Who are the Turkmens and where are they from? State structure of Turkmenistan

Much has been written about the history, culture and life of the Turkmen people. But they mainly concern Turkmens who live on the territory of modern Turkmenistan, or on the territory of the countries of the former USSR. It turned out that about 10 million ethnic Turkmens live in countries that were not part of the USSR, and this is more than in Turkmenistan itself. This state of affairs makes the issue of studying humanitarian processes related to the Turkmens very relevant. Thus, the country has a “Humanitarian Association of Turkmen of the World”, which is engaged in establishing cultural and humanitarian ties with Turkmen diasporas around the world. We, too, decided to collect information about in which countries, besides the post-Soviet enclave, the most Turkmen live, what they live in, and how they live there, in the conditions of modern economic and geopolitical realities.

TURKMEN IN IRAQ

Turkmens are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq. Turkmens inhabit mainly the northern provinces of the country, along the ethnic border of Arabs and Kurds. Modern Iraqi Turkmens are descendants of Turkmens who were resettled in Mesopotamia in the Middle Ages more than 1,200 years ago, during the reign of the Abbasids, who invited the Turkmens into their army. They served as military colonists to protect roads and strongholds at the forefront of the fight against Persia. The bulk of them lived compactly in the vicinity of the city of Kirkuk, the capital of one of the most oil-producing provinces in Iraq. According to the 1957 census, Turkmens made up 67 percent of Kirkuk's population. According to the last census in 1957, Turkmens made up 10 percent of Iraq's inhabitants. Accordingly, taking into account population growth, there are now about three million Turkmen in Iraq. Official Iraqi figures, which provide much lower figures, are intended to discriminate against Turkmens.

The Turkmens are a peaceful people; they mainly became officials or traders. Among them, Iraq has the largest number of people with higher education, and they are traditionally considered one of the most progressive groups of the population. They are loyal Iraqi citizens who have never rebelled despite all the oppression. That is why their fate attracts so little attention. After the creation of the Iraqi state in 1932, the authorities began to try to deny the very fact of the existence of Iraqi Turkmens. Schools teaching in Turkish were closed, newspapers were banned. Turkmen intellectuals and leaders are sent into exile. Since 1920, Turkmens have been victims of large-scale pogroms six times. Four of them were organized by the Iraqi authorities, two by Kurdish organizations. To make the Turkmen a minority on their land, Arabs and Kurds moved there starting in the 50s. The policy of assimilation became even more targeted with the coming to power of the Baath Party. Turkmens were deprived of political, cultural and administrative rights; during population censuses they were forced to call themselves Arabs or Kurds; in the Turkmen cities of Kirkuk, Mosul and Erbil, Turkmens were prohibited from purchasing real estate and enterprises. More than 1,000 prominent Turkmen public figures and intellectuals who protested against this were executed or killed. Under Saddam Hussein, minorities were squeezed out of the province, encouraging Arab migration. Western occupiers and local authorities, last years pursued a policy of populating this oil-producing province with ethnic Kurds, who helped them overthrow the regime of Saddam Hussein. Therefore, the Turkmens feel offended by both the previous regime and the new invaders. IN Lately, ethnic Turkmens of Iraq are trying to win over the Turkish armed forces in the fight against terrorists carrying out raids in the border areas of Turkey. Historically, Iraqi Turkmens have always advocated maintaining the integrity and unity of Iraq, however, against the backdrop of Kurdish statements about the creation of an independent Kurdistan, the leaders of Turkmen communities also expressed a desire to create their own independent autonomy.

TURKMEN IN SYRIA

Syrian Turkmens, living on the territory of modern Syria, are the third largest nationality in this country after the Arabs and Kurds. About 3 million ethnic Turkmens live there, accounting for 13% of the countries' population. Of these, only 1.5 million know their history and the Turkmen language.

The appearance of the Turkmens in Syria occurred earlier than the 6th century. After the battle between the Seljuks and Ghaznavids at Dandanakan, an increased migration of Turkmen began, who settled in the cities of Tripoli, Damascus, Latakia, Aleppo, Hama, Homs and Quneitra, and soon took complete control of Syria. In 1072, the Seljuk Sultan Melik Shah, with the help of Turkmen militias, captured Northern Syria and part of Palestine. In the 12th century, the Turkmens made a major contribution to the defense of the entire region from the Crusaders. Until the end of the First World War, Syria, under Ottoman rule, developed under the cultural, social, and economic influence of Turkic culture. However, since 1936, the Turkmens of Syria were prohibited from speaking their native language and publishing literature in their native language. Deprived of all cultural rights, the Turkmen minority was also deprived of the right to education in the Turkmen language. Syrian Turkmens were prohibited from creating circles and parties, associations to cast their vote. But during the period of Bashar al-Assad, significant relaxations were made in the field of fundamental rights and independent development of Syrian Turkmen, against the backdrop of the establishment of diplomatic relations at the state level.

Before the civil war, Syrian Turkmens were mainly engaged in the shoe business; a large number of shoe factories in Aleppo belong to ethnic Turkmen. Also, a large number of Syrian Turkmen make up the country's intelligentsia, including cultural figures, scientists, politicians and military personnel. For example, former Syrian Defense Minister Hassan al-Turkmeni was one of the Syrian Turkmen. Until recently, Syrian Turkmens did not experience national or religious pressure in Syria, since they are Sunni Muslims, like the general population of Syria. And compared to other nations living in multinational Syria, they are one of the most “harmless”. However, Syrian Sunni Turkmen have become the object of hatred of the rebels who, with the support of the Western coalition, demand regime change in the country and do not hesitate to use terrorist methods against civilians.

TURKMEN IN IRAN

Turkmens in Iran are the largest group of Turkmens living outside of Turkmenistan. There are no exact data on the number of Turkmen in Iran. According to various estimates, from 1.5 to 3.0 million Turkmen live in Iran, which is about 3% of the country's population. The largest concentration of Turkmen is in two regions, the more compact western one, which includes the interfluve of the Atrek and Gorgan, and the more dispersed eastern one in the border Kopetdag, in the lower reaches of the Keshefrud river and the valley of the river. Gerirud (Tedjen). The Turkmens turned out to be one of the divided peoples after 1885. After the conclusion of peace with the Shah of Iran and the determination of modern borders, Iran received that part that is still popularly called “Turkmen Sahra”, which was inhabited mainly by Turkmen tribes.

The fate of the Turkmens on different sides of the border developed differently. Industrialization, urbanization and more intensive modernization in Soviet Turkmenistan led to the unification of disparate nomadic tribes into a single people, with clearer cultural and linguistic attributes. While, Iranian Turkmen for a long time were a group of semi-nomadic tribes that preserved a more traditional way of life. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, cultural and linguistic pressure on the non-Iranian peoples of the country increased. In theocratic Shiite Iran, Sunni Turkmen felt uncomfortable for a long time, and were eventually forced to accept the local culture and assimilate with the local population. Such trends are especially noticeable in the cities of Gorgan and Gonbad-e-Gabus. Voluntary assimilation is most pronounced among young people. Turkmen women stopped wearing colorful Central Asian national costumes, switching to a black Iranian burqa. Many families have completely switched to Farsi over the past 10-15 years. Signs in the Turkmen language have practically disappeared in cities. However, cultural ties remain. Iranian Turkmen organizations and public activists participate in the work of the World Association of Turkmens of the World, and cultural events are held annually dedicated to the day poetry of Magtymguly. The two states have long-standing friendly relations, mutually beneficial economic ties. The main occupation of ethnic Turkmens in Iran is agriculture and handicrafts. Of the crafts that exist among the Turkmen population, it is worth noting blacksmithing (a blacksmith usually also serves as a doctor, tabib), jewelry, and some others. In Iran, Turkmen carpenters are renowned as skilled craftsmen; they are willingly invited as house builders and for making various kinds of wooden objects.

TURKMEN IN AFGHANISTAN

Afghan Turkmen are the second largest and most important group of ethnic Turkmen outside of modern Turkmenistan. Approximately 2 million Turkmens live here, accounting for about 3% of the country's population. Turkmen settlements are concentrated in the northwest, along the border with Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, surrounded by larger Afghan Uzbek populations. More than half of modern Turkmen are descendants of refugees who feared collectivization in the Turkmen SSR in the 1920s. There are no exact data on the number of Turkmen in Afghanistan, since censuses are not conducted due to the civil war. In Afghanistan, even today, the majority of Turkmens continue to engage in nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding and carpet weaving. Only a very small part of the Turkmens, living mainly in the Mazar-Sherif province, switched to settled agriculture. About what important place Turkmen sheep breeding occupies a large part of the Afghan economy, can be judged by the following data: Turkmen cattle breeders of Shiberghan, Meymene and Andkhoy own the vast majority of the 4 million astrakhan sheep in Afghanistan; Turkmens supply up to 90% of Afghan karakul, the production of which Afghanistan ranks among the first in the world. Carpet weaving and felting are widespread among the Turkmens, mainly as home production. World-famous Turkmen carpets are often called “Afghan carpets.” The Turkmen minority did not take part in the (civil war) of the 1990s and maintains friendly relations with all ethnic groups in Afghanistan, so can play important role in uniting all the warring factions,” says Dr Jamahir Anwari, Minister of Refugees and the only Turkmen minister in President Hamid Karzai's government. They are "the only nationality without blood on their hands," he said, adding that their neutrality puts them in best position in the process of uniting the warring factions.

TURKMEN IN TURKEY

The history of the Turkmen on the territory of modern Turkey deserves special consideration. The Turkmen who emigrated to Anatolia in the 10th century formed the basis of the ethnic group of the Ottoman Empire, which became the 26th civilization to dominate this region, and later became the Turkish Republic. However, despite the fact that in general the people of the two countries have very great linguistic, cultural and spiritual similarities, the ethnic composition of modern Turkey is heterogeneous and diverse, due to the fact that this region is historically a crossroads of the worlds. Perhaps Turkey is the only country, other than the republics of the former USSR, in which ethnic Turkmens live prosperously and in peace with other ethnic groups to this day.

OTHER COUNTRIES

In addition to the above countries, small Turkmen diasporas from 5 to 20 thousand people live in other countries of the Middle East, but most of them no longer know the Turkmen language and historical origin.

TURKMEN IN THE FORMER USSR COUNTRIES

According to the 2011 census, there are just over 36,000 ethnic Turkmen living in Russia, representing less than 0.03% of the country's population. The largest Turkmen diasporas are in the Stavropol Territory, Moscow and the Astrakhan Region. According to the 2000 census, about 152 thousand Turkmens lived in neighboring Uzbekistan, which is about 0.6% of the country’s population. Turkmens in Uzbekistan inhabit mainly the border areas that belonged to ancient Khorezm and along the Amu Darya river basin. According to official data, about 20 thousand Turkmens live in Tajikistan, which is only 0.3% of the country’s population. In other post-Soviet countries, the number of ethnic Turkmen is very small, and is considered in the category of other nationalities, or together with other Turkic ethnic groups.

TURKMEN, Turkmen (self-name, in Russian literature of the 18th - early 19th centuries - Trukhmyan, Trukhmen), people in Turkmenistan (number 2538 thousand people), also live in Uzbekistan (122 thousand), Russia (39.7 thousand) , Tajikistan (20.5 thousand), Iran (975 thousand), Afghanistan (about 400 thousand), Iraq (250 thousand), Turkey (200 thousand), Syria and Jordan. The total number is 4,600 thousand people. They speak the Turkmen language of the Turkic group of the Altaic family. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

In the ethnogenesis of the Turkmen, the earliest layer was made up of the ancient Iranian-speaking nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes (Dakhs, Massagets, later Hephthalites and Sarmato-Alans) who lived on the territory of modern Turkmenistan, as well as the settled Iranian-speaking agricultural population of Western Khorezm, the middle Amu Darya and Northern Khorasan. This population, especially semi-nomadic, has been around since the 4th-6th centuries. began to undergo Turkization.

Oghuz, in large number penetrated into Turkmenistan in the 9th-11th centuries, played an important role in the ethnogenesis of the Turkmens, determining, in addition to many cultural features, their language and, to a large extent, their physical appearance. The bulk of the Oguzes, who came from the northeast with the Seljuks in the 11th century, settled here and gradually merged with the local population. The formation of the Turkmen language took place. The Turkmens later also included Turkic tribes of neo-Oguz origin - Kipchaks, Jelairs, etc., and at the beginning of the 13th century - part of the Tatar-Mongols. The process of formation of the Turkmen nation was completed in the 14th-15th centuries, when, after the Mongol conquest, new tribal associations emerged that formed the core of the Turkmen nation: Chovdur (Chovdurs, Igdyrs, Abdals, Arabachis), “external” (Tekes, Yomuts, Saryks, Ersaris) and “ internal "(actually salyrs) salyrs, as well as goklen. In addition to them and the smaller tribes of the Turkmens - the Yazyrs (Karadashli), Emreli, Bayat, etc., a fairly large Iranian-speaking population remained in the oases of Turkmenistan, and nomads from other Turkic and Iranian tribes lived in the steppes. In subsequent centuries, this population was assimilated and became part of the Turkmens. In the 16th-18th centuries, there was a massive resettlement of many Turkmens from Western Turkmenistan to the southern regions and the Khorezm oasis (largely due to the drying out of Lake Sarykamysh, on the shores of which they lived). The movement was accompanied by intertribal strife, which weakened the Turkmen tribes. Political and economic disunity, constant wars and raids by the rulers of neighboring countries impeded economic, cultural and social development and contributed to the conservation of archaic social institutions.

Almost until the 80s of the 19th century, patriarchal slavery existed among the Turkmens; the archaic division into ig - “purebred”, gul - “slaves”, gyrnak - “slaves” and ardent - descendants from mixed marriages of free men and slaves was preserved. In addition to these main social categories, there were also gelmishek (gonshi) - newcomers from other tribes and tat - descendants of conquered and not yet fully assimilated Iranian-speaking peoples.

In the 18th-19th centuries, the traditions of the tribal system in social relations and strong remnants of tribal customs were preserved; extensive nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding contributed to the preservation of patriarchal life. Until the 30s. In the 20th century, the Turkmens still maintained a division into tribes with a multi-stage clan division in each of them. The largest were the Tekins (Teke), Yomuts, Ersaris, Salyrs, Saryks, Goklen and Chovdurs. Tribal and clan ties played a big role in the past and were used by tribal leaders to exploit their relatives. In the conditions of constant movements, conquests, military clashes, which continued until the annexation to Russia, in the society of the Turkmen the tribal structure was a historically determined phenomenon, a form social organization people. The tribal community was constantly developing and transforming during this period.

In the 80s of the 19th century, Turkmenistan was annexed to Russia and the process of economic and economic growth began on its territory. political life, despite the fact that the Turkmens were divided into three parts (not counting the Turkmens of Iran and Afghanistan): in the Trans-Caspian region (the bulk), which was later included in the Turkestan region, as part of the Khiva Khanate and the Bukhara Emirate. After November-December 1917, the bulk of the territory became part of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The Turkmen SSR was formed in 1924; in December 1991, the Supreme Council of the republic adopted the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Turkmenistan.

The traditional occupation of the Turkmen was irrigated agriculture combined with nomadic and transhumance cattle breeding. The Turkmens led a semi-nomadic lifestyle, in which the inhabitants of one village were divided into cattle breeders (charva) and sedentary (chomur) farmers. Western Turkmens were mainly nomadic pastoralists (sheep, camels, horses), and among some of the Turkmens living in oases, agricultural farming (wheat, jugara, melons, cotton) and cultivation of large crops prevailed. cattle. Household crafts were almost exclusively female. TO mid-19th centuries, carpet weaving, silk weaving and felting acquired commercial significance.

In recent decades, the Turkmen have created a diversified industry and large-scale mechanized agriculture (cotton growing, especially fine-fiber cotton, melon growing, horticulture and viticulture). In livestock farming, along with traditional camel breeding and sheep breeding (mainly karakul breeding), dairy farming plays an important role. Farms appeared in the 1990s. Renting plays a significant role. Folk arts and crafts continue to develop - carpet weaving (which has become a professional art), production of patterned felts, jewelry making, embroidery, etc.

The family and everyday life of the Turkmens was characterized by many ancient remnants of patriarchal clan life, traces of maternal kinship, and many archaic customs and beliefs. Marriage bans were strictly individual character, concerning certain categories of relatives. Tribal endogamy was strictly observed: marriages between representatives of different tribes were condemned by society.

IN late XIX- early 20th century among the Turkmen, a large patriarchal family prevailed, especially strong in areas where complex farming was preserved. A large family included several generations of relatives or families of undivided brothers. Families consisting of a married couple with children, and sometimes one of the husband's parents, were less common. Members of a large family ran a common household, had a common boiler and cash register. It was headed by an older man - a father or older brother. Women were dominated by the wife or widow of the eldest. The power of the head of the family was unlimited: he controlled all its property and the fate of its members.

The traditional dwelling of the Turkmens was the yurt (gara oy). In oases, along with the yurt, there was a permanent type of dwelling, most often a 1-3-chamber adobe or mud brick house (there) with flat roof, several small windows. In the Serakh and Kaahka regions, houses with domed roofs were quite common. Among the Caspian Turkmens were common wooden houses on stilts. Nowadays, rural housing is usually a 3-4-chamber house made of mud or baked bricks with a 2-4-slope slate or iron roof, large windows. A covered veranda (ivan) has been preserved, serving as a place for rest and sleep in the summer. The utility rooms are located in the rear part of the yard. Currently, the yurt exists in many areas as a summer home on an estate or as a home for shepherds on distant and seasonal pastures. Modern cities are characterized by multi-story buildings; Well-appointed one-story houses with estates are also preserved.

Contemporary clothing combines traditional elements with urban, pan-European shapes. The men's costume, preserved among older Turkmens, consists of a shirt and pants; a robe or coat is put on top. The headdress is a high lambskin cap (telpek) with long soft curls, under which an embroidered skullcap (takhya) is worn. Shepherds wear national shoes (charyk, chokai) made of ox leather. Red silk robes (gyrmyzy don) in combination with telpek are worn by young men on holidays.

Women in rural areas, less often in cities, wear tunic-shaped dresses (koinek) ankle-length, usually red, short vests (engsiz), long pants (balak) narrow at the bottom; the head is covered with a large silk or woolen scarf. In many regions, a girl's headdress is an embroidered skullcap (takhya, borik) with silver decorations. Among urban youth there is a long dress that fits the figure at the waist. In rural areas, robes are preserved. The national women's costume is characterized by a significant amount of silver jewelry.

Modern Turkmen food retains its national specificity. Most common meat soup(chorba) with various seasonings, fried meat (govurma), pilaf (palov), various lactic acid products (gatyk, suzme, agaran) from cow, goat, sheep and camel milk, rice porridge. Flatbreads (chorek, gatlama, helpek) are baked from flour, dumplings, noodles, etc. are made. large quantities drinking green tea(gok tea).

Literature and various shapes folk and professional art, a national intelligentsia emerged.

Turkmen photos, what Turkmens look like
Türkmenler

Number and range

Total: 8 500 000
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan: 4,248,000
Iran Iran: 1,328,585
Afghanistan Afghanistan: 932,000
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan: 152,000
Pakistan Pakistan: 60,000
Russia Russia: 36,885 (2010)

- Stavropol Territory Stavropol Territory: 15,000
- Moscow Moscow: 2,946 (2010)
- Astrakhan region Astrakhan region: 2,286 (2010)
- Moscow region Moscow region: 1,448 (2010)
- St. Petersburg St. Petersburg: 1,287 (2010)
- Tatarstan Tatarstan: 968 (2010)
- Bashkortostan Bashkortostan: 783 (2010)
- Krasnodar Territory Krasnodar Territory: 667 (2010)
- Samara Region Samara region: 634 (2010)

Tajikistan Tajikistan: 15,171 (2010)
Ukraine Ukraine: 3,709 (2001)
Belarus Belarus: 2,685 (2009)
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan: 2,234 (2009)
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan: 2,037 (2012 est.)
Latvia Latvia: 46 (2010 est.)
Turkey Turkey 500,000 (2013 estimate)

Language

Turkmen

Religion

Sunni Muslims

Racial type

Transcaspian type of large Caucasian race with an admixture of Mongoloid elements

Origin

Iranian

The request "Turkmen" is redirected here; see also other meanings. Not to be confused with Medieval Turkmens. Not to be confused with Iraqi Turkmens. Not to be confused with Syrian Turkmens. Turkmen-Yomud Turkmens (Photo by S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky)

Turkmens(Turkmen Türkmenler) are a Turkic-speaking people of ancient Oguz origin, constituting the main population of Turkmenistan, and also traditionally living in Afghanistan and northeast Iran. They speak the Turkmen language of the Oguz subgroup of Turkic languages. By religion they are traditionally Sunni Muslims. The total number is over 8 million people.

1 Ethnogenesis
2 Genetics
3 Society
4 Tribal division
5 Resettlement
- 5.1 Turkmens in Iran
- 5.2 Turkmens in Afghanistan
- 5.3 Turkmens in Russia
6 Ethnographic groups
7 Anthropology
8 See also
9 Gallery
10 Notes
11 See also
12 Literature
13 Links

Ethnogenesis

The earliest basis in the ethnogenesis of the Turkmen was the ancient local Iranian-speaking, Sako-Massaget and Sarmatian-Alan tribes of the steppes, as well as the inhabitants of the ancient states - Margiana, Parthia and Khorezm. In the middle of the 1st millennium, early Turks appeared in the Caspian steppes, and in the 9-11th centuries, the Oguzes (Seljuks), who played a major role in the ethnogenesis of the Turkmens. The process of formation of the Turkmen nation was largely completed in the 15th century, when new tribal associations that emerged after the Mongol conquest included Turkic tribes of non-Oghuz origin, in particular the Kipchaks.

The self-name of Turkmens is first found in Sogdian documents of the 8th century, discovered on Mount Mug (northern Tajikistan).

In the ethnogenesis of the Turkmen, the earliest layer was made up of ancient nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes (Dakhs, Massagets, later Hephthalites and Sarmato-Alans) who lived on the territory of modern Turkmenistan, as well as the settled agricultural population of Western Khorezm, the middle Amu Darya and Northern Khorasan. This population, especially the semi-nomadic ones, began to undergo Turkization already from the 4th-6th centuries.

The Oguzes, who entered Turkmenistan in large numbers in the 9th-11th centuries, played an important role in the ethnogenesis of the Turkmens. The bulk of the Oguzes, who came from the northeast with the Seljuks in the 11th century, settled here and gradually merged with the local population. The formation of the Turkmen language took place.

Genetics

Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction fragment length polymorphisms have confirmed that Turkmen are characterized by the presence of local Iranian mtDNA lineages similar to eastern Iranian populations, but in Turkmen and eastern Iranian populations a frequency of over 20% was observed high value male European genetic component. This most likely indicates an ancestral combination of Iranian groups and Turks, which was inherited by modern Turkmen, and which seems to correspond to historical records that indicate that numerous Iranian tribes existed in the region even before the migration of Turkic tribes, which, as They believe they mixed/merged with the local population and passed on their language and created something of a hybrid/mixed Turkic-Iranian culture.

Society

The encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, published at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, noted that the Turkmen “in language are most related to the Ottoman Turks and Azerbaijanis.”

Traditional occupations include carpet weaving, agriculture, nomadic cattle breeding, felting, and silk weaving. Turkmens are famous for horse breeding, especially Akhal-Teke horses.

Tribal division

Main article: Turkmen tribes

Like other Central Asian peoples, the Turkmens for a long time maintained a division into tribes and clans. The largest Trukmen tribes are the Ersars, Yomuds, Alilis, Salyrs, Chovdurs, Goklen and Tekins (Tekes), who have shown themselves to be brave warriors and skilled horsemen in Russian and world history

Settlement

Turkmens in Iran

Main article: Turkmens in Iran

Turkmens in Afghanistan

Main article: Turkmens in Afghanistan

Turkmens in Russia

Main article: Turkmens in Russia

According to the 2002 census, 33 thousand Turkmen live in Russia.

Historically, several Turkmen clans live in the northeast of the Stavropol Territory (see. Trukhmeny) and in the Astrakhan region (villages Atal, Funtovo-1,2), see. Turkmen Atala.

Ethnographic groups

Several ethnographic groups have formed in the Turkmen ethnic group:

alieli
Arabachi
Astrakhan Turkmens
bayaty
gauquelins
Ermeli
yomuds
Karadashli (tongues)
Kyrkyns
Makhtums
mukry
purred
nokhurli (nuhur)
Nurata Turkmens
sheep:
- Khoja
- shikhs (sheikhs)
- Sayyids
- Magtymy
- mujevurs
ogurjali
olams
sakars
salors (salyrs)
saryki
sayats
Stavropol Turkmen (trukhmen)
Tekinians (Teke)
Hasari
khatab
chowdury (chaudor)
emreli
ersari

Anthropology

According to the anthropological classification, the Turkmens belong to the Turanoid race as part of the large Mongoloid race; with an admixture of European elements

The encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, published at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, gives the following description of the anthropology of the Turkmens:

Despite the undoubted Turkic origin, attested by language, historical data and folk legends, the type of Turkmens can least of all be called purely Turkic. “The nomads,” says Vambery, “from time immemorial, systematically engaged in raids and robbery, who were in the most lively communication with the Persians, Afghans, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Cossacks, Karakalpaks and Caucasians, could very little preserve the purity of the original type, which currently represents a mixture of Old Turkic and Aryan." The purer type was preserved by the Chaudars, distinguished by a weaker physique and smaller head than the Kirghiz, a more conical than round skull, and a height of 5-6 feet. As one approaches the southern borders of the Trans-Caspian Lowland, the features of Iranian admixture become even more prominent, the facial hair becomes more abundant, the protrusion of the cheekbones is less noticeable, and only small, somewhat obliquely located eyes indicate Turkic origin. Among the Tekkins there is already a real Caucasian type, as well as among the Ottomans related to the Turkmens. The same can be said in general about the Turkmen, more or less neighboring Northern Iran, although their skin color is whiter than that of the Persians, and their physique is stronger than that of the thin Iranian. In women, the Turkic type is more noticeable, despite the significant percentage of Persians among them: the cheekbones are more prominent, and the hair on the head is relatively scanty. Beautiful female types reminiscent of Ottoman beauties.

Prof. Yavorsky, who carried out anthropometric studies among the Turkmens, mainly among the tekke, gives the following data about the type of this numerous industry of the Turkmens. The body build is predominantly thin, but there is a significant percentage of moderately well-fed and overweight (26 out of 59). Height is high, average: 1,694, in particular the tekke has 1,700. Chest circumference 862, height ratio 50.88. Skin color in open areas: predominant - bronze tanned (in 31 people), then yellowish-pale (in 15 people), but there is also light color (in 4 people); In closed places it is generally lighter. Hair color: on the head and beard the predominant color is dark, but there are also dark brown ones. The hair on the head is shaved, the hair on the beard is often smooth, and occasionally curly. One subject has a beard length of 97 cm. The color of the paradise is dark (brown), but there is a large percentage of light gray (24%). The lips are moderate, fairly full, straight. The shape of the skull is characteristic: it has the appearance of a pusher, extended posteriorly and upward, towards the top of the head, sometimes quite flat. Pretty head large sizes, wider than tall. The shape of the forehead is predominantly round. The ears are large and protruding. The direction of the palpebral fissure is predominantly horizontal. The facial angle, according to Camper, ranges between 70°-80°. The cephalic index fluctuates between 68.69 and 81.78; dolichocephals predominate; average: 75.64 (subdolichocephalic). The largest average anteroposterior diameter is 193, the average horizontal head circumference is 548. The average facial line is 185, the average facial indicator is 69.73, the average nasal indicator is 66.66.

Gallery

Image gallery

Turkmen in national clothes on Akhal-Teke horse

Turkmen camel driver. Photo of Prokudin-Gorsky taken in 1904-1916

Turkmen wedding

Turkmen girl

Grandmothers from the Yomut tribe

Turkmens in national clothes at the Independence Parade

Turkmen children in national clothes at the Independence Parade

Turkmens in national clothes present bread to the President of Russia

Turkmen elder

Turkmen fan of FC "Rubin" in national clothes

Notes

CIA World Factbook Turkmenistan
CIA - The World Factbook
CIA - The World Factbook
Ethnic atlas of Uzbekistan. Tashkent - 2002
http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=SUBSITES&page=SUBSITES&id=434fdc702
National composition of the population of the Russian Federation according to the 2010 population census
Stavropol region compiled a rating of nationalities living in the region
Volume 3. National composition and language proficiency, citizenship of the population of the Republic of Tajikistan
&n_page=5 All-Ukrainian population census of 2001. Population distribution by nationality and native language. State Committee statistics of Ukraine.
Population census of the Republic of Belarus 2009. POPULATION BY NATIONALITY AND NATIVE LANGUAGE. belstat.gov.by. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Statistics. Census 2009. (National composition of the population.rar)
National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic 2009.
Distribution of Latvian population by national composition and nationality as of 07/01/2010 (Latvian)
At one's own risk. How do Turkmen illegal immigrants live in Turkey?
1 2 M. B Durdyev. Turkmens:. - "Harp", 1991. - P. 23.
Alekseev, 2007, p. 187
http://books.google.ru/books?id=93gkAAAAMAAJ&q=%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D1 %81+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0% B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%8E&dq=%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA %D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D1%81+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE% D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D1% 8E&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=2gSPU8C8E67S4QSnr4D4CA&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBA
Turkic Peoples
Turkmens - TSB
Turkmens (Turkmenistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Russia) - Etnolog.ru
1 Russian Journal of Genetics, Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism in Populations of the Caspian Region and Southeastern Europe
Russian Ethnographic Museum. Glossary. Turkmens
Sergey Demidov Turkmen people and the prophet Muhammad.
V. P. Alekseev Geography human races// Selected items in 5 volumes. T. 2. Anthropogeography. - M.: “Science”, 2007. - P. 187. - ISBN 978-5-02-035544-6
Peoples of Western Asia, Linguistic and anthropological results of the ethnogenesis of the peoples of Western Asia. Linguistic and anthropological results of the ethnogenesis of the peoples of Western Asia. - “Turkmens belong to the so-called Trans-Caspian (according to the terminology of JI. V. Oshanin) type of the Indo-Pamir group and are characterized by long heads (dolichocephaly); this is a Caucasian type with a slight admixture of Mongoloid elements; There is enough evidence to assert that this anthropological type developed locally and that the Turkmens are the descendants of ancient Iranian-speaking tribes, subsequently Turkicized in language, and anthropologically slightly Mongolized.” Retrieved September 24, 2012. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012.
Turkmens. Brockhaus-Efron. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012.

Literature

Vasilyeva G.P. History of the ethnographic study of the Turkmen people in domestic science (late XVIII - XX centuries): Essays / Rep. ed. V. I. Bushkov; Reviewers: R. Sh. Dzharylgasinova, O. B. Naumova; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after. N. N. Miklouho-Maclay RAS. - M.: Nauka, 2003. - 200 p. - 520 copies. - ISBN 5-02-008906-0. (in translation)
Turkmens // Peoples of Russia. Atlas of cultures and religions. - M.: Design. Information. Cartography, 2010. - 320 p. - ISBN 978-5-287-00718-8.
Turkmens // Ethnoatlas Krasnoyarsk Territory/ Council of the Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Public Relations Department; Ch. ed. R. G. Rafikov; Editorial Board: V. P. Krivonogov, R. D. Tsokaev. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - Krasnoyarsk: Platinum (PLATINA), 2008. - 224 p. - ISBN 978-5-98624-092-3.

Turkmens Information About

Prof. Yavorsky, who carried out anthropometric studies among the Turkmens, mainly among the tekke, gives the following data about the type of this numerous industry of the Turkmens. The body build is predominantly thin, but there is a significant percentage of moderately well-fed and overweight (26 out of 59). Height is high, average: 1,694, in particular the tekke has 1,700. Chest circumference 862, height ratio 50.88. Skin color in open areas: predominant - bronze tanned (in 31 people), then yellowish-pale (in 15 people), but there is also light color (in 4 people); In closed places it is generally lighter. Hair color: on the head and beard the predominant color is dark, but there are also dark brown ones. The hair on the head is shaved, the hair on the beard is often smooth, and occasionally curly. One subject has a beard length of 97 cm. The color of the paradise is dark (brown), but there is a large percentage of light gray (24%). The lips are moderate, fairly full, straight. The shape of the skull is characteristic: it has the appearance of a pusher, extended posteriorly and upward, towards the top of the head, sometimes quite flat. The head is quite large, wider than tall. The shape of the forehead is predominantly round. The ears are large and protruding. The direction of the palpebral fissure is predominantly horizontal. The facial angle, according to Camper, ranges between 70°-80°. The cephalic index fluctuates between 68.69 and 81.78; dolichocephals predominate; average: 75.64 (subdolichocephalic). The largest anteroposterior diameter is average - 193, the horizontal head circumference is average - 548. The front line is average 185, the facial indicator is average 69.73, the nasal indicator is average 66.66

BOZOK TRIBES

CHILDREN OF GYUN KHAN, THE ELDEREST OF ALL SONS OF OGUZ KHAN

1. Gayi (Kayi), i.e. powerful; [his kind] tamga: ongon - white falcon, share of meat - right shoulder blade.

Representatives of this Turkmen tribe became the founders of such states as the Kimak Kaganate, the Ghaznavid state, and the Ottoman Empire. Part of the tribe moved to the southern Russian steppes; they are known in ancient Russian chronicles as Kaepichi and Kovui. According to one version, they could have been the founders of the city of Kyiv (Kaiy - Kyiv)

2. Bayat (Bayat), i.e. rich, full of grace (106); [his kind] tamga: ongon - white falcon (107), share of meat - right shoulder blade (108).

Representatives of the Turkmen Bayat tribe founded the Safavid State. Part of the tribe moved to the southern Russian steppes; they are known in ancient Russian chronicles as the Boats.

3. Agoyli (Alkaravli), that is, no matter where he is, he is always successful and achieves prosperity; [his kind] tamga: ongon - white falcon, share of meat - right shoulder blade.

4. Garaoili (Kara-Ivli), that is, he rode well along the black trail; [his kind] tamga: ongon - white falcon, share of meat - right shoulder blade.

CHILDREN OF THE SECOND SON OF AI-KHAN

1. Yazyr (Yazir), i.e. people of many countries will be on your side; [his kind] tamga: ongon - eagle, share of meat - front right shoulder blade.

2. Duger (Doger, Tohar, Doka), i.e. for the sake of communication; [his kind] tamga: ongon - eagle, share of meat - front right shoulder blade.

Representatives of the Turkmen tribe Duger (Tohar) became the founders of the Kushan kingdom

3. Dodurga, i.e. the conqueror of the country and the establisher of order; [his kind] tamga: ongon - eagle, share of meat - front right shoulder blade.

4. Yaparly, i.e. great. His real name was Yaghma.
[His kind] tamga: ongon - eagle, share of meat - front right shoulder blade.

CHILDREN OF THE THIRD SON YILDIZ KHAN

1. Ovshar (Avshar), i.e., agile in business and a passionate hunter; [his kind] tamga: ongon - tavshanjil, share of meat - right thigh.

Nedir Shah was the Shah of Iran in 1736-1747. representative of the Turkmen tribe Ovshar (Avshar)

2. Kyzyk, i.e. strong, an expert in laws and battles; [his kind] tamga: ongon tavshanjil, the share of meat is the right thigh.

3. Begdili, that is, always dear, like the word of elders; [his kind] tamga: ongon-tavshanjil, the share of meat is the right thigh.

The dynasty of the Great Khorezmshahs comes from the Turkmen Begdili tribe

4. Garkyn (Karkyn), that is, having a lot of food and satisfying the hunger of the people; [his kind] tamga: ongon - tavshanjil, share of meat - right thigh.

According to one version, the Mughal dynasty could have originated from the Turkmen tribe of Garkyn (the self-name of the Mughal state “Gurkaniya”). The Turkmen Nedir Shah (from the Ovshar tribe), after his capture of the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah, said the following: “Since our august person is known [as belonging to] the Afshar tribe, and the Afshars are one of the branches of the Turkmen and our fathers and grandfathers belonged to to the Turkmen family, then in this case these two states are connected with the glorious Kurkan tribe, and the purpose of our arrival in these areas is only to meet with your high-ranking person.”

UCHOK TRIBES

SONS OF GOK KHAN

1. Bayandir (Bayandur), i.e. always living in complete contentment; [his kind] tamga: ongon - gyrfalcon, share of meat - left thigh.

Representatives of the Turkmen Bayandyr tribe are the founders of the Turkmen dynasty Akgoyunly (Akkoyunlu) and the state of the same name. Also, representatives of the tribe were part of 7 large tribes that inhabited the Kimak Kaganate. Part of the tribe moved to the southern Russian steppes; they are known in ancient Russian chronicles as Berendeys.

2. Bejene, i.e. showing zealous diligence; [its kind] tamga: ongon - gyrfalcon, share of meat - left thigh.

The Turkmen tribe Bejene is known in history as the Pecheneg people.

3. Chovdur (Chavuldur), that is, helping everyone in their work, struggling, restless; [its kind] tamga: ongon - gyrfalcon, share of meat - left thigh.

4. Chepni, that is, wherever there is an enemy who immediately enters the battle; [his kind] tamga: ongon - gyrfalcon, share of meat - left thigh.

SONS OF DAG KHAN

1. Salyr (Salur, Salgyr), i.e. wherever you go, you fight everywhere with a sword and a club; [its kind] tamga: ongon-..., share of meat - drumstick of the back left leg.

Representatives of the Turkmen Salyr tribe founded the state of Garamanogullary (Karamanogullar), which later became part of the Ottoman Empire

2. Eimir (Eimur) (155), that is, he has many warriors and is rich; [its kind] tamga: ongon-....., the share of meat is the shin of the back left leg.

Representatives of the Turkmen tribe Eimir were part of 7 large tribes inhabiting the Kimak Kaganate

3. Alayuntly (Alayuntlu), i.e. always having many beautiful animals (horses); [its kind] tamga: ongon -..., share of meat - shin of the back left leg.

4. Uregir (Uregyur), i.e. his affairs are always at their best; [its kind] tamga: ongon - ...., share of meat - the shin of the back left leg.

SONS OF DENGIZ KHAN

1. Igdir (Yigdir), i.e. beautiful and great; [his kind] tamga: ongon - falcon, share of meat - thigh.

2. Byugduz, i.e. meek and helpful towards others; [his kind] tamga: ongon -..., share of meat - thigh.

3. Ive (Yiva), that is, its names (degrees) are always beautiful and high; [his kind] tamga: ongon -..., share of meat - thigh.

Representatives of the Turkmen Ive tribe founded the dynasty and the state of the same name Garagoyunly (Kara-Koyunlu)

4. Gynyk (Kynyk), i.e. respected wherever he is; [its kind] tamga: ongon -...., share of meat - thigh

Representatives of the Turkmen tribe Gynik (Kynik) founded the Seljuk Empire.

Sources:
Fazlallah Rashid ad-Din. "Oguz-name."
Muhammad Kazim "Nadir's story"
O. Gundogdyev "Turkmen trace in ancient Russian toponymy"
and others