. Where rights and responsibilities are clearly defined, relationships are understood, and decision-making areas are limited, information needs are easier to identify. The manager's responsibilities include:

making management decisions within its terms of reference;
analysis and synthesis of information necessary to make these decisions;
definition necessary actions for implementation decisions taken and determining the circle of persons who must ensure their implementation;
formulating tasks for specific employees participating in the process of implementing management decisions and communicating these tasks to them;
monitoring the execution of tasks.

It is obvious that most modern workstations cannot assume the function of making management decisions, but they can significantly facilitate and speed up the performance of this function by the manager. It is advisable to include at least the following software tools in the functional software of the manager's workstation:

word processor;
table processor;
DBMS (for working with databases on all aspects of the organization’s activities, as well as for obtaining the necessary archival and operational information);
applied expert system (if necessary);
web browser;
email program.

When developing automated workplaces for specialists, it is necessary, first of all, to take into account the nature of their job responsibilities. The information needs of ordinary employees, as well as the management apparatus, depend on factors such as the personal qualities of the employee and the structure of the organization. As for personal qualities, knowledge of information systems and technologies, as well as an understanding of the need for information, are of great importance.

In the area of the organization's structure, the profile of its activities plays a significant role. For example, although the accounting functions of a large industrial enterprise and a small trading company are essentially the same, the specific tasks performed by the accounting staff, as well as the types of documents with which they have to work, may be very different. Therefore, the correct selection and configuration of software products for the operation of a particular organization is extremely important.

Let's consider the composition of the automated workplace software for the most common specialties. The programs listed below constitute the minimum set of software tools for the average specialist.

The current stage of economic development of society has a significant impact on the composition and content of the functions performed by an accountant. He is required not only to have knowledge of traditional accounting, but also to be able to work with securities, justify investments Money, have an objective idea of the economic and financial condition of the organization, etc. The use of modern computer technologies can provide significant assistance in this.

The use of computer technology makes it possible to automate many functions performed by an accountant. The main functions of accounting are:

accounting:
- – cash in the central cash desk and in the organization’s current account(s) in banks;
- – settlements with personnel regarding remuneration of employees;
- – commodity transactions(For trade organizations);
- – materials and fixed assets available in the organization (of greater importance for industrial enterprises);
- – taxation;
conducting:
– settlements with supplier companies, customers, co-executors, etc.;
– summary financial statements.

This list of accounting functions is far from complete; it only gives general idea about the minimum range of tasks that the accountant’s workstation software package should provide. A separate range of tasks is ensuring information links accounting departments with external organizations. This means that it is necessary to organize timely receipt of regulatory and teaching materials, as well as the transfer of consolidated reporting to relevant external organizations. Such organizations include higher authorities and management, tax inspectorates, statistical authorities, etc.

It is advisable to organize machine-to-machine exchange of information with banks within the framework of the “client-bank” system. This service is offered by the bank that services the current account of this organization. It consists in providing the ability to manage this account directly from the organization’s office. Programs of the "client-bank" system allow you to implement many useful functions: creating payment orders and transmitting them to the bank via modem, receiving statements from a current account, etc. To ensure the protection of transmitted data, it is mandatory to use special information security tools (encryption, electronic signature) . The use of such a system has many positive aspects. It allows you to save time and speed up customer service (by promptly receiving information about funds being credited to your account). Also, the use of this technology eliminates the need for employees to constantly travel to the bank to make payments.

Thus, the functional software of an accountant’s workstation should include the following programs:

word processor;
financial and economic information processing system;
personal information system (organizer);
DBMS;
email program;
programs that implement the “client-bank” technology.

In the modern Russian market computer programs a large number of complexes for accounting automation are presented. The main difference between software products is their focus on large, medium or small enterprises. The programs are also released in local and network versions. Network options are somewhat more complex and expensive. They require special equipment, operating systems, etc. In addition, the organization needs staff to maintain the network qualified specialists. However, network options are convenient in that they include functions for computer processing of management information for the entire organization.

For small organizations it is convenient to use so-called mini-accounting packages. They are designed to automate the work of a small staff of accounting employees who do not have a clear specialization in specific areas of accounting.

These packages are designed for untrained users; they are easy to learn and operate. The main capabilities provided by this kind of programs include the formation of a number of primary accounting documents, maintaining a journal of business transactions, drawing up consolidated financial statements, etc. The most well-known such software products are “1C: Accounting”, “Turbo-Accountant”, etc.

For larger small and medium-sized businesses, it is advisable to use packages like “Integrated Accounting System”. These packages allow you to conduct automated accounting for some areas offline and then combine them into a single summary report. Software products of this type, which are most widespread, are a logical continuation of the development of mini-accounting packages. Such packages as “Parus”, “Kompekh+”, “Bambi+”, etc. are of good quality.

For medium and large businesses, packages like " Complete system accounting". Main feature Such software products are designed in a modular manner. Moreover, each module is responsible for performing the functions of a specific area of accounting. All modules are interconnected, which allows you to create consolidated reporting documents. Typically, such complexes include the following modules: “posting – general ledger – balance”, labor accounting, wages, fixed assets accounting, fixed assets accounting, finished products, production cost accounting, analysis financial condition organizations, etc. Such systems allow you to connect new modules and thus expand the complex and its functionality. In this case, it is necessary to observe the condition of interconnection of all components of the system. This is best achieved by purchasing separate software products (modules) from the same company.

In the accounting software market, packages like “Comprehensive Accounting System” from companies such as Infosoft, Intellect-Service, Omega, etc. have proven themselves well.

The organization of automated workplaces for managers and accountants is the most developed area of development and implementation of computer technologies in the enterprise management process. However, the functions of other specialists can also be performed more efficiently with the introduction of computer technology. Let's look at some of them.

AWS specialist personnel The main functions of a HR specialist include the following:

definition staffing organization, staffing;
selection and placement of personnel;
current work with personnel;
storage of information about the company’s employees (personal data, information about career advancement, rewards and punishments, hours worked, etc.).

To solve these problems, the HR specialist’s workstation should include the following software:

word processor;
DBMS;
email program;
applied expert system for selection and placement of personnel.

Secretary's workstation

The main functions of the secretary are:

provision of the manager operational information about the activities of the enterprise;
maintaining a calendar of business meetings, meetings, etc.;
ensuring communications between managers at various levels;
preparation of necessary documents.

To perform these functions, the following set of programs is required:

word processor;
table processor;
DBMS;
web browser;
email program;
document management system.

Lawyer's workstation

The main functions of a lawyer are:

preparation of templates for basic documents of the organization (samples of contracts, external reports, certificates transferred to third parties, etc.);
legal support of transactions.

The corresponding automated workstation includes:

word processor;
personal information system (organizer);
DBMS;
web browser;
email program;
specialized reference and legal systems (Garant, ConsultantPlus, etc.).

In addition, the automated management system may include a sales department employee’s workstation, a warehouse employee’s workstation, a security officer’s workstation, a marketer’s workstation, a cashier’s workstation, etc. (depending on the organization’s field of activity).

For each of these specialists, corresponding software packages that make up an automated workstation are also developed.

When creating a complex of automated workstations in an organization, it is necessary to ensure mutual exchange of information between them. This is necessary due to the fact that many tasks require the participation of various specialists in solving them and recording data in various reporting documents.

So, for example, when accounting for the consumption of materials, it is necessary to use automated workstations of various specialists: the workstation of a warehouse worker, the workstation of a material accounting accountant, the workstation of the marketing department, the workstation of an employee of the financial department and, finally, the workstation of the accounting department for consolidated accounting.

When calculating employee wages, the corresponding accounting workstation exchanges information with the workstation of the HR department employee.

Thus, the introduction of automated workplaces into an organization should be carried out inseparably from the entire process of informatization of the organization and as part of the creation of a comprehensive automated management system for this organization.

It should be noted that at the moment there are a large number of companies offering ready-made automated workstations for individual specialists or automated workplace complexes. If the set of functions they offer meets the objectives of a particular organization, then the use of these software packages will be optimal solution. Otherwise, it is necessary to attract specialists to develop specialized software systems.

Automated workstation (AWS) - a complex of computer hardware and software located directly at the employee’s workplace and designed to automate the employee’s work within the framework of his specialty.

The automated workplace includes:hardware, software, as well as information support and methodological documentation.

The software is divided into system-wide and functional. The functional software includes text editors, table editors, DBMS, programs for working with e-mail, etc.

Integrated office software packages have become widespread. A typical example is Microsoft Office.

The composition of the automated workplaces of specific specialists is determined depending on their job responsibilities and the functions they perform.

Currently, there is a huge selection of different software products that meet almost all the requirements imposed on it by representatives of various professions. However, there are situations when there is a need for some other programs. In such cases, special professional workstations are developed.

When creating such programs, it is necessary to take into account such points as:

tasks to be solved;
interaction with other specialists;
professional habits and inclinations of the employee;
development of not only software, but also special technical means (mouse, network, automatic dialing of telephone numbers, etc.).

The creation of efficiently operating professional workstations allows increasing the productivity of specialists and reducing the number of personnel. This increases the speed of information processing and its reliability, which is necessary for effective planning and management.

To effectively use the automated workplace complex, it is necessary, first of all, to clearly define for which specialists (managers, economists, statisticians, accountants) automated workplaces will be created. The composition and number of automated workplaces depend on the profile of the organization, its structure, scale and other parameters.

In practice, the development of specific workstations most often represents the automation of the most typical functions performed by an employee at a given workplace. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that the employee’s workstation should consist only of those programs that the specialist really needs for his work. An excessive amount of software in the workplace takes up PC resources and can distract an employee from performing his duties.

However, in practice, it is not always easy for employees of an organization to clearly define their needs for the information necessary for their work. In this case, you can obtain information about the operations performed by the employee and the data used for this in two different ways: asking the employee a direct question or receiving such information indirectly.

In the first case, employees draw up special certificates in writing containing:

a list of your main responsibilities;
specific types of information required to perform the above responsibilities.

Information needs are determined by the employee based on the composition of the main responsibilities and decisions made in the process of their implementation.

In another approach, information about responsibilities and information needs is obtained indirectly. The developer of the automated workplace asks employees - users of future automated workplaces - to describe what happens in the process of performing their job duties. After this, the developer must formulate specific questions that need to be answered under the assumption that the automated workplace is already functioning. This approach also allows the employee to gain greater insight into their activities and, in particular, the process of making complex decisions.

The result of applying any of the above approaches should be a clearly formulated list of the functions performed by the employee and his information needs. The next step on the path to creating an automated workplace is to determine those functions of the published list that can be automated and select programs with which this can be done.

An employee of any specialty using an automated workplace can perform the following operations:

enter written information from the keyboard and visually monitor this process using a monitor;
edit data;
move, copy, delete information;
display information on the screen, printer, record it on magnetic media;
transfer data from one computer to another using magnetic media;
exchange data via communication channels within a local area network or the Internet;
accumulate and store data;
search and collect the necessary information, update the data;
obtain information from databases;
protect information.

Manager's workstation

Most often, the manager needs information in connection with the implementation of the management process. The nature of information needs depends mainly on two factors: the personal qualities of the manager (knowledge of information systems, management style, understanding of information needs) and the organizational management structure within which decisions are made.

The manager's own ideas about information needs also have a great impact on the composition of the automated workplace software. Often, managers hesitate between wanting to know only the necessary data or knowing all the information. Many managers have no idea what information they need. There are several views among managers regarding their responsibilities regarding the dissemination of information to their subordinates. A leader who cannot or does not want to delegate authority usually tends to withhold information.

Problems of information support for management depend on the scale of the enterprise and the complexity of its organizational structure. Larger enterprises with more complex organizational structures require more formal information systems, and information needs become more critical to operations.

Each level of management requires different types of information and, as a rule, in different forms. At the planning level, a one-time message, inference or single request is required. At the scheduling management level, deviation reporting, conclusions, and various periodic evaluation communications are required. At the level of operational control, a formal message about established procedures, a daily message about the implementation of an operation is necessary to ensure operational control of activities.

The manager's responsibilities include:

making management decisions within its terms of reference;
analysis and synthesis of information necessary to make these decisions;
determining the necessary actions to implement the decisions made and determining the circle of persons who must ensure their implementation;
formulating tasks for specific employees participating in the process of implementing management decisions and communicating these tasks to them;
monitoring the execution of tasks.

It is advisable to include at least the following software tools in the functional software of the manager's workstation:

word processor;
table processor;
personal information system (organizer);
DBMS (for working with databases on all aspects of the organization’s activities, to obtain the necessary archival and operational information);
applied expert system (if necessary);
Web browser;
email program.