Specially protected natural areas of regional and local significance. Green zone

Specially protected natural areas (natural monuments)

regional significance

Kuibyshevsky district

Bor-lingonberry, lily-of-the-valley-bracken boron

Cowberry boron, lily-of-the-valley-bracken boron is located between the Shuitsa and Borovka rivers. The main tree species of the forest are pine, spruce and birch. The undergrowth in it consists of common spruce. The undergrowth is represented by mountain ash, goat willow and brittle buckthorn, and in some places common juniper and common raspberry are abundant. The herbaceous cover includes lily of the valley, common heather, speedwell, forest grass, common mantle, hairy hawkweed, male shieldweed and other species. Blueberries, lingonberries and wild strawberries also grow in the forest.

The current state of the forest is assessed as satisfactory, the level of anthropogenic pressure on it is low. Boron is used by the local population only for seasonal collection of mushrooms and berries.

Forests have a huge impact on the ecological state of natural complexes, performing such bioecological functions as regulating and filtering water flow, preventing soil erosion, preserving biological diversity, enriching the atmosphere with oxygen, influencing climate formation and preventing air pollution. It is also an important habitat for a variety of flora and fauna, including those listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Tract "Baidakovka"

The Baidakovka tract is located on the right slope of the Desna River floodplain. The main tree crops of the tract are birch and black alder with a large admixture of aspen. But there are also areas of 45-50 year old pines and single oaks.

Its herbaceous cover includes lily of the valley, forest geranium, meadow foxtail, wood sorrel, wood sage, creeping geranium and other species. Also found here are lingonberries, blueberries, stoneberries and wild strawberries.

Prilepy estate park

The estate consists of two parts, separated by an old road. Its western part is lined with linden trees and is divided by a diagonal planting of linden trees into an apiary and a front yard with a residential building. The eastern part, which was of economic importance, is lined with linden, oak, birch and willow trees. There are about 100 trees in the park that are over 100 years old. Hairy sedge, common sedge, forest geranium, meadow foxtail and urban sedge grow in the herbaceous cover. Among the medicinal and berry plants in the park, red elderberry, dandelion, field mint, St. John's wort, wild strawberry and musk strawberry, common raspberry and other species are noted.

Park of the estate of the village of Petroselye

The park was planted in the first half of the 19th century. The garden and park ensemble has well preserved its planning structure and tree vegetation. The entire internal space of the estate has an axial structure along the line of the main house of the estate. The plantings of the park were made taking into account the specific landscape of the slope of the Lyubushi River.

Its forest stand is dominated by linden with an admixture of pine, birch and acacia. In total there are about 350 trees aged 150-180 years. On the southern side of the estate, on a ravine, there are two ponds, which were the southern natural border of the estate. Unfortunately, one of the ponds is currently drained.

Park of the estate in the village of Petroskoe

The estate arose in the 19th century on the right bank of the Krivotechka River to the west of the village. Petrovskoe. Its layout features linden plantings around former buildings. Also, the forest stand is dominated by common spruce, pedunculate oak, Scots pine and silver birch; There are domestic apple trees, common raspberries, stone fruits, common pears, wild and musky strawberries, and blueberries. The grass cover is dominated by large plantain, meadow and marsh geranium, ranunculus, and field violet.

Dobroselye estate park

Currently, fragments of linden alleys of on-farm significance have been preserved from the estate, created in the second half of the 19th century on the right bank of the Snopot River. The entire territory of the estate is heavily overgrown with small forests (linden, birch, ash and maple). There are no landscape elements observed. In the herbaceous layer there are common chickweed, chickweed, meadow clover, common and common loosestrife, field mint and other plant species. Among medicinal species One can distinguish dandelion, St. John's wort, cinquefoil erecta and greater celandine.

Zhukovsky district

Spring

The Rodnik tract is a mixed forest on the right primary slope of the Protva River valley. The main forest-forming species in it is Norway spruce with an admixture of small-leaved and broad-leaved species. The undergrowth contains hazel, young growth of Norway spruce is abundant, and common juniper is found sporadically. The central part of the forest is occupied by a terraced plateau composed of calcareous tuffs, along which streams flow with small but very picturesque waterfalls.

The level of landscape and biological diversity of the natural complex is assessed as high. It is characterized by the presence of orchids, some of which grow in quite large number, and wintergreens that are relatively poorly able to withstand anthropogenic load, which indicates that the forest area is well preserved. Also noted here are Smirensky fireweed, which grows exclusively along the outlets of clean spring water, marsh chickweed and soddy forget-me-not, which are quite rare in the region, and oak manna and trifloral bedstraw, listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

The tract in its current state is an example of sustainable conservation and improvement of the environment and resource-reproducing functions of the landscape, an important habitat (growth) of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna, as well as the largest population of rare species in the region Central Russia species of bryophytes - rhynchostegium riverine or coastal.

Saltykov Estate Park

The Saltykov estate park with regular and landscape parts was created at the end of the 18th century

P.V. Saltykov. A small part of the regular park is located in the north-eastern part of the ensemble and consists of four linden alleys facing south-east to the ground in front of the main house. The internally open space of the garden and park ensemble is emphasized by alleys of linden, oak and rare pine trees. The estate includes two dug ponds, observation mounds, walking paths along the Nara River and along its upper edge of the floodplain terrace. Directly opposite the main house of the estate on the river bank. Nara has preserved an artificial backwater.

Currently, most of the manor park is a natural forest.

The Mikhalevy Gory tract

The Mikhalevy Gory tract is a protrusion of the first terrace above the floodplain, on which pine and oak forests grow. This object is the only biocenosis in the lower reaches of the river. Protva, whose forest stand is dominated by pedunculate oak and small-leaved linden. The level of biological diversity of the territory is average. 15 species of bryophytes, 161 species of vascular plants, 48 ​​species of birds and 17 species of mammals have been identified here, 2 of which are regionally rare.

Currently, the tract is experiencing significant anthropogenic pressure, as evidenced by the well-developed road and path network and organized recreation areas on its territory. However, despite this, the Michaelmas Mountains are a picturesque natural complex and a valuable habitat for a large number of different species of flora and fauna.

Lake "Oglublyanka"

Lake Oglublyanka is a large oxbow lake of the Protva River, surrounded by floodplain meadows. His total length– several kilometers, width – 50-60 meters, average depth – 4-5 meters, water surface area – 21 hectares.

The water body is of great value for birds, as it is a nesting site for regionally rare species, or species that gravitate to wetlands.

Spruce massif on the river. Nara

Spruce massif on the river. Nara is located on the right gentle valley slope of the outwash Protvinskaya lowland. The main part of the forest is represented by middle-aged spruce and aspen forests with the participation of linden and other tree species. Spruce plantations are largely damaged by the bark beetle. The level of biological diversity of the territory is assessed as high.

Pine forests along the river. Protva

Pine forests on the first terrace above the floodplain of the left bank of the river. Protva is the only natural forest area near the city of Zhukov, undisturbed by garden plots and recreation areas. The main forest-forming species in it are Scots pine and Norway spruce, as well as warty birch. The age of the plantings ranges from 45-130 years. Among the shrubs, common hazel predominates. In the undergrowth, a sharp predominance of common spruce was noted.

Pine forests along the river. Protva is an important habitat for rare and endangered flora and fauna listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, such as: Clintukh, Tufted Tit, Umbrella Wintergreen, Creeping Goodyear, White Cinquefoil, Laxative and Trifloral Bedstraw.

Lands of the production and hunting enterprise "Badsuki"

The lands of the production and hunting enterprise “Badsuki” are a compact forest area between the Protva and Nara rivers. Currently, it is included within the boundaries of the state nature reserve of federal significance “State Complex “Tarusa”.

Kozelsky district

Source of fresh water at the Optina Pustyn monastery

Near the Optina Pustyn monastery there are three famous sources of fresh water.

“Pafnutevsky Spring” is located on the bank of the Zhizdra River, 400 m upstream from the Optina Pustyn Monastery. It is decorated with a well and a swimming pool. The water in it is very soft, containing a large amount of mineral impurities. It is considered healing and is used by local residents for drinking purposes.

“Amvrosievsky Well” is located near the monastery Skete.

The third source is located near the monastery pond 200 m to the north. The water in it is also soft, with a large amount of mineral impurities, and is used to supply water to the monastery.

All sources are a unique natural phenomenon. The water in them is clean and has healing properties, so the springs are considered “holy”.

Linden alley in the estate with. Volkonskoe

Linden alley is located on the outskirts of the village. Volkonskoe. Along the left bank of the stream, flowing at the foot of the hill, there are linden plantations that are at least 130 years old. On the flat top of the hill, centuries-old linden trees are arranged in four parallel rows. The inner two rows make up an alley of centuries-old linden trees about 5 meters wide. The location of the alleys is interesting because the landscape was created, on the one hand, by nature (a sloping hill with a wide flat top, at the foot of the hill there is a stream), on the other hand, by man, who created the aesthetics of landscape lines. Large rhythmic divisions (centuries-old linden trees) alternate with smaller ones (apple orchard) on both sides of the alley.

Sukhinichi district

Source of fresh water near the village of Uruga

The source of fresh water near the village of Uruga is located 300 m above the confluence of the Sukhoshanka stream into the Urushka River. This stream drains the entire steep slope along its right bank, along which numerous springs flow. And the most abundant of them is the spring near the village of Uruga. The source of groundwater outlet is downward. The water flow in it is quite high and amounts to 17 l/s. Water temperature – 6.3 0 C, mineralization – 0.32 g/l. The chemical composition of the water is soft - 3.5 o F. The background of nitrates is slightly increased in it, but in general it is good quality and meets the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 for drinking water.

The source is located in a picturesque forest area, the main forest-forming species of which are spruce, aspen and birch. In its vicinity grow plant species typical of groundwater seeps, such as: impatiens vulgaris, chickweed, stinging nettle, common bluegrass, and speedwell. Rare species noted near the spring include only pink fireweed.

The current state of the fresh water source near the village of Uruga is assessed as satisfactory. The anthropogenic load on it is minimal. Local residents make little use of the spring to collect water for drinking purposes. The source has been captured and installed at the groundwater outlet. wooden frame with a roof.

Medynsky district

The Misida River with a protected landscape at a distance of 200 m on both sides from the water's edge

The Misida River is located in the central part of the Medynsky district. It flows mainly in an eastern direction and is a left tributary of the Niga River. The length of the river is 15 km, width is about 0.5-3.0 m.

In the upper reaches of the river, its floodplain is not wide and mostly forested. Near the Kremenskoye-Medyn highway it flows through floodplain black alder forest with numerous spring outlets, adjoined by a non-swampy spruce forest. South of the village Ivanovskoye is marked by tall grass meadows, and black alder forests stretch along the river, in places flooded by beavers. On the right bank there is a mixed forest, in which, along with spruce plantings, there are old-growth oaks, as well as Norway maple and heart-shaped linden.

In its lower reaches, Misida becomes wider. Its channel here winds strongly, there are small oxbow lakes, mostly overgrown, small spring swamps and spring outlets. The meadow floodplain is dominated by meadowsweet, and along its border and in the lower part of the slopes of the valley there are gray alder forests. Above them there are spruce forests with an admixture of birch, aspen and hazel, in some places extending into the floodplain. There are undergrowth of linden trees, and sometimes oak trees.

The Rut River with a protective landscape at a distance of 300 m on both sides from the water’s edge

The Rut River is located in the northeastern part of the Medynsky district. It is the right tributary of the Protva River, which flows into the Oka. The length of the river is 36 km,
within the boundaries of the Medynsky district - 8 km.

Above s. The Egorye River Rut is quite shallow, but in some places it has backwaters about 2-3 m wide. Below the confluence of the Bychok River, the width of the river reaches 6-7 m, and in some places reaches 10 m. The bottom is mostly clayey, in some places it is rocky. Average river depth –
50 cm, in some places – 1.0-1.5 m. The water in the river is clear, there are numerous floating pondweed, yellow egg capsule and simple pondweed. Along the shore there are thickets of reed grass.

In the valley of the Rut River there are floodplain meadows, the dominant species of which are stinging nettle and sageweed. In some places, areas of grass-forb meadows with the dominance of meadow foxtail were identified. The banks of the river are overgrown mainly with gray alder; in some places there are willows - three-stamen, white and brittle. The exposed slopes are very picturesque and virtually undisturbed.

The Bychok River with a protected landscape at a distance of 300 m on both sides from the water's edge

The Bychok (Bychek) River is located in the northeastern part of the Medynsky district.
It flows mainly in an eastern direction and is a right tributary of the Rut River, which flows into the Protva River. The length of the Bychok River is 17 km, width
in the upper reaches - about 1.0-1.5 m, below - 3-4 m.

The banks of the Bychok River are overgrown with black alder and willows - mostly brittle and white. The meadow floodplain is relatively wide (in some places more than 100 m) and is represented mainly by cereal and forb meadows. It is adjacent to a mixed spruce-small-leaved, and in places spruce forest. There are numerous egg capsules in the river, but there are few pondweeds, since the reservoir is shallow and without dams.

The Niga River with a protected landscape at a distance of 200 m on both sides from the water's edge

The Niga River is located in the eastern part of the Medynsky district. It flows in east and northeast directions and flows into the Luzha River. The length of the river is 23 km, the drainage basin area is 133 km 2.

In the valley of the Niga River above the village. Aduevo is marked by floodplain meadows, some of which are true cereal meadows without signs of shrubbery and practically without weed species. Black alder and coastal willows grow in places along the shore.

In the settlement on the river there is a large pond, in the upper reaches partially overgrown with aquatic vegetation. Old willows and willows have been identified on its banks,
as well as coastal scrub willows and black currants.

Below the pond there is a small river. Its valley on average does not exceed 100 m, and the width of the river itself is about 1 m. The water in the river is clean and transparent. The banks here are overgrown with isolated coastal tall willows, gray and black alder, and common bird cherry. There are numerous meadows along the slopes of the valley.

Near the village The width of the Devino river is about 3-5 m. It is heavily dammed by beavers, and the water in it becomes muddy. Along the slopes there are meadows, small birch forests and gray alder forests. A small fragment of a spruce forest with an admixture of aspen, birch and hazel was also identified. On the right bank 2 km south of the village. Devin has fields, and downstream a birch and spruce forest approaches the river, in some places with oak and linden.

Medynka River with a protected landscape at a distance of 300 m on both sides from the water’s edge

The Medynka River is a right tributary of the Sukhodrev River, which flows into the Shanya River. Its length is 51 km, the drainage basin area is 264 km 2.

In the upper reaches the Medynka River is quite shallow; In some places it has dried up, but there are also areas where large, deep pools remain. Below the village At Doshino springs flow into it and beaver dams appear, which significantly raise its level, and it becomes more full-flowing. Below the town of Medyn, the river is heavily eutrophicated and silted. Pond near the village Mikheevo has been lowered.

The river valley is partially plowed - there are fields in the floodplain, and in some places there are old deposits. The floodplain meadows are well preserved, but they are actively overgrown with shrubs. Among them, there are fragments of short-grass meadows, quite diverse in vegetation, and tall-grass meadows, dominated by stinging nettle, meadowsweet, common goosefoot and sageweed.

Forest vegetation in the Medynka floodplain is represented by birch forests of warty birch, in some places with isolated oaks. Small gray alder forests were also noted. North of the village A damp birch forest of white birch was found in Doshino. South of the village Doshino and near the village. Ulanovo is met with broad-leaved and spruce-broad-leaved forest, and above the village. Mikheevo - spruce plantings.

Peredelsky Park

Peredelsky Park is a park with a landscaped and regular layout that was previously an integral part of the Batashev estate.

The ancient park is formed by picturesque old-growth linden and oak trees. There are almost no bushes under their canopy and a general impression of free space is created, which is rarely preserved in parks without special care. The grass stand consists of ordinary forest and meadow grasses; There are very few synanthropic and ruderal species, and they do not form thickets. In the center of the park are abandoned swampy ditches, which previously apparently formed a complex system of ponds or canals. Also preserved in the park is a section of a spruce alley, younger in age than the other alleys, and individual trees of different species.

A total of 134 species have been identified in the park's vascular plant flora. There are no rare or endangered plants on its territory. However, it is very picturesque and fits well into the surrounding landscape.

The fauna of the park is represented by 3 species of amphibians, 1 species of reptiles and 9 species of mammals, quite common for the region, as well as 45 species of birds, mainly of forest and edge complexes.

The current state of Peredelsky Park is assessed as satisfactory. It is distinguished by fairly good preservation for the natural complexes of the Medynsky region and has great recreational and historical value.

Meshchovsky district

Raised bog to the right and left of the Gavriki-Beklemishchevo road
in Meshchovsky district

The raised bog to the right and left of the Gavriki-Beklemishchevo road is predominantly of the raised type. The Techa River, a right tributary of the Ugra River, originates from it.

The swamp massif consists of two sections, which are separated from each other by the Gavriki-Beklemishchevo road. To the south of the road there is a younger part of the raised bog - a sparse birch forest with cotton grass, in some places with isolated low pine trees. Its marginal areas are more watered, and there is practically no woody vegetation on them, so they can be considered a transitional or even lowland part. To the north of the road, the swamp is a swampy pine forest with sphagnum and old cotton grass tussocks, in which swamp species have survived in fragments and in small numbers. The common podbel, listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, is noted here, as well as berry bushes - swamp cranberry, blueberry and blueberry.

The raised bog to the right and left of the Gavriki-Beklemishchevo road is quite a rare phenomenon for the Meshchovo region and is important for the preservation of the biological diversity of the region.

Swamp to the left of the Gavriki-Podkopaevo road in the Meshchovo district

The swamp to the left of the Gavriki-Podkopaevo road is of a transitional type.
In its center there is a small lake from which the Krapivenka River originates.

The ecosystem of the swamp area as a whole is not disturbed. The southern and western parts of the water body are covered with thickets of impenetrable willow, and the eastern and northern parts are swampy meadows. The open part of the swamp (lake) is heavily overgrown with macrophytic vegetation, and its shore is surrounded by rafts, in places connecting with coastal aquatic plant species. Noteworthy are the finds here of angustifolia cattail, which is confined to the Oka River valley and large ponds and is rarely recorded in small reservoirs, and three-cut bedstraw, a rather rare species that grows on sedge hummocks along the edges of rafts. The lake contains shiny pondweed, floating pondweed, comb pondweed and hairy pondweed, as well as an adventitious (adventive) species - Elodea Canadian, which is dominant in places. The meadows contain grasses typical of damp meadows. Of the rare and endangered species listed in the Red Data Book of the Kaluga Region, the swamp was identified with marsh grass, small bladderwort, holly pondweed, common viper and forest pipistrelle and Nathusius's pipistrelle.

The swamp to the left of the Gavriki-Podkopaevo road in the Meshchovo district is a valuable, practically undisturbed natural complex and is important for preserving the biological diversity of the region.

Estate "Shalovo"

The park complex of the Shalovo estate was created at the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th century and combined the features of regular and landscape garden and park ensembles. Currently, the original structure of the park is lost. Only near the pond (on the north side) fragments with old-growth linden trees and individual oaks have been preserved. Norway maple and Scots pine are also present in the park's tree stand. The undergrowth is dominated by Norway maple, with common oak, heart-shaped linden and mountain ash. The undergrowth is mainly formed by common hazel with the participation of brittle buckthorn, forest honeysuckle and warty euonymus. The herbaceous layer is dominated by common grass, giant fescue, loosestrife, musk strawberry, oak grass bluegrass, aromatic butenum, wild rosemary, yellow zelenchuk, hairy sedge and other species are present.

The current state of the Shalovo estate is generally assessed as unsatisfactory. The park is very overgrown. Most of the old-growth trees have fallen, and the surviving trees have various external defects, frost cracks, hollows and rot. The orchard has been lost. The pond on the left bank of the large pond has been drained. Residents and visiting summer residents actively use the territory of the estate as a vacation spot, for collecting wild berries, mushrooms, etc.

"Cedar plantations"

“Cedar plantings” represent plantings of Siberian pine or Siberian cedar in 1958-1959.

In the Kaluga region, Siberian pine is an exotic plant that grows only with artificial afforestation. The density of tree crowns on the territory of the natural monument reaches 80%, age – up to 55 years, largest diameter trunks at a height of 1.5 m from the ground is 35 cm. Goat willow, common hazel and rowan grow in the undergrowth. The herbaceous cover is represented by small wintergreen, creeping tenacious, common odorous grass, ivy bud, officinalis, meadowsweet, wild geranium and other species.

The level of biological diversity of cedar forests is low. In the flora of vascular plants, only 27 species characteristic of coniferous forests of the Kaluga region were identified. The forest fauna is represented by 14 species of invertebrates, 2 species of amphibians, 16 species of birds and 11 species of mammals. No rare or endangered objects of flora and fauna were noted on the territory of the natural monument.

The condition of “Cedar Plantations” is generally assessed as satisfactory. However, at present there is a natural thinning of the tree stand, which is expressed in a large percentage of drying specimens of Siberian pine.

Borovsky district

Park of the estate of the artist Pryanishnikov

The park of the estate of the artist Pryanishnikov represents the remains of regular and landscape parks with ponds, laid out in the second half of the 18th century
A.S. Boltin.

The parks are landscaped in nature and gradually turn into natural forest. They have preserved linden alleys in excellent condition leading to a cascade of ponds and a stream. On the territory of the landscape park, individual Siberian larch trees aged 400-450 years are noted.

City pine forest in Borovsk

The urban forest in the city of Borovsk is an area of ​​the oldest coniferous forests on the territory of Borovsky and a number of adjacent areas of the Kaluga and Moscow regions, which is part of the historical landscape of the city of Borovsk. The main forest-forming species of the forest is pine at the age of 160-170 years I-II bonitet in good condition with spruce undergrowth. In addition to conifers, deciduous tree and shrub species grow here, as well herbaceous plants, typical of the flora of Central Russia. There are berry bushes - blueberries and raspberries.

In addition to its educational value, the forest is distinguished by its picturesque hilly landscape, unusual for the surrounding area, adjacent to the valley of the Protva River, which makes the entire natural complex especially attractive.

Park and garden of the Pafnutiev-Borovsky Monastery

The park and garden of the Pafnutiev-Borovsky Monastery is a picturesque park with a cascade of ponds and a holy spring on the bank of the river. Hysteria near the Pafnutiev-Borovsky Monastery.

The park preserves irregular plantings of linden, Norway maple, elm and willow, as well as a pine park with alleys connected to the surrounding forest areas.

Park and garden of the Satino estate

The park and garden of the Satino estate are of great interest as an example of a park and economic estate of the 18th century. It preserves on-farm alleys of linden and elm trees and fragments of a regular linden park. From the landscape part of the estate, fragments of alleys of elms, oaks and lindens remain.

Most of the regular and landscape parks are located on the territory of the Moscow State University field base, and the southern part of the estate is almost completely occupied by summer cottages.

Park VNIIFBi P

The park is located on the left bank of the Protva River in the northern part of Borovsk. Judging by the age of the trees that make up the oldest, most valuable part of the park, it was founded in the middle of the 19th century. This is a characteristic manor park, consisting of regular and landscape parts, connected by a wide linden alley (the age of the lindens is 180-200 years). On its territory there are two larches, whose age is more than 150 years.

Currently, the park area is partially built up, the paths are paved, later planting of trees and shrubs has been carried out, benches and trash cans have been installed.

Spas-Demensky district

Bog Bolshoye Naryshkinskoe

The “Bolshoye Naryshkinskoye” raised bog is located on the watershed of the rivers of the Oka and Dnieper basins. It has important hydrological significance for small rivers and streams, feeding them. The swamp is pine-sphagnum-dwarf shrub-forest. Its surface is covered with a continuous carpet of sphagnum and green mosses, on which shrubs are abundantly developed - heather, wild rosemary, wild rosemary, blueberry, lingonberry and cranberry.

The swamp is one of the largest raised bogs in the Kaluga region, the largest and most valuable habitat for bird species of the boreal fauna, which have a limited distribution in the region.

The current state of the swamp complex is generally assessed as good. It is practically undisturbed by human activity and is an example of an intact raised bog in the coniferous zone. deciduous forests.

Raised bog Knyazev Mokh

The Knyazev Mokh swamp burned out over most of its territory in 2010-2011. In some places, not even the sphagnum cover has been preserved on it, and it is covered with polytrichous mosses and the remains of burnt cotton grass.

Currently, the territory of the swamp is covered with young growth of downy birch and willow, less commonly warty birch and in less abundance aspen, and along the wetter edges with cattails. In the southern part of the massif near the highway, in some places the skeletons of burnt trunks of birch and pine trees have been preserved, and among them there are poorly burned areas where small numbers of marsh shrubs have been noted - Marsh Ledum, Marsh Cranberry and Blueberry. On the transitional unburnt fragments of the swamp, two rare species in the region were found - two-rowed sedge and willow.

Iznoskovsky district

Agafinskoe swamp

The Agafyinskoye swamp is a high-mounted swamp that has well preserved its morphology, diverse swamp vegetation and the adjacent glacial landscapes of the moraine-outwash gently undulating plain. There is no woody vegetation in the swamp, but there are significant cranberry areas. In the center of the bog massif, sphagnum and green mosses predominate; marsh sedge, sedum, heather, wild rosemary and lingonberry are found, and marsh Scheichzeria is noted in the hollows. Along the edge of the swamp, common reed, swamp whitewing, broad-leaved cattail, as well as medicinal plants - three-leaved watch and marsh cinquefoil - were found.

Swamp "Zubovskoye"

The Zubovskoye swamp is a sphagnum pine forest with birch, in some places blueberry, and in others with cotton grass. In the central undisturbed part of the massif, extensive thickets of blueberries are noted. Typical rare marsh plants also grow here in small numbers - common bogwort and chamedaphna vulgare, as well as swamp cranberry, which is not uncommon in the region. Abundant in the swamp medicinal wild rosemary swamp, swamp blueberries and lingonberries are numerous. A number of marsh sedges were also identified, and in the vicinity of the massif a western species of grass was found - soft sedge.

Swamp "Sigovskoye"

The “Sigovskoe” swamp is a raised-type swamp that has well preserved its natural environment and the adjacent glacial landscapes of the moraine-outwash gently undulating plain. Before reclamation work, it was an overgrown glacial lake. Currently, thanks to a beaver colony that has settled in the swamp, the drainage ditch has been blocked by a dam of large trees and shrubs, the water level has been restored, and open water spaces have appeared.

Most of the swamp is overgrown with small birch forests and cotton grass. Typical species of sphagnum bog (cranberry, blueberry, Hamedaphna vulgare, bog sedge) were noted only along the eastern edge. A small mirror of water has been preserved with marshy banks and rafts along the edge, where thickets of aquatic plants have developed (floating pondweed, Canadian elodea, etc.). A wide variety of liver mosses were found along the drying banks and near the stream. Among the rare and endangered objects of the flora in the Sigovskoye swamp, white lichen, common chamedaphna and small bladderwort are noted.

Lands of the Semenovsky state farm

The lands of the Semenovsky state farm include forest lands, swamps, the Zhelonya River and numerous streams, characterized by a rich species biodiversity of flora and fauna. Large tracts of cranberries are noted here, medicinal plants and plant communities from the Ice Age. The banks of the river and streams are abundantly overgrown with willow, raspberry, elderberry and other shrubs. Spruce, pine, birch, oak, aspen, alder, bird cherry and other species grow in forest areas. The river is home to perch, roach, chub, gudgeon, pike, ruff, etc. Representatives of the animal world include beaver, muskrat, otter, elk, wild boar, roe deer, marten, squirrel, mink, ferret, raccoon dog, badger, lynx, bear, wolf, hare, and fox. Birds are very numerous.

Hill "Shatrishchi"

Hill “Shatrishchi” is a kame formation from the melting period of the late stage of development of the Moscow glacier. Kam has well preserved its original, classic of this type geomorphological objects, shape. Visually, “Shat-mountain” is perceived as a real mountain creature. At its top there is an Old Believer cemetery, at the foot there are the remains of ancient developments of stone material from the Stone Age.

Maloyaroslavetsky district

Park "Island"

The Ostrov Park is a natural complex located on a large island of the Sukhodrev River and has well preserved various biocenoses.

It is a mixed forest surrounded by floodplain meadows. The main type of forest vegetation in the park is pine plantations of various types. The tree stand of the most common type of forest phytocenoses – grass pine forest – is formed by Scots pine, 90 years old or more, with an admixture of birch and aspen. Rare undergrowth is represented by birch and aspen. The well-developed layer of shrubs includes common raspberry, rowan, common bird cherry and common honeysuckle. In the herbaceous-shrub layer, wild strawberry, loosestrife, stoneweed, female kochedednik, speedwell, Onega hawkweed, sheep's fescue and other species were identified.

Meadow vegetation is represented mainly by cereals and cereal-forb groups. The basis of the grass cover here is formed by meadow fescue, creeping wheatgrass, yarrow, common mantle, awnless brome and buttercup.

The fauna of the park is well preserved and representative of the natural communities of the Maloyaroslavets region. In the Ostrov Park, 61 species of birds of the forest complex nest, presumably nest, or visit the territory. Of the mammals, 14 species are noted in it, including the common fox, European mole, mountain hare and common squirrel.

Park "Island" is a favorite vacation spot for the population of the village. Detchino. It has a developed road and path network. On its territory there are places for recreation, there is a football field, jogging paths and ski slopes. The park also has non-timber forest resources suitable for development.

Park "Dubki"

The Dubki Park is located in the north-eastern part of the city of Maloyaroslavets, on the right watershed bedrock slope of the Luzha River. It appeared about 100 years ago, and to date it has partially preserved both relatively closed stands of this age and individual old trees among younger ones.

The park has an open layout and consists of many more or less open spaces of lawns of varying sizes. The spaces formed by oak solitaires, groups and groves flow freely into one another and carry the visitor along unpaved, softly marked paths. The main entrance to the park is located from the east, from the city center. The entrance path forks in it, and the next two go around a large lawn, around which oak trees are planted in rows. Further on, the northern path branches into several smaller paths that go down the slope and are connected by a path that runs along the stream. As you move from the main entrance, the landscapes - countless variations of tree species with dark trunks and rounded crowns against the backdrop of light open or enclosed lawns - become more intimate, but are complemented by distant views of the Luzha River valley.

Park "Oaks" is a rare example of an urban landscape oak park of the late 19th century, a valuable part of the urban environment and has a special cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value for residents of the Maloyaroslavets district.

Duminichsky district

Pinery

Pine forest is a pine forest with a rare admixture of birch, aspen, rowan and willow, located on a sandy dune hill on the left bank of the river. Bryn south of the village. Duminichi.

The vegetation of the forest is represented by various types of forests: bracken, birch-aspen lily of the valley and forbs, green moss (lingonberry, blueberry, sphagnum), as well as aspen birch, marshy black alder, young aspen, spruce (oxalis and zelenchuk) and vegetation of meadow edges, mainly upland However, the predominant type of communities in it are green moss pine forests with very rare, isolated oaks. Along the bank of the Bryn River, single old-growth oak trees are observed.

Pine forest has a huge impact on the ecological state of natural complexes, performing such bioecological functions as regulating and filtering water flow, preventing soil erosion, preserving biological diversity, enriching the atmosphere with oxygen and absorbing carbon, influencing climate formation and preventing air pollution. It is a valuable habitat for a large number of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna, including those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and (or) the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Oak groves in the floodplain of the river. Zhizdra

Oak groves in the floodplain of the river. Zhizdra are natural communities of broad-leaved forests, rare for the Kaluga region, formed in the valley of the Zhizdra River. They contain sparse meadow-edge light oak forests and “dark oak forests.” The age of oaks ranges from 200 to 70 years. There are practically no young oaks (aged from 20 to 70 years), but there is numerous undergrowth. In oak forests far from the river, the tree stand is more dense, and other broad-leaved and coniferous species are present.

Floodplain oak forests are a valuable habitat (growth) for a large number of rare and endangered species, including those listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region. Here you can see European euonymus, swamp moth, swallowtail, St. John's wort, Siberian iris, lilac hawk moth, small reddish moth, raspberry, small ribbon of order, diamine checkerwort, variable bumblebee, moss bumblebee, black-headed chickadee and other species. A Russian muskrat, listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, was found in oxbow lakes in oak forests.

Coniferous plantations

Coniferous plantations are located near the village. Dubrovka, Duminichsky district, is a relatively small area of ​​pure spruce plantings, in some places very dense. In the sparse undergrowth, common hazel, warty euonymus, brittle buckthorn, forest honeysuckle and other species are noted. The undergrowth consists mainly of deciduous trees - linden, oak, sycamore maple, warty birch and smooth elm. Ash willow, bird cherry and black alder grow in damp places, near streams and near road ditches.

The current state of the forest is assessed as unsatisfactory. A significant number of spruce plantations died in 2013-2015 as a result of damage by the bark beetle. Sanitary measures and reforestation work are being carried out.

Tarussky district

The bank of the Pesochnya River is a picturesque landscape of the Pesochnya River valley, along the slopes of which mixed forests grow, where M.I. loved to walk. Tsvetaeva.

Park s. Baryatino

The first information about the estate dates back to the 18th century. Then this village was called Ilyinskoye and belonged to Prince A.M. Golitsyn. It contained a house with outbuildings and an orchard. In 1827, the estate passed to Prince D.S. Gorchakov, who built a new house and the Assumption Church in the mid-19th century, created a park.

The park consisted of regular and landscape parts. It was planted with spruces, lindens, pyramidal poplars, oaks and willows, as well as introduced plants - larches, cedars, Weymouth pines, Tatarian maples and firs. The park also had a system of ponds with islands and separate on-farm alleys.

Currently the park is in a very neglected state. The road and path network has been lost. The southern spruce alley has become very thin. The ponds have been drained.

Park s. Baryatino, despite its neglect, is an excellent example of a mixed-type estate park, common in the era of classicism, and has great historical, aesthetic and environmental significance.

Park s. Ascension

The estate complex was formed at the end of the 18th century and belonged to the wealthy Kaluga landowner S.A. Chaplin. It had the Church of the Ascension, a manor house, a stud farm, two orchards, two ponds and a regular park.

Currently, fragments of the park and the remains of dams from cascading ponds have been preserved from the entire ensemble.

Park s. Ilyinskoe

The estate park, which belonged to the Khilkov princes, judging by the age of the trees, was founded at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century. This is a classic landscape park, where there is not a single straight alley. The trees in it are planted in beautiful picturesque groups, each of which is carefully selected according to its species composition. The tree stand includes linden, poplar, pine and elm.

The current state of the park. Ilyinskoye is rated as unsatisfactory. The orchards have been lost. Most of the park's alleys and paths have not been preserved.

Bank of the Tarusa River section “Ilyinsky Omut”

The bank of the Tarusa River section “Ilyinsky Omut” is a picturesque section of the Tarusa River valley, described by K.G. Paustovsky in the story “Ilyinsky Whirlpool”.

Park s. Istomino

The manor complex was formed in the 18th century. The park was founded at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries on the high slope of the right main bank of the Tarusa River. It consists of a regular part and a heavily overgrown landscape part. The forest stand of the park is dominated by linden and elm trees over 200 years old; there are also old aspen, birch, ash, poplar, willow and rowan trees (age 150-200 years).

The park is currently running, its ground floor is planted fruit trees. The large “fertile” garden, adjacent to the landscape park on the eastern side, has not survived. The road and path network and some alleys have been lost.

Park s. Ladyzhino

At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries in the village. Ladyzhino there was a two-story wooden house that belonged to Marquise Maria Lvovna Komponari. It was surrounded by a park in which linden, spruce, jasmine and lilac grew. At the beginning of the 20th century, the poet Konstantin Balmont and the writer Alexei Tolstoy visited here.

Currently in the village. In Ladyzhino, small fragments of the linden park have been preserved.

Park s. Pochuevo

The estate is located on the southwestern outskirts of the village, in the upper gentle part of the northern slope descending to the Pesochna River. The park, with an area of ​​about 1.5 hectares, is close to a rectangle in plan. Along its southern border there is a row of linden trees over 100 years old, behind which a ditch has been dug, possibly a former boundary ditch. Along the eastern and western borders there are also rows of linden trees, but younger ones - 60-70 years old. In the eastern part of the park there is a ravine, in the upper reaches of which a dam was built supporting a small pond. Several hundred-year-old linden trees grow along its banks. The rest of the open space of the park is occupied by a clearing, in the northwestern corner of which there is a dilapidated well.

Park s. Trubetskoy

Park s. Trubetskoye is the remains of an old orchard, planted with squares of linden trees, and a small landscape park with ponds on the site of a former estate.

Estate park with. Sivtsevo

The village of Sivtsevo (Sivtsovo) in the 18th century was in the possession of the old noble family of the Sumarokovs. The estate was mainly formed, judging by its history and the stylistic features of the ensemble, in the third quarter of the 18th century. By 1767, it had already acquired the borders and basic planning features that still remain. It had a manor's wooden house and two ponds. Obviously, the park was already laid out then.

The park consists of regular and landscape parts. The regular part is a chamber linden garden with straight alleys and rows of 100-200 year-old trees. The landscape part of the park is very spacious. In it, from the main house, a parterre descends along the slope, which, on the side of the ravine, is formed by a linden grove with sparsely planted trees. On the border between it and the parterre there is a viewing platform on a hill. On the other side, the parterre is formed by a row of acacia, individual linden and late maples, spruce and birch trees. Also in the park there are old oaks, pines and willows.

Currently, the park is overgrown in places, many old trees have fallen out, and the composition of the regular parts of the park has been disrupted. The road and path network has been erased, new paths have appeared. Small architectural forms, the design of the entrances to the estate, the orchard and berry fields have been lost. A fir alley is planted on the ground floor along the southwestern façade of the house. The bridge across the Dryascha River, the southern entrance to the estate, has not survived.

Ferzikovsky district

Forest area "Bor"

The Bor forest area is a forest area, the main forest-forming species of which are Scots pine with an admixture of English oak, birch and aspen. Hazel, buckthorn, rowan and linden grow in its undergrowth. There is no undergrowth. The ground cover, which is not very diverse, is dominated by representatives of the Poaceae family.

The forest area is a valuable habitat (growth) for a large number of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna, including those listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Kirovsky district

Berezhkovskoye bog

The Berezhkovskoe swamp is a raised-type swamp in the zone of landscapes of alluvial-water-glacial origin during the late stage of development of the Moscow glacier. Its surface is covered with small forests of pine and birch, and the grass cover is widely developed by marsh rosemary and cranberry.

The swamp massif consists of the three most swampy areas, united by swampy forests into a single circular hydrological system. The western part of the peat deposit was partially worked out in the last century. Open reservoirs in the waste area are currently of some interest from the point of view of restoring the biodiversity of disturbed areas of the swamp. The eastern and southern parts do not have any special hydrological disturbances, since the swamp is drainless and well preserves its hydrological regime.

The Berezhkovskoe swamp is a valuable habitat (growth) for a large number of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna, a key ornithological territory of Russia of the local rank “Faience peat mining”. It is very picturesque and has special aesthetic, recreational and scientific value.

Raised bog Prince Mokh

The “Prince Mokh” bog is a typical raised bog with characteristic pine-cotton grass and pine-sphagnum associations. Along its edge there are transitional areas with willows, and in the western part there are typical ridge-hollow areas, areas of pine forests with sphagnum and cranberries, pine forests with wild rosemary and other plant communities. Apparently, some areas in the eastern part of the swamp were previously burned by forest fires, since typical swamp shrubs and sundews are absent here. In general, the bog complex is characterized by a low abundance of species, but this is typical for intact sphagnum bogs of homogeneous origin.

The Prince Mokh raised bog is an undisturbed sphagnum bog, an important habitat (growth) of rare and endangered flora and fauna listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, as well as resource-valued berry bushes and medicinal plants.

City of Obninsk

Dacha "Bugry"

The “Bugry” or “Konchalovsky Forest” dacha is a coniferous-deciduous forest with plantings of introduced species. In its western part, the spruce forest predominates, in which the shrub layer is practically not expressed, and the grass cover is suppressed or typical of spruce forests. The eastern part of the massif is occupied by a broad-leaved forest, the forest stand of which is dominated by old pines and spruces with an admixture of aspen and birch. There are also small patches of aspen trees in the forest. On its northern border there is a small birch grove.

In the southern part of the forest there is the estate of the famous artist P.P. Konchalovsky, known as “Bugry”.

The level of biological diversity of the natural monument is assessed as high. In total, 234 species of vascular plants, 54 species of birds and 7 species of mammals have been recorded here. Among the rare and endangered objects of the plant world in the forest, the reviving Moonflower is noted, listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Particularly valuable natural objects for the region are not marked in the specially protected natural area. In fact, the Bugra dacha is a green zone in the city of Obninsk and is used by the population for recreational purposes.

"Lower Park"

“Lower Park” is a forest area located on the southwestern outskirts of Obninsk. Its southern part is represented by an old spruce forest, the undergrowth of which is dominated by hazel, warty euonymus, mountain ash, forest honeysuckle, and in the herbaceous layer - wood sorrel, European hoofweed and other species. As the relief increases, the spruce forest turns into an old pine forest with tall pines up to 30 meters high.

In the central part of the massif there are two deep ravines, along the bottom of one of which flows a stream known as Repinka. Their slopes are overgrown with aspen, birch with an admixture of oak, linden and elm. The undergrowth is dominated by Hazel, in the herbaceous layer - Lungwort, Hairy Sedge, Yellow Zelenchuk, Male Shield and other species.

In the western part of the “Lower Park” there is a birch grove. The age of the birches here exceeds 70 years, the diameter of the trunks is 50-60 cm. There is practically no undergrowth and young growth in the grove due to high level anthropogenic impact.

The level of biological diversity of the natural monument is assessed as average. In total, 145 species of vascular plants, 40 species of birds and 7 species of mammals have been recorded here. Rare and endangered species have not been registered in the forest area.

“Lower Park” is a favorite vacation spot for local residents.

Przemysl district

Pine forests on the dunes

“Pine forests on dunes” is a sparse grass-lichen-green moss pine forest with rare undergrowth of birch, pine and oak, located on a terraced area between the Oka and Zhelov rivers, within the ancient valley complex of the Oka River. The undergrowth in it is poorly developed and is represented mainly by Russian broom, common juniper, European euonymus and common mountain ash. In the sparse herbaceous-shrub layer grow Common Bracken, Wild Strawberry, Ortilia protruding, Veronica officinalis, Campanula rotundifolia, Poa grove, Ozhika hairy, Drooping pearl barley, Common sorrel, Tricolor violet, Amazing violet, Black nightshade, Lastovin officinalis, Fescue sheep, small rattle and other types. Typical taiga species were also noted, such as Blueberry, Lingonberry and Maynik bifolia, and plants from the nemoral suite - May lily of the valley and Kupena officinalis. Common Heather.

“Pine forests on dunes” are of exceptional value for the conservation of biological diversity, and the presence of dune formations with a height of 2-3 to 5-7 m within the ancient valley complex of the Oka River, and on the western side of the site (Oka floodplain) - 12-15 meters , make them unique for the Kaluga region.

Source of fresh water near the village of Gremyachevo

The keys are on the radical right slope of the river. The Oki is connected to the Aleksinsky and Tarussko-Mikhailovsky aquifers. Most of them have a specific flow rate of no more than 1-2 l/s. In the eastern part of the slope, not far from the Assumption Monastery, there is a spring with a flow rate of more than 10 l/s. All sources are descending. The waters in them are hydrocarbonate-calcium and hard.

The botanical composition of the grass cover in the vicinity of the springs is the same, but in areas where tuffs develop, the density of grass vegetation is higher. In places of mass release of groundwater to the surface, thickets of black alder and sticky alder are observed. The lower part of the slope (the coastal strip of the Oka River) is completely swampy and overgrown with bushes and marsh vegetation.

Source of fresh water near the village of Bragino

In the vicinity of the village of Bragino, the natural erosional relief with many springs and natural outcrops of rocks from the Aleksinsky and Mikhailovsky horizons of the Lower Carboniferous is well preserved. The erosive slopes are covered with trees, shrubs and a variety of herbaceous vegetation. Due to the abundance of springs, the lower part of the river canyon in winter time does not freeze, and the grass remains green. Sources of fresh groundwater are descending, high-yield. The water in them is hydrocarbonate-calcium, hard, low in iron.

Park s. Akhlebinino

Park s. Akhlebinino is a manor park located on the right bank of the river. Oka is 0.5 km from the Kaluga-Tula highway.

Park s. Akhlebinino is part of the Akhlebinino estate and is included within the boundaries of the cultural heritage site of regional significance "Akhlebinino Estate (fragments): the main house (fragments) with a grotto, underground passages and retaining terraces, a western outbuilding, a chapel, a park (fragments)."

Currently, a system of on-farm alleys has been preserved in the park, the forest stand of which is dominated by linden, spruce and larch.

Dzerzhinsky district

A group of rising springs on the Veprika River

The group of rising springs on the Veprika River is a unique, ecologically, scientifically, aesthetically and recreationally valuable natural complex consisting of a water source and the surrounding natural landscape.

A water source is a group outlet of ascending groundwater dispersed over an area of ​​1 hectare in the form of numerous bubbling griffins. The discharge of groundwater occurs from the pressure Venev-Tarus horizon near the boundary of its pinching out. The water-bearing rocks are fractured limestones of the Tarusa and Venev stratigraphic horizons of the lower section of the Carboniferous system. In the occurrence of rock layers, due to the location of the area in the inner part of the Kaluga ring structure, a sharp rise and fall is observed with an amplitude of up to 200 m and an angle of incidence of up to 11 °, which creates a pressure of groundwater.

The waters of the springs are hydrocarbonate-calcium with a dry residue of 0.3 g/l and a total hardness of 5 mg-eq., and practically do not contain iron. The flow rate of the main reservoir with six griffins is approximately 13-15 l/sec.

The groundwater outlets are surrounded by a damp floodplain meadow, which, like the bed of the Veprika River, is partially overgrown with bushes. Above the springs on the right bank of the Veprika there are open slopes with meadow vegetation, on the left there is a pine-green moss forest.

The level of biological diversity of the specially protected natural area is high. In total, 357 species of vascular plants are noted here, among which 6 (Keleria majora, Baltic palmate root, Bloody palmate root, Juvenile shoot, Umbrella umbelliferum, Hemp plant) are listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga region, 2 species of amphibians, 1 species of reptiles and 2 species of mammals.

Lake Svyatoe

Lake Svyatoye is a lake of glacial origin with a clearly defined glacial rim of loam. It is the source of the Putynka River, a tributary of Sukhodrev. The lake is fed by atmospheric precipitation and groundwater from the Quaternary and Miocene aquifers. At the bottom there are deposits of sapropel, which belongs to the Moltaevsky type of medicinal mud.

Lake Svyatoye and its surrounding landscapes are a valuable habitat for a large number of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna, including those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and (or) the Red Book of the Kaluga Region: Scheichzeria swamp, Pondweed, English sundew , Round-leaved sundew, Grass grass hedgehog, Marsh sedge, Elegant cotton grass, Baltic palmate root, Obovate sundew, Lesser bladderwort, Osprey, etc.

City pine forest of Kondrovo

The city forest is located within the city of Kondrovo on the right bank of the Shani River.

90% of it consists of pine and spruce plantations with an admixture of birch and high quality aspen.

The main age of the forest stand is 100 years, but there are areas with young pine plantations in cleared areas. On the territory of the forest there are various types of forest characteristic of the central region of the subzone of mixed forests: lichen pine forest (on dry sandy loam soils characteristic of taiga forests), green moss spruce forest (on fresh soddy-podzolic gray forest soils) and sphagnum spruce forest (in low areas ) with a predominance of sphagnum moss in the ground cover. Its undergrowth is rich in red rowan, hazel, warty euonymus, and buckthorn. The herbaceous ground cover is varied: in the spring there are plentiful primroses - anemone, lungwort and scilla, in the summer - hoofed grass, chickweed, mynika, bifolia, orchis and other plants.

The forest is rich in berries - blueberries, strawberries and raspberries, as well as nuts and mushrooms.

The current state of the massif is assessed as unsatisfactory. Substantial part spruce plantations are damaged by the bark beetle and root sponge. There is old and fresh dead wood and windfall. Sanitary and health measures are required (sanitary felling and clearing of clutter).

Forest area "Galkinsky forest"

The forest area "Galkinsky Forest" is the standard of mixed coniferous-deciduous forests of the European part of Russia.

The composition of the plantings is mixed (40% spruce, 30% pine, 20% aspen, 10% birch and some oak). The forest is mostly ripe and maturing, medium-density, of high quality. The well-developed undergrowth is dominated by brittle buckthorn, mountain ash, hazel and honeysuckle, while the ground cover is dominated by strawberries, blueberries, sorrel oxalis, lungwort, European honey bee, lingonberry, bifolia, speedwell, ferns, green mosses and lichens. Rare and endangered plant species have also been noted. The forest is home to a diverse fauna. Here you can find elk, deer, wild boar, roe deer, hare, fox, badger, marten, squirrel, and among the birds - capercaillie, black grouse, ducks, snipe, hazel grouse and other species.

The Galkinsky Forest forest area is partially included within the boundaries of the Ugra National Park.

Transitional swamp

“Transitional swamp” is a transitional type swamp with open water saucers, well preserved its morphology and biocenoses. It is rich in bog cranberries. Here you can find white water lily, false butterfly, frog's water lily and other plant species. Mallard ducks and teal nest in the swamp.

Wide Meadows

"Wide Meadows" are natural grasslands within a large forested area with rich and varied vegetation, from which an unnamed stream originates. Along the stream bed, in an area of ​​severe waterlogging, thickets of black alder were noted. In the meadows there are individual trees of English oak, white birch and warty birch, trembling poplar, and Norway spruce. The species composition of shrubs is varied, but the predominant species is willow. In the central part of the northern meadows there is a swamp overgrown with angustifolia cattail. Rare and endangered plants grow in the meadows, including those listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Peat bogs (dremlik bog)

Peat bogs are located near the village. Shenyano-Sloboda. They represent a heavily swampy area of ​​forest, the main forest-forming species in which are black alder and birch. Along the bank of the stream flowing through it grows marsh nappet, listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Park in Kondrovo

The Kondrovo park is a natural mixed forest preserved within the city limits on the banks of the Shani River. It plays the role of a green zone between the Kondrovo Paper Company and the Troitsk Paper Mill, being a kind of environmental buffer and the only “green spot” in the industrial zone of Kondrovo. There are spontaneous walking paths in the forest area. No man-made alleys have been identified within its boundaries. Between the natural forest and the building of the pedagogical school at the beginning of the 20th century, linden trees were planted according to the alley principle, and in front of the school building a parterre was laid out with a lining of spruce, ash, poplar and thuja. The park is actively used by local residents as a recreation area.

Estate park in the village of Gorbenki

The estate park in the village of Gorbenki is a park on the site of the former estate of the merchants Shaposhnikov, in which the system of on-farm alleys made of linden and pyramidal poplars has been partially preserved. The current state of the park is assessed as unsatisfactory. There are many dead and windfall trees that require sanitary and health measures.

Key source near the village of Makovtsy

The key source near the village of Makovtsy is a descending source of fresh water with a specific flow rate of 0.3-0.5 l/s. The chemical composition of the water in it is slightly hard. The key is encapsulated in a metal pipe and arranged. The access to it is good, there is parking for cars.

Key source near the village of Ogarevo

The key source near the village of Ogarevo is a descending source of fresh water with a specific flow rate of 0.2-0.3 l/s, located on the banks of the Medynka River. Its water quality is good. The key is captured by a pipe. Local residents use water from it.

Key source in the village of Tovarkovo

The key source in the village of Tovarkovo is an ascending source of fresh water located in the floodplain of the Shani River. The source has not been captured, but there is an approach to it. Local residents currently do not use water from the spring, since there is a large industrial enterprise next to it.

Key source in Kondrovo

The key source in the city of Kondrovo is a descending source of fresh water in coastal strip Shani River. Captured with a metal pipe. Water from the source is used by the population for drinking and household purposes.

Key source near the Kondrovo-Nikolskoye highway

The spring spring near the Kondrovo-Nikolskoye highway is an artificially created source of fresh water. The spring is equipped - there is a wooden frame. There is a good entrance to it and a bench has been installed. Previously, local residents used water from the source. Currently, the water in it is stagnant.

Grove and garden in the village of Galkino

The grove and garden are located on the territory of the village. Galkino, Dzerzhinsky district. The grove consists of oaks and linden trees over 200 years old, the park consists of linden trees and spruce trees aged 150-160 years with an admixture of pines and oaks over 200 years old.

The layout of the park is regular, symmetrical relative to the central alley. In the southern part, cross-shaped paths form rectangular bosquets; in the northern part, a star-shaped layout of paths lined with linden trees can be seen. Pine and oak trees are not included in the park's layout. Next to it you can see the foundations of buildings and there are old lilac bushes and a small pond, now very overgrown.

The grass cover is natural, mainly cereals, with a large participation of weeds.

Park s. Begichevo

Park s. Begichevo is located on the territory of one of the ancient estates of the Kaluga province, which was owned by the Begichevs, Tolstoys, Smirnovs, and the Trubetskoy princes since the 15th century. It has preserved a system of alleys, planting linden, birch and poplar trees. The landscape part of the park consists of oak forests, as well as birch and aspen plantations with an undergrowth of hazel.

Park village Zheleztsovo

The village of Zheleztsevo, Dzerzhinsky district - a former estate ancient family The Turgenevs are nobles who trace their ancestry back to the time of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. The estate park is located between two ravines, along the bottom of which streams flow. Natural conditions made it possible to create a system of ponds here. In the regular part of the park, linden alleys have been preserved (the trees are 200-250 years old). The garden adjacent to the regular part has been lost.

Key source of “Saint Tikhon”

The key source of “St. Tikhon” is a unique source on the banks of the Veprika River, consisting of several ascending springs of the Protvina aquifer. Their waters are low-pressure, hydrocarbonate-calcium, and slightly hard.

The source is a place of pilgrimage for believers.

300-year-old oak in the village. Leo Tolstoy is a pedunculate oak over 30 meters high, with a trunk circumference of 4 meters, a trunk diameter of 127 centimeters and an age of 300 years.

Khvastovichi district

Penevichi Reservoir

The Penevichi reservoir was built on the river. Katagoshcha (left tributary of the Resseta). The banks are mostly open, in the upper part of the pond they are partially overgrown with bushes, woody vegetation is currently just beginning to appear, along the banks there are fallow lands and meadows. The reservoir has extensive shallow waters, while the drainage from the dam is weak (a stream), so the water “blooms” due to the strong proliferation of cyanobacteria and has an unpleasant odor.

The reservoir is a stopping place for migrating waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds. The number of birds in flocks during spring migration reaches several dozen individuals. The reservoir is part of the key ornithological territory of Russia “Interfluve of Lovatyanka and Sukremen” of federal rank.

Slobodskoye Reservoir

Slobodskoye Reservoir is a shallow pond formed on the Lokhova River, blocked by a dam. On the eastern bank there is a fallow land, currently being developed for dacha development, on the western bank there is a swampy meadow, where plant species rare for the region are noted. The aquatic flora is dominated by standard aquatic macrophytes, mainly pondweeds, and fairly common coastal thickets.

The reservoir is an important stopover and nesting site for waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds. The number of birds in flocks during spring migration here reaches several thousand individuals. The reservoir is part of the key ornithological territory of Russia “Interfluve of Lovatyanka and Sukremen” of federal rank.

Lokhova River and its floodplain

The vegetation of the banks of the Lokhova River is represented by thickets of single willows, mainly Willow ash, with the dominance of Reedwort, Angelica and Meadow Foxtail, as well as aquatic and coastal-aquatic vegetation. Among the coastal-aquatic vegetation, the main dominant is the reed-like grass, the co-dominants are angelica, forest reed and acute sedge. Among aquatic, completely submerged plants, dark green hornwort predominates , Lesser duckweed and trilobed duckweed, which occupy the bulk of shallow waters. In some places, Yellow Capsule and Common Watercrass are found. Of the large macrophytes along the shores and in shallow waters, lake reed and broadleaf cattail dominate; thickets of floating manna are noted . The general list of vascular plants includes 52 species, of which 5 (Poland pondweed, Young shoots, European euonymus, Umbrella wintergreen, and creeping or common thyme) are listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga region.

The Lokhova River and its floodplain are difficult to access and serve as a good refuge for birds and wild animals. Among the bird population in the vicinity of the village. Boyanovichi is dominated by synanthropic species, as well as species of the meadow-field complex, and near the Resseta River there are edge and forest species. In total, 76 species of birds have been recorded here, including 3 species (White Stork, Gray Crane and Wood Lark) listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region. The floodplain of the Lokhova River is part of the key ornithological territory of Russia “Interfluve of Lovatyanka and Sukremen” of federal rank.

The most common mammal species in the Lokhov River floodplain is the muskrat. Traces of its vital activity (burrows, feeding “tables”, rhizomes of wetland plants extracted from silt) are found along the entire length of the surveyed section of the river. The gnaws, burrows and summer shelters of the river beaver were also noted. Signs of presence of American mink and water vole were found. Among the insectivores, the water shrew was identified. It is possible that the Russian desman, a species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, lives in the Lokhova River.

Lovatyanka River and its floodplain

The valley of the Lovatyanka River is distinguished by a fairly uniform topography and is a flat alluvial swampy plain with individual dunes, old rivers, and riverbed levees. The vegetation is represented by grass pine forest, lowland large-grass meadow and coastal-aquatic communities.

A pine forest with bracken oak is characterized by an average degree of crown closure, an average height of the tree stand and an age of about 70-90 years. The undergrowth is represented by Scots pine, English oak, Norway spruce and silver birch. In the undergrowth there are heart-shaped linden, common raspberry and a single rowan. The herbaceous-shrub layer is dominated by Common Bracken, Ground Reed, and Poa grove. The moss-lichen cover is represented by Cuckoo flax and Schreber's Pleurocium.

In the lowland large-grass meadowsweet meadow-two-leaved meadowsweet-sedge-reed meadow in the flooded floodplain of the Lovatyanka River, the grass cover is dominated by Common Reed, Reedwort, Acute Sedge, Common Meadowsweet and Common Loosestrife . The meadow community is overgrown with Ash Willow, Goat Willow, Filifolia Willow and Brittle Willow .

Coastal aquatic vegetation is represented by thickets along the very edge of the water of common reed and meadowsweet, as well as floating manna . Creeping Buttercup, Forget-me-not and Watermint are found sporadically .

The aquatic vegetation itself is represented by Common Arrowhead, Sea Sorrel, Yellow Capsule, Common Watercolor, Pierced Pondweed, Dark Green Hornwort, Common Polyroot, Duckweed Trilobed and Duckweed Lesser .

Along the entire length of the Lovatyanka River, traces and gnaws of a river beaver and traces of the feeding activity of a muskrat were noted. The inhabitants of the river floodplain are also the raccoon dog , American mink, water vole and water shrew. Taking into account the high protective properties of floodplain reservoirs and the extensive network of small tributaries, the possibility of preserving the Russian muskrat and the European mink in the specially protected natural area cannot be ruled out.

The Vytebet River and its floodplain

The floodplain of the Vytebet River along a significant length of it is difficult to access and can serve as a refuge for wild animals. A mixed forest stretches along the banks. Floodplain vegetation is represented by forest and meadow complexes, meadow vegetation is represented by upland and hygrophytic meadows, where creeping wheatgrass, meadow fescue, common yarrow, sour sorrel, common cornflower, soft bedstraw, brook bedstraw and snake knotweed are abundant.

Coastal aquatic vegetation is represented by thickets of Reedwort, Bonfire, Tenacious bedstraw, Stinging nettle, Prickly thistle, Ivy budra, Common wormwood, Common tansy and Riverine groundsel. Also noted in large quantities are Angelica, Aquatic Mint, Common Loosestrife, River Gravilat, Meadow Horsetail, Floating Manna and Bentgrass.

Aquatic vegetation is represented by Elodea canadensis, dark green hornwort, yellow capsule, common chastukha and common arrowhead.

The avifauna of the floodplain of the Vytebet River within the boundaries of the Khvastovichi district is formed by waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds (both “local” and transit) of the river bed, temporary reservoirs of the floodplain and its wetlands, forest species inhabiting floodplain forests and forested above-floodplain terraces, and using the floodplain as forage lands.

The floodplain of the Vytebet River is home to muskrat, American mink, river otter and beaver. According to researchers H.A. Hernandez-Blanco, E.M. Litvinov and A.V. Antonevich, traces of otter activity are found throughout the river, which indicates the well-being of the population. The Russian muskrat has been noted as part of the fauna of the Oryol Polesye National Park, located upstream of the Vytebet, and the Kaluzhskie Zaseki Nature Reserve, on the territory of which the lower reaches of the river are located. It is likely to spread throughout the entire length of the Vytebet River.

Obelna River and its floodplain

The Obelna River within the boundaries of the Khvastovichi district flows mainly through wooded areas, and only in the mouth part it opens onto a wide open area of ​​the common floodplain with the Resseta River.

The vegetation of the specially protected natural area is represented by grass pine forest, brook black alder forest, coastal water and aquatic vegetation. The undergrowth of the grass pine forest is dominated by Scots pine, English oak, Norway spruce and silver birch. The undergrowth is formed by Bird cherry , Common viburnum, common raspberry, gray blackberry, common rowan, brittle buckthorn, ashen willow, common hazel and common hop. By coastline Along the Obelna River, tall-grass black alder trees grow in a narrow strip with the dominance of Stinging Nettle, Meadowsweet, and Acute Sedge in the herbaceous layer. . Coastal aquatic vegetation is represented by thickets along the water's edge of Reedwort and Giant Manna . Also noted are the following codominants: Common arrowhead, Common chastukha, Acute sedge, Black sedge, Stinging nettle, Bonfire, Bittersweet nightshade, Poisonous vekh. The aquatic vegetation itself is represented by the common Arrowhead, Yellow Capsule, Common Chastukha, Common Watercolor, Pierced Pondweed, Dark Green Hornwort, Common Polyroot and Duckweed trilobed.

The fauna of the Obelna River and its floodplain includes 6 species of amphibians, 4 species of reptiles, 40 species of birds and 29 species of mammals, of which 5 (Common Viper, Common Crane, River Otter, Lesser Shrew and Forest Bat or Nathusius) are listed in the regional Red Book .

Green zone of Elensky village

The green zone of the village of Elensky is part of a large forest area located on the territory of the Kaluga, Bryansk and Oryol regions.

The vegetation of the natural monument is represented by sphagnum and green moss spruce forests, green moss, compound and blueberry pine forests, secondary grass birch forests, upland and hygrophytic meadows, coastal aquatic and aquatic communities.

The level of landscape and biological diversity of the territory is assessed as high. 16 species of macromycete fungi were noted here, including 1 species (Gyroporus blue or Bruise), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, 3 species of lichens, 7 species of bryophytes, 272 species of vascular plants, including 2 species (European Euonymus, Iris (Iris) Siberian), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

The fauna of the forest is represented by 6 species of amphibians, 4 species of reptiles, 72 species of birds and 28 species of mammals. Seasonal migrations of wild ungulates – elk, wild boar and roe deer – pass through it; pine marten, forest polecat, and forest dormouse are present. Traces of a badger and a raccoon dog were recorded. Residential passages and soil emissions of the European mole were found on the soil. Among the rare and endangered species of animals listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, the Red-bellied Firebird, Common Viper, Clintukh, Forest Lark, Deraba, Tufted Tit, Scops Owl, Common Lynx, Forest Pipistrum or Nathusius and Dormouse are noted on the territory of the natural monument. regiment.

Green zone of Khvastovichi village

The green zone of Khvastovichi is a well-preserved example of widespread zonal landscapes.

The vegetation of the natural monument is represented by forest (coniferous and small-leaved (aspen, black alder and birch forests)), meadow and coastal aquatic vegetation.

Coniferous forests, occupying limited areas, are formed by complex spruce forests and complex pine forests. Small-leaved forests are represented mainly by aspen forests, brook black alder forests and grass birch forests, developing on the site of abandoned agricultural land.

Secondary herbaceous birch forests are mainly confined to areas of burnt areas and clearings. Here, instead of indigenous communities, adventitious ones are presented with the dominance of Silver Birch and insignificant participation of Aspen. Under the forest canopy there are many forest and edge-meadow species: Kupena multiflora, Lily of the valley, Wild strawberry, Goldenrod or Golden rod, Horsetail. There is no moss cover.

Meadow vegetation is represented only by hygrophytic meadows, well expressed in the floodplains of small rivers and streams.

The coastal aquatic vegetation of the specially protected natural area is quite diverse, which is due to the ecological characteristics of the habitats. It reaches its maximum species diversity and abundance in areas of watercourses with low banks, composed, as a rule, of peaty-illuvial soils, in the absence of water flow or its low speed, in small oxbow lakes. The group of floating plants is represented by duckweeds and common polyroot, occupying from 30 to 100% of the water surface.

In total, in the green zone of the village of Khvastovichi, 4 species of macromycete fungi and 264 species of vascular plants were noted, including 2 species (Cinna latifolia and Lyubka green-flowered), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

The fauna of the forest is represented by 8 species of amphibians, 5 species of reptiles, 57 species of birds and 33 species of mammals. Of the rare and endangered species of animals listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, the Red-bellied Firebird, Common Viper, Clint, River Otter, Tiny Shrew, Lesser Shrew and Forest Bat are found here.

Forest area near the station. Tereben

Forest area near the station. Tereben" is a large forest area located on the outwash sands of the Dnieper glaciation. The rivers and streams Koldobina, Skupa, Gorokhovka, Shkovka, Gromovoy, Radnya, Zmeika, as well as streams without names flow through its territory. In the inter-dune depressions there is Lake Ermolovskoye and small swamps. There are numerous spring outlets, some of which are quite significant in flow rate.

The vegetation of the natural monument is represented by herbal pine forests on the dunes, herbal black alder forests, herbal linden forests, compound pine forests with an admixture of pedunculate oak, green moss pine forests with a dominance of blueberries, secondary herbaceous birch forests on burnt areas and clearings, as well as meadow, coastal-water and aquatic communities.

The level of landscape and biological diversity of the specially protected natural area is high. 15 species of macromycete fungi were noted here, including 1 species (Gyroporus blue or Sinyak), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, 2 species of lichens, 4 species of bryophytes and 320 species of vascular plants, including 15 species (Common Podbel, Gerbil rocky, Armeria vulgaris, Sandy Astragalus, Sandy carnation, Creeping goodyer, Borewort spherical, Cornflower cornflower, Mountain gorychnik, Open lumbago, Creeping thyme, Wintergreen umbellata, Northern Linnea, Low Kozelets, Gentian pulmonosa), listed in the Red Book of Kaluga areas.

The fauna of the forest is represented by 127 species of lepidoptera, 7 species of amphibians, 4 species of reptiles, 72 species of birds and 35 species of mammals. Seasonal migrations of wild ungulates – Elk and Roe deer – pass through it. From the southern border of the territory, entries of Bison from the free-living population of the Oryol Polesie National Park, listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, are regularly observed. The fox and the mountain hare also live within the forest area. There are traces of a Lynx, a Wolf and a Brown Bear. Traces of feeding activity of the common squirrel are periodically observed.

Of the rare and endangered species of animals listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, the following are noted on the territory of the natural monument: the hawthorn moth, the small red ribbon of the order, the alder shooter, the white striped bear, the gray Pelosia, the willow ribbon of the order, the red-bellied toad, the common viper, Clint, Woodlark, Woodlark, Tufted tit, Scops owl, Common lynx, Wood pipistrelle or Nathusius, Dormouse, Tiny shrew, River otter and Brown bear.

Forest area near the station. Tereben is a valuable habitat (growth) of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna and is of great importance for the conservation of the biological diversity of the region.

Zhizdra district

Arboretum of Zhizdra

The arboretum was founded at the end of the 19th century at the Mikhailovsky School of Horticulture, which existed in the city of Zhizdra in the pre-war years, by its teachers F.A. Kryukov and F.I. Schneider. For three years, from 1896 to 1898, 140 different tree and shrub species were planted on an area of ​​about two hectares (“Kaluga province - geographical outline”, V.M. Koshkarov, 1908). The park was landscaped, the paths were strewn with sand. Created beautiful fountain, around which there were flower beds as parterres.

Currently, the arboretum has preserved various combinations of trees and shrubs (Siberian larch, Siberian pine, oaks, ash, poplars, etc.) planted from different years (from the late 19th to the mid-20th centuries).

The arboretum of the city of Zhizdra has cultural, historical and recreational significance for the residents of the city, scientific and environmental significance for the Kaluga region as a monitoring site for monitoring the processes occurring with introduced species in the territory of the Zhizdra region. The level of landscape diversity of the territory is assessed as low, but at the same time there is a fairly high diversity of species uncharacteristic for the region.

Tract "Znamenskaya Gorka"

The Znamenskaya Gorka tract is a valuable forest area. Its upper tier is formed by tall-trunked Scots pine, which, according to the forestry classification, is classified as mature or already overmature. The pine forest is occasionally mixed with Norway spruce and birch.

The undergrowth is dominated by 45-50 year old spruce trees. Renewal of pine trees has been noted.

The undergrowth is formed by mountain ash, buckthorn, small-leaved linden, viburnum, and European euonymus. Norway maple and occasionally pedunculate oak (along the edges), which are in a depressed state, are also present.

Lingonberries, blueberries and wild strawberries are abundant in the grass cover. Heather occurs in scattered groups. Green, hypnotic mosses are also developed. May lily of the valley is noted in some places.

The main environmental significance of the Znamenskaya Gorka tract is the maintenance of biodiversity of flora and fauna, as well as the reproduction of representatives of flora and fauna and their further resettlement in adjacent territories.

Spruce-broadleaf forest

Spruce-broad-leaved forest is located on the right bank of the river. Zhizdra in the 132nd quarter of the Zhizdra district forestry. The vegetation of the forest area is represented various options mixed forests with a predominance of birch, areas of pine-spruce-birch forests and woodlands, areas of spruce culture, areas of different ages of pine culture, floodplain willow and alder forests, meadow associations of various options, coastal vegetation of the reservoir and the river. Potya, coastal and aquatic vegetation of the reservoir on the river. Zhizdra. In the herbaceous layer, in some places, quite rare species, protected in the region, are noted - mountain sedge and black mountain sedge.

The current state of the forest is assessed as satisfactory. Recreational load is moderate. Strong anthropogenic impact was noted only in the area of ​​work on the construction of a dam on the lower pond on the Potya River.

The spruce-broadleaf forest has great aesthetic and environmental significance for city residents, primarily as a recreational area. The level of landscape and biological diversity of the territory is high. Most of the forest area contains intact natural complexes that are valuable for preserving the region’s biodiversity.

Fresh water source "White Well"

The source of fresh water “White Well” is located on the watershed of the Lolyanka, Restitsa and Lovatyanka rivers on a flat, weakly dissected erosion plain developed on the Cretaceous deposits of the Turonian stage of the upper section.

The source comes to the surface in the lowlands of a natural amphitheater, surrounding a local depression in a semicircle. In the center of the depression there is a pond, which receives the runoff from all the springs along the base of the amphitheater. The flow rate of the White Well source is about 10.8 l/s.

The water in the source is ultra-fresh (mineralization – 0.17 g/l). Water temperature – 7.8 0 C. Water quality meets established standards. A distinctive feature is the presence of iron in the water (concentration - 0.12 g/l with MPC = 0.3 g/l).

Karst lake "Bottomless"

The karst lake “Bottomless” is located on the watershed of the tributaries of the Bolva and Resseta rivers, on a gently hilly erosional weakly dissected plain. It was formed in bedrock represented by opoka and tripoli of the Santonian time of the upper part of the Cretaceous system, under which lies the chalk of the Turonian age. Probably, due to the suffotic leaching of chalk, the overlying rocks subsided and Lake “Bottomless” was formed, as well as a number of swamps around the village. Ozerskaya.

The Bottomless Karst Lake is a well-preserved wetland. Along the edge it is surrounded by a swamp-swamp that has undergone reclamation. From the village side Ozerskaya, from the south and east there is a transitional, and in some places lowland swamp, almost completely overgrown with willows. On the northern and western shores there is a sphagnum raft with a characteristic set of marsh species, an open marsh with hummocks of cotton grass and marsh shrubs. The lake is bordered on the western side by black alder forest, and on the northern side there are areas reminiscent of a raised bog with pine trees and even with signs of ridge-hollow relief - between the rows of low pines there are hollows with Scheuchzeria swamp, White cheretnik and other species listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region .

The local population actively uses the reservoir and adjacent lands for fishing, hunting, picking mushrooms and berries, and recreation. A serious threat to the specially protected natural area is posed by periodically repeated cases of poaching fish using nets, toxic substances and electric fishing rods.

Pine forest "Lukavsky"

The Lukavsky pine forest is a pine forest with an admixture of birch and spruce, 75-85 years old and class 1, having great importance to maintain the biodiversity of flora and fauna, as well as to reproduce representatives of flora and fauna and their further resettlement in adjacent territories. The level of landscape and biological diversity of the territory is assessed as high. In total, 116 species of vascular plants, 20 species of macromycete fungi, 3 species of amphibians, 3 species of reptiles, 60 species of birds, 22 species of mammals and 43 species of invertebrates were identified in the specially protected natural area.

Pine forest "Dubrovsky"

The Dubrovsky pine forest is a pine-spruce planting with an admixture of birch, aspen and black alder, 90-100 years old. The level of biological and landscape diversity of the territory is low (20 species of macromycete fungi, 112 species of vascular plants, 43 species of invertebrates, 3 species of amphibians, 3 species of reptiles, 60 species of birds and 22 species of mammals). This is probably due to the fact that about half of the forest plantations within the boundaries of the specially protected natural area have been cut down in the last 10 years

Forest area "Blueberry"

The Chernichniki forest is a blueberry-sphagnum pine forest with an admixture of spruce, birch and aspen. The level of biological diversity of the territory is low (20 species of macromycete fungi, 2 species of bryophytes, 113 species of vascular plants, 37 species of invertebrates, 3 species of amphibians, 3 species of reptiles, 58 species of birds, 22 species of mammals)

Settlement of forest ants “Ant pillars” (southern cluster)

Settlement of forest ants “Ant pillars” (northern cluster)

The settlement of forest ants “Ant pillars” is a group of anthills up to 1.5 meters high and with a diameter at the base of 1.0-1.2 meters, located in a mixed forest of different ages.

Baryatinsky district

Park village Milotichi

The estate and garden and park ensemble were created in the 18th – early 19th centuries. The total area of ​​the estate was more than 30 hectares. It included a landscape park on the left slope of the river valley. Kamenka, four ponds, a system of access and on-farm alleys, the main house with outbuildings and St. Nicholas Church.

Currently, the landscape part of the landscape park, a dug pond of complex configuration with an island and alleys, the forest stand of which is dominated by linden, maple and ash, are well preserved.

The park is actively used by the local population as a recreation place.

Park village Kotovo

The estate park of the early 19th century is located in a bend of the river. Svotitsa, on its gentle right bank. To this day, linden alleys, fragments of broad-leaved forests, mainly linden, fragments of small-leaved forests, mainly birch forests in place of old birch alleys, floodplain black alder forests with an admixture of willows, mesophytic upland, slope and floodplain meadows and hygrophytic meadows of the river floodplain have been preserved. Svotitsa.

The park in the village of Kotovo has scientific significance as an example of restorative succession after the cessation of direct anthropogenic impact, with the participation of well-preserved areas of linden alleys. The level of landscape and biological diversity of the territory is assessed as quite high (181 species of vascular plants, 26 species of fungi, 65 species of invertebrates and 39 vertebrates), and with the expansion of the protected zone it can be significantly increased.

Lake "Besdon"

Lake “Besdon” is a lake of glacial origin, filled with clean and clear water. The maximum depth is 22 meters, the prevailing depth is 9-10 meters. The area of ​​the lake is 36 hectares.

The reservoir is an important habitat for rare and endangered plant species listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, as well as one of the key stopover and nesting sites for waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds in this part of the Kaluga Region, including those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. Federation and the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

The natural ichthyofauna of Lake Bezdon has been greatly altered by fishing activities. Here they reproduce and raise sturgeon, bream, carp, silver carp, carp, tench and pike, which are numerous in the reservoir and reach large sizes.

The oval-shaped lake, surrounded by forests, is unusually picturesque and is a wonderful vacation spot for local residents and guests of the region.

Lowland swamp "Shatinsky moss"

The Shatinsky Moss swamp is the largest example of glaciodepression in the Kaluga region and the only extensive swamp classified as lowland and in some places transitional type, a habitat (growth) of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna, a key ornithological territory of Russia of local rank.

The swamp has been significantly transformed by reclamation work. A network of ditches is laid along it - the main main ditch crossing the swamp is approached by second-order ditches, which cover the entire swamp in parallel lines.

Reclamation disrupted the hydrological regime of the natural complex, which led to a decrease (disappearance) of open areas (lenses).

Milyatinskoye Reservoir

The Milyatinskoe reservoir is located on the Bolshaya Vorona River. The area of ​​the water surface is 458 hectares, and the total volume of the water body is 7580 thousand cubic meters. m. The greatest depth of the reservoir is 5 m, the prevailing depth is 1.7 m. The banks of the reservoir are heavily swamped, and in some places overgrowth of the raft type is noted, significant only in the bays. Coastal aquatic vegetation is represented mainly by river horsetail, broadleaf cattail, greater manna grass, southern reed, acute sedge and other species. Notable are the finds of the fern telipteris mire and the flowering plant common ponytail living in marshy, inaccessible rafts and swamps. Among the medicinal plants, swamp cinquefoil, meadowsweet, river grass, galangal, blue cyanosis, field mint and other typical meadow plants were identified.

Mosalsky district

Sosnovy Bor in Mosalsk

The pine forest of Mosalsk is a typical forest, the predominant species in which is spruce, in some places with an admixture of birch, linden and pine. The part of the forest furthest from the road is a zonal well-preserved spruce forest of different ages, in some places grassy, ​​in others green moss, in others with developed broad-leaved undergrowth and a shrub layer. The Mozhaika River is dominated by pine plantations aged up to 100 years.

The undergrowth includes Norway spruce, mountain ash, heart-shaped linden and sycamore maple. The undergrowth consists mainly of sycamore maple, mountain ash, brittle buckthorn, common hazel, heart-shaped linden, wild raspberry, gray blackberry, and warty euonymus.

The herbaceous cover is dominated by male shield grass, horsetail, bifolia, wild strawberry, common sorrel, creeping tenacious and other plant species typical of coniferous forests. In some places there are abundant thickets of blueberries and lingonberries. The part of the forest adjacent to the Mosalsk-Kaluga highway and the city of Mosalsk is significantly disturbed, and weeds and ruderal species are noted among the trivial plant species.

Tract "Proydevo"

The Proydevo tract is a park laid out on the right slope of the river valley. Crossed and having an irregular layout. It preserves old-growth broad-leaved trees: oaks, lindens, maples, white poplars. In the herbaceous layer, native plants of the broad-leaved forest (black grass, Kashubian buttercup, musk strawberry, amazing violet, etc.) coexist with introduced species. Some of them (aralia, mountain weed) are recorded on the territory of the Kaluga region only in this park. All together it represents a very decorative, exotic community that has been formed over several decades.

Lyudinovo district

Lake “Lompad” with adjacent lands

Lake “Lompad” or Lyudinovo Reservoir is located on the Nepolod River north of the city of Lyudinovo and is the largest artificial reservoir in the Kaluga region. The vegetation of its banks is represented by small areas of coniferous forests with broad-leaved elements, small-leaved forests of black alder and silver birch, small fragments of broad-leaved, mainly linden forests, upland forbs and hygrophytic tall grass meadows, aquatic and coastal-aquatic vegetation. In total, 330 species of higher vascular plants have been noted here, among which 8 (common grasshopper, purple reed grass, tall fescue, paniculata sedge, thick-leaved chickweed, Selkirk violet, umbrella winterweed, swamp grass) are listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Rich and varied animal world reservoir and adjacent lands - more than 30 species of mammals, including: wild boar, European roe deer, European elk, wolf, common fox, raccoon dog, pine marten, ermine, polecat, common beaver, muskrat, American mink and otter, and 17 species of fish (roach, perch, bream, rudd, ruffe, pike and carp). Among the amphibians, there are the common newt, common and green toads, lake, pond, sharp-faced and grass frogs are numerous; among reptiles - the common viper and the common viper, as well as fast and viviparous lizards.

The reservoir is part of the key ornithological territory of Russia “Lyudinovsky Lakes” of local rank. The incomplete list of birds registered in the specially protected natural area includes more than 80 species, including 7 (European black-throated loon, great egret, White stork, common crane, great snail, common tern, blackbird warbler) are rare.

Lake “Lompad” with adjacent lands is of exceptional value for the conservation of unique and reference natural complexes and objects and biological diversity of the Kaluga region.

Tract "Molevskoe"

The Molevskoye tract is located on the watershed of the Peretesna and Nepolod rivers, between two swampy gullies, 1.5 km northwest of the village of Paloma. It is a community of dry meso-oligotrophic meadows, partially overgrown with bushes, on the site of the former Molya estate.

In the tract, old dying apple trees, domestic plum, domestic pear, pedunculate oak, silver birch, common lilac, individual bushes of ash willow, laxative ester, cinnamon rose hip, and black currant have been preserved. Along the perimeter of the estate, as well as along the roadsides and along the road at the entrance to the estate, there are linden plantations. Together with the cordate linden, silver birch and pedunculate oak grow. Aspen is found sporadically. The undergrowth consists mainly of honeysuckle and brittle buckthorn. In the herb-shrub layer there are: common gooseberry, oak grass, meadow bluegrass, forest bluegrass .

The fauna of the tract is represented by 1 species of reptiles, 4 species of mammals and 43 species of birds, of which 1 species (Deryaba) is listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Yukhnovsky district

City pine forest in Yukhnov

The urban pine forest in the city of Yukhnov is a forest area that performs environment-forming functions, including maintaining cleanliness atmospheric air and, as a consequence, the creation of prerequisites for healthy recreation, which is a regulator of surface and groundwater flow and has aesthetic significance for city residents.

The predominant species in the first tier of the forest is pine of quality classes I-II. The age of pine forests varies by section from 15 to 160 years. In the southern part of the forest there are isolated small areas of spruce trees. In the second tier, both broad-leaved species are noted - linden, maple, less often oak, and small-leaved species - birch, aspen (in some places they extend into the first tier), and abundant shrubs - mountain ash, hazel. In the third and fourth tiers, grass cover has developed in places. Green moss fragments of pine and spruce forests are common.

In the forest area, 297 species of vascular plants were noted, including 3 species (Goodyera repens, Wintergreen umbellata, Northern Linnaea), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, 5 species of amphibians, 3 species of reptiles, 41 species of birds, including 1 species ( Tufted tit), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, and 17 species of mammals.

Specially protected natural areas of local importance

Velvet Amur

Amur velvet (Amur Phellodendron or Amur cork tree) grew on the territory of the municipal formation "City of Kaluga" in the area of ​​house No. 90 on the street. Stepan Razin, Kaluga. To date, the wildlife monument has not been preserved.

600 year old oak

The 600-year-old oak tree grew on the territory of the municipal formation “City of Kaluga” in the area of ​​house No. 27a on the street. Karakozova, Kaluga. To date, the wildlife monument has not been preserved.

500 year old oak

The 500-year-old oak tree grows on the territory of the municipal formation "City of Kaluga" in the area of ​​house No. 4 on lane. Voskresensky, Kaluga. The approximate age of the tree is 500 years, height is 28 m, trunk diameter is 118 cm. The tree has category 1 condition (health without signs of weakening). However, it shows a frost crack in the trunk and dry branches in the crown area. The condition of the tree as a whole is assessed as satisfactory.

Globe maple

The globular maple grows on the territory of the municipal formation "City of Kaluga" in the territory adjacent to the Kaluga Basic Medical College, located at the address: Kaluga, st. Kutuzova, 26. Trunk diameter – 38 cm, height – 18 m. The tree has category 2 condition (weak). Age-related condition – unsatisfactory, depressed. The level of living is very weakened.

Small-leaved linden

Small-leaved linden grows on the territory of the municipal formation "City of Kaluga", in the courtyard of a residential building on the street. Plekhanov, Kaluga. The tree reaches a height of 18 m, with a trunk diameter of about 60 cm. It grows with a single straight trunk and begins to branch from a height of 3.5 m. The condition of the wildlife monument is satisfactory.

Weymouth pine (2 individuals)

Weymutov pines (2 in particular) grow on the territory of the municipal formation "City of Kaluga", near the monument to the fallen police officers, located at the address: Kaluga, st. Suvorova, 137. The trees are located 5 meters from each other, symmetrically from the monument on the central alley leading to the building. One tree has category 1 condition (healthy, without signs of weakening). The diameter of its trunk is 40 cm, the height is about 22 m. The diameter of the trunk of the second tree is 36 cm. It is not possible to determine its condition category due to the absence of a part of the crown at a height of 11-12 m from the butt part.

Weymouth pine (5 individuals)

Weymutov pines (5 individuals) grow on the territory of the municipal formation "City of Kaluga", in the park near the concert hall of the Kaluga Regional Music College named after. S.I. Taneyev at the address: Kaluga st. Bazhenova, 5. Currently, the group of trees consists of 3 individuals, each of which is identified as Weymouth pine. Trees have 1-3 condition categories. The diameter of their trunks varies from 45 to 64 cm. The average height of the trees is 20 m. 2 individuals are trunks without a crown and bark. These trees are classified as windbreak trees. It is not possible to determine their species, but it is possible that these are Weymouth pines

Gogol Square

Gogol Square is located in Kaluga, next to the State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, at the beginning of the street. Academician Korolev. It consists of a planting of trees of different ages with the remains of an old garden, on one side of which an alley of young hawthorns of various types is planted. The predominant species in the park is linden.

Park named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky

Park named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky is located in Kaluga, next to the State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, at the beginning of the street. Academician Korolev. It represents a planting of linden trees of different ages. For decorative purposes, spruce and fir trees were replanted along the alleys. Condition of the park named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky is generally assessed as satisfactory.

City Park of Culture and Recreation

The city park of culture and recreation is located at the address: Kaluga, pl. Stary Torg, 4. It has a special dendrological value. Old-growth plantings in it are represented by oak, linden and silver poplar, younger trees (80-100 years old) - Norway maple, silver spruce, Siberian fir and larch. The condition of the city park of culture and recreation is assessed as satisfactory.

White mulberry

White mulberry grew on the territory of the municipal formation “City of Kaluga” in the area of ​​Mira Square in Kaluga. To date, the wildlife monument has not been preserved.

Highways are those transport arteries that connect various regions and settlements of the country. The most important for our state are federal roads Russia. But the importance of other highways should not be underestimated either. Let's find out how roads are classified, and also make a list of federal roads in Russia.

Types of road classification

First of all, let's find out what criteria can be grouped. Depending on the criteria, there are several types of classification:

• by value;
• by type of coating;
• by property;
• by class;
• by category.

Below we will look at each type of classification in more detail.

Classification of roads by meaning

This type of classification in the Russian Federation is determined by a special one on roads, published in 2007. According to it, the routes are divided into federal roads of Russia, regional, intermunicipal and local. We'll talk about what this means below.

In Russia there are highways of national importance. They are financed from the federal budget of the Russian Federation.

Regional roads are highways managed by authorities in the regions. They have a local, regional degree of importance and are financed from the appropriate budget. If a regional highway provides access to large transport interchanges or other particularly important objects, then in the Russian classification of roads it is designated by the prefix A, and all others by the prefix K.

Intermunicipal roads serve to connect settlements within the boundaries of one region, but have a lower level of importance than regional highways, and even more so federal highways in Russia. All intermunicipal routes are designated with the prefix N.

All other roads are considered local roads. Often they are located within the boundaries of one district or even a settlement and are of significant value only for it. They are financed from the budget of the local government unit to which they belong.

Types of roads by type of surface

Based on the type of surface, highways are divided into only two types: hard surface and dirt. Moreover, the former are divided into several subtypes: paved, paved, reinforced concrete tiles, etc. Dirt roads do not have artificial surfaces at all.

It should be noted that the list of Russian federal roads does not include a single dirt transport route. Also, you will not find a single road like this among the highways of regional and intermunicipal importance. But they can be found among local roads.

Types of roads by ownership

According to ownership rights, communication routes are divided into national, regional and private. If there is no issue with determining the owner of national and regional roads, then with private roads the situation is somewhat different. So, they can belong either to some organization or to an individual. However, we note that the practice of private tracks in Russia is not yet very widespread.

At the same time, it should be emphasized that all roads that are included in the list of federal highways in Russia belong to the state.

Classification by class

There is also a classification by road class. According to it, roads are divided into three types: highways, expressways and regular routes.

The main difference between highways and simple expressways is that the first type of route does not allow traffic access to the highway with a connection at the same level, while the second type allows it.

Regular routes have lower speed limits than the above two. In addition, unlike highways and expressways, such roads allow intersections with bicycle, automobile, and pedestrian routes on the same plane.

A mandatory attribute of highways and expressways is the presence of four or more lanes, each 3.75 m wide.

It should be taken into account that in different sections the same road may have a different class.

It should be noted that all of the listed types of highways are included in the list of federal roads in Russia, but among regional highways there are no highways.

Breakdown of roads by category

All highways have category IA, expressways - IB, but ordinary highways are divided into five categories at once - IC, II, III, IV and V. The difference between IC and all other categories of ordinary highways is that it requires the mandatory presence of a dividing line markings as for highways and expressways. The rest are of the usual type, differing in the total number of lanes and their width. In addition, unlike other options, routes with categories IV and V allow intersections with railway and tram tracks at the same level.

Federal routes

Now let's take a closer look at which routes are included in the list of federal highways in Russia. It includes absolutely all highways that connect Moscow with the capitals of other countries state entities, or connecting it with the central cities of the regions of the Russian Federation. In addition, the list of federal highways in Russia may include routes connecting administrative centers different regions, if such highways are of particular importance. Also, this list sometimes includes the most significant connecting roads, in particular those that provide access to the largest transport interchanges or communications of federal importance, for example, to large ports.

Federal roads of Russia are of particular importance for the country's transport system.

Classification of federal roads

All roads included in the Russian list have their own separate classification. This is what our next conversation will be about.

Federal roads in Russia are divided into two main types: public and European highways.

In addition, when numbering roads connecting Moscow with foreign capitals or regional centers, the prefix M is used. For those routes that connect the central cities of the regions with each other, the prefix R is used. Federal car roads Russia, which are of great importance as connecting and access roads, are numbered with the prefix A.

List of federal roads with the prefix M

Now let's take a look at the list of federal roads in Russia. Federal highways of general importance connecting Moscow with European capitals and regional centers have the following names:

• M1 - to Minsk.
• M2 - to Yalta.
• M3 - to Kyiv.
• M4 - to Novorossiysk.
• M5 - to Chelyabinsk.
• M7 - to Ufa.
• M8 - to Arkhangelsk.
• M9 - to Riga.
• M10 - to St. Petersburg.
• M11 St. Petersburg - Moscow (under construction).

List of other federal roads

The list of federal highways of the Russian Federation, which connect the central settlements of its constituent entities, includes 34 routes. The most significant of them include:

• P23 Belarus - St. Petersburg.
• R56 Pskov - Novgorod.
• P92 Orel - Kaluga.
• P119 Tambov - Eagle.
• P120 Belarus - Eagle.
• P132 Ryazan - Kaluga.
• P208, P209 Penza - Tambov.
• P216 Stavropol - Astrakhan.
• P217-"Caucasus".
• P239 Kazakhstan - Kazan.
• R298 Kursk - highway R22.
• P351 Tyumen - Ekaterinburg.
• P402 Omsk - Tyumen.
• P404 Khanty-Mansiysk - Tyumen.
• P600 Ivanovo - Kostroma.

Federal highways of the Russian Federation, which serve as connecting and access roads, have 75 names. The most important ones are the following:

• A103 Shchelkovskoe highway.
• A109 Ilinskoe highway.
• A113 Central Ring Road.
• A164-Transcam.
• A181-Scandinavia.
• A375-Vostok.

European roads

In addition, there are federal roads in Russia that have the status of European transport routes. These include the following highways:

• E18 Finland - St. Petersburg.
• E20 Estonia - St. Petersburg.
• E22 Latvia - Ishim.
• E28 Poland - Kaliningrad - Lithuania.
• E30 Belarus - Omsk.
• E38 Ukraine - Voronezh - Kazakhstan.
• E40 Ukraine - Volgograd - Kazakhstan.
• E50 Ukraine - Makhachkala.
• E58 Ukraine - Rostov-on-Don.
• E77 Poland - Pskov.
• E95 St. Petersburg - Belarus.
• E97 Ukraine - Georgia.
• E101 Ukraine - Moscow.
• E105 Norway - Yalta.
• E115 Novorossiysk - Yaroslavl.
• E117 Georgia - Mineralnye Vody.
• E119 Moscow - Azerbaijan.
• E121 Samara - Kazakhstan.
• E123 Chelyabinsk - Kazakhstan.
• E125 Ishim - Kazakhstan.
• E127 Omsk - Kazakhstan.

These Russian federal highways are important not only because they ensure traffic flow within the country, but also guarantee the stable operation of international transport links.

Asian routes

In addition, there are Asian international roads. In the classification they are designated by the prefix AN. But it should be noted that Asian routes are also simultaneously classified by the prefixes M, P and A, depending on the meaning of the route.

For example, the P258 “Baikal” highway, running from Irkutsk to Chita, is part of the Asian highway AN6 Belarus - Busan (Republic of Korea). Similarly, the M10 highway St. Petersburg - Moscow (another name for the road is “Russia”) is part of the Asian route AN8 Finland - Iran and at the same time a component of the European route E105 Kirkenes (Norway) - Yalta.

Roads under construction

Among the roads included in the list of federal highways in Russia, only one is currently under construction - M11 St. Petersburg - Moscow. Its main task will be to reduce the flow of vehicles from the M10 Rossiya highway, which runs almost parallel and also connects two Russian capitals. According to the plan, some sections of the new one will be paid. In 2014, the first section of the route was opened to drivers. Previously, it was planned that the entire highway would be put into operation in 2018, but due to the ongoing economic crisis in the country, the timing may shift significantly.

In addition, there are a number of interesting projects that, if implemented, would receive the status of federal highways. But at present they are all only at the idea stage.

Road condition

It should be noted that most federal roads have satisfactory coverage. As for those routes that are subordinate to the authorities of the regions and individual municipalities, their condition differs significantly. It all depends on what part of Russia they are located in, and how much money local governments can allocate for their repair and restoration.

Of course, in the Russian Federation, many local roads are in fairly good condition, but there are also a sufficient number of roads whose condition is simply catastrophic, requiring immediate repair of the road surface.

Federal highway management

The management of federal roads is entrusted to the shoulders of the state company Rosavtodor, or, as it is otherwise called, the Federal Road Agency. This company was founded in 2004 and reports directly to the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. From 2012 to the present, its leader is Roman Viktorovich Staroviit. Rosavtodor assesses the quality of federal roads and makes decisions on repairs if necessary. The company also draws up a schedule of planned road repairs.

In addition, in 2009, the state organization “Russian Highways” was founded, headed by S.V. Kelbakh. The M1, M3 and M4 highways were transferred to the management of this organization.

The importance of federal roads

It is difficult to overestimate the importance that Russian federal roads have for the country's transport system. The list presented earlier indicates that they connect the most important settlements and communications for the Russian Federation. Therefore, it is very important to ensure that they are maintained in satisfactory condition, to prevent destruction, and to ensure proper distribution of traffic flow.

Moreover, to optimize the flow road transport, a number of large federal highways should be built, the construction of which may occur in the near future.

Objects of regional significance

"...19) objects of regional significance - capital construction objects, other objects, territories that are necessary for the exercise of powers on issues assigned to the jurisdiction of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, state authorities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws , the constitution (charter) of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, the laws of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, decisions of the highest executive body of state power of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, and have an impact on the socio-economic development of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.Types of objects of regional significance in the areas specified in Part 3 of Article 14 of this Code, to be displayed on the territorial planning diagram of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation are determined by the law of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation;..."

Source:

"Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation" dated December 29, 2004 N 190-FZ (as amended on November 12, 2012)

Official terminology. Akademik.ru. 2012.

See what “Objects of regional significance” are in other dictionaries:

Objects that have historical-architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation;... Source: Federal Law of June 25, 2002 N 73 FZ (as amended on November 12, 2012)... ... Official terminology

Cultural heritage sites- (OKN) monuments of history and culture of the peoples of the Russian Federation, real estate objects with associated works of painting, sculpture, decorative and applied art, objects of science and technology and other objects of material... ... Wikipedia

Cultural heritage sites- objects of real estate with associated works of painting, sculpture, decorative and applied arts, objects of science and technology and other objects of material culture that arose as a result of historical events... ... Environmental law of Russia: dictionary of legal terms

List of organizations registering World Heritage sites- This article or section describes the situation in relation to only one region. You can help Wikipedia by adding information for other countries and regions. Template:Dynamic list There are many ... Wikipedia around the world

SPECIALLY PROTECTED OBJECTS AND TERRITORIES- areas of land and water that have a special scientific, cultural, aesthetic value. recreational and health value and are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic circulation with... ... Encyclopedia of Lawyer

Ammonites (disambiguation)- Not to be confused with Ammanites. Not to be confused with the Amanitovs. This word in different fields of science refers to fundamentally different objects: Ammonites are a type of industrial explosives. Ammonites or Ammonites (Heb. עַמּוֹן)… … Wikipedia

Yelets (special economic zone at the regional level)- This term has other meanings, see Yelets (meanings). Collage of the Yelets panorama “Elets” is a special economic zone at the regional level of a tourist-recreational type in Yelets, Lipetsk region. It is of regional importance, located on... ... Wikipedia

Encyclopedia of Law

NP 064-05: Accounting for external impacts of natural and man-made origin on nuclear energy facilities- Terminology NP 064 05: Accounting external influences natural and man-made origin on nuclear energy facilities: 1. Physical impact (mechanical or influence) exerted on buildings, structures, systems, elements... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Specially protected water bodies- (eng. specially guarding water objects) in the Russian Federation, natural water ecosystems that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value. According to Art. 118 VK RF* O.o.v.o. fully or partially,… … Large legal dictionary

Question 5.4. On how the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004 determines the process of forming a system of bodies authorized in the field of urban planning activities

9) Issues construction permits and permits to put objects into operation in the cases specified in paragraph 8 of part 6 of this article;

Question 5.6. Concerns regarding the possible liquidation of local architecture and urban planning bodies

Question 6.1. On the competence of the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation to establish mandatory qualification requirements for officials

Question 6.3. On establishing qualification requirements for individuals and legal entities through self-regulatory mechanisms

Answers to questions to Chapter 3 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation "territorial planning"

Question 7.1. About the given facts that predetermine the inevitability of choosing real rather than imaginary ways to ensure the complexity of territorial planning

Question 7.2. On the hypothetical existence of two approaches and the reality of only one approach to ensuring the complexity of territorial planning in a federal state

Question 7.3. On the conceptual principle of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004, according to which in local territories authorities of three levels can simultaneously carry out territorial planning

Question 8.3. On the definition of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004, of the grounds for making decisions on the seizure, including through redemption, of land plots for state or municipal needs

Question 8.4. On the differentiation of powers into two groups - powers for the implementation of which forced purchase of real estate is allowed, and powers for the implementation of which it is not allowed

Question 8.5. On determining the content of objects of various significance - federal, regional, local

Question 9.1. How to force people not to do something that could disorganize territorial development

Question 9.2. How to encourage people to do things that will ensure the rational organization of the territory and the implementation of plans within an acceptable time frame

Question 9.3. About how territorial planning documents display with the necessary completeness all information about the development of the territory

Question 10.2. On the composition of territorial planning documents

Question 10.3. On how the law of a subject of the Russian Federation can determine the composition of the master plan of a settlement or urban district

13. In diagram 7 - the development diagram of transport infrastructure facilities:

2) Displayed:

14. In diagram 8 - the development diagram of other facilities, including social service facilities:

2) Displayed:

16. Each of the master plan schemes can be presented in the form:

2. The master plan implementation plan is prepared on the basis of and taking into account:

3. The master plan implementation plan contains:

6. The implementation plan for the master plan is approved for a period of at least two years, after which a new plan is prepared for the next period of at least two years.

7. Based on and taking into account the master plan implementation plan, a master plan implementation program may be prepared for a period of at least five years.

Question 13.1. About what state examination is and the need to separate the examination of urban planning documents and project documentation

Question 13.2. About how the issues of state examination of urban planning documents were resolved in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated 05/07/98 and how they are resolved by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated 12/29/04

Question 13.3. On the content of the compromise decision on the state examination of territorial planning documents, enshrined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004

Question 13.4. On conducting a state examination of territorial planning documents and documentation on territory planning at the transition stage

Question 14.1. On the provisions and positions that, according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated 05/07/98, should have been part of the state urban planning standards and rules

Question 14.2. On the “internal” structure of state urban planning standards and rules, their “external” compliance with other standards in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated 05/07/98

Question 14.3. On the formal legal status of state urban planning standards and rules in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated 05/07/98

Question 14.4. On the content, status and composition of regional and local urban planning standards in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004

Question 14.5. On the technology of territorial planning in terms of compliance with safety requirements in the absence of technical regulations adopted by law

Part 2 Art. 49 Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated 05/07/98:

Part 2 Art. 50 GRK RF dated 05/07/98:

Question 15.3. The fact that the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004 allegedly omitted the issues of establishing and changing the boundaries of settlements - the boundaries of “settlement lands”

Question 15.4. On the principle of indirect pressure - through consequences - on public authorities in order to force them to carry out urban planning activities and raise their status

Question 16.1. About how the law of a subject of the Russian Federation can detail the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004 on the mandatory joint preparation of territorial planning documents

Question 16.2. On whether it is possible to engage one contractor to prepare various territorial planning documents for the purpose of joint preparation of territorial planning documents

Answers to questions to Chapter 4 of the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation "Urban planning zoning"

Question 19.1. On the initial basis common to two possible approaches to understanding the content of urban planning zoning

Question 19.2. On the content of the legal approach to understanding and implementing urban zoning

Question 19.3. On the content of the administrative-technological approach to understanding and implementing urban zoning

Question 19.4. On the manifestations of the administrative-technological approach to understanding urban zoning

Question 20.1. On the continuity of the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated May 07, 1998 and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004 regarding the relationship between functional and urban planning zoning

Question 20.2. About why functional zoning is carried out in master plans of settlements and urban districts, but not in other territorial planning documents

Question 23.2. On the consequences of establishing restrictions on the use of real estate through sanitary protection and water protection zones

Question 24.1. About why the town planning regulations do not apply to cultural heritage sites

Question 24.2. On the fundamental difference between the technology for establishing protection zones for cultural heritage objects and the technology for establishing sanitary protection and water protection zones

Question 24.4. About what organizational schemes should be used to reflect restricted zones in master plans of settlements and urban districts

Question 24.6. About how restricted zones should be reflected in land use and development rules and whether local governments should approve restricted zones

Question 24.9. On some contradictions and gaps in legislation on cultural heritage objects

Question 25.1. About documents - grounds for preparing draft land use and development rules

Question 25.2. On the subjects of work on the preparation of draft land use and development rules

Question 25.3. On verification of the prepared project, public hearings and approval of land use and development rules

Question 26.2. About the main typological types of urban planning zoning and their general characteristics

Question 26.3. On the multiplicity of ways to introduce urban planning zoning and its typological features, modified in relation to Russian conditions

Answers to questions to Chapter 5 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation “territory planning”

Question 27.1. About the types of documentation for territory planning

Question 27.2. On the specifics of preparing documentation on territory planning by various public authorities

Question 27.3. How the planning of the territory relates to previous actions on territorial planning and urban zoning

Question 27.4. On the specifics of preparing documentation for territory planning during the transition period and after its end

Question 27.5. On the relationship between land use and development rules and territory planning documentation

Question 27.6. How the planning of the territory relates to subsequent actions in architectural and construction design and construction

Question 27.7. The fact that territory planning actions are carried out in relation to all territories

Question 27.8. About when preparation of territory planning documentation is not required

Question 28.1. On the selection of elements of the planning structure

Question 28.2. On establishing the parameters of the planned development of elements of the planning structure and the composition of planning projects

Question 29.2. On “entering” a built-up area occupied by the rights of third parties

Question 29.3. On “entering” a free, unencumbered, undeveloped and undemarcated territory

Question 30.1. On the definition of the concept of “landmarking”

Question 30.2. About the composition of land surveying projects

Question 31.1. On the preparation of urban planning plans for land plots in the form of separate documents

Question 31.2. On the purpose of urban planning plans for land plots and the information contained in them

Question 31.3. On the form of an urban planning plan for a land plot

Question 31.4. About what cases should be reflected in the form of an urban planning plan for a land plot when preparing it as part of the territory planning documentation

Question 33.1. Regarding the fact that the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004 allegedly does not mention the topic of allocating land plots necessary for state or municipal needs

Question 33.2. The fact that the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004 supposedly should provide the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with powers regarding the reservation of lands and land plots

Question 34.1. On the successive stages of providing development with social, engineering and transport infrastructure objects

Question 34.2. About the incorrect statement according to which the lack of planning projects is not an obstacle to the development of land surveying projects and urban plans for land plots

Question 35.1. On the actions of authorities to streamline and develop the city's planning structure

Question 35.2. On the control of authorities over the activities of private individuals during the division, merger, change of boundaries of land plots

Question 36.1. On urban planning preparation of land plots from state or municipal lands

Question 36.2. On the allocation of public lands through urban planning preparation of land plots

Answers to questions to Chapter 6 of the Town Planning Code

Russian Federation "architectural and construction

Design, construction, reconstruction of facilities

Capital construction"

Question 37.1. About how the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004 defines rights

Question 37.2. About how some regional acts incorrectly define the rights of public and private entities in relation to urban planning documents and project documentation

Question 37.3. About how the norms of regional acts demonstrate economic motivations that justify the need for a regional design system that contradicts federal legislation

Question 38.1. Whether in all cases without exception the state must conduct a state examination of project documentation

Question 38.2. About what the Civil Code of the Russian Federation changed on December 29, 2004 in relation to the state examination of design documentation and why such changes must inevitably be made

Question 38.3. How the transition to a new system for organizing state examination of design documentation is legally defined

Question 39.1. On the legal status and content of a construction permit

Question 39.2. About which authorized bodies of which levels of government, in what cases and for the construction of which objects issue permits

Question 39.3. On the specifics of issuing construction permits by local governments

Question 39.4. On the validity period of a construction permit, its re-issuance and extension

Question 39.5. On the legal status and content of the permit to put the facility into operation

Question 40.1. The fact that preparation of design documentation is not required for individual housing construction

Question 40.2. On how control over actions should be carried out in cases where the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 does not provide for the issuance of construction permits

Question 41.1. About the main provisions regarding technical conditions and connection fee information

Question 41.2. About what are pre-prepared substantive grounds for determining technical conditions and information about connection fees

Answers to questions to Chapter 7 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation “information support for town planning activities”

Question 42.1. On the relationship between the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004 and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated May 7, 1998 regarding the legal logic of constructing information systems for supporting urban planning activities

Question 42.2. On the alleged loss by public authorities of tools and methods of information support for urban planning activities in connection with the novelties of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004

Question 43.1. About why the maintenance of information systems for supporting urban planning activities should be carried out at the local level

Question 43.2. On the difference between information systems for supporting urban planning activities and archives of documents in the field of urban planning activities

Question 44.1. Whether information systems for supporting urban planning activities include information about documents or copies of the documents themselves

Question 45.1. About duty plans and maps

Question 45.2. On the allegedly negative consequences for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation arising from the abolition of the state urban planning cadastre

Answers to questions to Chapter 8 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation "liability for violation of legislation on town planning activities"

Answers to questions to Chapter 9 of the Town Planning Code

Question 47.1. On assessing the situation from the perspective of applying legislative norms

Question 47.2. On assessing the situation from the perspective of the content of current legislative norms

Federal Law on Enactment

Question 8.5. On determining the content of objects different meaning- federal, regional, local

The concept of “objects of federal, regional, local significance” was used without deciphering their meaning both in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of 05/07/98 and in other laws. In the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004, these concepts are also used without defining what they are. In this regard, a number of questions arise:

Why are they not defined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004;

How they could or should be defined in legislation when it is supplemented in the future with currently missing norms;

How to operate with these concepts at the present time, when there are no corresponding definitions in the legislation.

Let's try to answer these questions.

From what substantive positions and grounds should we approach the definition of the concepts “objects of federal, regional, local significance”?

The existence of three different levels of power predetermines the existence of a group of objects necessary for each of these three levels. What is the nature of the division of objects into three groups? The content of the differences is determined by a combination of three components:

1) political and administrative;

2) technological;

3) budget.

The features of this combination are clearly manifested in relation to three groups of objects identified when considering “the issue of differentiating powers into two groups - powers for the implementation of which forced purchase of real estate is allowed, and powers for the implementation of which it is not allowed.”

In relation to the first group of objects (objects that are not linear infrastructure support objects and are related to the use of nuclear energy, defense and security, space activities, ensuring the status and protection of the State Border of the Russian Federation), the political and administrative component dominates. There are no problems here with whether such objects are classified as objects of federal or regional significance. The answer is obvious.

In relation to the second and third groups of objects, the combination of technological and budgetary components comes to the fore. That is, the technological characteristics of certain objects (for example, indicators of their power, throughput) are linked to the volume of their load on the budget and the ability, responsibility of the relevant subjects of the budget process (subjects of various levels of public authority) to bear this load by allocating appropriate funds and ensuring the construction of appropriate facilities . Thus, the word “significance” (federal, regional or local) directly answers the question: who (what level of public authority) is responsible for the construction of what (which specific objects, differentiated by their technological characteristics) with their budget.

Why is the concept of “objects of federal, regional, local significance” not defined inGrKRF dated 12/29/04?

The content-based positions presented above for defining the concepts of “objects of federal, regional, local significance” make the answer to this question clear. It is formulated as follows:

1) the definition of the concepts “objects of federal, regional, local significance” can only be given as a result of linking two substantive positions:

A unified classification according to technological characteristics (power, throughput, capacity) of facilities, the construction of which is financed from budget sources;

Distribution of objects classified according to the specified technological characteristics according to budgets of various levels (“linking objects to budgets”), taking into account the principles of the formation and planned development of the budget system in terms of revenue sources and their existing and projected volumes;

2) in light of the above, the following becomes obvious:

Due to the fact that the process of reforming the administrative and budgetary systems in the country is at the initial stage, at the moment the development of the two indicated substantive positions should be considered as the task of finding a final solution, which currently does not exist;

The definition of the concepts of “objects of federal, regional, local significance” goes beyond the scope of the subject of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 and can be recorded in it in the order of introducing additions developed as a result of solving the task in the field of improving budget legislation.

Thus, the task of defining the concepts of “objects of federal, regional, local significance” in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004 cannot be considered as the direct task of this particular federal law, and therefore it, in principle, could not be solved at the stage of its preparation. This is a task that will have to be solved in the future by comprehensively improving not only and not so much the legislation on urban planning activities as such, but the entire system of Russian legislation.

How could the concept of “objects of federal, regional, local significance” be or should be defined in legislation if it is supplemented in the future with currently missing norms?

There are three possible ways solving this issue through:

Legislative establishment of a list with the characteristics of relevant objects;

Using procedures for identifying such objects in the process of territorial planning;

Combinations of both list and procedures.

Let's look at the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

A method for determining objects of federal, regional, local significance through the legislative establishment of a list with the characteristics of the corresponding objects. The essence this method we disclosed above when discussing the question of why the concept of “objects of federal, regional, local significance” is not defined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004. The hypothetical advantage of the method is that with its help it would be possible to formalize this process once and for all, as well as to make extremely clear and simple the process of interaction between public authorities at various levels when they carry out territorial planning.

This method can be used as a universal and unique method, provided that two requirements are met:

1) the list is differentiated taking into account the diversity of specifics of different regions of a huge country. We should not forget about the relativity of the concept of “significance”. In developed regions, even a large object may not be so significant and should be classified, say, as an object of local rather than regional significance. In remote and depressed regions, it is the other way around: even a small object can be given federal significance (for example, a road of low capacity, but of exceptional importance from the point of view of solving a security problem or developing new mineral deposits);

2) the list allows you to solve issues of changing significance over time.

Fulfilling the first requirement does not encounter insurmountable obstacles of a theoretical and methodological nature, with the exception of one thing - the degree of differentiation proposed by law may turn out to be insufficient, which will complicate the process of territorial planning.

Another thing is the fulfillment of the second condition. Since the list is established by law, taking into account the dynamics of changes in significance over time should be accompanied by periodic amendments to the law. Since the need for changes may arise quite often, their introduction into law will always be delayed and cannot be guaranteed.

Thus, for these reasons, the considered method cannot be considered universal and unique. This means that it must be combined with procedures that will allow the introduction of necessary and prompt clarifications, determined by the specifics of territorial planning in the relevant regions of the country.

A method for determining objects of federal, regional, local significance through the use of procedures for determining such objects in the process of territorial planning. From the point of view of the prospects for the development of the territorial planning system, which, in terms of the legal framework, is at the initial stage of formation in the Russian Federation (which must be recognized), this method can only be used as an addition to the method described above. Since, in the current conditions, a list of relevant objects established by law is not yet available, the procedural method should be considered as transitional, and therefore the features of its application are discussed below, when discussing the issue of how to operate with the concepts of “objects of federal, regional, local significance” at the present time, when the legislation does not contain appropriate definitions.

A method of identifying objects of federal, regional, local significance through a combination of both a list and procedures. It is clear that the possibility of using this method will arise when the list established by law is put into effect. Therefore, without going into a detailed consideration of the features of the application of this method, it is necessary to characterize the basic provisions on which it should be based. Let's take project preparation as an example. master plan settlements.

1. Organ local government The settlement in its master plan establishes (approves) the boundaries of the zones of the planned location of objects of local importance, determined in accordance with the law. At the same time, the general plan necessarily displays (does not approve) the boundaries of the zones of the planned location of objects of local significance of the municipal district, regional significance - in the presence of territorial planning documents of the municipal district, subject of the Russian Federation, approved in the prescribed manner. In the absence of the specified documents, the master plan may display proposals for the location of the boundaries of the zones of the planned location of objects of local significance of a municipal district or regional significance.

2. The implementation of decisions of territorial planning documents on the placement and construction of objects of regional and local significance can be carried out independently by each level of public authority in strict accordance with the definitions of these objects given by law, as well as in accordance with plans for the implementation of territorial planning documents. Along with autonomous actions, the implementation of territorial planning documents can also be carried out in such a way that, under certain conditions and subject to certain procedures, public authorities of a higher level (municipal district, constituent entity of the Russian Federation) assume financial obligations or part of the financial obligations to ensure the construction of certain local facilities meaning of the settlement. This type of action is carried out in compliance with the following principles:

a) public authorities of a lower level - settlements and urban districts can provide with their budget only the construction of local facilities in settlements and urban districts in accordance with approved master plans, plans for the implementation of master plans, linked to the volume of budget funding for each current and upcoming financial year;

b) public authorities of a higher level - a municipal district, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation can provide with their budget not only the construction of local facilities of a municipal district, regional significance in accordance with approved territorial planning documents, plans for the implementation of such documents, linked to the volume of budget funding for each current and the upcoming financial year, but also the construction of certain local facilities in settlements and urban districts based on:

Payment procedures formalized in accordance with the law (federal and/or regional) that determine the possibility of financial assistance in cases established by law;

Joint plans and programs for the implementation of territorial planning documents, approved in the relevant part by representatives of executive power at various levels - settlement, city district, municipal district, subject of the Russian Federation.

How to operate with the concept of “objects of federal, regional, local significance” at the present time, when there are no corresponding definitions in the legislation?

Based on the arguments presented above, it must be said with certainty that the procedural method described above is:

1) transitional in the sense that it is applied until the corresponding list is put into effect through federal law, linking the technological characteristics of certain objects with the financial obligations of the corresponding levels of public authority to ensure their placement and construction;

2) an objectively necessary transitional stage - its necessity is determined not by the imaginary imperfection of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004, but by other system-wide circumstances that were disclosed above.

Unfortunately, quite often one has to face the fact that the second position does not meet with understanding. And the point is not so much a reluctance to understand, but rather a position that is defined as follows: “everything at once and immediately, otherwise nothing at all is better.”

Such a position is nothing more than an objective ignorance of the fact that it is fundamentally impossible to establish a neglected area of ​​legal regulation of urban planning activities with a one-time action (through the adoption of one law - in this case, the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation). Launched not only and not so much because of the disorder, uncertainty and inconsistency of the previously existing legislation on urban planning, but because of the objective reason of the complexity of such legislation, when even minimal actions to improve it inevitably entail actions to streamline other types of legislation or form an “order” for such ordering. This order cannot be fulfilled immediately, including due to opposition to it, unwillingness to recognize its necessity and fulfill it.

The position that the improvement of legislation on urban planning activities provokes, in a positive sense, the improvement of other laws, has already been illustrated in this work and will be illustrated in the future using specific examples.

Answering the question of how to operate with the concept of “objects of federal, regional, local significance” when there are no corresponding definitions in the legislation, let us consider as an example, as before, the preparation of a draft master plan for a settlement. At the same time, we will keep in mind the most unfavorable situation, when the project is prepared in the absence of territorial planning documents for both the municipal district and the subject of the Russian Federation.

In such an unfavorable situation, consideration should be given to:

1) a favorable case of joint preparation of a draft master plan by the relevant local government body of the settlement (urban district) and territorial planning documents of the municipal district and the subject of the Russian Federation;

2) an unfavorable case when the draft master plan is prepared autonomously by the relevant local government body of the settlement (urban district) without parallel preparation of territorial planning documents for the municipal district and the subject of the Russian Federation.

A “favorable occasion” of joint preparation of a draft master plan by the relevant local government body of the settlement (urban district) and territorial planning documents of the municipal district and the subject of the Russian Federation. The sequence of actions may be as follows:

1) the local government body of a settlement or urban district, starting the preparation of a master plan, is guided by the norms of Article 27 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004 and initiates a parallel process - joint preparation of territorial planning documents with the participation of neighboring settlements, urban districts, as well as a municipal district and a constituent entity of the Russian Federation . Wherein:

Decisions on the joint preparation of territorial planning documents can be made optionally or mandatory - in cases where, in accordance with Part 6 of Art. 27 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004, refusal to jointly prepare territorial planning documents is not allowed;

Depending on the specific circumstances, the preparation of territorial planning documents for a municipal district or a constituent entity of the Russian Federation can be carried out in full (comprehensively on all issues and in relation to the entire territory of the jurisdiction of the relevant public authority) or partially (not on all issues and in relation not to the entire territory of the jurisdiction of the relevant public authority power, but only to its part in accordance with the development needs of a particular municipal entity);

2) in the process of joint preparation of territorial planning documents, developers, representatives of relevant public authorities jointly:

As part of draft territorial planning documents, proposals are prepared and justified (including by recording in cartographic materials) proposals on the distribution and sequence of construction of objects of local significance in a settlement, urban district, objects of local significance of a municipal district, as well as objects of regional significance;

Prepare and justify proposals for the plan (program) for the implementation of territorial planning documents, including regarding priority objects, sources, volumes and timing of financing of work on preparation for construction and financing the construction of objects of various importance;

3) after approval in the prescribed manner of jointly prepared territorial planning documents and plans (programs) for the implementation of territorial planning documents:

The local government body of a settlement, urban district, using funds from its budget, provides work on preparation for construction and construction of local facilities of the settlement, urban district (defined in the process of joint preparation of territorial planning documents and plans for their implementation);

The local government body of the municipal district provides, using funds from its budget, work on preparation for construction and construction of local facilities of the municipal district (defined in the process of joint preparation of territorial planning documents and plans for their implementation). At the same time, plans for the implementation of these documents may determine financing or participation in financing the construction of certain objects of local importance in the settlement from the budget of the municipal district;

The authorized state executive body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, using funds from the budget of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, provides work on preparation for construction and construction of objects of regional significance (defined in the process of joint preparation of territorial planning documents and plans for their implementation). At the same time, plans for the implementation of these documents may determine financing or participation in financing the construction of certain local facilities of a settlement, city district, municipal district from the budget of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

Unfavorable case: the draft master plan is prepared autonomously by the relevant local government body of a settlement or urban district without parallel preparation of territorial planning documents for the municipal district and subject of the Russian Federation. Sequencing:

1) the local government body of a settlement or urban district ensures the autonomous preparation of a draft master plan due to the fact that:

Proposals for joint preparation of territorial planning documents were not sent to public authorities of other administrative-territorial entities;

A refusal was received on proposals for the joint preparation of territorial planning documents sent to public authorities of other administrative-territorial entities - in cases where refusal of these proposals is not allowed;

2) in the process of preparing the draft master plan, proposals on the sequence of construction of objects are prepared and justified (including by recording in cartographic materials):

Local significance of a settlement, urban district, in relation to which there are no questions regarding their significance, as well as regarding the obligations of local government bodies of the settlement, urban district to ensure the construction of these objects from the funds of the relevant budgets;

Local significance of a municipal district, regional significance, in relation to which questions arise regarding their classification as objects of corresponding significance, as well as regarding the obligations of local government bodies of the municipal district, public authorities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation to ensure the construction of such objects from the funds of the relevant budgets;

3) in the process of preparing and agreeing on a draft master plan with local government bodies of a municipal district (if we are talking about a master plan for a settlement), government bodies of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation agree on proposals on the distribution and sequence of construction of objects of local significance of a municipal district, regional significance, in relation to who have questions regarding their classification as objects of appropriate significance, as well as regarding the obligations of local government bodies of a municipal district, government bodies of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation to ensure the construction of such objects from the funds of the relevant budgets;

4) as part of the master plan of a settlement or urban district, provisions on the zones of planned placement and the sequence of construction are approved:

Objects of local significance of the settlement, urban district, in relation to which, at the stage of preparation of the draft master plan, no questions arose regarding their significance, as well as regarding the obligations of the local government of the settlement, urban district to ensure their construction from the budget of the settlement, urban district;

Other objects regarding which, in the process of coordinating relevant proposals with local government bodies of a municipal district, government bodies of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, decisions were made to classify them as objects of local significance of a settlement, urban district with recognition of the obligations of local government bodies of a settlement, urban district to ensure construction such objects from the budget of the settlement, urban district;

5) after approval in the prescribed manner of the master plan of the settlement, urban district, as well as the plan (program) for the implementation of the master plan:

The local government body of a settlement, urban district, using funds from its budget, provides work on preparation for construction and construction of local facilities of the settlement, urban district;

The local government body of a municipal district (in the case of preparing a master plan for a settlement), government bodies of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation use the proposals contained in the supporting materials for the approved master plan of a settlement or urban district on the zones of planned placement of objects of local significance of the municipal district, objects of regional significance.

Consideration of all favorable and unfavorable cases allows us to draw the following conclusion: the fact that there is no formal definition of the concept of “objects of federal, regional and local significance” in federal legislation does not block the process of territorial planning or create legal obstacles to the implementation of public authorities’ actions in this direction.

One more circumstance should be noted regarding the legal possibility of proactive actions at the regional level. If there is an appropriate initiative and before the problem formulated during the discussion of the question of why the concept of “objects of federal, regional, local significance” is not defined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004 is solved at the federal level, this problem can be solved in a certain way parts at the regional level, namely:

Prepare a classification based on technological characteristics (power, throughput, capacity) of facilities, the construction of which should be financed from the regional budget, budgets of municipal districts, budgets of settlements, urban districts;

Distribute objects classified according to the specified technological characteristics according to budgets of various levels (linking objects to budgets) taking into account the principles of formation and planned development of budgets at the regional and local levels within the relevant constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of revenue sources, their existing and projected volumes.

Question (9) about the legislative establishment of methods

ensuring the complexity of territorial

planning in the interaction of bodies

public authorities at various levels

This question breaks down into two components, which can roughly be called negative and positive. The negative part of the question: how to force public authorities at various levels not to do things that could disorganize territorial development? The positive part: how to encourage public authorities at various levels to do things that will ensure the rational organization of the territory and the implementation of plans within an acceptable time frame?

In accordance with Federal law“On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, specially protected natural territories of various forms have been created in our country. They are most diverse at the regional and local levels. The central place is occupied by the largest natural parks in area and the most numerous - nature reserves and natural monuments.

Natural parks are a relatively new category of specially protected natural areas in Russia. This form, despite its exceptional relevance from both environmental and recreational points of view, actually came into practice only quite recently - in the 90s. According to Art. 18 of the Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, natural parks are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, educational and recreational purposes.

The specific objectives of these parks include:

• preservation of the natural environment, natural landscapes;
• creating conditions for recreation (including mass recreation) and preserving recreational resources;
• development and implementation of effective methods of nature conservation and maintaining ecological balance in conditions of recreational use of the territory.

The key difference between natural parks is that they are subordinated not to a federal structure, but to a regional one. This logically follows from the idea that the most valuable natural objects are subject to protection at the highest (federal) level in the status of national parks, while less significant ones are preserved under regional patronage, that is, in the status of natural or regional parks.

According to the Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, natural parks are located on lands granted to them for indefinite (permanent) use, and in some cases - on the lands of other users, as well as owners.

To date, there are 54 natural parks in the country, and they are almost equally distributed between the European and Asian parts of Russia.

Their total area is 15.4 million hectares, or 0.9% of the country's area. According to the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, the forests of natural parks belong to the forests of the first group.

Sanctuaries are territories (or water areas) that are of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining ecological balance.

Landscape reserves are intended for the conservation and restoration of natural complexes (landscapes), biological (botanical and zoological) - for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals (including economically, scientifically and culturally valuable species), hydrological (swamp, lake, marine, river) - for the preservation and restoration of valuable water bodies and ecosystems, geological - for the preservation of valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature, paleontological - for the preservation of fossil objects, etc.
In nature reserves economic activity is permitted only to the extent that it does not disturb the peace and does not cause harm to protected objects.

Currently, there are 2,831 regional nature reserves in Russia. Their total area is 72.4 million hectares, or 4.4% of the country's area. In some regions they are single, in others, on the contrary, they number several hundred. For example, in the Tver region alone the number of reserves reaches almost 600.

The bulk of the reserves belong to the category of hunting reserves, which are under the jurisdiction of the Russian Ministry of Agriculture. The most common species reserves are for beaver, elk, wild boar, roe deer, sable, muskrat, upland game, etc. It is the species reserves that have played a significant role in the conservation and restoration of the most valuable game animals in our country.

Natural monuments are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin. This term was first introduced by the famous naturalist A. Humboldt. Like nature reserves, this category of specially protected natural areas is most widespread at the regional level - more than nine thousand objects with a total area of ​​4.0 million hectares, or 0.2% of the country's area. Natural objects and complexes declared natural monuments are completely withdrawn from economic use. Any activity that causes harm to the natural monument and its surrounding natural environment or worsens the condition and protection of the monument is prohibited. Just like nature reserves, natural monuments are extremely diverse in the types of protected objects. They can be either complex, including a number of protected objects of various categories, or highly specialized. The most common are landscape, botanical, dendrological, zoological, hydrological, geological, paleontological, geomorphological, speleological, pedological (soil) natural monuments. Natural and historical monuments of nature occupy a special place among them. This category of specially protected natural areas includes monuments of landscape art, old estates of memorial and artistic significance, and complexes of city parks and gardens.

Among the forms of specially protected natural areas intended for the preservation of natural and historical complexes, it is necessary to note estate museums, museum reserves, and memorial museums. All of them are associated with the names of great Russian writers, poets, artists, sculptors, etc. As a rule, these open-air museums form an inextricable unity with their natural environment, artificial or natural landscapes. In many museum-reserves, nature is one of the main values. In particular, this applies to the palace and park ensembles of the surrounding area, the Solovetsky Museum-Reserve, the Divnogorye Natural and Archaeological Museum-Reserve, etc.

In addition to the forms discussed above, the group of specially protected natural areas at the regional and local levels, by decision of the regional or municipal administration, may include such forms as medical and recreational areas, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, green zones of settlements, peace zones in, water protection zones of small rivers and springs, ravine forests of anti-erosion significance, recreational areas of cities, natural resource reserves, protected natural-anthropogenic landscapes, etc.

An analysis of the structure of specially protected natural areas in Russia shows that the most representative group in terms of area is the group of reserves. They make up 37% of the country's total area. Natural resource reserves (25%) and state nature reserves (23%) account for approximately a quarter each. National and natural parks occupy 3% and 9% respectively. Dendrological parks, botanical gardens, health-improving areas and protected natural-anthropogenic landscapes total about 1%.
The share of all federal territories is 28%; the remaining area falls on specially protected natural areas of regional and local significance.