General meaning of a numeral. Numeral
Denoting quantity or a quantitative attribute, the order of an object when counting, answers the questions “which?”, “how much?”.
A numeral is an independent part of speech that denotes quantity and expresses this meaning in the morphological categories of case (consistently) and gender (inconsistently) (for numerals that have the morphological meaning of gender, see below). Numerals are divided into two lexico-grammatical categories: quantitative ( two, five, twenty, fifty, two hundred, three hundred fifty one) and collective ( both, two, five). The composition of cardinal numerals includes definite-quantitative and indefinite-quantitative numerals. The first ones denote a certain number of units ( two, four, fifteen, one and a half hundred, two hundred), the second - an indefinite number of units; these include words few, a lot, a lot of, A little, as well as pronominal numerals some, How many, for some time, how much, so many, so much.
Cardinal number
Cardinal number- a numeral that answers the question “how much?”, “how many?” etc.
Cardinal numbers have two meanings.
- Both definite-quantitative and indefinite-quantitative numerals have a quantitative-numerical meaning, represented by two particular values -
- quantitative (quantity as a sign of an object: five goals, three chairs, ten days, some years) And
- numerical (abstract quantity, or number: four is divisible by two without a remainder, three times ten - thirty; some- this is not any indefinite quantity: it can be three, five, ten, not much at all; oral speech).
- Only definite cardinal numerals have a countable ordinal meaning: they name the ordinal place of an object, which, when counting stops, turns out to be the last in a series of homogeneous ones: house three(house, third in a row of houses, when counting is stopped, limited to the number of three); car eight, place thirty-five(place, last in a row, when counting is stopped, limited to 35 places).
Spelling cardinal numbers in Russian
- Complex (consisting of two stems) cardinal numbers are written together, for example: eighteen (18), eighty (80), eight hundred (800).
- Compound (consisting of several words) cardinal numbers are written separately: eighty eight thousand eight hundred eighty eight (88888).
Declension of cardinal numerals in Russian
In complex numerals denoting tens and hundreds, both parts are declined:
- 80 - eighty, genus. eighty, TV eighty And eighty.
- 800 - eight hundred, genus. eight hundred, date eight hundred, TV eight hundred And eight hundred, etc. about eight hundred.
Other types of numerals
Declension of numerals
Notes
Links
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See what “Numerals” are in other dictionaries:
Names (gram.). the concept of number in language is expressed in two ways: 1) in the form of special forms of name, pronoun and verb, denoting general ideas so called singular, dual and plural numbers, and 2) in the form of independent... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
numerals - Independent part speech, expressing the categorical meaning of quantity in grammatical forms of case, and sometimes gender: two, forty, three, seven. The general categorical meaning of numerals is determined by substituting the question how many?... ...
Numerals, numerals, numerals, numerals, numerals, numerals (Source: “Complete accentuated paradigm according to A. A. Zaliznyak”) ... Forms of words
ordinal numbers- Numerals, denoting the quantitative attribute of an object according to its place in this system when counting objects of the same type. Ordinal numbers do not have the meaning of an abstract number, so they are not used in calculations: addition, subtraction... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
definite cardinal numerals- Numerals, naming certain number or the number of objects in the form of integers. These numerals can be simple, complex, or composite. They change only by cases; when declension of complex and compound numerals changes... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hungarian egy kettő három négy öt hat hét nyolc kilenc tíz Mansi aqua kitig ... Wikipedia
Numerals quantitative, ordinal, fractional- 1. Complex (consisting of two bases) cardinal numbers are written together, for example: eighteen, eighty, eight hundred. 2. Compound (consisting of several words) cardinal numerals are written separately: in ... ... A reference book on spelling and style
collective numerals- (two, three, seven) Numerals denoting a certain number of objects as a single whole, as a collection. They are simple in structure, are not included in fractional units, and have a suffix. o/oj, er. Collective numbers have no category... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
compound numerals- The category of numerals in structure, consisting of several simple or complex numerals: seventy, two, one hundred twenty-three. Compound numerals do not have: 1) grammatical integrity (with declension, each word included... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Books
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Numeral- independent Part of speech, indicating the number, quantity and order of objects. Answers the questions: how much? which?
Numerals are divided into three lexico-grammatical categories: quantitative- answer the question How many? (two, five, twenty, fifty, two hundred, three hundred fifty one), collective (both, two, five) And ordinal- answer the question which? (first, second, hundredth, last).
The composition of cardinal numerals includes definite-quantitative and indefinite-quantitative numerals. The first ones denote a certain number of units ( two, four, fifteen, one and a half hundred, two hundred), the second - an indefinite number of units; these include words few, a lot, a lot of, A little, as well as pronominal numerals some, How many, for some time, how much, so many.
Cardinal number
Cardinal number- a numeral that answers the question “how many?”, “how many?”, “how many?” etc. Cardinal numbers have two meanings.
Both definite-quantitative and indefinite-quantitative numerals have a quantitative-numerical meaning, represented by two particular values -
quantitative (quantity as a sign of an object: five goals, three chairs, ten days, some years) And
numerical (abstract quantity, or number: four is divisible by two without a remainder, three times ten - thirty; some- this is not any indefinite quantity: it can be three, five, ten, not much at all; oral speech).
Only definite cardinal numerals have a countable ordinal meaning: they name the ordinal place of an object, which, when counting stops, turns out to be the last in a series of homogeneous ones: house three(house, third in a row of houses, when counting is stopped, limited to the number of three); car eight, place thirty-five(place, last in a row, when counting is stopped, limited to 35 places).
Spelling cardinal numbers in Russian
Simple (consist of one base) for example: “one” (1), “two” (2), “three” (3)
Complex (consisting of two bases) cardinal numbers are written together, for example: “eighteen” (18), “eighty” (80), “eight hundred” (800).
Compound (consisting of several words) cardinal numbers are written separately: “eighty-eight thousand eight hundred eighty-eight” (88888).
Spelling of numerals
1. For the numerals “five” - “nineteen”, as well as “twenty” and “thirty”, b is written at the end, and for the numerals “fifty” - “eighty” and “five hundred” - “nine hundred” - in the middle of the word.
2. The numerals “ninety” and “one hundred” have the ending O in the nominative and accusative cases, and in other cases - the ending A. (“to spend a hundred rubles”, “one hundred rubles are missing”). The numeral “forty” in the nominative and accusative cases has a zero ending, and in other cases it has the ending A. (“he is not even forty years old”). In the nominative and accusative cases, the numeral “two hundred” has the ending I, and the numerals “three hundred” and “four hundred” have the ending A (“has existed for three hundred years”).
3. Complex numerals (both quantitative and ordinal), consisting of two bases, are written together (“sixteen”, “sixteenth”, “nine hundred”, “nine hundredth”).
4. Composite numerals are written separately, having as many words as there are significant figures, not counting zeros (“five hundred twenty-three”, “five hundred twenty-third”; or: “two hundred ten”, “two hundred tenth”). However, ordinal numbers ending in “- thousandth», «- millionth», «- billionth”, are written together (“one hundred thousandth”, “two hundred and thirty billionth”).
5. Fractional numerals are written separately (“three fifths”, “three whole (and) one second”), but the numerals “two-half”, “three-half”, “four-half” are written together. The numerals “one and a half” and “one and a half hundred” have only two case forms: “one and a half” (“one and a half” in the female form), “one and a half hundred” for the nominative and accusative case and “one and a half”, “one and a half hundred” for all other cases without gender differences.
6. In compound cardinal numerals, all the words forming them are declined (“two hundred and fifty six” - “two hundred and fifty six”, “two hundred and fifty six”), when fractional numerals are declined, both parts also change (“three fifths” - “three fifths” - “three-fifths” - “three-fifths” - “about three-fifths”).
7. But when declension of a composite ordinal number, only the ending of the last component changes (“two hundred and fifty-sixth” - “two hundred and fifty-sixth” - “two hundred and fifty-sixth”).
8. The word “thousand” is declined as a feminine noun by -A; the words “million” and “billion” are declined as masculine nouns with a consonant as the stem.
9. Please note: the numerals “both” (m. and middle r.) and “both” (f. r.) are declined differently: for the numeral “both” the basis for declension is “both-” (“both” , “both”, “both”), and the numeral “both” has the basis “both-” (“both”, “both”, “both”).
10. Please note: with a mixed number, the noun is controlled by a fraction, and it is used in genitive case singular: 1 2/3 m (“one whole and two thirds of a meter”).
Lecture: Independent parts of speech. Numeral
NumeralNumeral name (Ch.) - part of speech meaning the number, quantity and order of objects.
NB! Quantity can also mean other parts of speech. In contrast, numerals can be written not only in words, but also in numbers: seven (or 7) chess players (number) - big seven (noun).
Names Ch. | Examples |
Answer questions How many? Which? which? | There are (how many?) three oranges. The banknote (what?) is five thousand. Month (which?) is the fourth. Five (how many?) teenagers. |
The initial form is the form I.p. | About four platforms– beginning f. – four platforms. |
By value they are divided into quantitative (how many?) and ordinal (which? which?) | Twenty-three (how many?) roses – quantitative. The one hundred and sixth (which?) house is ordinal. |
Quantitatives are declined only by cases, have no gender (except one and two) and number (except one). | Six days (I.p.), no six days (R.p.), I remember six days(P.p.). Two girls - I.p., female. Just a sleigh - I.p., plural. |
In terms of meaning and grammatical properties, cardinal numbers are divided into: - whole numbers (used with nouns that are counted, one cannot say four honeys); - fractional numbers; - collective numbers ( two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, both/both). | A thousand roses, seven cars, fifty-three days – whole. Six-sevenths of a pie, a day and a half, two-thirds of capital – fractional. Eight cubs, three skaters, three scissors - collective. |
Ordinals change, like adjectives, according to cases and numbers and singular parts. by birth. | Sixth - sixth - sixth - sixth (sixth) - sixth - (about) sixth. |
According to composition they are divided into simple(one word - one root), complex(one word - two roots), composite(Few words). | Three, one hundred, seventh – simple. Three hundred, sixty, seven hundred – complex. Three hundred six, sixty eight, eight hundred thirty nine – composite. |
Often they become any member of a sentence. | Thirty is divisible by ten(thirty is the subject). Twice four is eight(eight is a predicate). |
NB! Numerals ending in “-thousandth”, “-millionth”, “-billionth”, etc. are written together: five-thousandth (bill), five hundred twenty millionth(budget).
NB!“One and a half” has two forms: m. and f. R. (one and a half years, one and a half seconds), fractional numerals, which include the numerals one and two, are always used only in the form w. R. One ninth of a circle, two fourths of a book.
Declension of numerals
Case | Singular | Plural |
||
Masculine | Neuter gender | Feminine |
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one (inanimate) | alone (inanimate) |
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one(s) | ||||
(about) one | (about) one | (about) alone |
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Case | 2 | 3, 4 |
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Masculine | Neuter gender | Feminine |
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three four |
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three, four |
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three, four |
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two (inanimate) | two (inanimate) | three, four (inanimate) |
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three, four |
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(o) three, four |
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NB! Cardinal numbers from five to twenty and thirty declined as nouns of the 3rd declension:
Cases 5, 30
I., V. – five, thirty
R., D., P. - heel And, thirty And
T. – five Yu, thirty Yu
NB! The numerals forty, ninety, one hundred, one hundred and fifty have only two forms:
NB! The numerals from fifty to eighty, from five hundred to nine hundred, two hundred, three hundred, four hundred have both parts declined. We list them in the table:
Case | 50-80 | 200-400 | 500-900 |
fifty | |||
heels And ten And | dv wow hundred | heels And hundred |
|
heels And ten And | dv mind st am | heels And st am |
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fifty | |||
five Yu ten Yu | dv skillfully st ami | five Yu st ami |
|
oh hey And ten And | o dv wow st Oh | oh hey And st Oh |
NB! In compound numerals, each word is declined according to case.
3638
I.p. tr And thousand And six hundred thirty eight
R.p. tr eh thousand pole And hundred thirty And eight And
D.p. tr eat thousand am
pole And st am thirty And eight And
V.p. three thousand And six hundred thirty eight
etc. tre me thousand mi six Yu st ami thirty Yu eight Yu
P.p. o tr eh thousand Oh six hundred Oh
thirty And
eight And
NB! Ordinal numbers vary by number and gender. This should be taken into account when declension by case. For compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined. The ending is formed according to the same principle as that of relative adjectives.
1 | 10 | ||||||||||
neuter gender | masculine | feminine | average | male | female |
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tenth | tenth | ||||||||||
tenth | tenth | ||||||||||
about the tenth | about the tenth | about tenth |
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NB! 2325th
I.p. two thousand three hundred twenty-five
R.p. two thousand three hundred twenty-fifth
...
P.p. about two thousand three hundred twenty-five
NB! Collective numbers are declined like plural adjectives. Ending in V.p. depends on the animate/inanimate nature of the object.
Case | two | four | How many |
four | how many |
||
four | how many |
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two (inanimate) | four (inanimate) | how much (inanimate) |
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four | how many |
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about four | about how many |
NB!"Both" and "both" are modified differently.
Case | Masculine and neuter | Feminine |
both (inanimate), both (inanimate) | both (inanimate), both (animate) |
|
NB! A fractional number has two parts: the numerator of the fraction (the cardinal number that represents a whole number) and the denominator of the fraction (the ordinal number). If the numerator ends in the number "one", then "one" is used instead. The number "two" is replaced by "two". Compare: one fifth, two fifths, three fifths, four fifths.
Both parts change in cases in accordance with the declension of cardinal and ordinal numbers. The denominator is declined like an ordinal number in the plural: to three-fifths (d.p.), with two-fifths (tv.p.). Or as an ordinal number in the feminine singular, if the numerator ends in 1: to one fifth, I see twenty-one thirty-seventh. When denoting quantity, the noun with a fractional numeral is used in the genitive case: from one-eighth of the cake, to three-sevenths of the area of the triangle.
NB!"One and a half" is declined according to a special rule.
Declension mixed numbers
Mixed number - a number made up of an integer part and an ordinary fraction.
The cardinal number acts as an integer part. To separate an integer part from a fraction, the word “whole” or “whole” is used. Examples of mixed numbers: 3.1/2 or three whole one second; 1.23 or one point two thirds.
Declination of mixed numbers whole part Declined according to the rules for declension of cardinal numerals. If the whole part ends with the number “one”, then “one” is used instead. The number "two" is replaced by "two". Compare: 101 – one hundred and one whole, 102 – one hundred and two whole, 105 – one hundred and five whole. The fractional part is declined according to the rules for declination of fractional numerals, which are described above.
How do you spell NOT with numerals? With numerals, the negation is not written separately. Eg, not the first husband, not four rubles, this is not the zero meridian.
How to write correctly: zero or zero? Both forms are allowed. An adjective is often formed from the zero form: zero kilometer, zero mood.
Morphological analysis of the numeral name
I. Determine what part of speech it means.
II. Please indicate which morphological characteristics has:
1.
Initial form(I.p.).
2.
Constant signs:
a) simple or compound,
b) quantitative or ordinal,
c) category (for quantitative).
3.
Variable signs:
a) case,
b) number (if any),
c) gender (if any).
III. State what the syntactic function is.
| | |
Based on their composition, cardinal numbers are divided into simple, complex and composite. Simple numerals are words with a simple base - unmotivated and suffixed: two, five, ten, fourty, one hundred, How many, so many, fifteen, thirty; Complex numerals are words with a complex base: sixty, eight hundred(for details see § 1032, 1034). Compound numerals consist of several words (two or more), each of which is itself a simple or complex numeral: twenty five, eight hundred thirty eight. A compound numeral may include a noun with the meaning of number; For example: thousand nine hundred seventy six; (one) million five thousand one hundred ninety five. When denoting very large numbers or quantities ( billion, thousands billions) are used noun. billion(billion) trillion(a number equal to a thousand billion) quadrillion(conventional name for a number represented by a unit followed by fifteen or twenty zeros), which appear in different combinations with numerals or other nouns: one trillionfive billions eight millions one hundred thousand two hundred eighty one.
DECLINATION OF CARDINAL NUMERALS
Numerals two, three, four form case forms according to the model of the mixed declension of adjectives (see § 1315). The system of their inflections in cosm. pad. is a slightly modified system of inflections of case forms of mixed cl. plural adjectives h. Number two, three, four have the following phonemic composition of inflections:
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Paradigms |
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dv-A |
dv-e |
tr-And |
four-e |
|
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dv-wow |
tr-eh |
four-eh |
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dv-mind |
tr-eat |
four-eat |
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|
like them. or gen. P. |
like them. or gen. P. |
|||
|
dv-skillfully |
tr-name |
four-me |
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|
O dv-wow |
O tr-eh |
O four-eh |
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Numerals from five before ten and all numerals in - twenty And - ten form case forms in the third cl. nouns (see § 1187). A distinctive feature of the declension of numerals is - ten is the so-called double declension, i.e. the declension of both components: fifty, fifty, fifty. Numerals in - ten form case forms from variant stems: forms named after. and wine n. have a base on a hard consonant, and the forms of other indirect ones. pad. - for a soft consonant: fifty, But fifty.
|
Paradigms |
|||
|
five |
fifteen |
fifty |
|
|
heels-And |
fifteen-And |
fifty-And |
|
|
heels-And |
fifteen-And |
fifty-And |
|
|
five |
fifteen |
fifty |
|
|
heels-Yu |
fifteen-Yu |
fifty-Yu |
|
|
O heels-And |
O fifteen-And |
O fifty-And |
|
Compound numerals change according to cases. When forming case forms, it is normal to change the cases of each word included in the compound numeral.
|
thousand |
two hundred |
eighty seven |
|
|
thousands |
two hundred |
eighty seven |
|
|
thousand |
two hundred |
eighty seven |
|
|
thousand |
two hundred |
eighty seven |
|
|
thousand(thousand) |
two hundred |
eight ten seven |
|
|
O thousand |
O two hundred |
O eighty seven |
DECLINATION OF COLLECTIVE AND INDEFINITE NUMERALS
Collective numbers. both, two, three, four etc., as well as indefinite numbers a lot of, A little, How many, How many-someday, How many-That, some, so many,so many-That form cosm forms. pad. according to the adjective type of declension of adjectives. Collective numerals have case forms with a system of plural inflections. h. Numerals two, three, four have in them. n. inflection | 1 | (spelling - O And - e), and in other case forms of inflection, identical to the inflections of the adjective declension of adjectives in its varieties hard (collective numbers with a stem on a hard consonant) or soft (collective numbers with a stem on |j|)
Number both, both forms case forms from different bases: in indirect forms. pad. husband. and Wednesday R. – basis |obj|-, in indirect forms. pad. wives R. – basis |about"ej|-.
Cardinal numbers have two meanings. 1) Both definite and indefinite numbers have quantitative a value represented by two partial values – a ) quantitative(quantity as a sign of an object: five goals, three chair, ten days, some years) and b) numerical (abstract quantity, or number: four shares on two without remainder, three times ten - thirty ; some - This Not all sorts of things indefinite quantity: This Maybe be three , five , ten , at all A little ; oral speech). 2) Only definite cardinal numbers have countable ordinal meaning: they name the ordinal place of an object, which, when counting stops, turns out to be the last in a series of homogeneous ones: house three(house, third in a row of houses, when counting is stopped, limited to the number of three); railway carriage eight , place thirty five (place, last in a row, when counting is stopped, limited to 35 places).
A numeral as a part of speech is a non-replenishable group of words.
The term “numeral” is also traditionally used to name all words with quantitative-numerical and counting-ordinal meanings. Such words answer the questions “how much?” and "which?": two, three, five, thousand, million, zero(And zero); first, second, tenth, hundredth. These words belong to different parts speech: to numerals, nouns, adjectives; What they have in common is that they are all are counting words.
In addition to the similarity of lexical semantics, all counting words also have some common grammatical features: their lexical meanings often prevent the consistent expression of the morphological category of number in them. For example, counting adj. many, defining plural nouns. h., has no unit forms. h.; ratio of word forms one – alone does not indicate opposition by number: word form alone(except when it defines the noun pluralia tantum or, less commonly, the names of paired objects: alone scissors, alone gloves) appears in the meaning. (only) (V group were alone girls) or in meaning indefinite pronoun ( some, some) (alone my familiar recently moved V another city). However, the grammatical heterogeneity of counting words is much stronger than their grammatical similarity: differences in morphological categories and paradigmatics of words such as two And second, both And second, three And third, a lot of And many, determine their belonging to different parts of speech.
Counting ordinal adj. type second, third, tenth(sometimes also called ordinal numbers), as well as a counting-pronoun word one do not have their own morphological features that distinguish them from adjectives. On the other hand, words like million, billion, zero, do not have morphological features that distinguish them from nouns. Only those quantitative and collective words that have their own morphological characteristics that do not allow them to be combined with either nouns or adjectives are allocated to a special part of speech - the numeral (see below for more details). Counting-ordinal adjectives and counting-pronoun word one in all cases they consistently agree with the defined noun. Nouns that lexically denote the number or amount of someone, in all cases, control the noun that names the objects being counted: thousand Human, thousand(And thousand) Human(And people), thousand(And thousand) rubles(And rubles); O thousand Human; million books, million books.
The combination of cardinal and collective numerals into a special part of speech is determined by the specific features of these words: their morphological categories (see § -) and their commonality syntactic functions. A characteristic syntactic feature of quantitative and collective numerals is the specific opposition of the combinations they form in their forms. and wine etc. and in other indirect forms. cases: in forms named after. and wine n. numeral (quantitative and collective) controls inanimate. noun in gender form. P.: two table, five days, three sleigh; in all other cases the numeral agrees with such a noun: two tables, two tables; five days, five for days. (About combinations with a preposition By in distributive meaning, see §§.)
Cardinal numerals denote quantity itself, and collective numerals denote quantity as a collection: came three person, at three were V hands flowers; [Masha:] ... A after all house belongs Not to him alone, A us four ! (Czech.); He costs between two beauties, U both pupils V tears(Aseev).
Note: Within the first ten units of counting, there may be cases of semantic non-distinction between cardinal and collective numerals: Two from convicted, A everyone their was four , – I thought more – from four two (Pastern.); When I Now Think O those figures V region talent, which I knew, That I ready come To conclusion, What those two , two strange, young, careless, laughing boy, – masters(Olesha).
Cardinal and collective numerals differ in the ways of expressing morphological categories and systems of case forms.
Numerals other than words two, both And one and a half, Dont Have morphological category of the genus. In numerals two, both And one and a half gender category is inflectional morphological category, represented by two rows of forms: a row of male forms. and Wednesday R. – two, both, one and a half and a number of forms of women. R. – two, both, one and a half. Male forms and Wednesday R. indicate that numerals define objects called nouns husband. or medium R.; forms of women R. indicate that numerals define objects called nouns wives. R.: two table, both student, one and a half piece; two books, both students, one and a half buns. At the words two And one and a half the morphological meaning of the genus is expressed only in the form named after. and wine p. (in the event that the v. p. is equal to the noun case): two table – two books, But two tables – two books; one and a half piece – one and a half buns, But one and a half pieces – one and a half buns; at the word both the meaning of gender is expressed in all case forms: both students, both students; both female students, both students.
Cardinal numbers (except words two, one and a half) do not indicate in any way the grammatical gender of the nouns with which they are combined: four table, four books, four window.
Collective numbers (except both), do not have formal means of expressing gender; however, they are selective in the gender of the nouns with which they are combined. These numerals are used with the following nouns. 1) With noun. husband. and general R. – names of persons: three boys, five men, four orphans; with noun wives R. – names of persons, as well as names. animals (except non-adults) are collected. numerals, as a rule, are not combined; however, such connections, although they are not recommended, are not excluded and are found in use, for example: [Vershinin:] U me wife, two girls(Czech.). 2) With noun. children(units) child), Guys, People(units) Human), faces(people), with names of non-adult creatures, as well as with substantivized adjectives and participles in the plural form. h., naming a group of persons: four children, three of people, three puppies, seven kids, five famous persons, two unknown, four acquaintances, seven vacationers. 3) With personal pronouns-nouns We, You, They: invited only you two; their three; Us was two: Brother And I(Fluff.); Remained We three(Gonch.). 4) From inanimate. of nouns, collective numerals are combined only with the words pluralia tantum and, less often, with the names of paired objects that do not belong to the category of pluralia tantum; two days, four scissors, five sleigh; two skis(two pairs of skis) three shoe(three pairs of shoes). In the forms of all kosv. cases, except wines. etc., with such inanimate quantitative nouns are used, not collective numerals: two days, five sleigh, But Not passed And two days, To five sleigh. The predominant use of collective numerals with nouns - names of persons, as well as with pronouns-nouns We, You, They identifies collective numerals in a small group of words capable of expressing the opposition “personality - non-personality”. This ability is also characteristic of noun pronouns.
Indefinite numbers in combination with nouns inconsistently indicate the animacy of the nouns with which they are combined. Yes, in wine. n. these numerals can appear in a form that coincides with the form named after them. or gen. n. (see §).
WORD CHANGE NUMERAL
Note: In combination with numbers. a lot of, some word one hundred used as a countable noun in meaning. (
a hundred) : a lot of hundred years that back, V several stakh letters(see also § about this).About the use of numbers. one hundred, ninety And fourty with a pretext By cm. § .
TO this type declination is adjacent to the declination of quantities. number one and a half(one and a half) and one and a half hundred(quantity 150), (one and a half hundred), also having only two different case forms: im. and wine P. ( one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred) and the shape of all kosv. pad., except wines P. ( one and a half, one and a half hundred). Numerals one and a half And one and a half hundred in them and wine n. control nouns; in all other cases they agree with the noun. in plural h. Usages found in oral and newspaper speech, such as resist one and a half hundred countries, be V one and a half hundred kilometers are not normative; Fine: one and a half hundred countries, V one and a half hundred kilometers.
A quantitative number found in colloquial and common speech. half a hundred(fifty) belongs to the zero declension and has homonymous word forms in all cases.
Paradigms |
||
| AND. | two- e(two | j- a 1 |) | four - O |
| R. | two - their | four - s |
| D. | two - them | four - th |
| IN. | like them. or gen. P. |
|
| TV | two - them | four - them |
| Etc. | O two - their | O four - s |
Number both, both forms case forms from different stems: in the forms kosv. pad. husband. and Wednesday R. – basis |obj|-, in indirect forms. pad. wives R. – basis |about"ej|-.
Male |
Feminine |
|
| AND. | about - A | about - e |
| R. | about - their | both - their |
| D. | about - them | both - them |
| IN. | like them. or gen. P. |
|
| TV | about - them | both - them |
| Etc. | about about - their | about both - their |
Indefinite quantitative (including pronominal) numbers. a lot of, A little, so many, How many, some have in them. n. inflection -|a 1 | (spelling - O), in other case forms, inflections are identical to inflections of adjectives of the plural adjective declension. hours (see §). Forms of indirect pad. number a lot of, A little coincide with the forms of cos. pad. pronominal adjectives manye, fewe.
| AND. | how many - O | many - O |
| R. | how many - their | many - their |
| D. | how many - them | many - them |
| IN. | like them. or gen. P. |
|
| TV | how many - them | many - them |
| Etc. | (O ) how many - their | (O ) many - their |
Note: When animated nouns, indefinite numerals appear as in the form of wines. n., and in the form named after. P.: visited many friends And visited a lot of friends. Form named after n. in modern speech prevails here.
On the use of collective and indefinite numerals with prepositions By cm. § .
USE NUMERAL
WITH PREPOSITION BY
§. The use of numerals in combinations with a preposition By in the so-called distributive (distributive) meaning is characterized by two features: 1) the numeral in this combination appears either in the form of dates. n., or in a form coinciding with the form named after. P.; 2) when used with a preposition By The numeral always controls the noun and does not agree with it. Thus, the combination with a numeral in the presence of a preposition By acts as a single whole, denoting the number of objects as their totality. In contrast to case changes in combinations with other prepositions, when the numeral agrees with the case form of the name ( without two tables, To three days, With three students, O four employees), in constructions with a preposition By only numerals can have the form of dates: By five apples, By ten notebooks.
Various numerals in combinations with prepositions By behave differently.
1) Quantitative numbers. two, three, four, ninety, one hundred, two hundred, three hundred, four hundred and collective numbers. two, three, four under pretext By are used in a form that matches the form named after them. P.: given By two pencil, By two notebooks, By three sheet paper; By two scissors; By ninety places, By one hundred tickets, By three hundred rubles(combinations By ninety places, By hundred tickets are outdated). Composite numbers behave in a similar way. with the last component two, three, four (By twenty two ruble, By seventy three kopecks), as well as numbers, which include words two hundred, three hundred And four hundred (By two hundred twenty five rubles, By four hundred eighty things).
2) Other quantitative numbers. (from five before ten and further, twenty, thirty, fourty etc.) appear in quantitative nominal combinations with the preposition By in two versions: a) in the form of dates. item (book version): Made money on each couple By thirty kopecks(Czech.); Behind everyone you By ten francs we will to pay(A.N. Tolst.); Solved was first play By thirty minutes V half time(Yu. Kazak.) and b) in a form coinciding with the form named after. p. (colloquial version): To me paid By seven kopecks behind piece(Czech.); On next day Lovkov And count's cook brought By fourty rubles(S. Konenkov); Typing By ten points, both applicant headed tournament table(gas.). For composite numbers. (except for those mentioned above in paragraph 1) in combination with the preposition By appear or date forms. n. (book version), or forms that coincide with the form named after. p. (colloquial version): By thirty five rubles – By thirty five rubles; By one hundred fourteen rubles – By one hundred fourteen rubles.
3) Indefinite quantitative numbers. with a pretext By are used in the form of dates. P.: By a lot days; More once I forbid to you be V workshop inseparably By several days(V. Azhaev). Constructions with preposition By, in which there are indefinite quantitative numbers. appear in a form coinciding with the form named after them. etc., are colloquial: By a lot of days, By some days.
STRESS NUMERAL
§. The stress of numerals is represented by ac. types A, B and B 1; some numerals have irregular accentual characteristics.
Accent type A is characterized by a fixed accent on the base in all forms: eleven, one eleven, one eleven, eleven, eleven, one eleven. This type is available in all quantities. numerals ending in - eleven. It is also accompanied by the collective numeral o ba, O be, in which the stress moves to indirect. pad. to the final syllable of the base - one syllable to the right compared to the place of stress in it. By ba – about them, about them, about them, about them, (about) about them; O be – both of them.
Accent type B has the following characteristics: fixed emphasis on inflections in the forms of all cases (in nouns and vn.p., and in numerals ending in - hundred, and in kind. p. – conditional emphasis on inflection): five, five, five, five, five Yu, O five. To acc. Type B includes numerals two, three, five, six, seven, one hundred, five hundred tons (five hundred tons, five hundred m, five hundred tons, five hundred mi, O five hundred x), six hundred, seven hundred tons, eight hundred tons, nine hundred.
Accent type B 1 has the following characteristics: emphasis on inflections in all indirect. pad. and based on the form named after. P.: four, four, four, four, four I, O four. This type is represented by numerals four, eight, nine, ten, twenty, thirty, fourty; two hundred, three hundred, four hundred. Accent accent Type B 1 also characterizes all collective numerals: two (two x, two m, two x, two mi, O two x), tro e, what's so hard, five tero, she stero, se mero, at seven, five times, ten.
§. A special group consists of numerals with irregular accent characteristics. This includes the following words. 1) Fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, characterized by the movement of the stress in indirect. pad. to the final syllable of the first component: fifty – five ten, five ten, five ten, (O) five ten; seventy – seven ten. 2) One and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred: in indirect pad. of these numerals the stress moves two syllables to the left compared to the place of stress in them. and wine P.: one and a half – half torus, one and a half – half torus, one and a half hundred – half toast.
§. Outside the described accent system there are numerals, the individual forms of which deviate from the listed accents. types. This includes cases of shifting stress to a preposition. This transfer of stress, unlike nouns (see §), does not depend on the meaning of the preposition and is possible for the following numerals: two – behind two And behind two, on two And on two, By two And By two; behind (on, By) two And behind (on, By) two; three – behind (on, By) three And behind (on, By) three; five – behind (on) five And behind (on) five; six – behind (on) six And behind (on) six; seven – behind (on) seven And behind (on) seven; eight – behind (on) eight – behind (on) eight; nine – behind (on) nine And behind (on) nine; ten – behind (on) ten And behind (on) ten; fourty – behind fourty and (obsolete) behind fourty(about age): Co everyone parties I heard smooth rustle, Sullen noise oblivion And losses. AND was them, How to me, for a long time behind With oh rock , AND was I them a long time ago-for a long time Not glad(Narovch.) and: Another said: – Me How as if Wife With wars Not waited. Sonny was at us. To him-That, Maybe, behind fourty Now(Light); one hundred – in one hundred times; V one hundred once And in one hundred once; behind one hundred And behind one hundred: celebrated You, scholastics, Ptolemy Anniversary. But arrived To to you. Years So h A one hundred News, What rights was Galileo(March) and: When I from life I'll leave, News More Not touches newspaper sheets, A I I'll fly away To constellations Years light Behind one hundred (Pinch.); on one hundred And on one hundred; By one hundred And By one hundred; before hundred And before hundred; with hundred and (obsolete) with hundred (rubles, rubles).
The emphasis moves to the preposition for the following collective numerals: two – behind two And behind two; on two(with nouns that do not have singular forms; for example, days); By two And By two; tro e – behind three And behind tro e, on three(with nouns that do not have singular forms); By three And By tro e. Most often, the emphasis moves to the preposition if the sentence does not indicate the subject of the count or if this subject is indicated by a word that precedes the numeral: divide on two, six on two(O the size of something.); apples got it to each By two; count one worker day behind two. If, with a simple numeral, the subject of counting is indicated by a word standing immediately after the numeral, then the emphasis on the preposition is preferable ( behind two tickets, behind five years), but stress on the numeral is also acceptable ( behind two tickets, behind five years). The emphasis can move to a preposition and when indicating the approximate count: years behind five, day on two, and less regularly: years behind five, day on two.
The emphasis does not move to the preposition when combining two numerals, meaning approximate: on two-three hours, as well as when connecting numerals using a conjunction or: on five or six days.
For clarifications With half, With half(colloquial) stress fluctuates: By three(And By three) With half; on two(And on two) With half(colloquial).
In a compound numeral, the stress on the preposition does not move: behind one hundred twenty days; on fourty two hours, But: By three seventy(about rubles and kopecks) and (colloquial) By three seventy.