Basics of designing smoke removal systems. Smoke removal systems - manufacturing, installation, design What are the differences between a conventional hood and smoke removal systems

The smoke removal system operates on the principle of redistributing air flows to remove combustion products. In exchange, the premises are served fresh air, suitable for normal breathing. Calculation of the smoke removal system allows us to solve these issues and provide the necessary effect of air purification and fire extinguishing.

Why is it necessary to design smoke removal systems?

The design and calculation of engineering systems are designed to solve the problems of removing smoke from the following premises:

corridors, halls, adjacent rooms to the area where combustion is observed;
halls for various purposes;
atriums, galleries;
underground car parks, above-ground covered parking lots.

Combustion products and smoke are discharged into the following rooms:

elevator shafts of underground and above-ground parts;
underground staircases;
above-ground staircases with subsequent removal of smoke to the outside.

Two types of systems are used to remove smoke, each of which differs in operating principle and purpose.

Static is used for the usual removal of the smell of combustion, dynamic – for the removal of combustion products and simultaneous effective fire extinguishing:

Static system. It allows you to block smoke in one place, for which forced ventilation is turned off. But such a system only restrains the fire, ensuring its natural exit through windows or other openings. But this type of smoke removal cannot completely extinguish the fire.
Dynamic system. This scheme partially turns off the ventilation, allowing the flame to be extinguished using pressure differences. That is, it not only prevents smoke from entering the room, but is also effective tool extinguishing the fire.

When designing, it is necessary to take into account for which premises the fire extinguishing system is installed, for example, in public buildings Smoke removal systems are installed only if their height is from 28 meters and for corridors and atriums with a length and height of up to 15 meters.

Smoke removal systems are necessary for rooms without natural light, intended for large numbers of people. The systems are installed for warehouses, dressing rooms, and places where flammable substances are stored.

Parking lots and service stations, gas stations are potentially fire hazardous, for this reason all elements of the system must be installed for them fire safety, including smoke removal.

All ventilation ducts must be equipped with non-return smoke valves and smoke intake shafts. For such objects, design standards for warehouses are applied, with the division of space into separate areas of up to 1.6 thousand square meters.

For shopping centers various security systems are used, including functional low partitions, the presence of special openings in the ceilings used for the natural removal of the smoky veil.

Features of smoke removal calculations

The design of smoke removal systems is carried out in accordance with current SNiP standards.

According to established rules The smoke removal system includes the following elements:

smoke, fire-retarding valves;
KD (smoke removal system);
fans for smoke removal and air mass support;
ventilation shafts;
air ducts;
fire protection for air ducts.

During calculations, it is necessary to take into account all the features of the facility, requirements for smoke removal and supply fresh air, while the main task is to prevent the fire from growing.

The design flow includes the following steps:

compilation terms of reference for installation;
calculation of the quantity, type and installation points of equipment;
calculation of the number, types and location of air ducts;
selection of fans;
calculation of parameters and selection of the type of fire protection for ducts and other elements of the fire extinguishing and smoke removal system;
design of installation of smoke dampers.

Design work begins with the development of technical specifications. The task provides for compliance of the mine design with the object, ensuring complete control of the direction of the smoke cloud and flame.

To draw up technical specifications, it is necessary to perform visual and technical inspection object, analysis of the received data, indication of all requirements for the system. Based on the assignment, he draws up a project and drawings necessary for drawing up a detailed estimate and specification of equipment and further installation.

To ensure that air masses are evenly distributed throughout the room, it is necessary to use grilles, diffusers, and special filters.

During the calculation, the following questions should be resolved:

selection of fire-resistant material;
drawing up a diagram of the distribution of air ducts throughout the building (in SNiP 41-01-03 these requirements are not specified, this may raise additional questions not only during design and installation, but also later - when putting the smoke removal system into operation);
smoke extraction systems can only be tested with artificial conditions, therefore, when designing, it is recommended to provide for various scenarios.

When laying air ducts, the project provides for the following requirements:

vertical channels are located in increments of 4 meters from each other;
horizontal bends must be installed maintaining a distance of 6 meters.

During the design, all the features of the object, its category, the complexity of laying air ducts and the choice of units for smoke removal are taken into account. In addition, the documentation displays all the details of future installation and requirements for the installation of individual elements: connections, air intake grilles, fans, valves, fire protection

It is on the basis of such calculations that specifications of equipment, materials and working drawings for installation are drawn up.

Features of connections and assembly of air ducts. All flange connections should be carefully sealed using asbestos cord. All work on laying air ducts requires the following actions:

it is necessary to make a hole in the thickness of the wall for the box;
clamps should be attached to its surface with fixation in special holes on the ceiling in increments of 1.5-2 meters;
connecting individual parts of the box using screws.

Installation of fans. Electrical exhaust systems must belong to category C, that is, they are capable of functioning when heated to 600 degrees for approximately 90 minutes. Innings supply air must have a speed of 1 m/s, all operation of the device is strictly controlled so as not to have the opposite effect - the growth of a fire.
Air intake grilles are installed at a distance of 6 meters from all smoke exhaust devices used. This allows you to create high pressure in a room adjacent to those where the source of ignition is located.
Fan Installation Design. To do this, the following steps are taken into account for installing the equipment:

installation of glasses;
installation of smoke exhaust valves;
installation of fans;
connecting automation, electrical supply, installing a grounding loop.

Selection and calculation of fire protection. For metal structures and channels, plasters and fire-retardant (heat-resistant) paints are used. But optimal choice are mineral wool mats, which provide the greatest protection efficiency. They do not support combustion and prevent overheating of structures and their destruction. In addition, you can use special insulation in the form of a hollow pipe of any required diameter with a self-adhesive valve and a foil outer layer that acts as a heat-dissipating screen.
CA calculation(smoke exhaust valves). During design, much attention is paid to valves, part of which opens during a fire to remove smoke, and the second part closes, preventing the flame from entering the channel. All control is carried out automatically, which makes the system as efficient as possible.
IN project documentation All tests are also taken into account, which allow us to anticipate various scenarios and check the performance of the equipment.

Documentation package for the smoke removal project

During acceptance of the smoke removal system, an acceptance certificate is drawn up in the form of an inspection report. This is a special addition to the system passport, which includes design solutions and drawings of the system, equipment specifications, compliance established standards.

The protocol is drawn up only after testing the system and compliance with all fire safety rules. The act indicates data on the acceptance of the ventilation system, commissioning information, aerodynamic testing, and all types of tests to which the system was subjected.

The protocol is included in the documentation set for the following cases:

for control of operation automatic system management;
to check the correct installation and its compliance with established standards;
while determining the actual indicators of all elements of the system;
during a comprehensive inspection of the ventilation system.

How much does a smoke removal system project cost?

The price of installing a smoke removal system depends on the design solutions used, installed equipment, category of the facility and many other parameters. Our company offers a full range of fire safety work in accordance with SNiP 41-01-2003 (clause 7.11).

You can order from us:

design of a fire extinguishing system of any level of complexity;
selection of equipment in accordance with general requirements, features of a particular object;
, commissioning works;
system testing and;
possibility of unscheduled repair work, system integration with general scheme security established fire alarm.

Smoke in the premises is extremely dangerous for the life and health of people who can get severe poisoning smoke and carbon monoxide with severe or irreversible consequences. To prevent this from happening, a set of measures fire protection buildings, one of the mandatory components is a smoke protection system, which is a special system of devices supply- exhaust ventilation. Our company "Alfa-Project" will design smoke ventilation systems for you at a highly professional level.

The design of a smoke removal system must take into account everything necessary requirements in accordance with regulatory documentation. Ensuring non-toxic air parameters during the evacuation of people and cleaning the premises from harmful impurities in the air depends on the competent preparation of the project. We always warn our customer that any subsequent reconstruction of the premises requires a change in the remote control system, as it significantly affects the quality of smoke removal and requires a recalculation of the project.

More detailed information You can find out about the development of a smoke removal project (SD) and the procedure for performing work by calling 211 11 22 , via online form

WHAT IS A SMOKE EXHAUST PROJECT?

The smoke protection system (smoke removal, remote control) is a complex organizational events, space-planning solutions, engineering systems and technical means, aimed at preventing or limiting the danger of smoke in buildings, structures and structures during a fire.

Smoke removal (SD) is the regulated gas exchange of the internal volume of a building in the event of a fire in one of its premises, preventing the damaging effects on people and material values of spreading combustion products, causing an increased content of toxic components, an increase in temperature and a change in the optical density of the air environment. Smoke removal systems can be artificial or natural:

Smoke removal with artificial stimulation (anti-smoke ventilation) is carried out through special shafts from non-flammable material, with a standardized fire resistance limit of their enclosures, which is carried out using valves and forced exhaust, while for smoke removal it is provided for the automatic opening of the valves in case of fire and the turning on of fans from fire alarm detectors installed in the building or remotely from buttons installed on each floor in firemen's cabinets cranes
In smoke removal systems with natural impulse (exhaust ventilation) it is carried out through special devices: smoke hatches, smoke shafts with smoke valves that open automatically when the fire alarm system is activated, through openable, non-blown lights.

Stages of designing a smoke exhaust section

determination of the list of premises, corridors to be equipped with remote control systems, selection of premises for installation of the remote control system, determination of the list stairwells and elevator shafts that require outside air supply;
examination of existing ventilation shafts for suitability as smoke removal systems;
calculation of remote control and air pressure systems for installing ventilation equipment with the required parameters;
providing the customer with working drawings of the control system, specifications of equipment and materials for approval.

Design of smoke removal for industrial buildings
When designing remote control industrial buildings you can choose any of two systems – mechanical or natural. The first option uses special axial, radial (centrifugal) and roof fans, the systems have an extensive network of air ducts and separate fire zones. As for the natural method of smoke removal, in this case windows are used that are located higher than a person’s height or fire-fighting skylights with opening ventilation hatches.

Design of smoke removal for civil buildings
Area sizes country houses and cottages are significantly smaller than industrial ones. Therefore, ventilation and smoke removal are carried out using automatic window openers, which react to a dangerous fire situation, rain, wind, heat and can open and close themselves.

Composition of the smoke removal project (SD)

Explanatory note;
Calculation of smoke removal systems;
Calculation of air pressurization systems;
Selection of ventilation equipment, including valves, air ducts, fans, etc.;
Axonometric diagrams;
Hardware Specification;

List of initial data for development of control system:

AR section. Architectural and space-planning solutions.
HVAC subsection. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning.
Section PPM, MPB. Measures to ensure fire safety.

Regulatory documents for the smoke removal project:

Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated July 22, 2008. No. 123-FZ. Technical regulations on fire safety requirements;
GOST R 53300-2009. Smoke protection of buildings and structures. Acceptance and periodic testing methods;
GOST R 53301-2009. Fire dampers ventilation systems. Fire resistance test method;
GOST R 53296-2009. Installation of elevators in buildings and structures. Fire safety requirements;
GOST R 53299-2009. Air ducts. Fire resistance test method;
SP 7.13130.2009. Heating, ventilation, air conditioning. Fire safety requirements.

Cost of developing a smoke removal project

For each order we find the most optimal technical solution, in the best possible way that fits into the customer's budget. The cost of the smoke removal system design service and you can get answers to other questions by calling 211 11 22 at any time convenient for you, or with the help of on-line applications or send a request to email and we will contact you.

Store smoke ventilation project" Child's world"The archive contains a method for calculating smoke ventilation and the calculation itself.

According to MDS 41-1.99, smoke removal is provided through fire dampers KPDV-1 from FAKEL (Russia) and then through the attached smoke exhaust shaft. For the shaft design, see drawings 051-04 - AR. Roof-mounted smoke exhaust fans are installed on top of the smoke exhaust shaft.

Smoke is emitted above the roof. Smoke is emitted directly from the fans of the VD1 and VD2 systems.

The fans of the anti-smoke ventilation project are roof-mounted centrifugal, designed for operation during broachingsmoke with temperatures up to +400°C type VRKV6 and VRKV9 from VEZA (Russia).

Fans PD4 and PD5 for back-up are installed in the atticin a separate fenced off room. Outside air is distributed through a network of air ducts through the attic and through the 3rd floor is supplied directly to the elevator shafts for back-up. The fans are centrifugal, type VR, manufactured by VEZA (Russia).

For back-up airlocks in front of the elevators in the basement of the building, supply air is supplied by PD-1, PD-2, PD-3, PD-6 type SK units from "OSTBERG" - Sweden.

Total information

Anti-smoke ventilation. Basement plan. View-A.

Anti-smoke ventilation. Copying the 1st floor plan. Copying the roof plan.

Anti-smoke ventilation. Copying the 3rd floor plan. Cut 1-1.

Anti-smoke ventilation. Copying the attic plan.

Anti-smoke ventilation. Cut 2-2.

Anti-smoke ventilation. Schemes of systems VD-1, VD-2, PD-1 - PD-6.

Attached calculations.

Aerodynamic calculation of smoke removal and support.

Calculation of smoke removal.

Calculation of removed smoke.

Calculation of support.

Examples of calculating smoke ventilation in Word and Excel.