Presentation - Russian scientists - computer engineers and computer scientists. Great computer scientists Russian computer scientists and their discoveries
GREAT COMPUTER SCIENTISTS
Niklaus Wirth (German: Niklaus Wirth, born February 15, 19, Swiss scientist, specialist in the field of computer science, one of the most famous theorists in the field of programming language development. Leading developer of the Pascal, Modula-2, Oberon languages, professor of computer science (ETH), Prize winner Turing 1984.
Edsger Wiebe Dijkstra (Dutch. Edsger Wybe Dijkstra; May 11, 1930, Rotterdam (Netherlands) - August 6, 2020 is an outstanding Dutch scientist whose ideas had a huge influence on the development of the computer industry. Born May 11, 1930 in Rotterdam, (father is a chemist, mother is a mathematician).
Alan Kay (Alan Curtis Kay; born May 17, 19) is an American scientist in the field of computer systems theory. One of the pioneers in the fields of object-oriented programming and graphical interface Winner of the 2003 Turing Award for his work on object-oriented programming, Kyoto Prize (2004).
Alan Jay Perlis (born April 1, 1919) is an American computer scientist known for his work on programming languages and as the first Turing Award winner.
Andrew Stuart Tanenbaum (born 1944) is a professor at the Free University of Amsterdam, where he heads a group of computer systems developers, Ph.D.
John von Neumann (von Neumann) (1American mathematician. Made a great contribution to the creation of the first computers and the development of methods for their use.
Norton Peter, Famous American programmer. Born in Seattle (Washington State, USA), he was educated at Readon College (Portland, Oregon) and the University of California at Berkeley. He is well known in the modern computer world as the "great teacher" of personal computers
. Born on June 27, 1939 in Moscow. In 1961 he graduated from Moscow State University. Since 1965, he worked at the Main Computer Center of the USSR State Planning Committee, and after a series of reorganizations ended up in the Russian Ministry of Economy. At first I was engaged in economic modeling at the Main Computing Center.CIn 1966, I gradually studied programming, and since 1967 I had to completely switch to this type of activity. Worked on data processing tasks.
Gates William (Bill) Henry, (b. October 28, 1955), American entrepreneur and inventor in the field of electronic computing; Having become interested in business, he did not complete his education at Harvard. One of the founders of Microsoft Corporation (1975) and creator of the operating systemMS- DOS, used by IBM (IBM) compatible computers. In 1997 he topped the list of the richest people in the world.Author of the book “The Road to the Future” (1995).
Charles Babbage. Babbage was an English mathematician. He designed the very first computing machine - a 15-ton mechanical calculator in 1822. His projects also included an adding machine with a rotary handle, which until recently was widely used as an alternative to ordinary abacus
In 1948, Wiener’s book “Cybernetics, or control and communication in animals and machines” was published in the USA and Europe, which marked the birth of a new scientific direction - cybernetics.
Norbert Wiener was born in the USA, in a family of immigrants from Russia.
By the age of 18, Norbert Wiener was already listed as a Doctor of Philosophy in mathematical logic at Cornell and Harvard Universities.
Douglas Engelbart, who made himself famous to many, never became a celebrity. If thirty years ago he said to himself “stop, I’ve worked hard, it’s time to think about my daily bread,” now, probably, he could be richer and more famous than guys like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs or Marc Andreessen. Both Microsoft, Apple, and Netscape followed the paths trodden by Engelbart. In order for you to appreciate the work of old Doug from the very beginning, I will name only one, the most “popular” of his inventions - the computer mouse.
George Boole is a self-taught mathematician. The financial situation of his parents allowed him to graduate only from an elementary school for the poor.
Blaise Pascal is one of the most famous people in human history.
GREAT MATHEMATICS
Stefan lived at a time when, in contrast to the previous period, many famous Polish mathematicians lived and worked. Banach's achievements are closely connected with the Polish mathematical school, which has rightly won international recognition.
Banach was one of the founders of part of the Polish mathematical school, namely its Novolvo branch.
The life of the famous French mathematician Elie Joseph Cartan took place in the second half of the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries. Cartan witnessed the rapid flowering of exact sciences and technology. He had a significant influence on the development of modern mathematics.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin will occupy one of the most honorable places among Soviet mathematicians. Luzin was born on December 9, 1883. He won his place in the galaxy of outstanding mathematicians with his doctoral dissertation “Integral and trigonometric series,” written in 1915. This work contains a number of basic provisions concerning the structure of measurable sets and measurable functions, the convergence of trigonometric series, expansion of a function into a trigonometric series, etc. The results of this work determined the development of the metric theory of functions.
Żorawski was born on June 22, 1866 in Szczuczyn near Ciechanów. In 1884, after graduating from high school, he entered the Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Warsaw and graduated in 1888 with a Master's degree in mathematics, received for developing an astronomical thesis based on his own observations. William Feller
The famous Soviet mathematician Vsevolod Romanovsky was an associate professor in 1911-1915, and later a professor at the University of Warsaw. For the next three years (1915-1918) he taught at Rostov University, and starting in 1919 at Tashkent University. In 1943, Romanovsky became a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. Romanovsky's most important works are devoted to probability theory and mathematical statistics. He achieved significant results in the theory of Markov chains and wrote a textbook on this topic. He was also involved in mathematical analysis, in particular, the integration of differential equations. In his works, Romanovsky developed classical methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics and gave many examples of the application of mathematical statistics in various fields of knowledge and in practical activities.
From a young age, Frigyes Ries was interested in mathematics. At the request of his parents, who believed that a mathematician had little chance of making a career, Rees, after graduating from high school, entered the Polytechnic Institute in Zurich. However, his love for mathematics won, and Ries graduated first from university in Budapest and then from Göttingen.
John von Neumann, the initiator of the construction of modern computers, was born on December 28, 1903 in Budapest. Von Neumann had an extraordinary memory. In his early youth he showed extraordinary abilities and love for the exact sciences. He studied at the University of Berlin, where he studied first chemistry, then mathematics. He also graduated from the Technische Hochschule in Zurich and the University of Budapest. While still young, namely in 1927, he became a privatdozent at the University of Berlin, then lectured at the University of Hamburg. William Feller, at the invitation of Princeton University, left for the United States of America, where he remained forever.
The death of Mieczyslaw Biernacki, which followed on November 21, 1959 in Lublin, was a great loss for Polish science, which had a sensitive impact on the work of the Lublin Mathematical Center. Biernacki's life, scientific and pedagogical activities were closely connected with two university cities: Lublin and Poznan.
The works of the Soviet mathematician Alexander Khinchin in such fields as probability theory, function theory, metric number theory and static physics brought him worldwide fame. Khinchin's work is closely related to the development of the Soviet school of probability theory.
Kazimierz Zarankiewicz was born in 1902 in the city of Czestochowa. He graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Warsaw and was awarded a doctorate in 1923. As a result of defending another dissertation, in 1929 he was awarded the degree of associate professor of mathematics.
Relatively recently, namely on July 29, 1962, one of the creators of modern mathematical statistics, Ronald Aylmer Fisher, unexpectedly died in the city of Adelaide. Over the past 50 years, this scientist has made a major contribution to this branch of mathematics. Fisher was born in London in 1890.
Hadamard received his higher education in Paris. In 1892 he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. He studied mathematics much earlier.
Witold Pogorzelski was born on October 31, 1907 in Sergeev (USSR). He graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics of the University in 1931 in Vilna, and there, in 1934, he defended his dissertation for his doctorate. Witold Pogorzelski was born on September 13, 1895 in Warsaw. He received his higher education at universities in Nancy and Paris. Received his doctorate in 1919; in 1920 he defended his thesis for the title of associate professor in Krakow, in 1921 he was appointed professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic Institute, and in 1938 he was elected a member of the Polish Academy of Technical Sciences
On March 10, 1964, Professor Norbert Wiener, an outstanding American mathematician and creator of a new branch of science - cybernetics, suddenly died in Stockholm.
The outstanding mathematician and logician Leitzen was born in Holland, the homeland of the great philosopher L. Spinoza. It is possible that, under the influence of studying the works of his great compatriot, Brouwer took the path of intuitionism in his philosophical views. However, he is the creator of this philosophical trend.
The Warsaw mathematical school has been mentioned here more than once. One of the creators of this school and its greatest authority for half a century was Waclaw Sierpiński. Wacław Sierpiński was born on March 14, 1882 in Warsaw, where he graduated from high school and studied mathematics here.
William Feller was born on July 7, 1906 in Zagreb. In 1923 he entered the university and graduated in 1925, receiving a master's degree. In the same year he began working at the University of Göttingen. A year later, in 1926, he was awarded the scientific degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Wilhelm Schickard
(1592 - 1635)
Computer history begins in 1623, when Wilhelm Schickard built humanity's first automatic calculator.The Schickard gaming machine can perform basic arithmetic operations on integer inputs. His letters to Kepler, who discovered the laws of planetary motion, explain the use of his “calculation of clocks” for the calculation of astronomical tables.
The non-programmable Schickard machine was based on the traditional decimal number system. Leibniz subsequently discovered the more convenient binary system (1679), an important element of the world's first computer-controlled work program, due to Zuse (1941).
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
(1646-1716)
Leibniz, sometimes called the last universal genius, invented at least two things that are important to the modern world: calculus and bit-based binary arithmetic.
Modern physics, mathematics, engineering would be unthinkable without the former: a fundamental method of working with infinitesimal numbers. Leibniz was the first to publish it. He developed it around 1673. In 1679, he perfected the notation for integration and differentiation that is still used today.
Binary arithmetic based on the dual system was invented around 1679, and published in 1701. This became the basis of almost all modern computers.
Charles Babbage
British mathematician and inventor, author of works on the theory of functions, mechanization of calculations in economics; foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1832). In 1833developed a project for a universal digital computer- the prototype of a computer. Babbage envisioned the ability to enter instructions into the machine using punched cards. However, this machine was not finished, since the low level of technology at that time became the main obstacle to its creation. Charles Babbage is often called the "father of the computer" for his invention of the Analytical Engine, although its prototype was created many years after his death.Lovelace Augusta Ada
A.Lovelace developed the first programs for the Bubbage Analytical Engine, thereby laying the theoretical foundations of programming. She first introduced the concept of the operation cycle. In one of the notes, she expressed the main idea that the analytical engine can solve problems that, due to the difficulty of calculations, are almost impossible to solve manually. Thus, for the first time, a machine was considered not only as a mechanism that replaces a person, but also as a device capable of performing work beyond human capabilities. Although the Bubbage Analytical Engine was not built and Lovelace’s programs were never debugged and did not work, a number of general provisions expressed by her retained their fundamental importance for modern programming. Nowadays, A. Lovelace is rightfully called the first programmer in the world.
(1912-1954) Alan Mathieson Turing reformulated Kurt Goedel's unprovability results in terms of Turing machines (TMS). Closely related to earlier work was done by Turing's advisor Alonso Church. TMs subsequently became the most widely used abstract computing models. Universal TMs can emulate any other TM, or any other known computer.
During World War II, Turing helped (with Welchman) break the Nazi code. Some sources say that this work was decisive for the victory over the Third Reich.
Turing later proposed his famous test for assessing whether a computer is intelligent (more on History of Artificial Intelligence). Computer science's most sought-after award bears his name: the Turing Award.
Kurt Gödel
(1906-1978)
In 1931, just a few years after Julius Lilienfeld patented the transistor, Kurt Gödel (or "Goedel" rather than "Godel") laid outfundamentals of theoretical computer sciencewith his work on universal formal languages and limits on proof and computation. It constructs formal systems that allow self-referential statements that speak about themselves, in particular about whether they can be obtained from an enumerable given set of axioms using a computational theorem-proving procedure. Gödel went further to construct accounts that claim their own unprovability to demonstrate that traditional mathematics is either flawed in a certain algorithmic sense or contains unprovable but true statements.
Gödel's incompleteness result is widely regarded as the most remarkable achievement of 20th century mathematics, although some mathematicians say it is logic rather than mathematics, and others call it a fundamental result of theoretical computer science (reformulated by Church & Post & Turing around 1936), a discipline that did not yet officially exist back then, but was actually created through Gödel's work. He had enormous influence not only in computer science, but also in philosophy and other fields.
John von Neumann(12/28/1903, Budapest, - 2/8/1957, Washington)
American mathematician, member of the US National Academy of Sciences (1937). In 1926 he graduated from the University of Budapest. From 1927 he taught at the University of Berlin, from 1930-33 - at Princeton University (USA), from 1933 professor at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. Since 1940, he has been a consultant to various army and naval institutions (N. took part, in particular, in the work on creating the first atomic bomb). Since 1954 member of the Atomic Energy Commission.
The main scientific works are devoted to functional analysis and its applications to issues of classical and quantum mechanics. N. also carried out research on mathematical logic and the theory of topological groups. In the last years of his life he was mainly involved in developing issues related to game theory, automata theory; made a great contribution to the creation of the first computers and the development of methods for their use. He is best known as the person whose name is associated with the architecture of most modern computers (the so-called von Neumann architecture)
(22 June 1910, Berlin - 18 December 1995, Hünfeld)
German engineer, computer pioneer. Best known as creator of the first truly working programmable computer(1941) and the first high-level programming language (1945).
He was involved in the creation of a programmable calculating machine.
1935-1938 : Konrad Zuse builds the Z1, the world's first software-controlled computer. Despite a number of mechanical engineering problems, it had all the basic components of modern machine tools, using the binary number system and today the standard separation of storage and control. Zuse's 1936 patent application (Z23139/GMD Nr. 005/021) also evidenced the von Neumann architecture (reinvented in 1945) with programs and data modified during storage.
1941 : Zuse completes the Z3, the world's first fully functional programmable from a computer.
1945 : Zuse describes Plankalkuel, the world's first high-level programming language that contains many of the standard features of modern programming languages. FORTRAN came almost ten years later. Zuse also used Plankalkuel to design the world's first chess program.
1946 : Zuse founds the world's first computer startup company: Zuse-Ingenieurbüro Hopferau. Venture capital raised through ETH Zürich and IBM-option on Zuse patents.
In addition to general-purpose computers, Zuse built several specialized computers. Thus, calculators S1 and S2 were used to determine the exact dimensions of parts in aircraft technology. The S2 machine, in addition to the computer, also included measuring devices for performing aircraft measurements. The L1 computer, which remained in experimental form, was intended by Zuse to solve logical problems.
1967 : Zuse KG supplied 251 computers, worth approximately DM 100 million.
Kemeny John (Janos)
Mathematician, professor at Dartmouth College (USA). With Thomas Kurtz developed the BASIC programming language and a network system for using several computers simultaneously (“time sharing”). He emigrated to the United States from Hungary in 1940 with his parents. He graduated from Princeton University, where he studied mathematics and philosophy. In 1949 he defended his dissertation, and in 1953 he was invited to Dartmouth. Being the dean of the Mathematics Department at Dartmouth College from 1955 to 1967 and even while serving as president of the college (1970-1981), he did not give up teaching. He was one of the pioneers of teaching the basics of programming: he believed that this subject should be available to all students, regardless of their specialization.
(May 11, 1930 - August 6, 2002)
An outstanding specialist in the field of theoretical programming, author of a number of books, including the classic monograph “The Discipline of Programming.” All of his scientific activity was devoted to the development of methods for creating “correct” programs, the correctness of which can be proven by formal methods. Being one of the authors structured programming concepts, Dijkstra preached against using the GOTO statement. In 1972, his scientific achievements were awarded the Turing Award. When presenting the prize, one of the speakers described Dijkstra's work as follows: "He is an example of a scientist who programs without touching a computer, and does everything possible to ensure that his students do the same and present computer science as a branch of mathematics."
Ershov Andrey Petrovich
(April 19, 1931 – December 8, 1988)
American inventor Douglas Engelbart from the Stanford Research Institute presented world's first computer mouse in 1968 on December 9.
Douglas Engelbart's invention was a wooden cube on wheels with one button. The computer mouse owes its name to the wire - it reminded the inventor of the tail of a real mouse.
Later, Xerox became interested in Engelbart's idea. Its researchers changed the design of the mouse, and it became similar to the modern one. In the early 1970s, Xerox first introduced the mouse as part of the personal computer. It had three buttons, a ball and rollers instead of disks, and cost $400!
Today there are two types of computer mice: mechanical and optical. The latter are devoid of mechanical elements, and optical sensors are used to track the movement of the manipulator relative to the surface. The latest innovation in technology is wireless mice.
Niklaus Wirth
(February 15, 1934) Swiss engineer and researcher in the world of programming. Author and one of the developers Pascal programming language. N. Wirth was one of the first to introduce into practice the principle of step-by-step refinement as key to the systematic creation of programs. In addition to Pascal, he created other algorithmic languages (including Modula-2 and Oberon). They are not well known to "production" programmers, but are widely used for theoretical research in the field of programming. Wirth is one of the world's most respected computer scientists; his book Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs is considered one of the classic textbooks on structured programming.
Bill Gates
(28 October 1955)American entrepreneur and developer in the field of electronic computer technology, founder of the world's leading software company Microsoft.
In 1980, Microsoft developed the MS-DOS operating system, which by the mid-1980s became the dominant operating system in the American microcomputer market. Gates then began developing applications such as Excel spreadsheets and Word, and by the late 1980s, Microsoft had become a leader in this area as well.
In 1986, by releasing the company's shares to the public market, Gates became a billionaire at the age of 31. In 1990, the company introduced Windows 3.0, which replaced verbal commands with mouse-selectable icons, making the computer much easier to use. By the end of the 1990s, about 90% of all personal computers in the world were equipped with Microsoft software. In 1997, Gates topped the list of the richest people in the world.
Paul Allen
American entrepreneur, co-founder of Microsoft Corporation, which he founded with his school friend Bill Gates in 1975.
In 1975, Allen and Gates used the name "Micro-Soft" for the first time. In the source code of the BASIC language interpreter, created by them at the request of MITS.
In the joint business, Paul Allen was involved in technical ideas and promising developments; Gates was closer to negotiations, contracts and other business communications. And yet, the friends resolved the main issues together - sometimes, as Gates later admitted, the arguments continued for 6-8 hours in a row. For the joint brainchild of Allen and Gates, the finest hour came in 1980. It was then that IBM turned to the not very large and not yet very well-known company Microsoft with a proposal to adapt several programming languages for their use on the IBM PC personal computer, which was supposed to appear on the market in 1981. During the negotiations, it turned out that IBM representatives would not mind finding a contractor who would contract to develop an operating system for the new computer. The partners took on this work. However, Allen and Gates did not develop a new operating system. They knew that Tim Paterson, who worked at Seattle Compute Products, had already developed Q-DOS (Quick Disk Operating System) for 16-bit Intel processors. The trick was that during negotiations for the acquisition of Q-DOS, it was under no circumstances to make it clear to the sellers that Allen and Gates already had a buyer for this system. Gates, as the main negotiator, had to work hard on this, but the combination worked brilliantly. True, the system had to be redesigned, because it had to work on 8-bit processors. In an effort to meet the deadline, they worked almost around the clock and, according to Allen himself, there was a day when he and Bill, without stopping, sat at the computer for 36 hours straight. For PC-DOS, the acquisition of which cost several tens of thousands of dollars, IBM immediately paid 6 thousand dollars, and, according to the terms of the agreement signed by the parties, IBM undertook to sell computers only with PC-DOS, while paying interest to Microsoft from each unit of equipment sold.
(October 4, 1965)
Until 1991 he worked at the multidisciplinary research institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense. He began studying the phenomenon of computer viruses in October 1989, when the Cascade virus was discovered on his computer. From 1991 to 1997 he worked at the Scientific and Technical Center "KAMI", where, together with a group of like-minded people, he developed anti-virus project "AVP" (now - "Kaspersky Anti-Virus""). In 1997, Evgeny Kaspersky became one of the founders Kaspersky Lab.
Today, Evgeny Kaspersky is one of the world's leading experts in the field of virus protection. He is the author of a large number of articles and reviews on the problem of computer virology, and regularly speaks at specialized seminars and conferences in Russia and abroad. Evgeny Valentinovich Kaspersky is a member of the Computer Virus Research Organization (CARO), which brings together experts in this field.
Among the most significant and interesting achievements of Evgeniy Valentinovich and the “Laboratory” he heads in 2001 is the opening of the annual Virus Bulletin conference - the central event in the antivirus industry, as well as the successful counteraction to all global viral epidemics that occurred in 2001.
Evgeniy Roshal
(March 10, 1972, Chelyabinsk)
Evgeniy Roshal graduated from the Instrument Engineering Faculty of the Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute with a degree in Computers, Complexes, Systems and Networks.
In the fall of 1993, he released the first public version of the RAR 1.3 archiver, and in the fall of 1996, FAR Manager. Later, with the growing popularity of Microsoft Windows, it released an archiver for Windows, WinRAR. The name RAR stands for Roshal ARchiver.
Sergey Brin
Sergei Mikhailovich Brin was born in Moscow into a Jewish family of mathematicians who moved to the United States permanently in 1979, when he was 6 years old.
In 1993, he entered Stanford University in California, where he received a master's degree and began working on his dissertation. Already during his studies, he became interested in Internet technologies and search engines, became the author of several studies on the topic of extracting information from large arrays of text and scientific data, and wrote a program for processing scientific texts.
In 1995, at Stanford University, Sergei Brin met another mathematics graduate student, Larry Page, with whom they founded Google in 1998. Initially, they argued fiercely when discussing any scientific topic, but then they became friends and teamed up to create a search engine for their campus. Together they wrote a scientific paper, “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine,” which is believed to contain the prototype of their future super-successful idea.
Brin and Page proved the validity of their idea on the university search engine google.stanford.edu, developing its mechanism in accordance with new principles. On September 14, 1997, the domain google.com was registered. Attempts followed to develop the idea and turn it into a business. Over time, the project left the university and managed to collect investments for further development.
The joint business grew, made profits, and even demonstrated enviable stability during the dot-com crash, when hundreds of other companies went bankrupt. In 2004, the founders were named in Forbes magazine's list of billionaires.
Andrew Tanenbaum
(March 16, 1944)Professor at the Free University of Amsterdam, where he heads a group of computer systems developers; received his doctorate in physics from the University of California at Berkeley. He is known as the author of Minix (a free Unix-like operating system for student laboratories), books on computer science, and an RFID virus. He is also the main developer of the Amsterdam Compiler Kit. He considers his teaching activity to be the most important.
Andrew Tanenbaum was born in New York City and raised in White Plains, New York. He received a bachelor's degree in physics from MIT in 1965 and a doctorate in physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1971.
Later he moved with his family to the Netherlands, while maintaining his US citizenship. Andrew Tanenbaum teaches courses on computer organization and operating systems and also received a Ph. D. In 2009, received a grant of 2.5 million euros from the European Research Council for the development of MINIX.
Linus Torvalds
(December 28, 1969)
Creator of a world-famous operating system. In early 1991, he began writing his own platform, aimed at the average consumer, which could be distributed free of charge via the Internet. The new system acquired the name Linux, derived from a combination of the name of its creator with the name UNIX. Over the course of ten years, Linux has become a real competitor to products produced by Microsoft, capable of supplanting the monopoly of this company in the system and server software market.
Thousands of “interested programmers,” hackers, and computer network specialists happily took up Linus’s idea and began to write, complete, and debug what Torvalds proposed to them. In almost ten years, Linux has gone from being a toy for several hundred fans and enthusiasts, executing a couple of dozen commands in a primitive console, to a professional multi-user and multitasking 32-bit operating system with a windowed graphical interface, which is many times superior to Microsoft Windows in terms of its range of capabilities, stability and power. 95, 98 and NT and can run on almost any modern IBM-compatible computer.
Today, Linux is a powerful UNIX-like platform that includes almost all functions and a whole range of its own properties not found anywhere else. Thanks to its high performance and reliability, it has become one of the most popular platforms for organizing http servers.
Bjarne Stroustrup, Bjarne Stroustrup
(June 11, 1950 (according to other sources, December 30), Aarhus, Denmark)
Author of the C++ programming language.
He graduated from Aarhus University (Denmark, 1975) in mathematics and computer science, and defended his Ph. D. thesis in computer science at Cambridge (1979).
Until 2002, he headed the research department in the field of large-scale programming at AT&T (Computer Science Research Center of Bell Telephone Laboratories). Now a professor at Texas A&M University.
Björn was born and raised in Aarhus, the second largest city in Denmark. He entered a state university to study computer science. After graduating, he received a master's degree.
Björn Stroustrup received his PhD while working on distributed system design at the Computer Laboratory of the University of Cambridge (England).
If you don't go beyond the boundaries of "object-oriented" methods,to stay within the bounds of "good programming"and design”, then the end result is sure to be something thatis basically meaningless.Stroustrup Björn
Martin Fowler
Born in England, lived in London before moving to America in 1994. Currently lives in Boston, Massachusetts.
One of the books, Refactoring: Improving Existing Code: Martin Fowler and his co-authors shed light on the process of refactoring, describing the principles and best practices for doing it, and indicating where and when to start digging deep into code to improve it.
The core of the book is a detailed list of more than 70 refactoring techniques, each of which describes the motivation and technique for field-tested code transformation with examples in Java.
The methods discussed in the book allow you to modify the code step by step, making small changes each time, thereby reducing the risk associated with the development of the project.
Any fool can write a program that he can understandcompiler. Good programmers write programsthat other programmers can understand.
Fowler Martin
Sid Meier
(February 24, 1954, Detroit) 
American developer computer games. Graduate of Michigan State University. In 2002, his name was inscribed in the Computer Museum of America's Hall of Fame.
In 1991, MicroProse began selling a game encyclopedia of historically recognizable Civilization images. In 1993, a large vertically integrated company, Spectrum HoloByte, Inc. is making efforts to take over MicroProse.
After the legal proceedings were completed by 1994, Meyer and the company's new CEO, Louis Gilman Louie, had some differences regarding where, how and why to develop their joint gaming business.
"The game is a sequenceinteresting elections"
Donald Erwin Knuth
(January 10, 1938) 
American scientist, honorary professor at Stanford University and several other universities in different countries, foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, teacher and ideologist of programming, author of 19 monographs (including a number of classic books on programming) and more than 160 articles, developer of several well-known software technologies.
The author of a world-famous series of books devoted to basic algorithms and methods of computational mathematics, as well as the creator of desktop publishing systems TEX and METAFONT, designed for typing and layout of books on technical topics (primarily physics and mathematics).
The work of Andrei Petrovich Ershov, later his friend, had a greater influence on young Donald Knuth.
Professor Knuth has received numerous prizes and awards in the field of programming and computational mathematics, including the Turing Award (1974), the US National Medal of Science (1979) and the AMS Steele Prize for a series of popular science articles, the Harvey Prize (1995), the Kyoto Prize ( 1996) for achievements in the field of advanced technology, the Grace Murray Hopper Award (1971).
At the end of February 2009, Knuth was ranked 20th on the list of most cited authors in the CiteSeer project.
The best way to fully understand something isJapanese free software developer and programming language creator Ruby
Online In Japan Inc., he said that he taught himself to program even before leaving school. HeGraduated from the University of Tsukuba, where he researched programming languages and compilers.
Since 2006, he has headed the research and development department of Network Applied Communication Laboratory, a Japanese system integrator of free software.
Born in 1965 in Osaka Prefecture, but at the age of four he moved to Yonago City, Tottori Prefecture, so he is often introduced as a native of Yonago. Currently lives in Matsue City, Shimane Prefecture.
Yukihiro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and is involved in missionary work. He is married and has four children.I want the computer to be my servantand not the master, so I must be able toquickly and efficiently explain to him what to do.
Matsumoto YukihiroSteve Jobs
(February 24, 1955, San Francisco, California - October 5, 2011, Palo Alto, Santa Clara, California)
American entrepreneur, widely recognized as a pioneer of the IT era. One of the founders, chairman of the board of directors and CEO of Apple Corporation . One of the founders and CEO of the Pixar film studio.
In the late 1970s, Steve and his friend Steve Wozniak developed one of the first personal computers, which had great commercial potential. Computer Apple II became the first mass product of Apple, created on the initiative of Steve Jobs. Jobs later saw the commercial potential of a mouse-driven graphical interface, leading to the Apple Lisa computers and, a year later, Macintosh (Mac).
After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT - a company that developed a computer platform for universities and businesses. In 1986, he acquired Lucasfilm's computer graphics division, turning it into Pixar Studios. He remained Pixar's CEO and major shareholder until the studio was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2006, making Jobs the largest individual shareholder and member of Disney's board of directors.
Difficulties developing a new operating system for the Mac led to Apple purchasing NeXT in 1996 to use NeXTSTEP as the basis for Mac OS X. As part of the deal, Jobs was given the position of advisor to Apple. The deal was planned by Jobs. By 1997, Jobs regained control of Apple, leading the corporation. Under his leadership, the company was saved from bankruptcy and began to make a profit within a year. Over the next decade, Jobs led the developmentiMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone and iPad, as well as the developmentApple Store, iTunes Store, App Store and iBookstore. The success of these products and services, which provided several years of stable financial profits, allowed Apple to become the most valuable publicly traded company in the world in 2011. Many commentators call Apple's resurgence one of the greatest accomplishments in business history. At the same time, Jobs was criticized for his authoritarian management style, aggressive actions towards competitors, and the desire for total control over products even after they were sold to the buyer.Jobs has received public recognition and a number of awards for his impact on the technology and music industries. He is often called a "visionary" and even the "father of the digital revolution." Jobs was a brilliant speaker and took innovative product presentations to the next level, turning them into exciting shows. His easily recognizable figure in a black turtleneck, faded jeans and sneakers is surrounded by a kind of cult.
Slide 1
Russian scientists -
computer engineers
and computer science
Slide 2
Computer science is a very young science compared to mathematics, with which it is closely related. However, it also has its own interesting and difficult history. In particular, the history of Russian computer science knows many wonderful names. Today we will tell you about some of them, the most striking and significant. Our Russian scientists, relying on outstanding mathematical knowledge, carried out serious developments in the field of computer science, invented electronic computers, conducted theoretical research, and published scientific works.
Slide 3
It so happened that basically all achievements in the field of information science and computer technology are associated with the names of foreign researchers, mostly American and English. However, this is not entirely fair.
Slide 4
In the USA and England they relied on a strong commercial basis and well-established supply channels, on industrial standards and a huge class of qualified managers. In our country, which survived a terrible war, every little thing had to be invented from scratch and entire industries had to be created from scratch. Therefore, Soviet achievements are largely based on creative insights, unique technologies and the talent of their creators.
Slide 5
Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov
Soviet mathematician, one of the founders of cybernetics, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Specialist in the field of the theory of functions of a real variable and mathematical issues of cybernetics.
(1911 - 1973)
Slide 6
The development of the computer industry in the USSR began in the late 1940s almost simultaneously in two centers: in Kyiv and Moscow. In Kyiv, at the Institute of Electrical Engineering, under the leadership of scientist Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev in 1948, the creation of a small electronic calculating machine (MESM) began, which later turned out to be the first computer in Europe.
Slide 7
Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev
Founder of computer technology in the USSR, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953), Hero of Socialist Labor. In 1945 S.A. Lebedev created the country's first electronic analog computer for solving systems of ordinary differential equations, which are often encountered in problems related to energy.
(1902 - 1974)
Slide 8
MESM, 1951
The work on the machine was of a research nature and was carried out for the purpose of experimentally testing the principles of constructing universal digital computers. After the initial successes and in order to satisfy the extensive needs in computing technology, it was decided to complete the prototype into a full-fledged machine capable of solving real problems. It turned out to be the first computer in continental Europe. Successfully used in the nuclear, space, and military industries.
Slide 9
BESM-6 (large electronic adding machine), 1967
BESM-6 is a masterpiece of creativity by the team of the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Technology (ITM and VT) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the first supercomputer of the second generation.
Slide 10
Slide 11
BESM-6
BESM-6 electronic circuits used 60 thousand transistors and 180 thousand semiconductor diodes; its performance reached 1 million operations per second. It was a new generation machine, reliable and easy to operate.
Slide 12
American ILLIAC-IV
A direct competitor to BESM-6, the American ILLIAC-IV was completed later, was much more expensive and was inferior to the Soviet design in performance.
Slide 13
Isaac Semenovich Brook
Soviet scientist, mathematician, specialist in the field of electrical engineering and computer technology, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). I. S. Brook published more than 100 scientific papers. A scientist of broad erudition, I. S. Brook had the talent of an inventor and experimenter. He received more than 50 copyright certificates for inventions, 16 of them in the last 5 years of his life, already at an advanced age.
(1902 - 1974)
Slide 14
Automatic digital computer M-1, 1950
M-1 performed computational operations at a speed of 15-20 op/s and had a memory capacity of 256 numbers. The element base consisted of about 500 vacuum tubes, as well as several thousand semiconductors, first used in the construction of a computer. These were captured German rectifiers.
Slide 15
Mikhail Alexandrovich Kartsev
An outstanding scientist and engineer, designer of four generations of electronic computers and powerful real-time computing systems, author of fundamental works on computer technology, including arithmetic and the architecture of electronic digital machines. Under the leadership of I.S. Bruka took part in the development of the first generation small computer "M-1". Later he headed the design and manufacture of computers intended for the defense industry (M-2, M-4, etc.).
(1923 – 1983)
Slide 16
We are only now learning about some record-breaking developments of the Soviet era. This is the M-10 machine created in the early 1970s under the leadership of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Kartsev (for missile defense systems), which was superior in speed to the American analogue Cray-1. The M-10's average uptime was 90 hours, which was very high (the Cray-1 could only last 50 hours).
Slide 17
Viktor Mikhailovich Glushkov
One of the founders of Russian computer science. The main works are devoted to theoretical and applied cybernetics: the theory of digital automata, automation of computer design, application of cybernetic methods in the national economy. Based on the new principles of computer construction he developed, the Kyiv, Dnepr-2 and Mir series machines were created, which anticipated many of the features of personal computers that appeared later.
(1923 – 1982)
Slide 18
MIR-1 and MIR-2 (Machine for Engineering Calculations)
In MIR, the task was set so that programs could be written by any engineer in the notation and style familiar to him. The uniqueness of such a computer is evidenced by the fact that at the exhibition in London in 1967 it was purchased by the American company IBM.
Leonardo da Vinci For more than 300 years, it was believed that the author of the first calculating machine was Blaise Pascal. However, in 1967, two volumes of unpublished manuscripts by Leonardo da Vinci, one of the titans of the Renaissance, Italian painter, sculptor, architect, scientist and engineer, were found in the National Library of Madrid. Among the drawings they found a sketch of a thirteen-bit adding device with ten-tooth wheels. It was collected by the company for advertising purposes. However, in 1967, two volumes of unpublished manuscripts of 1BM were found in the National Library of Madrid and it turned out to be quite functional.
Wilhelm Schickard Ten years earlier, in 1957, a previously unknown photocopy of a sketch of a calculating device was discovered in the Stuttgart city library, from which it followed that another design for a calculating machine appeared at least 20 years earlier than the “Pascal wheel”. It was possible to establish that this sketch is nothing more than a missing appendix to a previously published letter to I. Kepler from the University of Tübingen professor Wilhelm Schickard (from), where Schickard, referring to the drawing, described the calculating machine he had invented. The machine contained adding and multiplying devices, as well as a mechanism for recording intermediate results. In another letter (from) Schickard wrote that Kepler would be pleasantly surprised if he saw how the machine itself accumulates and transfers to the left a ten or a hundred and how it takes away what it holds in its “mind” when subtracting. Wilhelm Schickard () appeared in Tübingen in 1617 and soon became professor of oriental languages at the local university. At the same time, he corresponded with Kepler and a number of German, French, Italian and Dutch scientists on issues related to astronomy. Drawing attention to the young scientist’s extraordinary mathematical abilities, Kepler recommended that he take up mathematics. Schickard heeded this advice and achieved significant success in his new field. In 1631 he became professor of mathematics and astronomy. And five years later, Schickard and members of his family died of cholera. The scientist’s works were forgotten...
Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal () is one of the most famous people in human history. Pascal died when he was 39 years old, but despite such a short life, he went down in history as an outstanding mathematician, physicist, philosopher, writer, who also believed in miracles. Some of Pascal's practical achievements have received the highest distinction today. knows the name of their author. For example, now very few people will say that the most ordinary wheelbarrow is the invention of Blaise Pascal. He also came up with the idea of omnibuses of multi-seat horse-drawn carriages with fixed routes, the first type of regular public urban transport. When he was very young (1643), Pascal created a mechanical device - a summing machine, which made it possible to add numbers in the decimal number system. In this machine, numbers were set by corresponding turns of disks (wheels) with digital divisions, and the result of the operation could be read in windows, one for each digit. The disks were mechanically connected; when adding, the transfer of a unit to the next digit was taken into account. The units disk was connected to the tens disk, the tens disk to the hundreds disk, etc. The main disadvantage of Pascal's summing machine was the inconvenience of performing all operations except addition with its help.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz () entered the history of mathematics primarily as the creator of differential and integral calculus, combinatorics, and the theory of determinants. But his name also stands among the outstanding inventors of calculating devices. Leibniz was born in Leipzig and belonged to a family known for its scientists and politicians. In 1661, Leibniz became a student. He studies philosophy, law and mathematics at the universities of Leipzig, Vienna and Altdorf. In 1666, he defended two dissertations for the title of associate professor in law and mathematics. In 1672, Leibniz met the Dutch mathematician and astronomer Christian Huygens. Seeing how many calculations an astronomer had to do, Leibniz decided to invent a mechanical device for calculations, which he completed in 1694. Developing Pascal's ideas, Leibniz used the shift operation for bitwise multiplication of numbers. One copy of Leibniz's machine came to Peter the Great, who presented it to the Chinese emperor, wanting to amaze him with European technical achievements. Leibniz also came close to creating mathematical logic: he proposed using mathematical symbolism in logic and was the first to express the idea of using the binary number system in it, which later found application in automatic computers.
George Boole George Boole (). After Leibniz, research in the field of mathematical logic and the binary number system was carried out by many outstanding scientists, but real success came here to the self-taught English mathematician George Boole, whose determination knew no bounds. The financial situation of George's parents allowed him to graduate only from an elementary school for the poor. After some time, Boole, having changed several professions, opened a small school where he taught. He devoted a lot of time to self-education and soon became interested in the ideas of symbolic logic. In 1854, his main work, “A Study of the Laws of Thought on which Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probability are Based,” appeared. After some time, it became clear that the Boole system is well suited for describing electrical switching circuits: current in the circuit can either flow or be absent, like how a statement can be either true or false. Already in the 20th century, together with the binary number system, the mathematical apparatus created by Boole formed the basis for the development of a digital electronic computer.
Hermann Hollerith A significant contribution to the automation of information processing was made by an American, the son of German emigrants, Hermann Hollerith (). He is the founder of counting and punching technology. While dealing with the processing of statistical information from the census conducted in the United States in 1890, Hollerith built a hand-held punch that was used to apply digital data to punched cards (holes were punched on the card), and introduced mechanical sorting for the layout of these punched cards depending on the location of the punches. He built a summing machine called a tabulator, which “probed” holes on punched cards, perceived them as corresponding numbers, and counted these numbers. The tabulator card was the size of a dollar bill. It had 12 rows, in each of which 20 holes could be punched, corresponding to data such as age, gender, place of birth, number of children, marital status, etc. Agents participating in the census recorded respondents' responses in special forms. The completed forms were sent to Washington, where the information they contained was transferred to cards using a punch. The punched cards were then loaded into special devices connected to a tabulator, where they were threaded onto thin needles. The needle, entering the hole, passed through it, closing a contact in the corresponding electrical circuit of the machine. This, in turn, caused the counter, consisting of rotating cylinders, to move forward one position.
John Vincent Atanasov In 1973, the court established that the patent rights to the basic ideas of digital electronic machines belong to John Atanasov. A Bulgarian by birth, John Vincent Atanasov () became a second-generation American. Atanasov began his search for ways to automate calculations in 1933, when he supervised graduate students studying the theory of elasticity, quantum physics, and crystal physics. Most of the problems they encountered involved partial differential equations. To solve them, it was necessary to use approximate methods, which, in turn, required solving large systems of algebraic equations. Therefore, the scientist began to make attempts to use technical means to speed up calculations: Atanasov decided to design a computer based on new principles, using vacuum tubes as an elemental base. In the fall of 1939, John Atanasov and his assistant Clifford Berry began building a specialized computer designed to solve a system of algebraic equations with 30 unknowns. It was decided to call it ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer). The source data, presented in the decimal number system, had to be entered into the machine using standard punched cards. Then, in the machine itself, the decimal code was converted into binary, which was then used in it. The main arithmetic operations were addition and subtraction, and multiplication and division were performed with their help. There were two storage devices in the car. By the spring of 1942, work on the vehicle was largely completed; However, at this time the United States was already at war with Nazi Germany, and wartime problems pushed work on the first computer into the background. Soon the car was dismantled.
Konrad Zuse The creator of the first working computer with program control is considered to be the German engineer Konrad Zuse (), who loved to invent since childhood and, while still at school, designed a model of a machine for changing money. He began to dream about a machine capable of performing tedious calculations instead of a person , while still a student. Unaware of the work of Charles Babbage, Zuse soon began to create a device much like the English mathematician's Analytical Engine. In 1936, in order to devote more time to building a computer, Zuse quit the company where he worked. He set up a “workshop” on a small table in his parents’ house. After about two years, the computer, which already occupied an area of about 4 m2 and was an intricacy of relays and wires, was ready. The machine, which he named 21 (from 7, from the name Zuse, written in German), had a keyboard for data entry. In 1942, Zuse and the Austrian electrical engineer Helmut Schreyer proposed creating a device of a fundamentally new type, based on vacuum vacuum tubes. The new machine was supposed to operate hundreds of times faster than any of the machines available at that time in warring Germany. However, this proposal was rejected: Hitler imposed a ban on all “long-term” scientific developments, since he was confident of a quick victory. In the difficult post-war years, Zuse, working alone, created a programming system called Plankalkul (Plankal-kul, “calculus of plans”). This language is called the first high-level language.
Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev () was born in Nizhny Novgorod. In 1921, he entered the Moscow Higher Technical School (now Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman) at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering. In 1928, Lebedev, having received a diploma in electrical engineering, became both a teacher at the university from which he graduated and a junior researcher at the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute (VEI). In 1936, he was already a professor and author (together with P.S. Zhdanov) of the book “Stability of Parallel Operation of Electrical Systems,” widely known among specialists in the field of electrical engineering. At the end of the 1940s, under the leadership of Lebedev, the first domestic electronic digital computer MESM (small electronic calculating machine) was created, which was one of the first in the world and the first in Europe a computer with a program stored in memory. In 1950, Lebedev moved to the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Science (ITM and VT AS USSR) in Moscow and became the chief designer of BESM, and then the director of the institute. At that time BESM-1 was the fastest computer in Europe and was not inferior to the best computers in the USA. Soon the car was slightly modernized and in 1956 it began to be mass-produced under the name BESM-2. BESM-2 carried out calculations during the launch of artificial Earth satellites and the first spacecraft with a person on board. In 1967, the company created under the leadership of S.A. began mass production. Lebedev and V.A. Melnikov's original architecture BESM-6 with a speed of about 1 million op./s: BESM-6 was among the most productive computers in the world and had many of the “features” of machines of the next, third generation. It was the first large domestic machine that began to be supplied to users along with developed software.
John von Neumann American mathematician and physicist John von Neumann () was from Budapest, the second largest and most important cultural center of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire after Vienna. This man began to stand out for his extraordinary abilities very early: at the age of six he spoke ancient Greek, and at eight he mastered the basics of higher mathematics. He worked in Germany, but in the early 1930s he decided to settle in the USA. John von Neumann made a significant contribution to the creation and development of a number of areas of mathematics and physics, and had a significant influence on the development of computer technology. He performed fundamental research related to mathematical logic, group theory, operator algebra, quantum mechanics, statistical physics; is one of the creators of the Monte Carlo method, a numerical method for solving mathematical problems based on the modeling of random variables. “According to von Neumann,” the main place among the functions performed by a computer is occupied by arithmetic and logical operations. An arithmetic-logical device is provided for them. Its operation and the entire machine in general are controlled using a control device. The role of information storage is performed by RAM. Information is stored here for both the arithmetic logic unit (data) and the control unit (instructions).
Claude Elwood Shannon Already in his teens, Claude Elwood Shannon () began to design. He made model airplanes and radios, created a radio-controlled boat, and connected his home and a friend's home with a telegraph line. Claude's childhood hero was the famous inventor Thomas Alva Edison, who was also his distant relative (however, they never met). In 1937, Shannon presented his thesis "Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits", while working on which he came to the conclusion that Boolean algebra can be successfully used for the analysis and synthesis of switches and relays in electrical circuits. We can say that this work paved the way for the development of digital computers. Claude Ellwood Shannon's most famous work is A Mathematical Theory of Communications, published in 1948, which presents considerations related to his new science of information theory. One of the tasks of information theory is to find the most economical coding methods that allow you to convey the necessary information using a minimum number of symbols. Shannon defined the basic unit of information quantity (later called a bit) as a message representing one of two options: heads, tails, yes, no, etc. A bit can be represented as a 1 or 0, or as the presence or absence of current in a circuit.
Bill (William) Gates Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955. He and his two sisters grew up in Seattle. Their father, William Gates II, is a lawyer. Bill Gates' mother, Mary Gates, was a schoolteacher, board member of the University of Washington, and chairman of United Way International. Gates and his high school friend Paul Allen entered the world of entrepreneurship at age fifteen. They wrote a program to regulate traffic and formed a company to distribute it; earned dollars from this project and never went to high school again. In 1973, Gates entered the first year of Harvard University. During his time at Harvard, Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote the first operating system, developing the BASIC programming language for the first MITS Altair minicomputer. In his third year, Bill Gates left Harvard to devote himself full-time to Microsoft, the company he founded in 1975 with Allen. Under a contract with IBM, Gates creates the MS-DOS operating system, which in 1993 was used by 90% of the world's computers and which made him fabulously rich. So Bill Gates went down in history not only as the chief software architect of the Microsoft corporation, but also as the youngest self-made billionaire. Today, Bill Gates is one of the most popular figures in the computer world. There are jokes about him, praises are sung to him. People magazine, for example, believes that "Gates is to programming what Edison is to the light bulb: part innovator, part entrepreneur, part tradesman, but always a genius."
Ershov Andrey Petrovich
An outstanding programmer and mathematician, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, author of the world's first monograph on programming automation. Under the leadership of Ershov, some of the first domestic programming programs were developed (“integrated developments” of a programming language and system). He formulated a number of general principles of programming as a new and unique type of scientific activity, touched upon an aspect that would later be called user friendliness, and was one of the first in the country to set the task of creating programming technology. He became one of the creators of the so-called “school informatics” and a recognized leader of domestic school informatics, and became one of the world's leading experts in this field.
Charles Babbage
(December 26 - October 18)
British mathematician and inventor, author of works on the theory of functions, mechanization of calculations in economics; foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1832). In 1833 he developed a project for a universal digital computer - the prototype of a computer. Babbage envisioned the ability to enter instructions into the machine using punched cards. However, this machine was not finished, since the low level of technology at that time became the main obstacle to its creation. Charles Babbage is often called the "father of the computer" for his invention of the Analytical Engine, although its prototype was created many years after his death.
Kaspersky Evgeniy Valentinovich
Before 1991worked at the multidisciplinary research institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Began studying the phenomenoncomputer viruses in October 1989when it was discovered on his computer"Cascade" virus (English). From 1991 to 1997, he worked at the Scientific and Technical Center "KAMI", where, together with a group of like-minded people, he developed the anti-virus project "AVP" (Now - " Kaspersky Anti-Virus"). In 1997, Evgeny Kaspersky became one of the founders of "Kaspersky Lab«.
Today, Evgeny Kaspersky is one of the world's leading experts in the field of virus protection. He is the author of a large number of articles and reviews on the problem of computer virology, and regularly speaks at specialized seminars and conferences in Russia and abroad. Evgeny Valentinovich Kaspersky is a member of the Computer Virus Research Organization (CARO), which brings together experts in this field.
Among the most significant and interesting achievements of Evgeniy Valentinovich and the “Laboratory” he heads in 2001 is the opening of the annual conferenceVirus Bulletin- a central event in the antivirus industry, as well as successfully combating all global virus epidemics that occurred in 2001.
Lovelace Augusta Ada
A. Lovelace developed the first programs for the Babbage Analytical Engine, thereby laying the theoretical foundations of programming. She first introduced the concept of the operation cycle. In one of the notes, she expressed the main idea that the analytical engine can solve problems that, due to the difficulty of calculations, are almost impossible to solve manually. Thus, for the first time, a machine was considered not only as a mechanism that replaces a person, but also as a device capable of performing work beyond human capabilities. Although the Bubbage Analytical Engine was not built and Lovelace’s programs were never debugged and did not work, a number of general provisions expressed by her retained their fundamental importance for modern programming. Nowadays, A. Lovelace is rightfully called the first programmer in the world.
Bill Gates
(28 of October)
American entrepreneur and developer in the field of electronic computing, founder of the world's leading software company Microsoft.
In 1980, Microsoft developed the MS-DOS operating system, which by the mid-1980s became the dominant operating system in the American microcomputer market. Gates then began developing applications such as Excel spreadsheets and Word, and by the late 1980s, Microsoft had become a leader in this area as well.
In 1986, by releasing the company's shares to the public market, Gates became a billionaire at the age of 31. In 1990, the company introduced Windows 3.0, which replaced verbal commands with mouse-selectable icons, making the computer much easier to use. By the end of the 1990s, about 90% of all personal computers in the world were equipped with Microsoft software. In 1997, Gates topped the list of the richest people in the world.
Douglas Karl Engelbart
American inventor Douglas Engelbart from the Stanford Research Institute introduced the world's first computer mouse in 1968 on December 9.
Douglas Engelbart's invention was a wooden cube on wheels with one button. The computer mouse owes its name to the wire - it reminded the inventor of the tail of a real mouse.
Later, Xerox became interested in Engelbart's idea. Its researchers changed the design of the mouse, and it became similar to the modern one. In the early 1970s, Xerox first introduced the mouse as part of the personal computer. It had three buttons, a ball and rollers instead of disks, and cost $400!
Today there are two types of computer mice: mechanical and optical. The latter are devoid of mechanical elements, and optical sensors are used to track the movement of the manipulator relative to the surface. The latest innovation in technology is wireless mice.
Niklaus Wirth
Swiss engineer and researcher of the world of programming. Author and one of the developers of the Pascal programming language. N. Wirth was one of the first to introduce into practice the principle of step-by-step refinement as key to the systematic creation of programs. In addition to Pascal, he created other algorithmic languages (including Modula-2 and Oberon). They are not well known to "production" programmers, but are widely used for theoretical research in the field of programming. Wirth is one of the world's most respected computer scientists; his book Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs is considered one of the classic textbooks on structured programming.
Linus Torvalds
(December 28th)
Creator of a world-famous operating system. In early 1991, he began writing his own platform, aimed at the average consumer, which could be distributed free of charge via the Internet. The new system acquired the name Linux, derived from a combination of the name of its creator with the name UNIX. Over the course of ten years, Linux has become a real competitor to products produced by Microsoft, capable of supplanting the monopoly of this company in the system and server software market.
Thousands of “interested programmers,” hackers, and computer network specialists happily took up Linus’s idea and began to write, complete, and debug what Torvalds proposed to them. In almost ten years, Linux has gone from being a toy for several hundred fans and enthusiasts, executing a couple of dozen commands in a primitive console, to a professional multi-user and multitasking 32-bit operating system with a windowed graphical interface, which is many times superior to Microsoft Windows in terms of its range of capabilities, stability and power. 95, 98 and NT and can run on almost any modern IBM-compatible computer.