Rules for the execution of architectural and construction drawings. Rows and axes on construction drawings
The construction of the main elements of buildings is carried out using modular coordination of dimensions in construction (MDCS), according to which the dimensions of the main space-planning elements of the building must be a multiple of the module.
The main module is assumed to be 100 mm.
The main structural elements (load-bearing walls, columns) of the building are located along the modular coordination axes(longitudinal and transverse). The distance between coordination axes in low-rise buildings is taken as multiples of the 3M module (300 mm).
For determining relative position building elements applied grid of coordination axes.
Coordination axes are drawn with dash-dot thin lines and are indicated, as a rule, on the left and lower sides of the plan, marked, starting from the lower left corner, with Arabic numerals (from left to right) and capital letters of the Russian alphabet (from bottom to top) in circles with a diameter of 6 ... 12 mm (Fig. .2).
Rice. 2. Example of marking of coordination axes
Dimensions on construction drawings they are indicated in millimeters and are applied, as a rule, in the form of a closed chain.
Dimension lines are limited by serifs - short strokes 2 ... 4 mm long, drawn with an inclination to the right at an angle of 45° to the dimension line. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the outer extension lines by 1 ... 3 mm. The dimension number is located above the dimension line at a distance of 1 ... 2 mm (Fig. 3, a).
To indicate cutting plane position For a section or cross-section of a building, an open line is used in the form of separate thickened strokes with arrows indicating the direction of view. The cut line is indicated in Arabic numerals (Fig. 3, c). The starting and ending strokes should not cross the outline of the image.
The height dimensions of buildings (floor heights) are assigned as multiples of modules. Floor height of a building is defined as the distance from the floor level of a given floor to the floor level of the floor above it. In residential building projects, the floor height is assumed to be 2.8; 3.0; 3.3 m.
High-rise drawings are applied on facades and sections. marks level of a building element or structure from any calculated level, taken as zero. Most often, the level of the finished floor (floor covering) of the first floor is taken as the zero level (mark ±0.000).
Level marks are indicated in meters with three decimal places without indicating units of length and are placed on extension lines in the form of an arrow with a shelf. The sides of the right angle of the arrow are drawn as a solid thick main line at an angle of 45° to the extension line (Fig. 4).
Rice. 3. Drawing the dimensions and positions of the cuts:
a – dimensions and dimension lines; b – view direction arrow;
c – positions of the cuts
Rice. 4. Applying level marks on views:
a – dimensions of the level mark; b – examples of location and design
level signs on sections and sections; c – the same, with explanatory inscriptions;
d – example of a level sign on the plans
The marking sign may be accompanied by explanatory inscriptions: Ur.ch.p. – finished floor level; Ur.z. - ground level.
Marks on the plans are made in rectangles (Fig. 4, d). Levels above the zero level are indicated with a plus sign (for example, + 2.700), below zero - with a minus sign (for example, – 0.200).
The following are accepted in the construction drawings: names types of buildings.
IN names of plans of the building, the level of the finished floor of the floor, the floor number or the designation of the corresponding plane is indicated; when executing a part of the plan - the axes limiting this part, for example:
Plan at elevation +3,000;
2nd floor plan;
Plan 3–3;
Plan at elevation 0.000 in axes 21–39, A–D.
IN names of sections building, the designation of the corresponding cutting plane is indicated (in Arabic numerals), for example, Section 1–1.
IN names of facades building, the extreme axes between which the façade is located are indicated, for example:
Façade 1–5;
Façade 12–1;
Façade A–G.
For multilayer structures callouts, located on shelves in a straight line,
ending with an arrow (Fig. 5). The sequence of inscriptions (material or design of layers indicating their thickness) for individual layers must correspond to the sequence of their location in the drawing from top to bottom and from left to right.
On leader lines, ending with a shelf, additional explanations to the drawing or item numbers of elements in the specification are placed.
Rice. 5. Examples of callouts
Graphic symbols materials in sections and sections of buildings and structures are given in the appendix. 3. The distance between parallel hatching lines is selected within 1 ... 10 mm depending on the hatching area and image scale. Designations of materials are not used in drawings if the material is homogeneous, if the dimensions of the image do not allow the application of a symbol.
Conditional graphic images elements of the building and sanitary installations are given in the appendix. 4.
Appendix 3
GRAPHIC DESIGNATION OF MATERIALS IN SECTIONS,
SECTIONS AND TYPES
Appendix 4
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF BUILDING ELEMENTS
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Coordination axes are applied to images of buildings and structures with thin dash-dotted lines with long strokes, denoted by Arabic numerals and capital letters of the Russian alphabet (with the exception of the letters: Е, З, И, О, b) in circles with a diameter of 6–12 mm.
Gaps in digital and alphabetic (except for those indicated) designations of coordination axes are not allowed.
The numbers indicate coordination axes on the side of a building and structure with a large number of axes. If there are not enough letters of the alphabet to designate the coordination axes, subsequent axes are designated by two letters.
Example - AA; BB; BB.
The sequence of digital and letter designations of the coordination axes is taken according to the plan from left to right and from bottom to top (Figure 10 A) or as shown in figures 10 b,V.
The designation of coordination axes, as a rule, is applied on the left and lower sides of the plan of the building and structure.
If the coordination axes of opposite sides of the plan do not coincide, the designations of these axes in the places of discrepancy are additionally applied on the top and/or right sides.
For individual elements located between the coordination axes of the main load-bearing structures, additional axes are drawn and designated as a fraction:
The designation of the previous coordination axis is indicated above the line;
Below the line is an additional serial number within the area between adjacent coordination axes in accordance with Figure 10 G.
It is allowed to assign numerical and letter designations to the coordination axes of half-timbered columns in continuation of the designations of the axes of the main columns without an additional number.
Figure 10 – Designations of coordination axes
In the image of a repeating element tied to several coordination axes, the coordination axes are designated in accordance with Figure 11:
- “a” - when the number of coordination axes is no more than 3;
- “b” - “ “ “ “ more than 3;
- “in” - for all letter and digital coordination axes.
If necessary, the orientation of the coordination axis to which the element is attached, in relation to the adjacent axis, is indicated in accordance with Figure 11 G.
Figure 11 – Orientation of coordination axes
To designate the coordination axes of block sections of residential buildings, the index “c” is used.
Example - 1s, 2s, Ac, Bs.
On the plans of residential buildings composed of block sections, the designations of the extreme coordination axes of the block sections are indicated without an index in accordance with Figure 12.
Figure 12 – Designation of coordination axes
in block sections
Applying dimensions, slopes, marks, inscriptions. Linear dimensions and maximum deviations of linear dimensions in the drawings are indicated in millimeters, without indicating the unit of measurement.
The dimension line at its intersection with extension lines, contour lines or center lines is limited by serifs in the form of thick main lines 2–4 mm long, drawn with an inclination to the right at an angle of 45° to the dimension line by 1–3 mm.
When applying a diameter or radius dimension inside a circle, as well as angular size The dimension line is limited by arrows. Arrows are also used when drawing dimensions of radii and internal fillets.
When applying the size of a straight segment, the dimension line is drawn parallel to this segment, and extension lines – perpendicular to the dimension lines.
It is preferable to apply dimensions outside the outline of the image, avoiding, if possible, intersections of extension and dimension lines. If it is necessary to apply a dimension in a shaded area, the corresponding dimension number is placed on the shelf of the leader line.
The minimum distance between parallel dimension lines should be 7 mm, and between the dimension line and the contour line - 10 mm and is selected depending on the size and shape of the image, as well as the saturation of the drawing.
Dimensional numbers are applied above the dimension line, as close as possible to its middle.
Level marks (heights, depths) of structural elements, equipment, pipelines, air ducts, etc. from the reference level (the conventional “zero” mark) are indicated by a conventional sign in accordance with Figure 13 and are indicated in meters with three decimal places, separated from the whole number by a comma.
Figure 13 – Level mark designation
The “zero” mark, usually accepted for the surface of any structural element of a building or structure located near the planning surface of the earth, is indicated without a sign; marks above zero - with a “+” sign; below zero - with a “-” sign.
On views (elements), sections and sections, marks are indicated on extension lines or contour lines in accordance with Figure 14, on plans - in a rectangle in accordance with Figure 15.
Figure 14 – Indication of level marks on sections
Figure 15 – Indicating marks on plans
On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes is indicated by an arrow, above which, if necessary, the value of the slope is indicated as a percentage in accordance with Figure 16 or as a ratio of height and length (for example, 1:7).
It is allowed, if necessary, to indicate the slope value in ppm, as a decimal fraction accurate to the third digit. On drawings and diagrams, the sign “Д is placed before the dimensional number that determines the magnitude of the slope. sharp corner which should be directed towards the slope.
The slope designation is applied directly above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line.
Figure 16 - Indicating the direction and magnitude of the plane slope
Near the images on the shelves of leader lines, only short inscriptions are applied directly to the image of the object, for example, indications of the number of structural elements (holes, grooves, etc.), if they are not included in the table, as well as indications of the front side, direction rolled products, fibers, etc.
A leader line that intersects the contour of the image and does not depart from any line ends with a dot (Figure 17 A).
The leader line, drawn from the lines of the visible and invisible contour, as well as from the lines indicating surfaces, ends with an arrow (Figure 17 b,V).
Figure 17 – Drawing leader lines
Labels for multilayer structures should be made in accordance with Figure 18.
Figure 18 – Labeling multilayer structures
Position numbers (brands of elements) are placed on the shelves of leader lines drawn from images of the component parts of the object, next to the image without a leader line or within the contours of the depicted parts of the object in accordance with Figure 19.
In small-scale images, leader lines end without an arrow or a dot.
Figure 19 – Drawing the positions of the elements of objects
Leader lines should not intersect each other, be non-parallel to the hatch lines (if the leader line runs along a shaded field) and, if possible, not intersect dimension lines and image elements that do not include the inscription placed on the shelf.
It is allowed to make leader lines with one break (Figure 20), as well as draw two or more leader lines from one shelf (Figure 21).
Inscriptions related directly to the image can contain no more than two lines, located above and below the leader line shelf.
The font size for indicating coordination axes and positions (marks) should be one to two numbers larger than the font size adopted for dimensional numbers in the same drawing.
The text part placed on the drawing field is placed above the main inscription.
It is not allowed to place images, tables, etc. between the text part and the main inscription.
On sheets larger than A1, text may be placed in two or more columns. The column width should be no more than 185 mm.
Tables are placed in the free space of the drawing field to the right of the image or below it.
Tables placed on the drawing are numbered within the drawing if there are references to them in the technical requirements. In this case, the word “Table” with a serial number (without the No. sign) is placed above the table on the right.
If there is only one table in the drawing, then it is not numbered and the word “Table” is not written.
When making a drawing on two or more sheets, the text part is placed only on the first sheet, regardless of which sheets contain the images to which the instructions given in the text part relate.
Inscriptions relating to individual elements of an object and placed on the shelves of leader lines are placed on those sheets of the drawing on which they are most necessary for ease of reading the drawing.
The inscriptions on the drawings are not underlined.
To designate images (types, sections, sections), surfaces, dimensions and other elements of the product in the drawing, capital letters of the Russian alphabet are used, with the exception of the letters Y, O, X, Ъ, ы, ь.
Letter designations are assigned in alphabetical order without repetition and, as a rule, without gaps, regardless of the number of sheets of the drawing. It is preferable to label the images first.
In case of a lack of letters, numerical indexing is used, for example: “Type A”; "View A 1"; "View A 2"; "B-B"; "B 1 -B 1"; "B 2 -B 2". Letter designations are underlined.
If symbols are applied by machine, they may not be underlined.
The font size of the letter designations should be approximately twice the size of the digits of the dimensional numbers used in the same drawing.
The scale of the image in the drawing, which differs from that indicated in the main inscription, is indicated directly under the inscription related to the image, for example:
If in a drawing it is difficult to find additional images (sections, dimensions, additional views, extension elements) due to the large saturation of the drawing or its execution on two or more sheets, then additional images are marked indicating the sheet numbers or designations of the zones on which these images are placed (Figure 22).
Figure 22 – Indication of sheet numbers in addition to the image
In these cases, above the additional images, their designations indicate the sheet numbers or designations of the zones on which the additional images are marked (Figure 23).
Figure 23 – Making inscriptions on additional images
A building or any structure in plan is divided by conventional center lines into a number of segments. These lines defining the position of the main load-bearing structures are called longitudinal and transverse coordination axes.
The interval between the coordination axes in the building plan is called the step, and in the predominant direction the step can be longitudinal or transverse.
Marking of coordination axes
If the distance between the coordinate longitudinal axes coincides with the span, floor or coating of the main supporting structure, then this interval is called a span.
Floor height in a multi-storey residential building
The height of the floor H fl is taken to be the distance from the floor level of the selected floor to the floor level of the floor above. The height of the upper floor is determined using the same principle, whereby the thickness of the attic floor is assumed to be conditionally equal to the thickness of the interfloor floor c. In industrial one-story buildings, the height of the floor is equal to the distance from the floor to the bottom surface of the coating structure.
In order to determine the relative position of parts of a building, a grid of coordination axes is used, which defines the load-bearing structures of a given building.
Coordination axes are dashed with thin dotted lines and marked inside circles with a diameter of 6 to 12 mm.
Floor height in a one-story building
Coordination axes are marked in Arabic numerals and capital letters, with the exception of the symbols: 3, И, О, X, И, ъ, ь.
The height of the font indicating the coordination axes is chosen to be one or two numbers larger than the size of the numbers on the same sheet.
The numbers indicate the axes on the side of the building with the largest number coordination axes.
The direction of marking of axes is applied from left to right, horizontally and from bottom to top, vertically.
Axes markings are usually located on the left and bottom sides of the building plan.
The coordination axis of the outer wall is located at a distance a = 100 mm, observing the indentation for installing floor slabs.
Coordination axes of external and internal walls
d) e)
Fig.7.Options for drawing coordination axes
are marked with letters from the center to the periphery and numbers - from the left horizontal axis clockwise (Fig. 7 a,7c). Axes are usually marked on the bottom and left sides of the building plan. If the axes of the opposite sides of the building do not coincide, then they are marked on each side accordingly (Fig. 7g). For any elements
For structures located between the coordination axes of the main load-bearing structures (for example, columns in a building diagram with an incomplete frame), additional axes are applied. These axes are designated by a fraction: the numerator indicates the designation of the previous coordination axis, and the denominator indicates an additional serial number within the area between adjacent coordination axes (Fig. 7d). It is allowed not to assign additional numbers to the axes of half-timbered columns, but to designate them in continuation of the designation of the axes of the main columns.
2.3. Snap walls to coordination axes
In building drawings, the role of a coordinate grid is played by the coordination axes of the main walls. After drawing the coordination axes on the plan, perform binding to them structural elements, primarily external and internal load-bearing walls and supports. The binding is carried out by setting dimensions from the axis to both faces of the wall or column. In this case, the axis of the wall is not drawn along its entire length, but is extended only by the amount necessary to set the reference size. It is customary to draw the axes of supporting columns with two mutually perpendicular segments of dash-dotted lines.
Coordination axes do not always coincide with the geometric axes of the walls. Their position is set taking into account the dimensions of standard span structures of beams, trusses and floor slabs. In the example in Fig. For clarity, Figure 8 partially shows the layout of the floor panels and their support on the walls. The panels are drawn in rectangles with thin diagonals.
Fig.8.Links of main walls on the building plan
Linking walls to modular coordination axes in buildings with load-bearing longitudinal or transverse walls is carried out based on the following instructions:
on internal walls, their geometric axis, as a rule, corresponds
fits with the coordination axis (Fig. 9, A; rice. 8, axis B, axis 3);
it is allowed not to combine geometric and coordination
axes of staircase walls, walls with ventilation ducts, etc.;
in the walls of staircases, the axes are drawn at a distance that is a multiple of the module from the inner (facing the stairs) face of the wall (Fig. 9, b; rice. 8, axis 2);
in external load-bearing walls the coordination axis is drawn from
a B C D)
Fig.9.Binding options load-bearing walls
the inner (facing the room) edge of the wall at a distance, equal to half thickness of the corresponding internal load-bearing wall (Fig. 9, V; rice. 8, A-axis, B axis, axis 4);
in external self-supporting walls the so-called
zero binding – the coordination axis is aligned with the internal
the edge of the wall - (Fig. 9, G; rice. 8, axis 1);
if the outer wall is load-bearing in different sections
cabbage soup ( section of wall along axis A between axes 1 and 3) and self-supporting ( section of wall along axis A between axes 3 and 4), then the coordination axis is oriented along the load-bearing section (Fig. 8);
binding of columns and walls industrial buildings depends on them
position in one of the rows (middle, extreme or end); Variants of such bindings are shown in Fig. 10.
A)
b)
V)
G)
d)
e)
and)
h)
And)
Fig. 10.Attaching columns to coordination axes:
1. Rules for the preparation of architectural and construction drawings (according to GOST 21.501-93): implementation of the building plan.
General information.
Basic and working drawings are made in line drawings, using lines of different thicknesses, thereby achieving the necessary expressiveness of the image. In this case, the elements included in the section are highlighted with a thicker line, and the visible areas beyond the section are highlighted with a thinner line. The smallest thickness of lines made in pencil is approximately 0.3 mm, in ink - 0.2 mm, the maximum line thickness is 1.5 mm. The thickness of the line is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and its content - plan, facade, section or detail.
Scale images in the drawings should be selected from the following series: for reduction -1:2; 1:5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:25; 1:50; 1: 100; 1: 200; 1: 400; 1: 500; 1: 800; 1: 1000; 1: 2000; 1: 5000; 1:10,000; for magnification - 2:1; 10:1; 20:1; 50:1; 100:1.
The choice of scale depends on the content of the drawing (plans, elevations, sections, details) and the size of the object depicted in the drawing. Plans, facades, sections of small buildings are usually made on a scale of 1:50; drawings of large buildings are carried out on a smaller scale - 1:100 or 1:200; very large industrial buildings sometimes require a scale of 1:400 - 1:500. Components and parts of any buildings are made on a scale of 1:2 - 1:25.
Coordination axes, dimension and extension lines. Coordination axes determine the position of the structural elements of the building, the sizes of steps and spans. Center lines are drawn in dash-dot line thin line with long strokes and are indicated by marks that are placed in circles.
On building plans, longitudinal axes are usually placed to the left of the drawing, and transverse axes are located below. If the location of the axes of opposite sides of the plan does not coincide, then their markings are placed on all sides of the plan. In this case, the numbering is continuous. The transverse axes are marked with ordinal Arabic numerals from left to right, and the longitudinal axes are marked with capital letters of the Russian alphabet (except E, Z, J, O, X, Y, E) down up.
The diameter of the circles must correspond to the scale of the drawing: 6 mm - for 1:400 or less; 8 mm - for 1:200-1:100; 10 mm - for 1:50; 12 mm - for 1:25; 1:20; 1:10..
The font size for designating axes should be 1.5-2 times larger than the font size of the dimensional numbers used in the drawing. Marking of axes on sections, facades, components and parts must correspond to the plan. To apply dimensions, dimension and extension lines are drawn in the drawing. Dimension lines (external) are drawn outside the outline of the drawing in an amount from two to four in accordance with the nature of the object and the design stage. On the first line from the drawing the dimensions of the smallest divisions are indicated, on the next ones - the larger ones. On the last dimension line indicate overall size between the extreme axes with these axes tied to the outer edges of the walls. Dimension lines should be drawn so that the drawing itself is not difficult to read. Based on this, the first line is drawn at a distance from the drawing no closer than 15-21 mm. The distance between the dimension lines is 6-8 mm. Segments on dimension lines corresponding to the dimensions of external wall elements (windows, piers, etc.) are limited by extension lines, which should be drawn starting at a short distance (3-4 mm) from the drawing, until they intersect with the dimension line. The intersections are recorded with notches having a slope of 45°. For very closely spaced small dimensions in the drawings of parts and assemblies, serifs may be replaced with dots. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the outer extension lines by 1-3 mm.
On the internal dimension lines indicate linear dimensions rooms, the thickness of partitions and internal walls, the width of door openings, etc. These lines should be drawn at a sufficient distance from the internal edges of walls or partitions so as not to make the drawing difficult to read. 
Rules for preparing plan drawings in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing): a - coordination axes; b - dimension lines; in-leader lines; g - area of premises; d - cut lines (dimensions are given in millimeters).
Dimension and extension lines are drawn with a thin solid line. All dimensions are given in millimeters without dimension designation. The numbers are placed above the dimension line parallel to it and, if possible, closer to the middle of the segment. The height of the numbers is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and must be at least 2.5 mm when done in ink and 3.5 mm when done in pencil. ^
Level marks and slopes. Marks determine the position of architectural and structural elements on sections and facades, and on plans - in the presence of differences in floor levels. Level marks are counted from a conventional zero level, which for buildings is usually taken to be the level of the finished floor or the top edge of the first floor. Marks below zero are indicated with a “-” sign, marks above zero are indicated without a sign. Numeric value marks are placed in meters with three decimal places without indicating the dimension. 
Rules for applying marks, dimensions and other designations on sections in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing). To indicate a mark on facades, sections and sections, use a symbol in the form of an arrow with the sides inclined to the horizontal at an angle of 45°, based on the contour line of the element (for example, the edge of the plane of the finished floor or ceiling) or on the extension line of the level of the element (for example, the top or the bottom of a window opening, horizontal projections, external walls). In this case, marks of external elements are taken outside the drawing, and internal elements are placed inside the drawing. 
On the plans, marks are made in a rectangle or on a leader line shelf indicating the “+” or “-” sign. On architectural plans, marks are usually placed in a rectangle, on structural drawings to indicate the bottom of channels, pits, various holes in floors - on a leader line. 
The magnitude of the slope on sections should be indicated in the form of a simple or decimal fraction (up to the third digit) and indicated by a special sign, the acute angle of which is directed towards the slope. This designation is placed above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line 
On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes should be indicated by an arrow indicating the magnitude of the slope above it
Designation of cuts and sections shown by an open line (trace of the beginning and end of the cutting plane), which is taken out of the image. With a complex broken section, traces of the intersection of cutting planes are shown
At a distance of 2-3 mm from the ends of the open line outside the drawing, arrows are drawn that indicate the direction of view. Sections and sections are marked with numbers or letters of the Russian alphabet, which are located under the arrows in the cross sections and on the side with outside shooter - in longitudinal. For the design and dimensions of the arrows, see the figure on the right. ^
Designation of premises areas. Areas expressed in square meters with two decimal places without dimension designation, are usually placed in the lower right corner of the plan of each room. The numbers underline. In the drawings of residential building projects, in addition, the residential and usable (total) area of each apartment is marked, which is indicated by a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the residential apartment area, in the denominator - useful. The fraction is preceded by a number indicating the number of rooms in the apartment. This designation is placed on the plan of a large room or, if the drawing area allows, on the plan of the front room. ^
Callouts, explaining the names of individual structural parts in the nodes, are placed on a broken leader line, the inclined section of which with a dot or arrow at the end faces the part, and the horizontal section serves as a shelf - the basis for the inscription. If the drawing is on a small scale, it is allowed to end the leader line without an arrow or a dot. Inscriptions for multilayer structures are applied in the form of so-called “flags”. The sequence of inscriptions relating to individual layers must correspond to the order of the layers in the structure from top to bottom or from left to right. The thickness of the layers is indicated in millimeters without dimension. Marks of structural elements on layout diagrams are applied on the shelves of leader lines. It is allowed to combine several leader lines with a common shelf or place a mark without a leader next to the image of the elements or within the outline. The font size for designating brands must be larger than the font size of the dimensional numbers on the same drawing 
Marking nodes and fragments - important element design of drawings to help them read. The main purpose of marking is to connect nodes and fragments taken out on a larger scale with detailed areas in the main drawing
When moving out nodes, the corresponding place on the facade, plan or section is marked with a closed solid line (circle or oval) indicating on the shelf the leader line with a number or letter of the serial number of the element being taken out. If the node is located on another sheet, then under the shelf of the leader line you should indicate the number of the sheet on which the node is placed 
Above the image or on the side of the removed node (regardless of which sheet it is placed on) there is a double circle indicating the serial number of the node. Diameter of circles 10-14 mm
Technical construction drawings are accompanied by names of individual images, text explanations, specification tables, etc. For these purposes, a standard straight font with a letter height of 2.5 is used; 3.5; 7; 10; 14 mm. In this case, the font height is 5; 7; 10 mm is used for the names of the graphic part of the drawing; 2.5 and 3.5 mm high - for text material (notes, filling out a stamp, etc.), 10 and 14 mm high - mainly for the design of illustrative drawings. The names of the images are located above the drawings. These names and headings of text explanations are underlined line by line with a solid line. The headings of specifications and other tables are placed above them, but not underlined.
^ Floor plan.
In the names of plans in the drawings, it is necessary to comply with the accepted terminology; architectural plans should indicate the finished floor mark or floor number, for example, “Plan at elevation. 0.000”, “Plan of 3-16 floors”, it is allowed to indicate the purpose of the floor premises in the names of the plans, for example “Plan of the technical underground”, “Plan of the attic”
Floor plan depicted in the form of a section by a horizontal plane passing at the level of window and door openings (slightly above the window sill) or at 1/3 of the height of the depicted floor. When there are multi-tiered windows on one floor, the plan is depicted within the window openings of the lower tier. All structural elements included in the section (steles, pillars, columns) are outlined with a thick line
The floor plans are marked with:
1) the coordination axes of the building with a dash-dot thin line;
2) chains of external and internal dimensions, including the distances between the coordination axes, the thickness of walls, partitions, the dimensions of window and door openings (in this case, internal dimensions are applied inside the drawing, external ones - outside);
3) level marks for finished floors (only if the floors are located at different levels);
4) cut lines (cut lines are drawn, as a rule, in such a way that the cut includes openings of windows, external gates and doors);
5) marking of window and door openings, lintels (marking of gate and door openings is allowed in circles with a diameter of 5 mm);
5) designations of nodes and fragments of plans;
6) names of premises, their area
It is allowed to give the names of premises and their areas in an explication according to Form 2. In this case, instead of the names of the premises, their numbers are indicated on the plans.
Form 2
Explication of premises
Built-in premises and other areas of the building where separate drawings, are depicted schematically with a solid thin line showing load-bearing structures.
Platforms, mezzanines and other structures located above the cutting plane are depicted schematically with a dash-dot thin line with two dots
^
An example of a floor plan for a residential building:
Floor plan elements.
Walls made of lightweight concrete blocks. ^
Symbol in plan: The wall thickness is a multiple of 100mm. The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is min 200 mm. The thickness of the external walls is 500, 600 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation. The dimensions of the standard block are 390x190x190mm. ^
The walls are brick. The wall thickness is a multiple of 130mm (130, 250, 380, 510, 640mm). The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is 250, 380 mm. The thickness of the external walls is 510, 640 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation. Dimensions of ordinary ceramic bricks are 250x120x65(88) mm. ^
Walls made of timber. Wall thickness (150) 180, 220 mm. The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is min 180 mm. The thickness of the external walls is 180, 220 mm. ^
The walls are made of logs. Wall thickness 180, 200, 220 - 320 mm (multiples of 20mm). The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is min 180 mm. The thickness of the external walls is 180 - 320 mm. ^
Walls - wooden frame filled with effective insulation. The thickness of the frame post is 100, 150, 180 mm + 40-50 mm of double-sided cladding. The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is 100 + 40-50 mm. The thickness of the external walls is 150, 180 + 40-50 mm. Partitions:
made of lightweight concrete blocks, thickness 190mm;
brick, thickness 120mm;
three-layer wooden, thickness 75mm;
plasterboard metal frame, thickness 50-70mm.
Window openings:
V brick walls Oh;
in timber, log and frame walls.
External doorways:
in walls made of lightweight concrete blocks;
brick walls;
and frame walls. Internal doorways:
for all types of walls.
The complex of works on performing architectural measurements ends with the release project documentation, which is based on drawings drawn up in accordance with accepted standards.
– complex and responsible work, the implementation of which determines the final result of all measurement work performed at the site.
Let's consider the rules for applying linear, angular, radial dimensions, coordinate axes, creating callouts, as well as height and level marks.
Applying linear dimensions to the drawing
Drawing dimensions is one of the most labor-intensive tasks in the drawing process.
On the drawings, dimensions are applied in accordance with GOST 2.307-68, taking into account the requirements of GOST 21.101-97 SPDS. Dimensions in millimeters in drawings are usually shown in the form of a closed chain without indicating the unit of measurement. If dimensions are given in other units, this is specified in technical conditions to the drawings.
On the plan drawings, chains of external and internal dimensions are applied, including the thickness of walls, partitions, sizes of window and door openings (internal dimensions are applied inside the drawing, external ones - outside).
On the section drawings, the distance between the coordination axes and the reference of the external walls to the extreme coordination axes, horizontal chains of dimensions, vertical chains of dimensions, including the thickness of the floors and heights of the premises, vertical dimensions of window openings, etc. are indicated.
The dimension line at its intersection with extension lines, contour lines or center lines is limited by serifs in the form of thick main lines 2 - 4 mm long, drawn with an inclination to the right at an angle of 45° to the dimension line by 1 - 3 mm.
The thickness of the tick line is equal to the thickness of the solid main thick line.
Dimension lines should protrude beyond the outer extension lines by 2–3 mm.
The size number is placed above the size line at a distance of 0.8–1.0 mm.
The extension line should extend beyond the dimension line by 1–5 mm.
When applying a diameter or radius dimension inside a circle, as well as an angular dimension, the dimension line is limited by arrows. Arrows are also used when drawing dimensions of radii and internal fillets.
If there is not enough space above the dimension line, it is allowed to apply the dimension number under the dimension line on the shelf of the leader line or on the continuation of the dimension line.
Fig.1. Drawing dimension and extension lines
Fig.2. Limitation of dimension lines: a - serif, b - arrow (s-thickness of the main line), c - dot.
Drawing level marks (elevation marks) on the drawing
On the plan drawings, markings of the levels of finished floors are applied (in the case of floors located at different levels).
On the section drawings, marks are made for the level of the finished floor of the premises and the bottom of the flooring, external elements of the walls, and the ground.
Dimensions and marks are placed outside and inside the cut.
On the drawings of the facades, marks are made of the ground levels, the plinth, the top and bottom of the openings, the parapet, the canopy above the entrance and other elements characteristic of this structure.
Markings of levels (height, depth) of structural elements, equipment, pipelines, air ducts, etc. from the reference level (conventional “zero” mark) indicate conventional sign in accordance with Figure 3.1. and are indicated in meters with three decimal places separated from the whole number by a comma.
The “zero” mark, usually accepted for the surface of any structural element of a building or structure located near the planning surface of the earth, is indicated without a sign (0.000); marks above zero - with a “+” sign (+1,200); below zero - with a “-” sign (- 1,700). In residential buildings, this is most often the floor level of the first floor of a residential building.
The marking sign is an arrow with a shelf. In this case, the arrow is made with main lines 2–4 mm long, drawn at an angle of 45° to the extension line or contour line. Leader lines, vertical and horizontal, are outlined with a solid thin line. When several level signs are located one above the other near one image, it is recommended to place the vertical lines of the level mark on one vertical straight line, and make the length of the horizontal shelves the same. The marking sign may be accompanied by explanatory notes. For example: “Ur.ch.p.” – finished floor level; "Ur.z." - ground level.
On views (elements), sections and sections, marks are indicated on extension lines or contour lines, on plans - in a rectangle, except for cases specified in the relevant SPDS standards.
Fig.3. Indication of elevation marks on drawings of facades, sections, sections and plans.
Fig.4. Applying elevation marks on drawings of facades, sections and sections:
a - symbol of the mark; b - location of the sign and shelf; c - use of the sign; g - the same, with explanatory signs.
Drawing the direction and magnitude of the slope of the planes
On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes is indicated by an arrow, above which, if necessary, the value of the slope is indicated as a percentage in accordance with Figure 5 or as a ratio of height and length (for example, 1:7).
It is allowed, if necessary, to indicate the slope value in ppm, as a decimal fraction accurate to the third digit.
On drawings and diagrams, the sign “? ", the acute angle of which should be directed towards the slope.
The slope designation is applied directly above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line.
Fig.5. Drawing the direction and magnitude of the slope of the planes
Applying callouts to the drawing
The main inscriptions are carried out in accordance with GOST 21.101-97 (SPDS). This standard establishes the shape, dimensions and order of filling in the main inscriptions on drawings and text documents.
Due to the small scale of the image, in the drawings of plans, sections and facades it is impossible to show in sufficient detail the individual parts and components of the building. However, in a project or album of typical parts, a unit or part may be given, drawn on a larger scale with a sufficient degree of detail. In this case, this part or assembly is referenced in the main drawing. Callouts, links, explanatory inscriptions on construction drawings are carried out in accordance with GOST 2.316-68 and GOST 2.305-68 ESKD, taking into account the requirements of GOST 21.101-97 SPDS.
Leader lines usually end with shelves on which brief instructions are written. A leader line that intersects the outline of the image and does not extend from any line ends with a dot. The leader line, drawn from the line of the visible or invisible contour, as well as from the lines indicating the surface, ends with an arrow (Fig. 6.1.).
Rice. 6.1. Drawing leader lines
Inscriptions for multilayer structures are made on shelves (in accordance with Figure 6.2.). In this case, the leader line is a straight line with an arrow. On this extension inscription, in the order of the layers, the name of the material or structure is given, indicating the dimensions. The sequence of labels for individual layers must correspond to the sequence of their location in the drawing from top to bottom or from right to left.
In small-scale images, leader lines end without an arrow or a dot.
Fig.6.2. Applying callouts to the drawing
Leader lines must not intersect each other. If a leader line runs along a shaded field, it should not be parallel
hatch lines. It is allowed to make leader lines with one break, as well as draw two or more leader lines from one shelf. Labels related directly to the image may contain no more than two lines located above and below the leader line shelf. It is allowed to place marks (positions) of elements on a common shelf of several leader lines or without leader lines next to the image or within the contour.
Drawing coordination axes on the drawing
Coordination axes are drawn on drawings of plans, sections and facades of a building or structure.
Coordination axes are applied to images of buildings and structures with thin dash-dot lines with long strokes, denoted by Arabic numerals and capital letters of the Russian alphabet (with the exception of the letters: Ё, 3, И, О, X, Ц, Ш, Ш, ъ, ы, ь) in circles with a diameter of 6-12 mm.
Gaps in digital and alphabetic (except for those indicated) designations of coordination axes are not allowed.
The numbers indicate the coordination axes on the side of the building and structure with a large number of axes.
If there are not enough letters of the alphabet to designate the coordination axes, subsequent axes are designated by two letters.
The sequence of digital and letter designations of the coordination axes is taken according to the plan from left to right and from bottom to top.
The designation of coordination axes, as a rule, is applied on the left and lower sides of the plan of the building and structure.
Date of introduction 01.01.71
This standard establishes the rules for depicting objects (products, structures and their constituent elements) on drawings of all industries and construction. The standard fully complies with ST SEV 363-88. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).
1. BASIC PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS
1.1. Images of objects should be made using the rectangular projection method. In this case, the object is assumed to be located between the observer and the corresponding projection plane (Fig. 1).1.2. The six faces of the cube are taken as the main projection planes; the edges are combined with the plane, as shown in Fig. 2. Face 6 may be placed next to face 4. 1.3 The image on the frontal plane of projections is taken as the main one in the drawing. The object is positioned relative to the frontal projection plane so that the image on it gives the most complete idea of the shape and size of the object. 1.4. The images in the drawing, depending on their content, are divided into types, sections, sections.
Crap. 2 Damn. 3
1.5. View - an image of the visible part of the surface of an object facing the observer. To reduce the number of images, it is allowed to show the necessary invisible parts of the surface of an object in views using dashed lines (Fig. 3).
1.6 Section - an image of an object mentally dissected by one or more planes, while the mental dissection of an object relates only to this section and does not entail changes in other images of the same object. The section shows what is obtained in the secant plane and what is located behind it (Fig. 4). It is allowed to depict not everything that is located behind the cutting plane, if this is not required to understand the design of the object (Fig. 5).
1.7. Section - an image of a figure obtained by mentally dissecting an object with one or more planes (Fig. 6). The section shows only what is obtained directly in the cutting plane. It is allowed to use a cylindrical surface as a secant, which is then developed into a plane (Fig. 7).
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 1.8. The number of images (types, sections, sections) should be the smallest, but providing a complete picture of the subject when using the symbols, signs and inscriptions established in the relevant standards.
2. TYPES
2.1. The following names of views obtained on the main projection planes are established (main views, drawing 2): 1 - front view ( main view); 2 - top view; 3 - left view; 4 - right view; 5 - bottom view; 6 - rear view. In construction drawings, if necessary, the corresponding views may be given other names, for example, “facade”. The names of types on the drawings should not be inscribed, except as provided in clause 2.2. In construction drawings it is allowed to inscribe the name of the type and assign it an alphabetic, numerical or other designation. 2.2. If the views from above, left, right, below, from behind are not in direct projection connection with the main image (the view or section shown on the frontal plane of projections), then the direction of projection should be indicated by an arrow next to the corresponding image. The same capital letter should be placed above the arrow and above the resulting image (view) (Fig. 8).
Drawings are designed in the same way if the listed views are separated from the main image by other images or are not located on the same sheet with it. When there is no image that can show the direction of view, the name of the species is inscribed. In construction drawings, it is allowed to indicate the direction of view with two arrows (similar to indicating the position of cutting planes in sections). In construction drawings, regardless of the relative position of the views, it is allowed to inscribe the name and designation of the view without indicating the direction of view with an arrow, if the direction of view is determined by the name or designation of the view. 2.3. If any part of an object cannot be shown in the views listed in paragraph 2.1 without distorting the shape and size, then additional views are used, obtained on planes not parallel to the main planes of projections (Fig. 9-11). 2.4. The additional view must be marked on the drawing with a capital letter (Drawings 9, 10), and the image of an object associated with the additional view must have an arrow indicating the direction of view, with a corresponding letter designation (arrow B, Drawings 9, 10).
When an additional view is located in direct projection connection with the corresponding image, the arrow and view designation are not applied (Fig. 11).
2.2-2.4. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 2.5. Additional types are arranged as shown in Fig. 9- 11. Location of additional views along the lines. 9 and 11 are preferable. An additional view can be rotated, but with, as a rule, maintaining the position adopted for a given item in the main image, and the designation of the view must be supplemented with a conventional graphic designation. If necessary, indicate the angle of rotation (Fig. 12). Several identical additional types related to one subject are designated by one letter and one type is drawn. If, in this case, the parts of the object associated with the additional type are located at different angles, then the designation of the type is conditional graphic designation do not add. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 1, 2). 2.6. The image of a separate, limited area of the surface of an object is called a local view (type D, figure 8; view E, figure 13). The local view may be limited to the cliff line, if possible in smallest size(type D, drawing 13), or not limited (type D, drawing 13). The local view should be marked on the drawing as additional view. 2.7. The ratio of the sizes of the arrows indicating the direction of view must correspond to those shown in Fig. 14. 2.6, 2.7. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).
3. CUT
3.1. The sections are divided, depending on the position of the cutting plane relative to the horizontal plane of projections, into: horizontal - the cutting plane is parallel to the horizontal plane of projections (for example, section A-A, Fig. 13; section B-B, crap. 15). In construction drawings, horizontal sections may be given other names, such as "plan"; vertical - the cutting plane is perpendicular to the horizontal plane of projections (for example, a section at the site of the main view, Fig. 13; sections A-A, B-B, G-G, Fig. 15); inclined - the secant plane makes an angle with the horizontal projection plane that is different from a straight line (for example, section B-B, crap. 8). Depending on the number of cutting planes, the sections are divided into: simple - with one cutting plane (for example, Fig. 4, 5); complex - with several cutting planes (for example, section A-A, Fig. 8; section B-B, Fig. 15). 3.2. A vertical section is called frontal if the cutting plane is parallel to the frontal plane of projections (for example, section, Fig. 5; section A-A, Fig. 16), and profile if the cutting plane is parallel to the profile plane of projections (for example, section BB, Fig. 16 . 13).
3.3. Complex sections can be stepped if the cutting planes are parallel (for example, a stepped horizontal section B-B, Fig. 15; a stepped frontal section A-A, Fig. 16), and broken if the cutting planes intersect (for example, sections A-A, drawings 8 and 15). 3.4. The cuts are called longitudinal if the cutting planes are directed along the length or height of the object (Figure 17), and transverse if the cutting planes are directed perpendicular to the length or height of the object (for example, cuts A-A and B-B, Figure 18). 3.5. The position of the cutting plane is indicated in the drawing by a section line. An open line must be used for the section line. In case of a complex cut, strokes are also made at the intersection of the cutting planes. Arrows should be placed on the initial and final strokes indicating the direction of view (Fig. 8-10, 13, 15); arrows should be applied at a distance of 2-3 mm from the end of the stroke. The starting and ending strokes must not intersect the outline of the corresponding image. In cases like the one indicated in Fig. 18, arrows indicating the direction of view are drawn on the same line. 3.1-3.5. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 3.6. At the beginning and end of the section line, and, if necessary, at the intersection of the cutting planes, the same capital letter of the Russian alphabet is placed. The letters are placed near the arrows indicating the direction of view, and at the intersection points from the side external corner. The cut must be marked with an inscription like “A-A” (always two letters separated by a dash). In construction drawings, near the section line, it is allowed to use numbers instead of letters, as well as write the name of the section (plan) with an alphanumeric or other designation assigned to it. 3.7. When the secant plane coincides with the plane of symmetry of the object as a whole, and the corresponding images are located on the same sheet in direct projection connection and are not separated by any other images, for horizontal, frontal and profile sections the position of the secant plane is not marked, and the cut is inscribed are not accompanied (for example, a section at the site of the main species, Fig. 13). 3.8. Frontal and profile sections, as a rule, are given a position corresponding to that accepted for a given item in the main image of the drawing (Fig. 12). 3.9. Horizontal, frontal and profile sections can be located in place of the corresponding main views (Fig. 13). 3.10. A vertical section, when the cutting plane is not parallel to the frontal or profile planes of projections, as well as an inclined section must be constructed and located in accordance with the direction indicated by the arrows on the section line. It is allowed to place such sections anywhere in the drawing (section B-B, Fig. 8), as well as with rotation to a position corresponding to that accepted for this item in the main image. In the latter case, a conventional graphic designation should be added to the inscription (section Г-Г, drawing 15). 3.11. For broken cuts, the secant planes are conventionally rotated until they are aligned into one plane, and the direction of rotation may not coincide with the direction of view (Fig. 19). If the combined planes turn out to be parallel to one of the main projection planes, then a broken section can be placed in the place of the corresponding type (sections A-A, drawings 8, 15). When rotating the secant plane, the elements of the object located on it are drawn as they are projected onto the corresponding plane with which the alignment is made (Fig. 20).
Crap. 19 Damn. 20
3.12. An incision that serves to clarify the structure of an object only in a separate, limited place is called local. The local section is highlighted in the view by a solid wavy line (Figure 21) or a solid thin line with a break (Figure 22). These lines must not coincide with any other lines in the image.
3.13. Part of the view and part of the corresponding section can be connected by separating them with a solid wavy line or a solid thin line with a break (Fig. 23, 24, 25). If in this case half of the view and half of the section are connected, each of which is a symmetrical figure, then the dividing line is the axis of symmetry (Fig. 26). It is also possible to separate the section and view by a thin dash-dotted line (Fig. 27), coinciding with the trace of the plane of symmetry not of the entire object, but only of its part, if it represents a body of rotation.
3.10-3.13. (Changed edition, Rev. № 2). 3.14. It is allowed to combine a quarter of a view and quarters of three sections: a quarter of a view, a quarter of one section and half of another, etc., provided that each of these images is individually symmetrical.
4. SECTIONS
4.1. Sections that are not part of the section are divided into: external sections (Fig. 6, 28); superimposed (Fig. 29).
Extended sections are preferable and can be placed in a section between parts of the same type (Fig. 30).
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 4.2. The contour of the extended section, as well as the section included in the section, is depicted with solid main lines, and the contour of the superimposed section is depicted with solid thin lines, and the contour of the image at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted (Fig. 13, 28, 29). 4.3. The axis of symmetry of the extended or superimposed section (Fig. 6, 29) is indicated by a thin dash-dotted line without letters and arrows, and the section line is not drawn. In cases like the one indicated in Fig. 30, with a symmetrical sectional figure, the section line is not drawn. In all other cases, an open line is used for the section line, indicating the direction of view with arrows and denoted by the same capital letters of the Russian alphabet (in construction drawings - uppercase or lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet or numbers). The section is accompanied by an inscription like “AA” (Fig. 28). In construction drawings it is allowed to inscribe the name of the section. For asymmetrical sections located in a gap (Fig. 31) or superimposed (Fig. 32), the section line is drawn with arrows, but not marked with letters.
Crap. 31 Damn. 32
In construction drawings, for symmetrical sections, an open line is used with its designation, but without arrows indicating the direction of view. 4.4. The section in construction and location must correspond to the direction indicated by the arrows (Fig. 28). It is allowed to place the section anywhere in the drawing field, as well as with a rotation with the addition of a conventional graphic designation 4.5. For several identical sections related to one object, the section line is designated by one letter and one section is drawn (Fig. 33, 34). If the cutting planes are directed at different angles (Fig. 35), then the conventional graphic designation is not applied. When the location of identical sections is precisely determined by the image or dimensions, it is allowed to draw one section line, and indicate the number of sections above the section image.
Crap. 33 Damn. 34
Crap. 35 Damn. 36
4.6 Cutting planes are chosen so as to obtain normal cross sections (Fig. 36). 4.7. If the secant plane passes through the axis of the surface of rotation that bounds the hole or recess, then the contour of the hole or recess in the section is shown in full (Fig. 37). 4.8. If the section turns out to consist of separate independent parts, then cuts should be used (Fig. 38).
Crap. 37 Damn. 38
4.4-4.8. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).
5. REMOTE ELEMENTS
5.1. A detachable element is an additional separate image (usually enlarged) of any part of an object that requires graphic and other explanations regarding shape, size and other data. The detail element may contain details not indicated on the corresponding image, and may differ from it in content (for example, the image may be a view, and the detail element may be a section). 5.2. When using an extension element, the corresponding place is marked on the view, section or section with a closed solid thin line - a circle, an oval, etc. with the designation of the extension element in a capital letter or a combination capital letter with an Arabic numeral on a leader line shelf. Above the image of the extension element, indicate the designation and scale in which it is made (Fig. 39).
In construction drawings, the extension element in the image can also be marked with a curly or square bracket or not marked graphically. The image from which the element is being taken out, and the extension element, may also have the alphabetic or numerical (Arabic numerals) designation and name assigned to the extension element. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 5.3. The remote element is placed as close as possible to the corresponding place in the image of the object.
6. CONVENTIONS AND SIMPLIFICATIONS
6.1. If the view, section or section represents a symmetrical figure, it is allowed to draw half of the image (View B, Drawing 13) or slightly more than half of the image, drawing a break line in the latter case (Drawing 25). 6.2. If an object has several identical, evenly spaced elements, then the image of this object shows one or two such elements in full (for example, one or two holes, Fig. 15), and the remaining elements are shown in a simplified or conditional manner (Fig. 40). It is allowed to depict a part of an object (Fig. 41, 42) with appropriate instructions on the number of elements, their location, etc.
Crap. 40 Damn. 41 Damn. 42
6.3. In views and sections, it is allowed to depict in a simplified manner the projections of the lines of intersection of surfaces, if their precise construction is not required. For example, instead of pattern curves, circular arcs and straight lines are drawn (Fig. 43, 44).
6.4. A smooth transition from one surface to another is shown conditionally (Fig. 45-47) or not shown at all (Fig. 48-50).
Simplifications similar to those indicated in Fig. 51, 52.
6.5. Parts such as screws, rivets, keys, non-hollow shafts and spindles, connecting rods, handles, etc. are shown uncut in a longitudinal section. The balls are always shown uncut. As a rule, nuts and washers are shown uncut on assembly drawings. Elements such as spokes of flywheels, pulleys, gear wheels, thin walls such as stiffeners, etc. are shown unshaded if the cutting plane is directed along the axis or long side of such an element. If in similar elements the part has local drilling, recess, etc., then a local cut is made, as shown in Fig. 21, 22, 53. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).
Crap. 53 Damn. 54 Damn. 55
6.6. Plates, as well as elements of parts (holes, chamfers, grooves, recesses, etc.) with a size (or difference in size) in the drawing of 2 mm or less are depicted with a deviation from the scale adopted for the entire image, in the direction of enlargement. 6.7. It is permissible to depict a slight taper or slope with magnification. In those images in which the slope or taper is not clearly visible, for example, the main view of the devil. 54a or top view of the devil. 54b, draw only one line corresponding to the smaller size of the element with a slope or the smaller base of the cone. 6.8. If it is necessary to highlight the flat surfaces of an object in the drawing, diagonals are drawn on them with solid thin lines (Drawing 55). 6.9. Objects or elements that have a constant or naturally changing cross-section (shafts, chains, rods, shaped steel, connecting rods, etc.) may be depicted with breaks. Partial images and images with gaps are limited to one of following methods: a) a continuous thin line with a break, which can extend beyond the contour of the image by a length of 2 to 4 mm. This line may be inclined relative to the contour line (Fig. 56a);
B) a solid wavy line connecting the corresponding contour lines (Fig. 56b);
C) hatching lines (Fig. 5bv).
(Changed edition, Rev. № 2). 6.10. In drawings of objects with a continuous mesh, braiding, ornament, relief, knurling, etc., it is allowed to depict these elements partially, with possible simplification (Drawing 57).
6.11. To simplify drawings or reduce the number of images, it is allowed: a) the part of the object located between the observer and the cutting plane is depicted with a dash-dot thick line directly on the section (superimposed projection, Fig. 58); b) use complex cuts (Fig. 59);
C) to show holes in the hubs of gear wheels, pulleys, etc., as well as for keyways, instead of a full image of the part, give only the outline of the hole (Fig. 60) or groove (Fig. 52); d) depict in section the holes located on the round flange when they do not fall into the secant plane (Fig. 15). 6.12. If a top view is not necessary and the drawing is compiled from images on the frontal and profile planes of projections, then with a stepped section, the section line and inscriptions related to the section are applied as shown in the drawing. 61.
6.11, 6.12. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 6.13. Conventions and simplifications allowed in permanent connections, in drawings of electrical and radio engineering devices, gears, etc., are established by the relevant standards. 6.14. The conventional graphic designation “rotated” must correspond to the line. 62 and “expanded” - damn. 63.
(Introduced additionally, Amendment No. 2). APPENDIX according to GOST 2.317-69.
INFORMATION DATA
1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR DEVELOPERS V.R. Verchenko, Yu.I. Stepanov, Ya.G. Old-timer, B.Ya. Kabakov, V.K. Anopov 2. APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by the Decree of the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR in December 1967. 3. The standard fully complies with ST SEV 363-88 4. INSTEAD GOST 3453-59 in terms of section. I - V, VII and appendices 5. EDITION (April 2000) with Amendments No. 1, 2, approved in September 1987, August 1989 (IUS 12-87, 12-89)
| 1. Basic provisions and definitions. 1 2. Types.. 3 3. Sections.. 6 4. Sections. 9 5. Detailed elements.. 11 6. Conventions and simplifications. 12 |
Size called the design size l building structure, product, element, element of equipment, determined in accordance with the rules of the ICRS (modular coordination of dimensions in construction). Structural dimensions (Fig. 109) take less than coordination dimensions l 0 per gap size d or more coordination dimensions (with the addition of the value of protrusions located in the adjacent coordination space). The gap size d is set in accordance with the characteristics of the structural units, operating conditions of the joints, installation and tolerances.
Nominal dimensions l 0 structural elements are the design dimensions of building products and equipment, including standardized clearances d; the normalized gap is called established by standards thickness of the seam of the gap between structural elements.
Design dimensions l– design dimensions of structural elements, construction products and equipment.
Rice. 109. Location building structures, products and elements in the coordination space
Full size structural elements are their actual dimensions, which differ from the structural ones by the amount of tolerances established by the standards.
Features of applying dimensions on construction drawings. on construction drawings, dimensions are applied in accordance with GOST 2.307-68, taking into account the requirements of the design documentation system for construction GOST 21.501-93.
To determine the dimensions of the depicted product (structural element, unit, building, structure) and its parts, use the dimensional numbers printed on the drawing. Dimension and extension lines are drawn as a solid thin line with a thickness of S/3 to S/2 (see Fig. 109).
Dimensions in millimeters on construction drawings are usually applied in the form of a closed chain without indicating the unit of measurement. If dimensions are given in other units, this is specified in the notes to the drawings. Dimension lines on construction drawings are limited by serifs - short strokes 2-4 mm long, drawn with an inclination to the right at an angle of 45° to the dimension line. The thickness of the notch line is equal to the thickness of the solid main line adopted in this drawing. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the outer extension lines by 1-3 mm. The size number is placed above the size line at approximately a distance of 0.5 to 1 mm (Fig. 110a, 110b). The extension line should extend beyond the dimension line by 1-5 mm. If there is not enough space for serifs on dimension lines, which are a closed chain, serifs can be replaced with dots (Fig. 110c).
Rice. 110. Limitation of dimension lines
The distance from the outline of the drawing to the first dimension line is recommended to be at least 10 mm. However, in practice project work this distance is taken equal to 14-21 mm. The distance between parallel dimension lines must be at least 7 mm, and from the dimension line to the circle of the coordination axis - 4 mm (Fig. 111).
Rice. 111. Example of applying dimensions on an image with a gap
with one dimension line
If there are a number of identical elements in the image, located at equal distances from each other (for example, the axes of columns), the dimensions between them are indicated only at the beginning and end of the row (Fig. 112) and indicate the total size between the extreme elements in the form of the product of the number of repetitions by repeating size.
The dimension line on construction drawings is limited by arrows in accordance with GOST 2.307-68 in the event that it is necessary to indicate the diameter, radius of a circle or angle, as well as when applying dimensions from common base, located on the general dimension line (Fig. 113b and Fig. 114)
Rice. 112. Example of applying dimensions on an image with a gap
with several dimension lines
Rice. 114. Size line
6.6. Building plan
Plan is an image of a section of a building, dissected by an imaginary horizontal plane passing at a certain level, as shown in Fig. 115.
According to GOST 21.501–93, this plane should be located at 1/3 of the height of the depicted floor. For residential and public buildings the imaginary cutting plane is located within the door and window openings of the floor.
The building plan drawing shows what falls on the cutting plane and what is located under it. Thus, the plan of a building is its horizontal section.
The building plan gives an idea of the shape of the building in plan and the relative position of individual rooms. The building plan shows window and door openings, the location of partitions and main walls, built-in wardrobes, sanitary facilities Technical equipment and so on. Sanitary equipment is drawn on the building plan on the same scale as the building plan.
If the plan, facade and section of the building are placed on one sheet, then the plan is placed under the facade in projection connection with it. However, due to large sizes images, plans are usually placed on separate sheets, with their long side located along the sheet.
When starting to draw a plan, you should remember that it is recommended to turn the side of the plan corresponding to the main facade of the building towards the bottom edge of the sheet. When determining the place on the sheet for the building plan drawing, you should take into account the applied dimensions and marking of the coordination axes. Therefore, the plan drawing should be located approximately 75 - 80 mm from the sheet frame. In specific cases, these dimensions may vary. After determining the location of the plan on the sheet and its scale, they begin drawing.
1. Draw a dash-dotted line 0.3...0.4 mm thick with the coordinate axes of the plan, longitudinal and transverse, as shown in Fig. 116. These axes serve to link the building to the construction coordinate grid, as well as to determine the position of load-bearing structures, since these axes are drawn only along main walls and columns.
To mark axes on the side of a building with a large number of them, Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3, etc. are used. More often larger number axes runs across the building. To mark the axes on the side of the building with fewer of them, use the letters of the Russian alphabet A, B, C, etc. As a rule, axes running along the building are marked with letters. When marking axes, it is not recommended to use the letters: З, И, О, Х, Ц, Ш, Ш, И, ь, Ъ. The axes are marked from left to right and from bottom to top. Gaps in serial numbering and alphabet when designating coordination axes are not allowed. Typically, marking circles (their diameter is 6....12 mm) are located on the left and bottom sides of the building. Removing the marking circle from the last 4 mm dimension line (see Fig. 112)
2. Taking into account the alignment of the axes according to the ICRS and the thickness of the walls, draw the contours of the longitudinal and transverse external and internal walls with thin lines (Fig. 117).
Capital walls are tied to coordination axes, i.e. determine the distances from the inner and outer planes of the wall to the coordination axis of the building, and the axis can not be drawn along the entire length of the wall, but drawn only by the amount necessary to set the reference dimensions. Coordination axes do not always have to coincide with the geometric axes of the walls. Their position should be set taking into account the coordination dimensions and the standard span structures of beams, trusses or floor slabs used. In buildings with load-bearing longitudinal and transverse walls, the binding is carried out in accordance with the following instructions.
In external load-bearing walls, the coordination axis passes from the internal plane of the walls at a distance equal to half the nominal thickness of the internal load-bearing wall, a multiple of the module or its half. In brick walls, this distance is most often taken equal to 200 mm, or equal to the module, i.e. 100 mm (Fig. 118a). In external self-supporting walls, if the floor panels do not fit into it, for the convenience of calculating the number of standard floor elements, the coordination axis is aligned with the inner edge of the wall, which is called zero reference (Fig. 118b). If the floor elements rest on outer wall along its entire thickness, the coordination axis is aligned with the outer edge of the wall (Fig. 118c). In the internal walls, the geometric axis of symmetry is combined with the coordination axis (Fig. 118d). Deviations from this rule are allowed for the walls of staircases and walls with ventilation ducts.
Draw the contours of the partitions with two thin lines (Fig. 117). Partitions are tied to marking axes depending on the layout of the premises in the building.
It is necessary to pay attention to the difference in the connection of external and internal main walls and main walls and partitions. If the material of the walls being connected is the same, then the walls are drawn as one whole. If the material of the walls is different, then they are drawn as different elements.
3. At this stage, flights of stairs are depicted and window and door openings are broken down (Fig. 119).
When drawing flights of stairs the gap between marches should be selected within the range of 100–200 mm, and the width of the treads should be 300 mm.
Symbol window and door openings with and without filling are depicted in accordance with GOST 21.501–93. When drawing a plan on a scale of 1:50 or 1:100, if there are quarters in the openings, their conventional image is given in the drawing. It should be borne in mind that the dimensions of the openings are indicated in GOST without taking into account the quarters, so in the drawings the dimensions are indicated minus the quarters, i.e. 130mm is subtracted from the opening size.
It should be remembered that when drawing the partition delimiting the vestibule of the entrance, it must be applied after drawing the ribbon marches. This is due to the fact that the dimensions of the vestibule are limited by the dimensions of the interfloor area. The width of the doorway in this partition is similar to the width of the entrance opening without taking into account the quarter (see Fig. 119, 122).
Quarter - this is a protrusion in the upper and side parts of the openings of brick walls, which reduces airflow and facilitates the fastening of boxes (Fig. 120). In Fig. Figure 120a shows window openings with and without a quarter, and Figure 120b shows doorways with and without a quarter.
It should be noted that when depicting windows on plans and sections on a scale of M1:100 and M1:50, glazing in window openings with a quarter, the first thread of glazing is shown along the quarter, and the second 1 mm into the building from the first.
Door widths can be selected from the following range: 700 mm for bathrooms and toilets; 800 mm or 900 mm for rooms and kitchens; 900 mm or 1000 mm – entrance doors to the apartment; 1200 mm or 1500 mm (double-leaf) – entrance doors to the entrance. When placing a doorway in the wall for interior doors, one must take into account the ease of use of the premises, the intended arrangement of furniture, etc., which should be taken into account when determining the direction of opening the doors.
Some recommendations for placing doors: doors in living rooms and the kitchen should open into the room; doors leading to the bathroom and toilet open outwards; doors should clutter the room as little as possible.
On the plans door leaves depicted as a solid thin line and open at approximately an angle of 30º (the angle is not indicated in the drawing). Entrance doors The building only opens to the outside.
4. After the windows and doors are shown, the location of the plumbing equipment is shown (Fig. 119): in the kitchen - sink and stove, in the toilet - toilet, in the bathroom - bathtub and washbasin. Conventional graphic images of plumbing equipment are performed in accordance with GOST 2.786-70* and GOST 21.205-93, the dimensions of the most common plumbing equipment are given in Fig. 121.
5. Outline the contours of partitions and main walls with lines of appropriate thickness, mark the dimensions and areas of the premises, as shown in Fig. 122. When choosing the thickness of the stroke lines, you should take into account that bearing structures, in particular the contours of partitions, are outlined with lines of less thickness than load-bearing main walls.
Dimensions marked outside the building plan. The first dimension line (chain) with alternating dimensions of the walls and openings is drawn at a distance of 15....20 mm from the external contour of the plan.
The second dimensional chain indicates the distances between adjacent coordination axes.
On the third dimensional chain, the distance between the extreme coordination axes is indicated.
The distance between parallel dimension lines (chains) must be at least 7 mm, and from the dimension line to the marking circle of the coordination axis - 4 mm. Circles to indicate coordination axes are taken with a diameter of 6....12 mm.
The dimensions for linking the external walls to the coordination axes are placed before the first dimensional chain.
Horizontal traces of imaginary secant planes of the section are also applied on the plans, which are then used to construct images of sections of the building. These marks are thick open strokes 1mm thick with arrows as shown in Fig. 122. If necessary, the imaginary plane of the section can be depicted with a thick dash-dotted line. The direction of the arrows, i.e. The direction of view is recommended to be taken from bottom to top or from right to left. However, if necessary, you can choose another direction. Depending on the position of the dimensional chains and the workload of the drawing, they can be located near the outline of the plan or behind the outermost dimensional chain as shown in Fig. 122. Cutting planes of sections are designated by letters of the Russian alphabet or numbers.
Dimensions included inside the building plan. Inner dimensions premises (rooms), the thickness of partitions, internal walls, the dimensions of doorways are indicated on internal dimensional lines (chains). Internal dimension lines are drawn at a distance of at least 8...10 mm from the wall or partition.
Indicate the width and length of the staircase, the coordination dimensions of the width of the landings, and the length of the horizontal projection of the flights.
The area size figure, accurate to 0.01 m2, is placed on the plan in a free space, closer to the lower right corner of each room, underlining it with a solid main line.
Indicate the height of the floor and interfloor areas, and for the first floor - the entrance area, in a rectangle with an accuracy of one third significant figure after the decimal point with a “+” or “-” sign.
An inscription is made above the plan drawing. For industrial buildings this will indicate the floor level production premises or sites like “Plan at elevation. +2,500.” The word “mark” is written in abbreviation. For civil buildings, you can write the name of the floor in the inscription using the “1st floor plan” type. The inscriptions are not underlined.
The name of the premises is indicated on the plan. If the size of the image does not allow making an inscription on the drawing, then the rooms are numbered and their names are given in the legend. Marking numbers are placed in circles with a diameter of 6–8 mm.
Drawings of floor plans are accompanied by an explication of the premises; statements of finishing of premises, etc. The shapes and sizes of legends and statements are shown in Fig. 123.
● contours of load-bearing walls falling within a section of 0.6 – 0.7 mm;
● contours of partitions 0.3 – 0.4 mm;
● contours of elements not included in the section, images of stairs, plumbing equipment 0.3 mm;
● thickness of remote, dimensional, center lines, marking circles and other auxiliary lines 0.2 mm.
6.7. Control questions
1. What drawings are called construction drawings?
2. List the types of buildings according to their purpose.
3. What is the brand of the main set of working drawings of architectural solutions.
4. What is called a structural element?
5. List the main structural elements of the building.
6. What is a module? What are the meanings of enlarged modules?
7. How are coordination axes designated?
8. Features of applying dimensions on construction drawings.
8. What is called a floor plan?
9. What scales of construction drawings are used to draw plans for residential buildings?
10. How is a plan designated?
11. What is the sequence of the floor plan?
12. How are the mills attached to the marking axes?
13. What is the conventional image in plan of a window opening with and without quarters?
14. What is the conventional image in plan of a doorway with and without quarters?
15. How are elements of plumbing equipment depicted on the plans?
16. What dimensions are shown on the floor plan?
17. How are the areas of premises indicated on the plans?
18. How and what lines are used when outlining a floor plan.
19. What thickness of lines is used when constructing a plan?
Lecture 7. CUT
7.1. Markings of levels of structural elements.
7.2. General information about sections of buildings.
7.3. Methodology for constructing a vertical section of a building.
7.4. Construction of floors.
7.5. Construction of window and door openings.
7.5. Control questions.
7.1. Structural element level marks
Marks. Conventional level marks (heights, depths) on plans, sections, facades show the height distance from the surface level of any building structural element located near the planning surface of the ground. This level is taken as zero.
Markings of height levels, depths of structural elements from the reference level (the conventional “zero” mark) are indicated in meters with three decimal places separated from the whole number by a comma. On facades, sections and sections, marks are placed on the extension lines of the contour.
The conditional “zero” mark is indicated without the sign “ 0,000 » or with the sign "±0.000"(recommended to be marked with a "±" sign); marks above zero – with a “+” sign; below zero – with a “–” sign.
On views (elements), sections and sections, marks are placed on extension lines or contour lines and indicated with a symbol. The marking sign is (GOST 21.105 – 79) an arrow with a shelf. In this case, the arrow is made with main lines 2-4 mm long, drawn at an angle of 45° to the extension line or contour line. A vertical or horizontal leader line is outlined with a solid thin line (Fig. 124a, 124b).
If necessary, the height and length of the shelf can be increased. If several level signs are located one above the other near one image, it is recommended to place the vertical lines of the mark on the same vertical straight line, and make the length of the horizontal shelf the same (Fig. 124c).
The marking sign may be accompanied by explanatory notes. For example: " Ur.ch.p." – finished floor level; " Lv.z." – ground level (Fig. 124d).
On construction drawings, level marks in sections (Fig. 125a), facades (Fig. 125b) and plans (Fig. 125c) are indicated in meters with three decimal places separated from the whole number by a comma.
The conditional zero mark is designated as follows: 0.000. A dimensional number showing the level of an element located below the zero mark has a minus sign (for example -1.200), and one located above has a plus sign (for example +2.700).
On plans, the dimensional number is marked in a rectangle, the contour of which is outlined by a thin solid line, or on the shelf of a leader line. In this case, a plus or minus sign is also placed in front of the dimensional number (Fig. 125c).
7.2. General information about building sections
By cut called the image of a building mentally dissected vertical plane, rice. 126. If the plane is perpendicular to the longitudinal axes, then the cut is called transverse, and parallel to them - longitudinal. Sections on construction drawings serve to identify volumetric and constructive solution buildings, relative position individual designs, premises, etc.
Sections can be architectural or structural.
Architectural sections serve to identify internal view premises and the location of architectural elements of the interior, which do not show the structures of floors, rafters, foundations and other elements, but indicate the height of the premises, window and door openings, basement, etc. The heights of these elements are most often determined by elevation marks. Architectural sections are drawn up at the initial design stage to develop the façade of the building. An architectural section is not used for the construction of a building, since it does not show the structural elements of the building, Fig. 127.
Construction cuts carried out at the stage of developing working drawings of the building, which show the structural elements of the building (foundations, rafters, floors), and also apply required dimensions and marks, fig. 128.
In working drawings, the direction of view for sections is taken, as a rule, according to the plan - from bottom to top and from right to left. Sometimes, if necessary or for educational purposes, the direction of gaze is taken from left to right.
The position of the cutting plane is chosen such that it passes through the most structurally or architecturally important parts of the building: window and doorways, staircases, balconies, etc. It should be borne in mind that the plane of the cut along the stairs is always drawn along the flights closest to the observer. In this case, the flight of stairs that falls into the cut is outlined with a line of greater thickness (solid main) than the outline of the flight along which the cutting plane does not pass. The outline of this march is outlined with a solid thin line.