New states of Europe name time of proclamation. Creation of new states in Europe after the First World War

State final certification in grades XI in history is carried out orally on tickets. Each of the 25 tickets consists of 3 questions.

The first question to test your knowledge of the course “Modern history 1900 - 1939.” (X class). The second question to test the knowledge of the course “Recent and Contemporary History (1939 - the beginning of the 21st century)”, studied in the 11th grade. The third question to test the knowledge of the course “History of the Fatherland in the 20th - early 21st centuries (1939 - the beginning XXI century)", studied in the 11th grade.

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“The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the formation of new states in Europe”

Ticket 8

8.1. The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the formation of new states in Europe

As a result of the First World War, four empires collapsed: Russian, Ottoman, German and Austro-Hungarian. After the war, problems of state sovereignty came to the fore. The emergence of new nation states was inevitable.

Events that influenced the formation of new states:

First World War 1914-1918

Revolution in Russia in 1917

Revolution in Germany in 1918

Revolution in Hungary in 1919

New states

Table of new states of Europe 11th grade Ulunyan Sergeev

Answer: Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky 2 This man was nicknamed by his contemporaries the “chief persuader” of the Russian revolution, since he: Answer: a Task 4 1 What were the goals and program of the Kornilov movement? Question 2: Which population groups in Russia were the main producers of bread? Svyatopolk-Mirsky, proclaiming a course towards cooperation between the authorities and zemstvos Answer: in Foreign policy.

Partial or complete copying of site materials without written permission from the site administration is prohibited! It still exists and is called the Vatican. Prove your opinion with facts. After discussion, each group puts forward its version of the completed task.

Table of new states of Europe 11th grade Ulunyan Sergeev

European countries in the 1920s - 1930s. Having emerged victorious from the World War, Great Britain began to play a significant role in the political life of Europe and the world. The government's internal political line was entirely aimed at restoring the domestic economy, burdened by the world war. Compared to other victorious countries, Great Britain was unable to get ahead in the pace of its economic development, but was only able to restore its pre-war level. At the same time, as in other countries of Western Europe, the standard of living in Great Britain has increased. The capitalist model of the British economy allowed industry to quickly free itself from military-state tutelage and expand significantly. Like other Western countries, Britain experienced increased business activity and increased trade. The development of the commercial and industrial base made it possible to “draw” large sections of English society into the orbit of entrepreneurship. These organizations, which defended workers' rights, became quite a powerful force of influence in the UK during this period of time. In 1925, when the government cut public funding for the coal industry, mine owners began to cut miners' wages, close unprofitable, inefficient, non-revenue-generating mines, and lay off miners en masse. In response to this, British trade unions declared a general strike in May 1926. The government's forceful measures against workers almost led to a social explosion and revolution. In fact, only the concession on the part of the trade unions did not lead English society into a protracted conflict. Some workers went on strike until 1927, without achieving any concessions from the capitalists. As throughout the Western world, in France in the 1920s there was an increase in industrial production, the rise of trading companies, and an economic boom. France's economic growth was 40% of pre-war levels. It was a country whose citizens believed that all the horrors of the war were behind them, and that they should now enjoy life, i.e. They led a measured pace of life, trying to forget the monstrous losses of the war, to erase all the worst things from their memory. “Anything, but not war” - this was a peculiar attitude of French society. The rapid growth of industry turned into a catastrophic decline associated with the World Financial Crisis of 1929-1933. As in other Western countries where the crisis was raging, in France there was a tendency towards a decline in industrial production. At the height of the crisis, unprofitable enterprises were closed, which led to mass layoffs and increased unemployment. The French, like other residents of “crisis countries,” were acutely worried about the times that had come. The discontent growing day by day resulted in ever-widening support for the so-called Popular Front, which united all the left and center-left political forces Fig. As in other Western countries, in France at this time a middle class of society emerged, which largely influences politics and is the very pillar on which the economic development of the state rests. The growth of capital investment, mostly by the middle class, contributed to the growth of the economy as a whole. In general, the World Economic Crisis has revealed the main problem of capitalist society - incoming crises, which only intensify with each new repetition.

The French, like other residents of “crisis countries,” were acutely worried about the times that had come. The failure of the offensive of Russian troops at the front. The reason for the start of mass protests. Information about Russia’s readiness to continue the war until victory was published in the press. The government was preparing offensives to bring the end of the war closer and raise the patriotic spirit. Retreat of the Russian army. Often you have to read it in relation to America in the 20s. Stolypin proposed introducing zemstvos only in those provinces of the region where a significant number of the Russian population lived. Stalin for the accelerated industrialization of the country. In Argentina, steam locomotive furnaces were fueled with grain. The Versailles-Washington system could not resolve all controversial issues in international relations because... Land municipalization program: transfer of confiscated landowners' land into the ownership of local authorities while maintaining small peasant ownership of land belongs to: Bolsheviks. A decree was issued on November 9, 1906. Stolypin was categorically against the idea of ​​forced alienation of part of the landowners' lands. The issue of repaying the debts of the Russian tsarist government was resolved: and at the Genoa Conference in 1922, Makarov and at the Battle of Tsushima 4 3.

The vector of movement towards “Greater Europe,” declared in February 2015 by the Normandy Four at a meeting in Minsk, implies the construction of a common humanitarian and economic space “from Lisbon to Vladivostok.” With the practical implementation of this project, the problem of overcoming the challenges of separatism, which is growing in a number of European states, will inevitably arise. Whether local nationalist movements, speaking under the slogans of self-determination of “their” territories, will become actors in a radical change of borders on the map of Europe,” can be demonstrated in the near future.

In Spain, entire regions are already governed by politicians who demonstrate a desire for greater independence from Madrid. Supporters of separation from the center are strong, especially in Catalonia and the Basque Country. But their political positions are strengthening in Galicia, Andalusia, Valencia and the Canary Islands.

Catalonia

Among the main arguments in favor of their independence from Spain, the Catalans cite cultural and linguistic differences with other subjects of the crown. The Catalans are very proud of these differences, diligently emphasizing that they are only partly Spanish, and all attempts to “Spanishize” them in history have ended in failure.

Since 1978, Catalonia has existed as an autonomous community - one of 17 regions of Spain that have their own government and parliament. However, compared to other regions, the Catalans are much more independent: most areas of public life, from education to the courts and police, are in their hands. However, the region is deprived of the right to dispose of its income, and all tax revenues are sent to the general state treasury. As one of the most prosperous regions of Spain, Catalonia regularly becomes a donor to its less prosperous neighbors, and a growing number of residents of the region believe that becoming citizens of a separate state from Spain will significantly improve their well-being.

A surge of separatist sentiments in Catalonia was provoked by the unsuccessful attempt of its authorities to achieve legal registration of regional privileges. In 2010, when the Spanish Constitutional Court returned the new version of the Catalan regional statute (constitution) adopted four years earlier. At the same time, the court overturned the privileged position of the Catalan language and took away the region's tax autonomy. Since then, the number of supporters of independence from Spain in Catalonia has constantly grown.

Separatist sentiments were also fueled by the nationalist rhetoric of Artur Mas, who headed the regional government in 2010. Under his leadership, the Catalan authorities repeatedly started talking about a referendum and even adopted a symbolic declaration of independence. However, all initiatives of the nationalists were suppressed in Madrid: the central authorities fear that by allowing one region to secede, they will provoke the collapse of the entire state.

Supporters of Catalan independence intend to secede from Spain, but at the same time want to remain in the European Union and retain the euro as its currency. Polls show that the number of Catalans favoring secession would fall to 37% if they were forced to leave the EU. Another important obstacle to independence may be the economy. Although the Catalan economy accounts for 19% of Spain's GDP and has a high degree of self-sufficiency, some large companies have already announced that if independence is declared they will leave the region and, therefore, the ability to maintain the economic well-being of the region will be reduced.

However, more than 80% of participants in the survey, which took place in Catalonia on November 9, 2014, supported the separation of this cultural and historical region from Spain. Many people equate this event with a full-fledged referendum. But still, this is not yet a full-fledged legal act, but only the intensification of political bargaining between the regional Catalan and central Spanish authorities, although the results of the peaceful expression of the will of the Catalans have become significant far beyond the borders of Catalonia and Spain itself. In order to prevent spontaneous developments, the central Spanish authorities will now have to not only take into account the position of the Catalan leaders on many issues, but also find agreements with them on a basis acceptable to both parties.

Basque Country

A critical level of separatism is also demonstrated by another Spanish region - the Basque Country, some of whose residents have been seeking independence with arms in hand for decades. Along with Spain, although to a lesser extent, France was involved in the conflict, where a small region, the Northern Basque Country, is located in the Pyrenees-Atlantiques department.

The Basque nationalist movement began in the 19th century, when they were deprived of their autonomy for the first time in hundreds of years. Under the Franco regime, it became radicalized and embarked on the path of armed struggle, which the radical wing of the Basque nationalists, ETA, continued with varying success even after the establishment of democracy in Spain. Over the past decades, ETA has declared ceasefires several times, but has always broken peace promises. However, after tough police operations, ETA militants have not carried out a single terrorist attack since 2011.

But the goal of Basque nationalists is still the independence of the Basque Country, including French territories. The desire for separation, but above all, from Spain, is also demonstrated by leaders representing the political forces of the region who do not support the ideas of political violence. They put forward their demands for separation, despite the fact that the conditions for Basque autonomy are broader than in the case of Catalonia. Today, separatists hold two-thirds of the seats in the Basque Country parliament. But in the legal field, the Basques are not as active as the Catalans. In 2008, the president of the regional parliament, Juan José Ibarecce, tried to organize a referendum to determine whether to open a dialogue on the Basque right to self-determination. But in Madrid the plebiscite was banned.

Many prominent Spanish politicians believe that the secession of both Catalonia and the Basque Country would mean the end of Spain as a state, as this would trigger a domino effect. Without Catalonia and the Basque Country, Spain's economy would shrink by a quarter and per capita income by 5%.

Scottish Question

At the center of Scotland's separatist aspirations are primarily economic interests. The main source of income that Edinburgh does not want to share with London is the Brent oil field in the North Sea, discovered in the early 1970s. It was then that the Scots began to seriously think about strengthening control over tax flows.

But Edinburgh's attempt in 1979 to create a parliament, with the help of which it would be possible to win back at least part of the finances, succeeded only in 1999 and the ideas of separatism developed as latent currents of regional politics. Separatist rhetoric reached a new level in 2007, when plans to make Scotland independent were announced by its new First Minister (Prime Minister) Alex Salmond, leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP). In his opinion, Scotland's exit from the United Kingdom will only bring benefits to its residents, primarily in the form of income growth. A. Salmondi and his supporters were able to begin actual preparations for the referendum only in 2011, when the SNP gained a majority in the local parliament.

In London, the plans of the leader of the Scottish nationalists were perceived extremely negatively, however, they ultimately decided not to interfere with them. The vote was scheduled for September 18, 2014 and took place in an extremely tense atmosphere for all British politics. Massive information pressure was exerted on Scottish voters, in which even Elizabeth II herself took part. Ultimately, supporters of keeping Scotland within the UK won support from local voters, however, the number of votes against unity indicates that the idea of ​​​​independence for the region is “frozen” rather than rejected.

Supporters and opponents of independence put forward their arguments. Nationalists argue that by overthrowing the yoke of English Eurosceptics, they will ensure a bright future for an independent Scotland, because they themselves will control the oil in the North Sea. The SNP promises that state pension payments will begin a year earlier than planned and that around 200,000 families will be able to have their child benefits increased. Proponents of independence are trying to win over businessmen with promises of tax cuts in order to give impetus to the development of the Scottish economy and attract investment from abroad. An important place in their arguments is also occupied by the promise of the withdrawal of nuclear submarines from the Clyde base.

Opponents of independence argue with nationalists on all points. They, for example, are confident that the Scots will live poorer, that prices for everything in the country will rise, from food to services. They point out that the Scots now live better than the English, because the average resident of Scotland receives 1,200 pounds more in all kinds of payments than the resident of England.

London, if Scotland leaves the United Kingdom, will also face big losses. It is extremely difficult to imagine all of them now, but the main ones are: the loss of billions of oil, the need to open a new base for submarines, which will also cost billions; and the change of name and flag, from which the blue color will disappear, lie on the surface.

In Brussels, Scottish independence is viewed negatively and is not particularly hidden. The European Union has already warned Edinburgh that if Scotland leaves the UK, then it will have to forget about automatic entry into the EU and, moreover, entry into the eurozone. It will resolve all procedural issues in the same way as, for example, Turkey or Serbia.

Szekely Region (Romania)

The Székelys are Romanian Hungarians living in Transylvania, which became part of Romania after the First World War. They do not demand the creation of an independent state, but strive for legal formalization of the status of autonomy, which currently does not exist. Moreover, the three counties in which they live do not even form a semblance of a single administrative unit. In their demands, the Székelys are guided by the situation that developed in 1952, when the ruling Communist Party granted them autonomy, which lasted for about 16 years (until 1968) and was abolished during the administrative reform of N. Ceausescu.

Since 2003, the Székelys have been trying to organize a referendum on the creation of an autonomy under the code name Székely Region. They began to act especially actively in 2013, on the eve of the new territorial reform. As it turned out, Bucharest nevertheless decided to separate the Szekely counties into a separate administrative unit, but there is still no talk of any self-government or financial independence. In addition, in accordance with the reform project, the Hungarian-speaking region will also include one Romanian-speaking county (district), which will significantly complicate the picture of the composition of the local population, and the prospects for further registration of autonomy will be blocked.

South Tyrol

The Italian province of South Tyrol (official name - Autonomous Province of Bolzano-Bozen - South Tyrol) was part of Austria-Hungary until 1919. Most residents of South Tyrol speak dialects of German.

In 1972, the territory received autonomy status with the right to resolve many issues at the local level. This step relieved the intensity of separatist aspirations for some time. However, with the worsening crisis in the Italian economy, slogans about independence from Rome in South Tyrol became increasingly louder. Tyrol no longer receives the tax revenue it is entitled to. Secession from Italy in South Tyrol was seriously discussed only in the 2000s at the initiative of the nationalist party “Freedom of South Tyrol” (STF), but it did not propose a ready-made program of transformation and organized a series of polls and consultative referendums, the results of which revealed: despite this Although the majority of Tyroleans want disengagement, their ultimate goals differ.

On the issue of gaining sovereignty, the opinions of the Tyroleans differ between several scenarios: 1 - remain in Italy with the rights of even wider autonomy; 2 - become an independent state; 3 - return to Austria again; or 4 - try your luck by becoming the new canton of Switzerland. While none of the options can secure the support of an absolute majority, local politics is determined by moderate forces advocating the preservation of the status quo under the leadership of the People's Party of South Tyrol, which are not taking any steps towards secession. However, given the results of the parliamentary elections in Italy (2014), supporters of disengagement are gradually gaining weight in Tyrol, and the current authorities will have to compromise and support the separatist agenda.

The Tyroleans boast one of the highest standards of living in the Old World. South Tyrol is visited by over 5 million tourists annually; Tyrolean power plants provide energy to almost the entire north of Italy. Now the Tyroleans, not without reason, fear the loss of privileges and subsidies granted to them under the 1972 autonomy agreement. They clearly don't want to live like other Italians. Especially in the south of the peninsula.

Passions for freedom are skillfully ignited by nationalist parties, which have more than 20% of the seats in the provincial parliament. Anti-Italian sentiment in South Tyrol flared up again after the government of Mario Monti began to implement a program of austerity and spending cuts. Rome has demanded that South Tyrol cut spending by almost 1 billion euros, even though the demand conflicts with an agreement that states that 90% of taxes collected in the province must be returned in the form of subsidies. Difficult negotiations on the division of income are currently underway with the government of Enrico Letta, who, on the issue of relations with the regions, repeats the policy of his predecessor.

Flanders and Wallonia

The division of Dutch-speaking and French-speaking regions has long been debated in Belgium, and if the hopes of nationalists, at least on one side, are fulfilled, an entire state will disappear from the map of Europe.

Basically we are talking about Flemish nationalists who want to get rid of the need to provide for the economically less developed Wallonia. The situation is aggravated by the extremely sharp divisions within Belgium along linguistic lines, which leave an imprint on almost all spheres of life. The situation is aggravated by the fact that representatives of the north and south of the country are unable to agree on the formation of a parliament in which both linguistic communities must be represented. Because of this intractability, the country spent a record 541 days without a permanent government following the 2010 elections. The guarantor, albeit fragile, but still, of the unity of Belgium in recent years was King Albert II, who recently abdicated the throne in favor of his son Philip. To keep the country from disintegrating, he resorted to shuttle diplomacy more than once or twice, persuading either the Flemings or the Walloons to cooperate.

If Flanders declares its independence, Belgium will not only end, it will likely be replaced by chaos. Wallonia may break up into parts that will be distributed between France, Germany and Luxembourg. The German-speaking community located in the east of Wallonia will most likely go to the Germans. In addition, the prospects for Brussels, which is almost equally divided between the Dutch- and French-speaking communities, remain unclear.

The trends observed in Europe as a whole are such that it is hardly possible to talk about the imminent emergence of new states there. Scotland and Flanders are closest to independence, but for various reasons even their chances of gaining sovereignty are not very high. As for the rest of Europe, the threat to their unity is most likely even less.

Separatists of the European North

Dreams of independence are also growing in Greenland, where some residents are seeking a future without Denmark, relying on mineral wealth. Greenland has broad autonomy and has its own parliament and government, and also manages its own rich natural resources. Of particular interest are large deposits of rare earth metals. According to geologists, the largest island on the planet may have 9.16% of the world's reserves. In addition to them, Greenland has large reserves of hydrocarbons, diamonds, gold, metal ores, etc.

Denmark declared Greenland its colony in 1776. And although two centuries later, in 1979, Nuuk received internal autonomy, the head of the island remains the Danish Queen Margrethe II. In November 2008, 76% of Greenlanders voted for self-government. On May 22, the law on full self-government for Greenland was approved by the Danish parliament. Now the Greenlanders have jurisdiction over the courts, police and coast guard. Copenhagen retained control over defense, foreign policy and foreign exchange transactions. Only now the Danes need to consult with the Greenlanders when making decisions that will affect their island.

According to the new agreement between Copenhagen and Nuuk, the first 75 million kroner earned by Greenlanders should go to the island's budget, and everything that exceeds this amount will be divided in half with Denmark. But economists believe that without Copenhagen’s subsidies, which now amount to DKK 3.6 billion ($655 million), i.e., almost two-thirds of the budget of the autonomous region of the Danish Kingdom, Nuuk will not be able to survive. Greenlanders will be able to get back on their feet and become truly independent no sooner than in 25 years, and then only if they manage to open 24 large mines or quarries for mineral extraction, each of which costs 5 billion crowns. A very big problem will be the shortage of labor, since the population of Greenland is only 57 thousand people.

Of course, such studies should be treated with a certain degree of skepticism, or at least trusted to completely independent experts. This view is apparently shared by Greenland's Prime Minister Aleka Hammond, who, when asked to comment on the study's findings, said she still dreams of Greenland gaining independence in her lifetime.

The results of the Catalan referendum inspire supporters of independence in all Spanish regions, Scottish, Flemish, Northern Italian, Bavarian autonomists and separatists in the European Union. “The specter of separatism is haunting Europe,” wrote the American magazine The National Interest. The author of the article, Gordon N. Bardos, emphasized that “if the European Union does not emerge from the current crisis that threatens its existence, then, as history shows, these movements may strengthen even more and achieve new successes, transforming the Europe we have known over the past twenty years " Contrary to popular assessments, European separatists want not only money, but also independence.

But the stability of European borders is threatened not only by separatists, but also by challenges associated with state-format nationalism. There are currently ten official, low-intensity territorial disputes in Europe, in which the claims of each side are supported by the sympathies of the population. This allows one to resort not only to legal or historical arguments, but also to manipulate the national feelings of citizens of European countries.

Now that the European Union is facing economic difficulties, territorial disputes in the European space threaten to emerge with renewed vigor. Such points of latent nationalism, which can be actualized at the prompting from high offices, are: Lake Constance (Switzerland, Austria and Germany), Mont Blanc (Italy and France), Gibraltar (Spain and Great Britain), Gulf of Piran (Slovenia and Croatia), Aegean dispute (Greece and Turkey), Sharengrad Island (Croatia and Serbia), Olivensa (Portugal and Spain), Lough Foyle (Ireland and Great Britain), Dollart Bay (Netherlands and Germany), Northern Kosovo (Serbia and Republic of Kosovo).

The large-scale experiment in supranational unification in Europe presented a clear challenge to the idea that the nation-state is the main actor in modern world politics. The resurgence of nationalism has become an important part of the difficulties facing the European Union today. Attempts to solve the eurozone's debt problems are greatly complicated by national stereotypes, when northern Europeans consider southerners lazy, and southerners condemn the arrogance of northerners. The strengthening of national sentiments in Europe is manifested at all levels and in a variety of forms, right down to sports tournaments and the Eurovision Song Contest.

In general, the transfer of a number of state powers from national capitals to Brussels only for a very short time softened the nationalist sentiments of European separatists and at the same time created a certain legality for the actions of peoples actively seeking the right to self-determination. However successful the European experiment has been in terms of economics and the prevention of regional wars, it is still far from creating a pan-European identity that can supplant ideas of nationality based on a common language, culture and historical traditions. As the experience of Latin America shows, even the very deep cultural and linguistic proximity of the peoples of different countries cannot compensate for the feeling of belonging to a nation-state.

In general, national movements today have become not only a permanent player in the field of world politics, but also form a specific range of problems in the solution of which all other actors are involved - primarily states and multilateral institutions.

Here is a map of countries in Russian and a table with sovereign states, as well as dependent territories. They include completely independent states and territories dependent on various European countries. In total, in the European part of the world there are 50 sovereign states and 9 dependent territories.

Read also:

According to the generally accepted geographical definition, the border between and Europe runs along the Ural Mountains, the Ural River and the Caspian Sea in the east, the Greater Caucasus mountain system and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles in the south. Based on this division, the transcontinental states of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey have territories in both Europe and Asia.

The island of Cyprus in Western Asia is close to Anatolia (or Asia Minor) and lies on the Anatolian Plate, but is often considered part of Europe and is a current member of the European Union (EU). Armenia is also entirely in Western Asia, but is a member of some European organizations.

Although providing a clearer separation between and Europe, some traditionally European islands, such as Malta, Sicily, Pantelleria and the Pelagian Islands, are located on the African Continental Plate. The island of Iceland is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which crosses the Eurasian and North American plates.

Greenland has socio-political ties to Europe and is part of the Kingdom of Denmark, but is geographically closer to. Sometimes Israel is also seen as part of the geopolitical processes of Europe.

Other territories are part of European countries but are geographically located on other continents, such as the French overseas departments, the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the African coast, and the Dutch Caribbean territories of Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius.

There are 50 internationally recognized sovereign states with territory located within the general definition of Europe and/or members in international European organizations, of which 44 have their capitals within Europe. All but the Vatican are members of the United Nations (UN), and all but Belarus, Kazakhstan and the Vatican are members of the Council of Europe. 28 of these countries have been members of the EU since 2013, meaning they are highly integrated with each other and partially share their sovereignty with EU institutions.

Political map of Europe with country names in Russian

To enlarge the map, click on it.

Political map of Europe with names of states/Wikipedia

Table of European countries with capitals

Teacher: Zaitseva V.A.

Lesson summary on General History for 11th grade students

Topic: Formation of nation states in Europe

Lesson type: combined lesson

Purpose: Educational: together with students, find out the events that took place after the collapse of three empires: Russian, Austro-Hungarian and German; developing: develop the ability to work with the text of a textbook, think logically, compare events that took place in the newly formed states; educational: to cultivate a sense of patriotism against the background of the fact that it was after the revolution in Russia that the model of building a Soviet society became relevant in many young states of post-war Europe.

Methods: frontal survey, analysis of current events, synchronization and chronology of facts, logical thinking, clarity, working with a map, with textbook text and excerpts from historical sources, method of innovative technologies.

Equipment: textbook History. General history. 11th grade: textbook for general education organizations: basic level / A.A. Ulunyan, E.Yu. Sergeev; edited by A. O. Chubaryan. – M.: Education, 2014. – 287 p.; workbooks, handouts; multimedia board.

During the classes:

Organizing time

Homework survey (according to paragraphs 1-2). The number of questions is based on 15 students:

1. The prerequisite for the First World War was:.. (the formation of 2 blocs of the Triple Alliance and the Entente).
2. Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy ... - (states that were part of the Triple Alliance)
3. Russia, Great Britain and ... - states ... (France, part of the Entente)
4. June 28, 1914…. (assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand)
5. Franz Ferdinand - heir to the throne... (Austria-Hungary)
6. Gavrilo Princip is a representative of which state?... (Serbia)
7. The First World War has begun... (July 28, 1918)
8. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia... (July 28, 1918)
9. Which state and when declared war on Russia during the First World War? (Germany, August 1, 1918)
10. Which states declared their sovereignty before 1917? (USA, Belgium, Spain, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, etc.)
11. What did the Schlieffen Plan involve? (capture of Paris in 42 days)
12. In September 1914 - battle... (on the Marne River)
13. Which bloc did Japan side with? (Entente)
14. During which battle were new fire techniques used for the first time: flamethrowers, airplanes, tanks (Somme River)
15. During what battle was poison gas first used? (r. Ypres)
16. The number of casualties on both sides following the Battle of Verdun... (approx. 1 million)
17. One of the largest naval battles of the war, which took place fromMay 31 By June 1st g. ... (Jutland)
18. Number of states that took part in the First World War...(38)
19. The main result of the First World War: ... (collapse of 4 empires)
20. How did the population react to the outbreak of the First World War at the initial stage of the war? (supported the national idea, the rise of patriotic spirit)
21. Why were democratic freedoms limited in states already in the first weeks of the war? (impossible in war conditions)
22. What did the states that declared neutrality suffer from and what did they benefit from? (from the flow of refugees from the demand for food, uniforms, and other needs of the war)
23. How did trade unions contribute to the ideology of war? (they restrained workers’ strikes using their authority)
24. Which 2 organizations provided the bulk of assistance to refugees? (ICC and ARA)
25. In what conditions were the captured soldiers kept? (struggle for survival: unsanitary conditions, lack of adequate nutrition, epidemics)
26. Why were captured officers kept in better conditions than captured soldiers? (were informed; ransom possible)
27. On the territory of which state did the Social Democrats hold conferences? (Switzerland)
28. Name the main members of the Social Democratic Conference in Switzerland. (V. Lenin, Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg)
29. From what period did the massive anti-war social upsurge begin? (Spring 1916)
30. Name the years of the First World War (1914-1918)

New material:

1. Collapse of Empires
2. Education of Czechoslovakia
3. Education of Yugoslavia
4. Re-establishment of the Polish state
5. Formation of the Austrian Republic
6. Creation of the Hungarian Independent State
7. Formation of new states on the territory of the former Russian Empire
8. Education in Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia
9. Establishment of the Weimar Republic in Germany.

Updating the topic. On the screen is an image of some postage stamps of the states that will be studied in the lesson. Students should look closely at each image, peering and questioning it. Based on this, they come to the conclusion that today we will study in class the new post-war states formed during the collapse of the Russian, German and Austro-Hungarian empires.

1. Collapse of Empires

Teacher's word.

Following the revolution in Russia, revolutions also spread to other European countries.

The collapse of the empire in Austria was different from Russia and Germany. Back in the summer of 1918, the Entente countries created national organizations of Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians and South Slavic peoples. They advocated the independence of their administrative-territorial entities.

In Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland there is a civil war, a response to events in revolutionary Russia.

Independent work of students with the text of the paragraph: pp. 37-46.

Filling out the table:

After the class has completed the table, they are asked to check it using a map from the textbook entitled “Territorial Changes in Europe, 1918-1923.” The teacher names the state, and students use the map to look for the territories that were part of it; They name the figures who stood at the origins of the state and briefly characterize the reforms that took place in it.

Reflection . A student is called in to evaluate his classmates' work in class and conclude that the states that emerged from the fall of the European empires following World War I were weak; many of them came under pro-Soviet influence and the reforms carried out in them were similar to the reforms carried out in Soviet Russia.

Homework:P.3, p.47-48 analyze an excerpt from the source “Congress of Representatives of Peoples and Regions of Russia.”