Insulation of the house from the outside using ceramic blocks. Insulation of walls made of ceramic blocks

There are not many ways to combine load-bearing structure with thermal insulation, so porous ceramic blocks definitely deserve attention. Today we’ll talk about the properties of this building material, the features of working with it, the technique of laying and finishing the walls of buildings of different heights.

The situation with porous ceramic blocks is very ambiguous. Distributors praise warm ceramics, while at the same time some well-wishers criticize them. Let’s try to get to the bottom of the truth, it’s not for nothing that these blocks have become so widespread.

Porous blocks: characteristics and essence of the material

The main problem in the production of red building bricks has always been considered high degree defects: during the firing process, the clay mass tends to change its linear dimensions and become deformed; moreover, a considerable amount of debris is formed during transportation. Create from such material building blocks large sizes until some time was a very difficult task.

The issue was resolved by extrusion molding of ground clay mixture. The composition of the latter may vary depending on mineral additives and pore-forming inclusions. Thus, in addition to the presence of large vertical channels that lengthen the path of heat outflow, the brick pillar itself may have micropores that increase heat transfer resistance.

At its core, warm ceramics are nothing more than a type of hollow brick. But the linear dimensions of the blocks are nine or more times larger, which gives a noticeable increase in the speed of wall construction. The void ratio is also much higher and can reach 80%, this is a huge plus in terms of thermal conductivity and in terms of reducing the structural load on the foundation.

Large blocks, oddly enough, do not have high dimensional tolerances. First of all, because the cellular format, together with mineral and pore-forming additives, eliminates shrinkage during firing; in addition, some types of warm ceramics may have ground ends. In general, the deviation from the declared dimensions is up to 2-3 mm for each block. The material is packaged on cargo pallets rather than in bulk, so the amount of waste during transportation is kept to a minimum.

Types and formats of blocks

There are two main types of PCB - for insulation and laying the load-bearing layer. Adding ground wood flour to clay at the stage of preparing the mixture results in its burning out during firing. The brick becomes brittle and is not suitable for constructing a load-bearing layer (strength grade M30-M50).

Various kinds of mineral additives, which have good sinterability along with clay, can increase strength to grade M100, which makes warm ceramics suitable for laying entire external and internal load-bearing walls. The thermal conductivity of such blocks is higher, but this is eliminated by a relatively thin outer layer insulating cladding.

In construction practice, it is customary to combine materials in one wall. The inner load-bearing layer occupies 50-70% of the total thickness of the wall; it is laid out in high-strength blocks. This is followed by a layer of 20-30% of the total thickness with high resistance to heat transfer and the structure is completed by an external cladding of half a small-sized brick with a hollowness of about 30%. This scheme is considered generally accepted, and we will describe its advantages later.

Ceramic blocks come in a wide range of formats. Regardless of the material, structure, blocks are divided into basic masonry and additional facing. Both types have a strict direction of masonry: tongue-and-groove side edges complicate the flow of heat by convection, and such a connection of blocks of the same row is mandatory. When choosing a format in advance, you can focus on the final thickness of the load-bearing walls of 25, 38, 44 and 51 cm. The facing blocks provide a heat-protective layer thickness of 8, 12 and 20 cm. For the end masonry, there are appropriately sized additional elements for each format.

Use with caution: how to avoid construction defects

The main argument of critics of porous ceramic blocks is their insufficient compressive strength. “Experts” tend to compare incomparables and pass off the low strength of insulating blocks as the complete technological unsuitability of the material as a whole. However, combining different brands allows you to correctly distribute the load along the wall: the main part of it is borne by the internal load-bearing layer, and the outer cladding, although it does not directly perceive the axial vector, serves to general strengthening array.

Technically so three-layer wall is equivalent to a pillar of two and a half solid bricks of grade 100, while in terms of thermal conductivity it corresponds to 60-80 cm of hollow brick. Therefore, the construction of four floors from PCB (including the attic and basement) is quite realistic with proper design. If the building is built on a reinforced concrete frame, there are no restrictions on the number of storeys.

Another argument against warm ceramics is insufficient fastening ability. The blocks are really fragile and practically do not hold standard dowel nails, which makes finishing using mounted systems. Special fasteners for cellular concrete and chemical anchors come to the rescue: in the end, they do not cost much more, while at the same time they benefit from lightweight and warm wall much more important.

One of the specific subtleties of working with PCB is cutting grooves for laying electrical or pipes. A common mistake is hammering with a hammer drill in impact mode, leading to severe crumbling of the porous wall. You should only work with wall chasers or angle grinders, but it is better to gouge out the channels manually - with a chisel and hammer; this will not take much longer, but will eliminate the formation of dust.

It is impossible to argue with the fact that PCBs require the involvement of qualified personnel to erect walls. Warm ceramics are only part of the technology, but not its basis. The material must be of high quality and certified, this is not even discussed. But here is the masonry technique, the final protective cladding, the use special materials- all this is no less important so that walls made of warm ceramics are truly warm and meet the declared characteristics.

Correct technique for laying walls

One of the supposed disadvantages of porous blocks is the partial elimination of porosity during the laying process due to spillage into the cells cement mortar. This phenomenon is eliminated by using a special mesh, which is placed in each row spacing and retains the binder. An ordinary fiberglass mesh can be used for facade plaster, but experts recommend using basalt mesh in order to increase the uniformity of the masonry mass.

Strictly speaking, cement mortar or sand concrete is not used in laying warm ceramics. They do not have a high enough resistance to heat transfer, so in technological construction liquid adhesive mixtures are used for polished blocks and lime mortar for unpolished ones. A dry block is dipped into a solution or adhesive mixture; the adhering layer is enough to reliably fasten the rows.

Cold bridges are not completely eliminated, but their number is reduced to a minimum. To completely eliminate thermal conductivity, it is customary to lay 30-50 mm of extruded polystyrene or cheaper PBS between the layers of masonry. In this case, the vapor permeability of the wall is artificially limited by membranes different types, and with outside There is a 30-50 mm gap left from the separator for ventilation. If there is no insulation between the layers, when laying each row, roll out a 10 cm strip of polyethylene foam.

When bandaging elements of the same row, no binder is used. Technically, such a wall remains ventilated, which is why the presence of façade plastering with a thickness of 30 mm or more is so important. traditional brick on cement mortar. Sometimes this rule is deviated from in low-rise construction, and the outer layer of the wall made of insulating blocks is removed with finishing masonry. If there is no insulation between the layers of the wall, the gaps between the blocks are filled from the inside with polyurethane foam, the consumption of which is minimal due to the precise fit of the blocks.

Despite their low dead weight, walls made of porous ceramic blocks are not recommended to be loaded with prefabricated and monolithic reinforced concrete floors in buildings more than two floors high. It is much more correct to arrange frame floors on wooden trusses or beams.

There is a myth that a reinforced crown is not required under the ceiling. However, it is still necessary to distribute the load along the pitch of the beams. The crown has minimum thickness: 12 mm reinforcement and two protective layers of 30 mm each. IN multilayer walls it is cast on panel formwork placed with inside, the outside barrier is insulated masonry.

For single-layer walls, special trays made of warm ceramics are used according to the type permanent formwork. They not only provide floor protection, but also create a uniform surface on the front side of the building.

In order to answer the question - Is it necessary to insulate ceramic blocks of a particular manufacturer? thermotechnical calculation designs external wall and compare the obtained result with the value required according to SNiP “thermal protection of buildings” for a specific region of Russia .

The method for performing thermal engineering calculations is described in and is not anything complicated. We have prepared thermal calculations for the construction of an external wall using ceramic blocks from a number of manufacturers, with a wall thickness 300mm(thermal efficient ceramic blocks Cayman30), 380mm, 440mm And 510mm, see below in the text.

The values of the required thermal resistance for external walls of residential buildings for a number of Russian cities, according to SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings".

We design our houses using the most heat-efficient ceramic blocks produced in Russia Cayman30.
External wall built using ceramic block Cayman30, lined with slotted bricks creates thermal resistance 3.73 m 2 *S/W.
If an external wall built using ceramic blocks Cayman30, will be lined decorative plaster or stone, the thermal resistance of such a design will be 3.52 m 2 *S/W.

In order to understand whether it is necessary to additionally insulate the external wall made of ceramic blocks Cayman30 in your region, find in the table above the value of the required thermal resistance for the region of construction ( R tr) and compare it with the thermal resistance value of the external block wall Cayman30 in one of the two proposed options R Cayman30 .
If R Cayman30 greater than or equal to value R tr for your region, then insulate ceramic blocks Cayman30 no need.

What is the difference best block Russia Kerakam Cayman30 from a regular ceramic block?

4 signs of real warm ceramics.

1. When we choose which multi-hollow slotted ceramic block to build our house from, an important parameter is not overall size block, and the length of the ceramic tracks. It is along them that the heat flow moves, because air in closed chambers is an excellent insulator. In a more modern ceramic block Cayman30, the path that the heat flow will have to overcome is longer;

2. Please note that the ceramic track on the block Cayman30 has a smaller thickness than conventional ceramic blocks; the smaller the thickness of the path, the less heat flow will pass through it per unit time;

3. Real warm ceramics cannot have a strength grade of M100 or more, because... an increase in brand strength is achieved due to the higher density of the clay; the denser the material, the better it transmits heat. U Cayman30 compressive strength grade M75, this is due to the fact that thermally efficient ceramic blocks Cayman30 high porosity of the clay itself. Micro air chambers also increase the path length for heat flow. At the same time, the strength grade M75 allows you to use Cayman30 as a self-supporting block in buildings up to 5 floors.;

4. And finally, the last one, patented know-how in block design Cayman30, this is a thermally efficient lock for side joining of blocks, Cayman30 the lock is a long saw-tooth path for heat to escape from the house, in the outdated model of conventional ceramic blocks, the heat in the lock flows out along a straight and thick path.

You can see it here Thermal conductivity test report for ceramic blocks Kerakam Kaiman 30
The value of the thermal conductivity coefficient in operational condition can be found at the end of the document.

What advantage does the use of thermally efficient ceramic blocks Cayman30 give to the developer?

Despite being built from blocks Cayman30 the house will meet all existing building regulations, when compared with ceramic blocks from other manufacturers, construction costs will be several hundred thousand rubles lower. At the same time, according to the thermal engineering calculation, the thermal resistance, created by a wall from blocks Cayman30 higher than most competitors' ceramic blocks with thicknesses of 380mm, 440mm and 510mm. Below, by clicking on the image of a ceramic block, you can familiarize yourself with comparative thermal calculations and comparative cost calculations, using the example of specific houses in our catalogue. We compare ceramic block Cayman30 with units from other Russian plants.

Let's compare the thermally efficient ceramic block Cayman30

A single-layer ceramic wall has significant advantages over double-layer walls. Porous ceramic blocks are a very durable material, the service life of a wall is similar material Experts estimate it to be 100 years or more.

If directly compared with two-layer wall structures, then their major repairs will be required very soon, the forecast period is 30 - 35 years, and even 20 years for low-quality polystyrene. Ordinary cheap insulation will fail during this period and will basically lose its unique properties.

Other advantages of a single layer ceramic wall

A single-layer ceramic wall is much more resistant to all kinds of damage than a two-layer one. Violations facade finishing will not lead to such consequences as if they disturbed the finish above mineral wool or polystyrene foam.
Also:

There is no risk of moisture if construction technology is violated or layers are damaged. Indeed, if you violate the principles of insulation in double-layer walls, you can easily over-moisten the structure.
A single-layer wall is generally cheaper. If the quality of the materials is comparable, then in any case, a single-layer structure will have a lower final price.
easier, faster to build. During construction, simplicity and manufacturability often dictate design features. You need to look for insulation specialists to do the second layer correctly, etc. These questions simply disappear.

What is known

From blocks of porous ceramics it is possible to build a single-layer wall with satisfactory heat-saving properties for moderate and warm climates.

But in cold regions, a single-layer block wall cannot provide the necessary thermal insulation.

There it is necessary (it becomes more profitable) to build two-layer walls, in which the load-bearing layer is covered with insulation.

Heat-saving properties of ceramic blocks

A reduction in thermal conductivity in products made of porous ceramics is achieved due to the presence of many closed cavities with air. The production of ceramic blocks is in many ways similar to the production of ordinary bricks, but components are added to the material, which burn when fired, forming pores.

Hollow blocks and bricks with large internal cavities are formed from such a mass. As a result, the thermal conductivity coefficient of the ceramic block is 0.15 - 0.17 W/mK, and for hollow bricks - 0.2 W/mK.

Humidity affects these values, but to a much lesser extent than for aerated concrete blocks, which have less porosity and a larger number of pores.

How to make the entire masonry and wall warm

Ceramic blocks of high precision manufacturing, with a height inaccuracy of no more than 1 mm (polished), can be laid on thin layer glue or special adhesive foam.

In these cases, the thermal conductivity coefficient finished masonry from ceramic blocks does not increase significantly compared to the blocks themselves.

The masonry and wall may lose possible heat-saving properties if only a thick layer of ordinary heavy mortar is used. Then the large-scale cold bridges that form simply neutralize the achievements of warm ceramics.

Selection of blocks and mortar based on heat loss

Blocks are usually produced in lengths of 25, 38, 44 and 51 cm. They are placed across the wall, with the embossed side surface to the adjacent blocks. Then the thickness of the wall is equal to the length of the block.

Let's look at an example. For the Moscow region, the required heat transfer resistance of the walls of a house is no less than 3.15 m2*K/W. Approximately the same value is for masonry made of ceramic blocks 51 cm thick, made with heat-saving mortar or glue.

But if you use ordinary cement-lime mortar, then the heat transfer resistance of the wall will be 2.7 - 2.8 m2*K/W.

For the construction of private houses up to 3 floors in non-cold climates, it is more profitable to use blocks instead of bricks, the masonry of which is more expensive and much colder.

Reduce the number of additional blocks

Vertical joints between blocks with a tongue-and-groove side surface are not filled with mortar. Their filling is necessary in the case of using additional blocks with smooth edges or bricks.

A large number of such blocks can be in corners, wall bends, and near openings.
If the vertical seams between the blocks are filled with mortar, the thermal conductivity of the wall will increase. The number of such places should be minimized.

House designs made from ceramic blocks provide for distances that are multiples of an integer number of blocks, so the use of additional ones is kept to a minimum.
To increase heat savings, it is recommended to build a house in accordance with the project.

What size ceramic blocks to choose

A wall made of ceramic blocks with unfilled vertical joints must be plastered on both sides to reduce air permeability.

On the outside, only a special vapor-permeable plaster layer should be used. You can further increase the heat-saving properties of the wall if you apply warm plaster on the outside with a layer of 4 cm thick.

A popular technology is in which a wall made of ceramic blocks is lined with hollow façade bricks. Masonry is carried out without leaving air gap. The wall thickness increases by at least 12 cm. At the same time, the thermal insulation characteristics also increase slightly.

Therefore, for the southern regions and Ukraine, ceramic blocks 38 cm long (masonry thickness 38 cm) plastered on the outside with a layer of warm plaster 4 -7 cm, or lined with hollow façade bricks. Such a wall will have for regions with mild winters satisfactory heat-saving properties.

Suitable wall width

If the heat transfer resistance of the wall turns out to be lower than the recommendations of SNiP 02.23.2003, then it is possible to compensate for the deficiency and bring the total heat loss of the building in accordance with the requirements of the standards by increasing the insulation of other building structures, in accordance with design solutions.

It should be taken into account that a wide wall places increased demands on the strength and size of the foundation.

A wall made of porous ceramic blocks can be wider than the base by no more than 20%, and up to 30% when confirmed by strength calculations in the project.

It is not economically profitable to build a ceramic wall wider than 63 cm (51 + 12), since a significant amount of expensive durable material (porous ceramics) will be spent on insulation, which is not needed due to strength requirements.

In fact, this is the condition for switching to the construction of two-layer walls with a narrow load-bearing layer in the northern regions.

Construction of wall insulation made of ceramic blocks, thermal insulation measures in various places of masonry

Reinforced concrete and metal elements structures that have much greater thermal conductivity than the wall itself, so they are necessarily fenced from the street side with an additional layer of insulation.

Crossbars—reinforced concrete lintel beams—are installed above window or door openings. These are standard elements specifically designed for openings in wide walls. From the outside, they are protected by at least a 10 cm layer of mineral wool and a thin layer of ceramics.
The ceilings on the floors and the mauerlat timber for the roof must rest on a reinforced concrete frame, made as a solid structure above all load-bearing walls at the floor level, and evenly distributing the loads on the walls. This reinforced concrete frame (concrete belt) is fenced on the street side with at least 10 cm of moderately hard mineral wool insulation and additional ceramic blocks.
The internal load-bearing walls are connected with masonry to the external walls. Blocks interior walls on the street side they are fenced in the same way.
Reinforced concrete plinth on which load-bearing walls rest (masonry made of ceramic blocks can only rest on a monolithic strip foundation sufficient rigidity according to the design), the outside is enclosed with extruded polystyrene foam insulation (usually at least 8 cm thick according to calculation) or foam glass with a thickness of 12 cm or more.

How to Insulate Block Walls in Cold Climates

In cold climates, walls made of porous ceramics of a reasonable thickness cannot meet the requirements for heat conservation, so they must be insulated with an additional (second) layer of insulation.

In this case, the supporting layer of porous ceramics is made relatively narrow; usually the width of the masonry is from 25 cm. More vapor-permeable insulation layers made of mineral wool or low-density aerated concrete are used as insulation for the blocks.

The use of vapor barrier materials - polystyrene foam, extruded polystyrene foam, foam glass - creates a risk of wetting the load-bearing wall itself.

What insulation to use

The following insulation materials are used to insulate walls made of ceramic blocks.

Rigid mineral wool slabs with a density of 125 kg/m3 and more. They are glued to the masonry and plastered on top with a thin layer of vapor-transparent plaster.
Flexible mineral wool slabs density 45 - 80 kg/m3. They are placed under the façade trim lathing, covered with a vapor diffusion membrane, and additionally secured with dowels.
Rigid slabs of aerated concrete with a density of 100 - 200 kg/m3.

IN Lately learned how to make low-density autoclaved aerated concrete with a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.05 - 0.06 W/mOK and sufficient structural strength, class B1.0 (compressive strength from 10 kg/m3, vapor permeability coefficient 0.28 mg/(m*year* Pa).

How to make insulation

The slabs are laid in masonry on the foundation (starting strip) and glued to the load-bearing layer, plastered with vapor-transparent plaster with fiberglass mesh.

These insulation materials can be lined with ceramic bricks, leaving a ventilation gap, and the wall will already have three layers, since the brick layer will be self-supporting and rests on the foundation.

A ventilation gap is left between the insulation and the brick cladding and upward air movement is ensured, similar to a ventilated facade.

When choosing insulation for walls made of ceramic blocks, the main factor remains the durability of the material.

For rigid mineral wool boards from famous manufacturers The service life is set at 35 years. But for aerated concrete blocks this figure is higher. Therefore, recently, aerated concrete has become a significant alternative to mineral wool.

Large format ceramic blocks are gaining popularity. They are distinguished by high reliability and durability, the ability to build in temperate climate and to the south a wall 38–51 cm thick in one layer. A single-layer wall is reliable, durable and economical. The wall is plastered or covered with brick, increasing its heat-saving properties. The blocks are placed across the wall (the length of the block determines the width of the wall), they are joined together by a relief tongue-and-groove surface of the sidewalls.

How to lay large-format blocks

The block is pressed against the already installed one, then lowered vertically down onto the solution, after which it is leveled by tapping with a mallet and its position is checked with a level. Vertical joints between blocks with a tongue-and-groove side surface are not filled with mortar. But for additional blocks with a smooth side surface and for bricks, filling the vertical seam is mandatory.

It is better to use a ready-made project for a house made of ceramic blocks. In it, all dimensions are set for an integer number of blocks, so the number of different small elements with filling of vertical seams between them is reduced to a minimum. This simplifies construction and makes the wall warmer.

It is recommended to use a heat-saving mortar, with which the heat transfer resistance of the finished masonry made of ceramic blocks increases by 17 - 20% compared to conventional cement mortar. Its use makes it possible to build walls from ceramic blocks in temperate climates. The heat transfer resistance of 51 cm thick masonry made from modern ceramic blocks with warm mortar reaches 3.15 m2*K/W, which meets the heat saving requirements for the Moscow region.

Sanded blocks of increased manufacturing precision (1 mm error in vertical dimension) are placed on a thin layer of block adhesive or on a special adhesive foam. At the same time, the thermal insulation of the wall increases in the same way as in the case of using a heat-saving solution.

Wall chipping

Grooves are made in the external and internal load-bearing walls for laying communications. The grooves should not reduce the strength of the wall below acceptable values. The depth of horizontal and vertical grooves crossing the wall over its entire length (height) should not be more than 3 cm. Vertical short grooves located in the lower third of the wall can be made up to 8 cm deep.

It is unacceptable to make long grooves of great depth in load-bearing walls, for example, for laying pipelines, without confirmation by strength calculations.

Grooves made of porous ceramics in external walls are sealed with heat-saving mortar.

Foundation for a wall made of blocks

Walls made of ceramic blocks must be erected on a strip reinforced concrete foundation, which is designed for the minimum movements permissible for fragile ceramics. Its design and layout are determined by the project and confirmed by calculations. For example,

Since the width of walls made of porous ceramics is significant, usually 44 - 65 cm (including brick lining), in order to save money, the base is usually made narrower. Its width can be 20% less than that of the wall, and when confirmed by strength calculations in the project - up to 30%.

For normal protection of a wall made of porous ceramics from splashes and snow, the elevation of the base above the blind area should be at least 30 cm.

The surface of the base is carefully leveled horizontally and covered with two layers of rolled waterproofing.
The first row of ceramic blocks is placed on a thick leveling layer of mortar, the position of the blocks of the first row is carefully checked horizontally and vertically.

How to build a house from large-format blocks, watch the video:

Connections, openings

Walls made of porous ceramics can be supported interfloor ceilings. The weight of the floors, span sizes, maximum loads and design of junction points are determined by the project.

The floors must rest on a reinforced concrete solid frame, constructed at floor level as a solid structure. It evenly redistributes the load on all load-bearing walls, external and internal.

The reinforced concrete frame on the outside of the wall is covered with additional blocks made of porous ceramics and a layer of mineral wool insulation.
The prefabricated floor beams rest on a reinforced concrete frame on top, and its height must be at least 10 cm and its width at least 15 cm.

For wooden lightweight floors, instead of a reinforced concrete belt, you can lay solid ceramic bricks in at least 3 rows.

Above the door and window openings special reinforced concrete lintels (crossbars) are installed for wide walls. It's better to take advantage finished product, but jumpers for non-standard openings can be done in formwork. Reinforced concrete lintels above the windows are fenced from the outside with a heat-insulating layer at least 100 mm thick.

Window and door frames are installed in the middle part of the masonry along its thickness or closer to the internal warm zone, this reduces heat loss through window openings, as well as the likelihood of dew falling on the glass.

Roof

The junction of the roof to the walls made of ceramic blocks necessarily includes a reinforced concrete frame above all load-bearing walls. A Mauerlat is attached to this belt, the loads from which are evenly redistributed through the frame over all load-bearing walls. The dimensions of the reinforced concrete belt will depend on the dimensions of other elements of the house and are determined by the project.

From the street side, the reinforced concrete frame is fenced with additional blocks and a layer of insulation.

Joining load-bearing walls

Load-bearing walls are located on the foundation and absorb loads from overlying floors, floors, and roofs. All load-bearing walls, both internal and external, are tied together with masonry.
All load-bearing walls are erected simultaneously on the foundation.

To tie up the load-bearing walls, the blocks of the inner wall are inserted into the masonry of the outer wall to a depth of 10 - 20 cm. The end of the inserted blocks from the street side is covered with an additional block and a layer of insulation 10 cm thick. This insertion is done through a row of masonry. Blocks of other rows are adjacent to the outer wall without installation.

Partitions in a house made of ceramics and internal heat capacity

Internal partitions usually rest on concrete bases floors on the ground, or on solid floors, or on auxiliary foundations. In individual projects under heavy partitions Reinforced concrete beams are built from bricks, resting on a foundation (basement).

A gap of 2-3 cm is always left between the ceiling and the partition so that pressure is not exerted on the partition from above. This gap is filled with insulation.

Internal partitions are fixed to external and internal load-bearing walls using anchor plates made of stainless steel (galvanized). The plates are inserted into the masonry of load-bearing walls at the junction of the partitions in an amount of at least 3 pieces. distributed by height.

In houses with external walls made of porous ceramics, it is recommended to make internal walls and partitions from more heavy materials to increase heat capacity and sound insulation between rooms. Internal partition Half a brick thick made of solid ceramic bricks usually has sufficient sound insulation.

Also, to increase the internal heat capacity, it is recommended to make a heavy heated floor screed (warm floor).

The thickness of the partitions between living rooms is usually chosen to be half a brick, and for cold non-residential premises - 25 cm of porous ceramics. If increased sound insulation is required, then the partition is covered with dense mineral wool and plasterboard, or double masonry is made in half a brick with a gap of 50 mm, which is filled with mineral wool.

Read about the construction of a solid brick partition

Plaster, wall decoration from ceramic blocks

From the inside of the room, masonry made of porous ceramics is leveled with gypsum or cement-sand mortar.
If in a masonry made of ceramic blocks the vertical joints between the blocks are not filled with mortar, then it must be plastered on both sides.

The outside of such a wall is plastered with waterproof cement-based mixtures. Wall decoration from ceramic blocks is popular using facade brick, while no gap is left between the blocks and the brickwork. Thus, in addition to facade finishing, the wall thickness is increased and thermal insulation is increased, and the most durable materials are used.

Insulation

In areas colder than the Moscow region, masonry made of large-format ceramic blocks with warm mortar requires additional insulation. The thickness of the insulation layer in cold areas is selected in accordance with the calculation. At the same time, in order to save money, the load-bearing wall itself is made thinner - 25 cm. The insulation layer should be more vapor-permeable than the masonry itself, therefore, hard mineral wool slabs are often used to insulate ceramic blocks high strength, glued to the masonry and plastered with a layer of high vapor permeability.

Recently, instead of mineral wool, more durable low-density aerated concrete is increasingly being used - 100-200 kg m3. Now it already meets the requirements for strength and thermal insulation.

It is also possible to use a complete vapor barrier - foam glass, which is exceptionally durable, although it poses the risk of the wall becoming wet during cold periods, since it is not always possible to completely stop the movement of steam through the wall to the outside...

Technologies for constructing walls of a private house are developing in three main directions:

Relatively thin and durable walls are insulated with highly effective insulation. The wall consists of two layers- a load-bearing layer that absorbs mechanical loads, and a layer of insulation.
For the construction of single-layer walls, materials are used that combine a sufficiently high resistance to both mechanical stress and heat transfer. The construction of single-layer walls from cellular concrete(autoclaved aerated concrete, gas silicate) or porous ceramics.
A combination of these two technologies is also used when walls made of cellular and porous materials provide additional insulation layer high effective insulation. This combination allows make both wall masonry and a thin layer of insulation. This can be beneficial for structural reasons, especially when building a house in a cold climate.

Advantages of single-layer house walls made of warm ceramics

Especially in areas with mild winters it is more profitable and easier to build a private house with single-layer stone external walls. Modern building materials make it possible to build a single-layer wall of reasonable thickness and required strength that is sufficiently heat-saving for the specified climate.

Compared to two- or three-layer walls, single layer construction outdoor stone wall has the following advantages:

The total cost of building a house with single-layer external stone walls with a masonry thickness of up to 51 cm, at least, does not exceed the cost of building a two-layer, and less than a three-layer wall. Such walls make it possible to provide high consumer properties of housing, and at the same time reduce the cost of construction in areas with less severe winters.
The homogeneous design of a single-layer stone wall provides greater durability, environmental friendliness, and better resistance to mechanical, fire and climatic influences. In the thickness of a single-layer wall there are no less durable and impact-resistant insulation and polymer films, there are no ventilated gaps, there is no risk of moisture accumulation at the boundary of the layers, and protection from rodents is not required.
A house with external single-layer walls made of stone materials has a predicted durability of 100 years, service life up to the first overhaul- 55 years. For comparison, the duration efficient operation For buildings insulated with mineral wool or polystyrene slabs, the period before the first major repair is 25-35 years. During this period it is required complete replacement insulation.
Single layer wall least susceptible to accidental or deliberate damage.
Single layer wall is a guarantee of absence hidden defects: it is impossible to place insulation poorly in it, since the insulation is the masonry material itself; it is impossible to perform a bad vapor barrier in it, since it does not need a vapor barrier; the entire wall is in front of your eyes and you don’t have to worry about the state of the foam or mineral wool hidden in its depths - nothing is hidden in the wall.
Laying a single-layer wall is faster, since it is carried out from large-format blocks and does not require additional work for wall insulation.
For laying single-layer walls, as a rule, blocks with a tongue-and-groove side surface are used, which makes it possible not to fill the vertical joints of the masonry with mortar. As a result masonry mortar consumption is reduced by 30-40%.

For example, in Germany, approximately 50% of private houses are built with single-layer walls made of autoclaved aerated concrete (gas silicate) or porous ceramics. According to this site, 10% of readers chose single-layer walls for their home.

Porous ceramics It is made from raw materials and in a way that is similar to the production of ordinary ceramic bricks. The difference is that components are added to the clay-based mass, which form pores when fired.

Hollow large-format blocks and bricks are made from porous ceramics. The hollowness further increases the heat-saving properties of products made from porous ceramics.

Masonry of a house wall from large-format blocks of porous ceramics with brick cladding of the facade

The compressive strength of porous bricks is higher than that of blocks. But a brick wall turns out to be more thermally conductive compared to masonry made from large-format blocks. In addition, brickwork is more labor intensive. For low-rise construction up to 3 floors it is more profitable to use large-format blocks rather than porous bricks.

On the construction market there are blocks of several standard standard sizes, from which single-layer masonry can be made with a thickness of 25, 38, 44 and 51 cm.

When laying the wall, large-format hollow blocks made of porous ceramics Place the long side across the wall. The thickness of the wall is equal to the length of the block.

For single-layer walls, blocks with a masonry thickness of 38, 44, or 51 cm are used. For double-layer walls with facade insulation, the masonry thickness is most often chosen 38, 44 or 25 cm.

A single-layer wall made of large-format blocks of porous ceramics 44 cm thick with masonry on a heat-saving mortar will have a heat transfer resistance of 3.33 m 2 *K/W. Such a wall complies with Russian energy saving standards for private houses located south of the St. Petersburg - Kazan - Orenburg line. North of this border, blocks with a masonry thickness of 51 cm are used, or two-layer walls are chosen from blocks of porous ceramics, with a masonry thickness of 25 - 44 cm and the facade is insulated with mineral wool or heat-insulating slabs made of low-density aerated concrete.

Except blocks standard size, produce small-format additional blocks - halves and blocks of a size convenient for dressing masonry in corners.

Porous large-format blocks, as a rule, have a compressive strength of 75 or 100 kg/m2 (M75, M100). The strength of porous bricks and small-format blocks can be M150, M175.

For construction it is advantageous to choose finished project house, which initially involves laying walls from porous large-format blocks. The horizontal dimensions and height of walls, openings, and piers in such a project will be chosen so that the need for cutting blocks is minimized. It is better to adapt the design of a house with walls made of other materials to walls made of large-format ceramics.

Mortar for laying walls made of porous ceramics

The side surface of ceramic blocks usually has a profiled tongue-and-groove surface, which allows them to be connected without masonry mortar in a vertical seam. This connection facilitates and speeds up the laying, but requires the mason to be careful - the joints of the blocks must be smooth, without gaps or distortions. When laying cut blocks, the vertical joint must be filled with mortar.

To reduce the air permeability (blowability) of the wall, The masonry must be plastered on both sides.

The blocks can be laid using ordinary cement-lime masonry mortar with a joint thickness of 8-12mm. But It is beneficial to use a heat-saving mortar for laying walls made of porous blocks. This solution has lower thermal conductivity than the traditional one.

A wall made of porous ceramic blocks 44 cm thick on a heat-saving mortar will have a heat transfer resistance of 3.33 m 2 *K/W, and when laying on ordinary mortar only 2.78 m 2 *K/W.

A wall built using a heat-saving mortar will cost more, about 10%, than masonry using a traditional composition.

It should also be taken into account that the heat-saving solution reduces the compressive strength of the masonry by approximately 20%. Therefore, the use of heat-saving mortar for masonry walls should be provided for in the project.

Masonry of porous blocks in two-layer walls with facade insulation is usually carried out using traditional cement-lime masonry mortar. A slight increase in the thermal conductivity of the wall in this case is not so critical.

Before laying on the solution The blocks must be moistened with water. This is necessary so that the water from the solution is less absorbed into the ceramics of the block. Otherwise, the solution in the joint will quickly lose water and will not gain strength.

Some manufacturers produce blocks with milled (polished) horizontal edges. This processing makes it possible to achieve minimal deviations in the size of blocks in height, no more than plus or minus 1 mm.

The laying of blocks with milled edges is carried out using an adhesive solution with a seam thickness of 2-3 mm. Installing blocks with glue increases the heat transfer resistance of the wall compared to laying with mortar.

In the European Union countries, laying milled blocks on polyurethane foam glue - foam - is gaining popularity. From regular polyurethane foam the composition is characterized by faster setting and less ability to increase volume. Laying on adhesive foam reduces the load-bearing capacity of the walls.

Features of masonry walls made of large-format ceramic blocks

It should be noted that wall materials for single-layer walls have mediocre both mechanical and thermal properties. We have to improve them with various design tweaks.

A large-format ceramic block is pressed against an already installed block and lowered vertically onto the solution so that no gap is formed in the vertical seam between the blocks.

Hollow ceramic blocks are cut using special stone-cutting saws - hand-held or on a stone-cutting machine.

To lay communications in the masonry of the wall, you have to punch holes - fines. Horizontal and vertical fines along the entire length of the wall or the height of the floor are allowed to be made with a depth of no more than 3 cm. Short vertical fines located in the lower third of the floor height are allowed to be made up to 8 cm deep.

Deeper grooves weaken the wall's masonry. Therefore, their dimensions and location must be indicated in the project and confirmed by calculations. Deep and extended cuts are especially dangerous for walls less than 30 cm thick.

After laying communications, the grooves in the external walls are filled with heat-saving mortar.

Connection of external and internal walls from large-format ceramic blocks

Internal walls are bearing, taking the load from the structures lying above - floors, roofs, and self-supporting- partitions.

Internal load-bearing walls are erected simultaneously with the laying of external walls. Load-bearing walls must rest on the foundation. In turn, load-bearing walls serve as support for the floors and roof truss system.

1 - load-bearing internal wall, 38 or 25 cm; 2 - thermal insulation, 5 cm; 3 - outer wall

Internal load-bearing walls connect with outer wall method of dressing masonry. To do this, insert a block of the inner wall, position 1 in the figure, into the outer wall, position 3, to a depth of 10-15 cm. The blocks are inserted not in each row, but every other row. In the second course of masonry, the inner wall block is simply adjacent to the outer wall masonry block.

Partitions in the house They serve only to separate rooms. They do not bear the load from the overlying structures of the house. The laying of partitions can be done simultaneously with the construction of external walls, but it is more convenient to do this after the construction of the frame of the house.

In any case, the height of the partition should be 2-3 cm below the ceiling so that the ceiling cannot put pressure on the partition. The gap between the ceiling and the masonry of the partition is sealed, for example, with a strip of mineral wool.

Non-load-bearing internal walls and partitions can be connected to external walls using galvanized steel anchors, placing at least 3 pieces in the masonry joints. along the height of the partition.

The basis for partitions made of masonry materials can be a ceiling or concrete screed floor on the ground. The ceiling or other foundation must be designed to bear the load from the weight of the partition. If necessary, provide reinforcement of the base by installing a monolithic reinforced concrete beam under the partition.

The thickness of the masonry is chosen based on need provide the necessary sound insulation between rooms. Solid, without doorways, partitions separating living rooms from other rooms in the house, it is recommended to make it from ceramic blocks with a masonry thickness of 25 cm.

Other partitions are made of ceramic blocks or bricks with a masonry thickness of 12 cm.

To improve sound insulation, it is recommended to fill vertical joints in the masonry of partitions and internal walls with mortar.

Foundation and basement of a house made of ceramic blocks

If the foundation of the house is made of prefabricated concrete blocks, then a monolithic reinforced concrete belt must be installed on top of the blocks. The masonry of walls made of large-format ceramic blocks should be supported by a continuous strip of reinforced concrete.

The thickness of single-layer walls of a house made of large-format blocks is quite large: 38 - 51 cm. To reduce construction costs, the width of the foundation (basement) walls is made smaller than the load-bearing walls of the house. wide wall the house hangs on one or both sides over more narrow wall base Vertically, the wall of the plinth falls behind the surface of the masonry walls of the house.

Without performing calculations, the width of the plinth wall can be made 20% narrower than the thickness of the masonry made of porous blocks. For example, with a block masonry thickness of 44 cm, the width of the plinth wall can be reduced to 35 cm. Reducing the width of the plinth wall by 30% is allowed, but must be confirmed by the designer’s calculations. The horizontal surface of the wall overhang above the plinth is plastered from below.

To protect the ceramic walls of the house from splashing water and moisture when the snow melts, it is recommended to choose a height of at least 30 cm above the level of the blind area.

Ceiling in the wall made of large-format ceramic blocks

1 - compensation tape; 2 — seam reinforcement (if necessary); 3 - reinforced concrete belt; 4 - thermal insulation 10 cm; 5 — additional ceramic block; 6 - wall made of ceramic blocks; 7 - a cushion of cement mortar no less than 2 cm. 8 - prefabricated monolithic, often ribbed ceiling; 9 - concrete screed 5 cm; 10 - thermal and sound insulation.

At the level of supporting the floors on load-bearing walls made of ceramic blocks, a continuous reinforced concrete belt is installed, pos. 3 in the picture. A continuous belt is installed on top of all load-bearing walls of the house. A monolithic reinforced concrete belt forms a rigid frame that absorbs the vertical and horizontal loads of the floors, as well as the upper floors, and evenly transfers them to the load-bearing walls of the house.

The installation of a monolithic belt is mandatory if the floor is made of monolithic or precast reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete belt is also required in seismic hazard areas. The minimum dimensions of a monolithic reinforced concrete belt in section are 150x150 mm.

By the way, you can also use large-format ceramic blocks to install floors in your home.

The length of support of a prefabricated reinforced concrete, prefabricated monolithic or monolithic floor on a wall made of large-format porous ceramic blocks must be at least 125 mm.

Steel and wooden beams prefabricated floors are supported on a monolithic reinforced concrete belt with a width of 150 mm and a height of at least 100 mm. The belt is installed under the ceiling.

IN one-story houses wooden floor beams may be supported on a masonry of three rows of solid ceramic bricks. Monolithic belt You don’t have to do this in such houses.

Window in the wall made of porous ceramic blocks

1 - seam reinforcement (if necessary); 2 — additional ceramic block; 3 - thermal insulation 10 cm; 4 - window; 5 - masonry made of large-format ceramic blocks; 6 — reinforced concrete lintels; 7 - reinforced concrete belt; 8—frequently ribbed ceiling; 9 — heat and sound insulation slabs; 10 - concrete screed 5 cm; 11 - compensation tape.

As lintels over window and doorways, item 6 in the figure, it is recommended to use reinforced concrete products— crossbars specially designed for walls made of large-format ceramic blocks. Such lintels have dimensions convenient for placement in the wall and do not require adjustment to adjacent wall elements.

Heat loss through windows can also be reduced by using modern designs. When making heat-saving windows, the number of chambers in a double-glazed window is increased, special glass with a selective heat-reflecting layer is used, and the thickness of the window frame is increased.

It is recommended to install roller shutters on the windows of a private house from the outside. Closed roller shutters not only protect windows from burglary, but in severe frosts they reduce heat loss through the windows, and in the summer heat they reduce overheating of the house sun rays. It is better to foresee the installation of roller shutters on windows in advance, at the design stage of the house.

Connecting the roof to a wall made of ceramic blocks

1 - mauerlat beam; 2 - monolithic reinforced concrete belt; 3 — additional block made of porous ceramics; 4 - masonry of the wall from large-format blocks; 5 - insulation boards

The roof of the house rests on walls made of large-format ceramic blocks through a monolithic reinforced concrete belt, position 2 in the figure. A continuous belt is installed on top of all load-bearing walls of the house. A monolithic reinforced concrete belt forms a rigid frame that absorbs the vertical and horizontal loads of the roof and evenly transfers them to the load-bearing walls of the house.

Finishing single-layer walls from large-format ceramic blocks

Warm ceramic walls, both outside and inside, can be plastered with traditional cement-lime plaster.

For interior decoration Gypsum plaster solutions are also used.

Heat-saving plaster can be applied to the facade of the house in a layer of up to 10 cm. This will significantly increase the heat-saving characteristics of the external walls.

The facade of a house made of ceramic blocks is often faced with facing or clinker bricks. There is no need to create a ventilated gap between the wall made of ceramic blocks and the cladding masonry.

Watch the video tutorial on how to properly lay walls from large-format ceramic blocks.

Porous ceramic blocks in your city

Porous ceramic block for walls.

Insulation of walls made of porous ceramics

When building a house in areas with harsh winters, walls made of warm ceramics require additional insulation.

The outside walls are covered with a layer of highly efficient insulation - slabs of mineral wool or extruded polystyrene foam.

Foam glass slabs are glued to the wall masonry. Plaster is applied on top metal grid. The mesh and insulation boards are fixed with dowels to the wall.

More expensive ones are used less often thermal insulation boards foam glass with double-sided fiberglass coating. Fiberglass provides good adhesion to cement-sand mortar and other building materials. Compared to traditional insulation, foam glass insulation is more durable, has increased compressive strength, does not get wet, does not burn, is environmentally friendly, is not damaged by rodents, and is vapor-tight.

Thermal insulation slabs made of low-density aerated concrete (gas silicate)- another one, comparatively new material, is gaining popularity for insulating facades. Some manufacturers have learned to make and produce aerated concrete with a density of 200 kg/m 3 or less, with a fairly high strength index.

When insulating walls, at the boundary between masonry and insulation, there is a risk of water vapor condensation and moisture accumulation in the wall.

For walls made of warm ceramics, the following facade insulation options are most often used:

Plates are fixed to the wall for facade insulation from mineral wool with a density of at least 125 kg/m 3 or thermal insulation slabs made of low-density aerated concrete. The façade is finished with a thin-layer vapor-permeable material.
medium density 45 — 75 kg/m 3. Insulation boards are placed between the lathing of the ventilated facade.
Walls insulated with slabs of mineral wool or low-density aerated concrete can be faced with brick, but there must be a space between the cladding and the insulation. arrange a ventilated gap.
When insulating with extruded polystyrene foam or foam glass, thin-layer facade plaster over insulation or insulation is used to finish the facade.

When insulating walls with polystyrene foam, extruded polystyrene foam or foam glass, it is important to choose the correct layer thickness. If the insulation thickness is too small, steam will condense and moisture will accumulate at the border with the masonry wall. The thickness of the insulation from these materials is selected based on the calculation of moisture accumulation in the wall. Consult local planners on this topic.

When insulating walls with mineral wool or aerated concrete, moisture accumulation in the wall does not occur regardless of the thickness of the insulation.

When choosing a method of finishing a facade, it should be taken into account that the service life of mineral wool and polymer insulation is significantly shorter than brickwork cladding. It is recommended to use more durable mineral insulation under brick cladding.- thermal insulation boards made of low-density autoclaved aerated concrete or foam glass boards with double-sided fiberglass coating, for example, trademark FOAMGLAS® BOARDS WALL BOARD W+F.

Thermal insulation boards made of autoclaved aerated concrete have a density of 100 - 200 kg/m 3 and a dry thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.045 - 0.06 W/m o K. Mineral wool and polystyrene foam insulation have approximately the same thermal conductivity. Slabs with a thickness of 60 - 200 mm are produced. Compressive strength class B1.0 (compressive strength not less than 10 kg/m 3.) Vapor permeability coefficient 0.28 mg/(m*year*Pa).