Physics. A new complete guide for preparing for the OGE

Physics. New complete guide to prepare for the OGE. Purysheva N.S.

2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: 2016 - 288 p.

This reference book contains all the theoretical material on the physics course necessary to pass the main state exam in 9th grade. It includes all elements of content, verified by test materials, and helps to generalize and systematize the knowledge and skills of the basic school course. Theoretical material is presented in a concise, accessible form. Each section is accompanied by examples of test tasks. Practical tasks correspond to the OGE format. Answers to the tests are provided at the end of the manual. The manual is addressed to schoolchildren and teachers.

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Size: 6.9 MB

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CONTENT
Preface 5
MECHANICAL PHENOMENA
Mechanical movement. Trajectory. Path.
Move 7
Uniform rectilinear movement 15
Speed. Acceleration. Uniformly accelerated linear motion 21
Free Fall 31
Uniform movement of a body in a circle 36
Weight. Substance density 40
Force. Addition of forces 44
Newton's Laws 49
Friction force 55
Elastic force. Body weight 60
The law of universal gravitation. Gravity 66
Body impulse. Law of conservation of momentum 71
Mechanical work. Power 76
Potential and kinetic energy. Law of conservation of mechanical energy 82
Simple mechanisms. Efficiency simple mechanisms 88
Pressure. Atmosphere pressure. Pascal's law. Archimedes' Law 94
Mechanical vibrations and waves 105
THERMAL PHENOMENA
Structure of matter. Models of the structure of gas, liquid and solid 116
Thermal movement of atoms and molecules. Relationship between the temperature of a substance and the speed of chaotic movement of particles. Brownian motion. Diffusion.
Thermal equilibrium 125
Internal energy. Work and heat transfer as modes of change internal energy 133
Types of heat transfer: thermal conductivity, convection, radiation 138
Quantity of heat. Specific heat 146
Law of conservation of energy in thermal processes.
Energy conversion in heat engines 153
Evaporation and condensation. Boiling liquid 161
Melting and crystallization 169
ELECTROMAGNETIC PHENOMENA
Electrification of bodies. Two types of electric charges. Interaction of electric charges. Law of conservation of electric charge 176
Electric field. The effect of an electric field on electric charges. Conductors and dielectrics 182
Constant electricity. Current strength. Voltage. Electrical resistance. Ohm's law for a site
electrical circuit 188
Series and parallel connections of conductors 200
Work and power of electric current. Joule-Lenz Law 206
Oersted's experience. Magnetic field of current. Interaction of magnets. Action magnetic field per conductor with current 210
Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's experiments.
Electromagnetic oscillations and waves 220
Law of rectilinear propagation of light. Law
reflections of light. Flat mirror. Refraction of light 229
Dispersion of light Lens. Focal length of the lens.
The eye as an optical system. Optical instruments 234
QUANTUM PHENOMENA
Radioactivity. Alpha, beta, gamma radiation.
Rutherford's experiments. Planetary model of the atom 241
Compound atomic nucleus. Nuclear reactions 246
References 252
Example of instrumentation option OGE materials(GIA) 255
Replies 268

The reference book contains all the theoretical material for the basic school physics course and is intended to prepare 9th grade students for the main state exam (OGE).
The content of the main sections of the reference book - “Mechanical Phenomena”, “Thermal Phenomena”, “Electromagnetic Phenomena”, “Quantum Phenomena” - corresponds to the modern codifier of content elements on the subject, on the basis of which the control and measuring materials (CMMs) of the OGE are compiled.
The theoretical material is presented in a concise and accessible form. Clarity of presentation and visibility educational material will allow you to effectively prepare for the exam.
The practical part of the reference book includes sample test tasks, which both in form and content fully correspond to the real options offered at the main state exam in physics.

  1. Mechanical phenomena
    1. Mechanical movement. Trajectory. Path. Moving
    2. Uniform linear movement
    3. Speed
    4. Acceleration
    5. Uniformly accelerated linear motion
    6. Free fall
    7. Circular movement
    8. Weight. Density of matter
    9. Force. Addition of forces
    10. Inertia. Newton's first law
    11. Newton's second law
    12. Newton's third law
    13. Friction force
    14. Elastic force
    15. The law of universal gravitation. Gravity
    16. Body impulse
    17. Law of conservation of momentum
    18. Mechanical work and power
    19. Kinetic energy. Potential energy
    20. Law of conservation of mechanical energy
    21. Simple mechanisms. Efficiency of simple mechanisms
    22. Pressure. Atmosphere pressure
    23. Pascal's law
    24. Archimedes' Law
    25. Mechanical vibrations and waves. Sound
  2. Thermal phenomena
    1. Structure of matter. Models of the structure of gas, liquid and solid
    2. Thermal movement of atoms and molecules. Relationship between the temperature of a substance and the speed of chaotic movement of particles. Brownian motion. Diffusion
    3. Thermal equilibrium
    4. Internal energy. Work and heat transfer as ways to change internal energy
    5. Types of heat transfer: thermal conductivity, convection, radiation
    6. Quantity of heat. Specific heat
    7. Law of conservation of energy in thermal processes
    8. Evaporation and condensation. Boiling liquid
    9. Air humidity
    10. Melting and crystallization
    11. Energy conversion in heat engines
  3. Electromagnetic phenomena
    1. Electrification of bodies
    2. Two types of electric charges. Interaction of electric charges
    3. Law of conservation of electric charge
    4. Electric field. The effect of an electric field on electric charges. Conductors and dielectrics
    5. Constant electric current. Current strength. Voltage
    6. Electrical resistance
    7. Ohm's law for a section of an electrical circuit. Series and parallel connections of conductors
    8. Work and power of electric current
    9. Joule–Lenz law
    10. Oersted's experience. Magnetic field of current
    11. Magnet interaction
    12. The effect of a magnetic field on a current-carrying conductor
    13. Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's experiments
    14. Electromagnetic oscillations and waves
    15. Law of rectilinear propagation of light
    16. Law of light reflection. Flat mirror
    17. Light refraction
    18. Light dispersion
    19. Lens. Lens focal length
    20. The eye as an optical system. Optical instruments
  4. Quantum phenomena
    1. Radioactivity. Alpha, beta, gamma radiation
    2. Rutherford's experiments. Planetary model of the atom
    3. Composition of the atomic nucleus
    4. Nuclear reactions

The development collects and generalizes experience in solving problems proposed at the OGE in physics in grade 9, within the framework of the section “kinematics. rectilinear motion”. The author tried to develop a small course in which, using the example of analyzing basic simple tasks understanding is formed general principle solutions to tasks on this topic. Development contains 19 unique tasks from detailed analysis each, and several methods of solving some problems are indicated, which, in the author’s opinion, should contribute to a deep and complete assimilation of methods for solving such tasks. Almost all tasks are authored, but each of them reflects the features of the tasks of the OGE form. The vast majority of tasks are focused on graphical representation, which contributes to the formation of meta-subject skills. In addition, the development contains the minimum necessary theoretical material, which represents a “concentration” general theory under this section. Can be used by the teacher in preparation for regular lesson, when conducting additional classes, and is also designed for students who are independently preparing for passing the OGE in physics.

Toolkit(presentation) “Electromagnetic oscillations and waves. Preparation for the State Examination" was compiled in accordance with the requirements for the State Final Certification (SFA) in Physics 2013 and is intended to prepare secondary school graduates for the exam.
In development brief information on the topic (in accordance with the GIA codifier) ​​and the Plan demo version examination paper (Electromagnetic oscillations and waves), accompanied by animation and video clips.


Target audience: for 9th grade

Methodological manual (presentation) “Air humidity. Preparation for the State Examination" was compiled in accordance with the requirements for the State Final Certification (SFA) in Physics 2010 and is intended to prepare secondary school graduates for the exam.
The development provides brief information on the topic (in accordance with the GIA codifier) ​​and a Plan for the demonstration version of the examination paper (Air Humidity), accompanied by animation and video clips.


Methodological manual (presentation) “Evaporation and condensation. Boiling liquid. Preparation for the State Examination" was compiled in accordance with the requirements for the State Final Certification (SFA) in Physics 2010 and is intended to prepare secondary school graduates for the exam.
The development provides brief information on the topic (in accordance with the GIA codifier) ​​and a Plan for the demonstration version of the examination paper (Evaporation and condensation. Liquid boiling), accompanied by animation and video clips.
The brevity and clarity of the presentation allows you to quickly and efficiently repeat the material covered when repeating a physics course in the 9th grade, as well as using examples of demo versions of the State Academic Examination in Physics from 2008-2010 to show the application of basic laws and formulas in variants exam tasks levels A and B.
The manual can also be used for grades 10-11 when repeating relevant topics, which will help guide students for an elective exam in their final years.


The development provides brief information on the topic (in accordance with the GIA codifier) ​​and a Plan for the demonstration version of the examination paper (Mechanical vibrations and waves. Sound), accompanied by animation and video clips.
The brevity and clarity of the presentation allows you to quickly and efficiently repeat the material covered when repeating a physics course in the 9th grade, as well as using examples of demo versions of the State Academic Examination in Physics from 2008-2010 to show the application of basic laws and formulas in versions of exam tasks at levels A and B.


The methodological manual has been compiled to help teachers and students taking the State Examination in Physics based on FIPI materials to prepare for the exam in new form; contains examples of the design of experimental tasks from part 3. The manual can also be used in physics lessons in grades 7–9 for laboratory work, because descriptions of some laboratory work are not given in the textbook.

Methodological manual (presentation) “Archimedes’ Law. Preparation for the State Examination" was compiled in accordance with the requirements for the State Final Certification (SFA) in Physics 2010 and is intended to prepare secondary school graduates for the exam.
The development provides brief information on the topic (in accordance with the GIA codifier) ​​and a Plan for the demonstration version of the examination paper (Archimedes' Law), accompanied by animation and video clips.
The brevity and clarity of the presentation allows you to quickly and efficiently repeat the material covered when repeating a physics course in the 9th grade, as well as using examples of demo versions of the State Academic Examination in Physics from 2008-2010 to show the application of basic laws and formulas in versions of exam tasks at levels A and B.

The manual can also be used for grades 10-11 when repeating relevant topics, which will help guide students for an elective exam in their final years.

Methodological manual (presentation) “Pascal’s Law. Preparation for the State Examination" was compiled in accordance with the requirements for the State Final Certification (SFA) in Physics 2010 and is intended to prepare secondary school graduates for the exam.
The development provides brief information on the topic (in accordance with the GIA codifier) ​​and a Plan for the demonstration version of the examination paper (Pascal's Law), accompanied by animation and video clips.

The brevity and clarity of the presentation allows you to quickly and efficiently repeat the material covered when repeating a physics course in the 9th grade, as well as using examples of demo versions of the State Academic Examination in Physics from 2008-2010 to show the application of basic laws and formulas in versions of exam tasks at levels A and B.

Methodological manual (presentation) “Pressure. Atmosphere pressure. Preparation for the State Examination" was compiled in accordance with the requirements for the State Final Certification (SFA) in Physics 2010 and is intended to prepare secondary school graduates for the exam.
The development provides brief information on the topic (in accordance with the GIA codifier) ​​and a Plan for the demonstration version of the examination paper (Pressure. Atmospheric pressure), accompanied by animation and video clips.
The brevity and clarity of the presentation allows you to quickly and efficiently repeat the material covered when repeating a physics course in the 9th grade, as well as using examples of demo versions of the State Academic Examination in Physics from 2008-2010 to show the application of basic laws and formulas in versions of exam tasks at levels A and B.
The manual can also be used for grades 10-11 when repeating relevant topics, which will help guide students for an elective exam in their final years.


Methodological manual (presentation) “Simple mechanisms. Efficiency of simple mechanisms. Preparation for the State Examination" was compiled in accordance with the requirements for the State Final Certification (SFA) in Physics 2010 and is intended to prepare secondary school graduates for the exam.
The development provides brief information on the topic (in accordance with the GIA codifier) ​​and a Plan for the demonstration version of the examination paper (Simple mechanisms. Efficiency of simple mechanisms), accompanied by animation and video clips.

The brevity and clarity of the presentation allows you to quickly and efficiently repeat the material covered when repeating a physics course in the 9th grade, as well as using examples of demo versions of the State Academic Examination in Physics from 2008-2010 to show the application of basic laws and formulas in versions of exam tasks at levels A and B.
The manual can also be used for grades 10-11 when repeating relevant topics, which will help guide students for an elective exam in their final years.

Most often they write about preparing for the Unified State Exam, undeservedly forgetting about the Unified State Exam. But in order to take the exam after the eleventh grade, you must first go to the tenth and study fruitfully for another two years. It is the preparation for the OGE and passing it that mobilizes all the child’s internal reserves and powerfully motivates him to continue his studies and strive for a prosperous future and an interesting profession.

While intensively preparing for the OGE, the child builds solid foundation further success. Including this good studies in grades 10-11, and a significant basis for high-scoring passing the Unified State Exam, and successful studies in the chosen educational institution, where the child will go after finishing school.

The examination paper consists of two parts and contains 26 tasks. In Part 1 there are twenty-two tasks of varying difficulty, but requiring a short answer - you need to write a number or a set of numbers as an answer, and establish correspondences.

Part 2 - four tasks - requires detailed answers. Moreover, one of them is laboratory work. Equipment for it will be provided, so there is no possibility of making a mistake with necessary instruments and materials disappear. What should the graduate demonstrate when completing this practical task? Carry it out correctly physical experience, sketch, be able to record the results obtained, analyze them and produce correct calculations. The task is very difficult and you need to carefully prepare for it. Also, do not forget that you only need to clearly complete the assigned task. No additional measurements possible when carrying out this or that laboratory work, and there is no need to carry out calculations during the exam - this extra waste so precious time that could be used to solve other tasks. No points are awarded for additional research and solutions. Only for completing the assigned task.

Often an offensive mistake when preparing experimental work is a careless sketch of the experimental setup, or its absence, or incompleteness.

Also, graduates often forget to write down units of measurement during calculations or, having made correct calculations, do not draw a conclusion. Trifle? But they add up to points.

What else should you pay attention to when preparing for the OGE in physics? For the correctness of the calculations. Even with ideal accuracy of physical calculations, mathematical calculations, unfortunately, often turn out to be erroneous, and hence low scores.

When making decisions, it is always necessary to write down not only the calculations, but also all the formulas used in this case. If they are missing or only a few are recorded, you should not expect good results. There should also be a brief record of the condition, for example, a calculation problem.

Taking into account the conditions of the OGE, the nature of the tasks, you need to prepare for the upcoming test. Don’t just cram theory and formulas, but strive for understanding so that every letter in the formula is filled with meaning.

If you look at the analysis exam papers Even the Unified State Examination, we see that in addition to the topic “Mechanical Motion”, all the others covered up to the tenth grade: thermal, electromagnetic and quantum phenomena cause difficulties for graduates and numerous errors. Even... Archimedes' law. Therefore, having perfectly prepared for passing the OGE, the child is already preparing for successful completion Unified State Exam.

When solving the demo version of the OGE-2017, examination papers from previous years need to be achieved not just the right decision, but also learn to fit into the time allotted for the exam - 180 minutes. Some schoolchildren, due to the specific nature of their temperament, do not like rushing: they are used to savoring a task, thinking about it for a long time different variants solutions without rushing to write them down. In the "Specification of Test Materials for Physics" - a golden document, truly practical guide to a successful step-by-step preparation to pass the exam, - the approximate required calculated by practical means is given optimal time: it is proposed to spend 2-5 minutes on solving basic tasks, increased complexity - from 6 to 15, high complexity - 20-30. When preparing, it is imperative to take into account the clearly limited period of time allotted for completing the examination work.

Hard work, perseverance, the desire to learn, understand, and achieve a goal always leads to victory and high results.