Application as a type of definition in Russian. Application in Russian: what do we know about it

What is an application in Russian?

  1. An application is a definition expressed by a noun in the same case as the word being defined.

    When identifying an item, the application gives it a different name.

    For example: Song, a winged bird, calls the brave to go on a campaign; From the regiment, we thank you for your brave son.

    The application answers the definition questions: which one? which? which? which? It is emphasized, like any definition, with a wavy line.

    Applications stand for:

    The person’s profession, his rank, position, social status, occupation, age, family relationships, gender, etc. (French teacher, novelist, Professor Zimmerman, peasant girl, old father, schoolgirl girl, old janitor , Ossetian cab driver);
    - qualities, properties of an object, figurative characteristics of persons and objects (applications-epithets) (clever girl, giant plant, handsome man, giant rock, villainous fate, mischievous winter);
    - properties or qualities of living beings (singing nightingale, fighting rooster, fishing gulls);
    - purpose of the item (trap car),
    - geographical names(Don River, Taganrog port, Izhevsk city, Sahara Desert);
    - names of plants, birds, animals, etc. (cypress tree, hare hare, lily flower);
    - conventional names of objects (Optics store, Science and Technology magazine, Night Watch film);
    - nicknames (Vladimir the Red Sun, Richard the Lionheart);
    - names of animals and people (the bear Mukha, the dog Druzhok, a citizen nicknamed Kalancha).

    The application can be expressed:

    1) single noun: Brother Ivan, female student;
    2) noun with dependent words: Anton, my cousin, and his wife came;
    3) a noun with the conjunction like: As a curious person, I don’t want to leave the room at all;
    4) nouns with words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth, etc.: He had a dog, nicknamed Shaitan; The mistress of the house, named Lyusya, timidly looked towards the soldiers. In the absence of intonation of isolation, such phrases are not distinguished by commas: He got himself a bear cub named Yasha;
    5) proper names, which are indicated in writing by quotation marks (names of books, magazines, films; names of enterprises, cinemas, hotels, etc.; names of sweets, drinks, etc.): Izvestia newspaper, Smena cinema, Red Riding Hood candies, Baikal drink.

    Applications are not:

    1) combinations of synonyms or antonyms: path-road, purchase and sale;
    2) combinations of words by association: bread and salt;
    3) Difficult words: raincoat tent, sofa bed;
    4) first names, last names, patronymics, nicknames of people: doctor Petrov (application doctor).
    The exceptions are: a) cases when names, surnames, nicknames of people are entered using the words nickname, surname, nickname;

    Since the main word and application can be expressed by nouns, it is not always easy to determine which of the nouns is the word being defined and which is the application.

  2. This is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case
  3. Application is the second name for the subject

  5. Among definitions, a special group consists of appendices - definitions expressed by a noun, consistent with the word being defined in case.
    When defining an object, applications can indicate its qualities, properties, species characteristics, indicate nationality, and type of activity. Applications include names, surnames, nicknames, as well as geographical names, names of newspapers, magazines, enterprises, works of art, acting as a definition.
    If a single application and a defined noun are common nouns, then there is a hyphen between them.
    A hyphen is also placed when a common noun comes after a proper name and closely merges with it in meaning.
    Examples: old mother, chaffinch bird, boletus mushroom, cosmonaut pilot, Syrian students, neighbor teacher, girl Olya, boy Petya, dog Sharik, neighbor Petrenko, Kommersant newspaper, Lake Baikal, king bird, uts- giant, Moscow River, Moscow River.
    Applications are separated: if they relate to a personal pronoun, if common applications stand after the defined noun, if the application refers to a proper noun and stands after it, if the application has an additional adverbial meaning.
    Example: Stubborn in everything, Ilya Matveevich remained stubborn in his studies. (V. Kochetov).
    (The application can be replaced: because he was stubborn, being stubborn)
    The separation of applications is associated with the pronunciation side of speech; it is based on live expressive speech. Often they are pronounced casually, but sometimes they are given special significance and then a dash sign is possible.
    Example: We - pioneers in space - are proud of the achievements of our science and technology.
  6. To the answer “Lidochki:)))))” I will add that the application can also be widespread, that is, an expressed phrase: “Dima Kirichenko, a student of such and such a class at such and such a school, wants to know the Russian language well...” Application, accordingly, STUDENT OF SUCH CLASS OF SUCH SCHOOL - the main word in this phrase is expressed as a noun.
  7. Appendix - a definition expressed by a noun, which gives another name that characterizes the object: Frost - VOYOVDA patrols his possessions. (N. Nekrasov) On the hillock there is a birch CANDLE in silver moon feathers.
    The application can give a description of the object, indicate the degree of relationship, nationality, rank, profession, etc.: White FISHING gulls flew screaming over the sea (M. Sholokhov) And from the night floated GROMADA-city in points of lights. (V. Panova) SISTER Lisa came for spring break. (V. Kaverin)

It's time to talk about the application. Application is a special case of definition. An application is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions but is expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case. If my explanation is not very clear to someone, I will try to explain it with examples.
1). An old neighbor had difficulty climbing the stairs. (This appendix indicates age.)
2). The French pilot turned out to be a good friend of my uncle. (This appendix denotes nationality.)
3). Doctor Odintsova was conducting an appointment in room thirty. (This application denotes a profession.)
4). Last year we traveled along the Pechora River. (This application stands for given name rivers.)
A special type of application are proper names, denoting various names: works of art, magazines, newspapers, ships, enterprises, etc. All these names are written in quotation marks and with a capital letter.
For example.
1). The magazine “Seven Days” published a TV program and interesting articles about film actors.
2). Our class had an excursion to the Red October confectionery factory.
3). The novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” was called by V.G. Belinsky “an encyclopedia of Russian life.”
Unlike regular applications, these are inconsistent. This means that if the noun itself changes case, then the appendix (what is written in quotation marks) remains in the nominative case. Compare.
We met a French pilot. A patient left Dr. Odintsova. (Appendices are coordinated, that is, they change together with the noun to which they refer.)
BUT: From the magazine “Seven Days” we learned about the new film. Main character The novel "Eugene Onegin" is a representative of the noble youth. (Appendixes remain in the nominative case, regardless of the case of the noun being qualified.)
You have probably already noticed that in two examples the applications are written with a hyphen with qualified nouns. This happens when both the noun and the appendix are common nouns (that is, written with a small letter).
Examples: victorious people, first-grader girl, non-pouring inkwell.
A hyphen is also added in cases where the proper name comes first and the common noun comes second.
Examples: Moscow River, Ivanov-grandson, Odessa-mother.
BUT: Moscow River, grandson Ivanov, mother Odessa.
Another clarification. If the noun clause preceding the noun being defined can be replaced by a cognate adjective, then a hyphen is not placed between these words.
Example. At the races we admired the handsome horses (compare: beautiful horses).
An old gardener slowly approached the children (compare: old gardener).
BUT: If you swap these nouns, then you need to put a hyphen.
At the races we admired the beautiful horses.
An old gardener slowly approached the children.
For the first lesson on the application, I think this is quite enough. But there is more complex material ahead, which will talk about the isolation of applications. Stay tuned for more.

What is an application in Russian, you ask? In one word, this is something like an explanatory note. It summarizes, explains, describes, gives basic definitions. Only explanatory note is a document that accompanies another document that is more significant in volume, and an appendix (examples follow) is a small addition that offers its own explanatory meaning to another word - a noun. But that's it briefly. Now let's look at the question deeper...

Application in Russian

So let's get down to business! And any business begins with defining the subject of study. In our case, this is an application. In Russian, it is a special type of definition, which is intended to convey another name, an additional characteristic to a person or thing - the defined noun.

The application can be expressed by a single noun or a noun phrase in the same case as the word being defined. It characterizes the subject in relation to kinship, national and social affiliation, age, specialty, profession or occupation: “But five days ago, a certain Ivanov, a teacher, died in our city German language, my old acquaintance,” “I think that his wife, an ordinary average housewife, had to endure a lot.”

Standalone application

Applications can be single, undistributed, or widespread. How do they stand out in a sentence? Using commas, hyphens, dashes. It all depends on the type of separate application - common or uncommon, proper name or common noun, where it is located in relation to the word being defined and what part of speech the main (defined) word is. A little confusing? Now, in order.

Punctuation marks

The application in the statement is separated by a comma or commas in the following cases:

1) When the application is a part of speech, widespread, presented as a common noun with dependent words, and follows the defined lexical unit. Rarely, but it happens in the future. For example: “My uncle, a sea captain, served in the Black Sea Fleet” or “A sea captain, my uncle served in the Black Sea Fleet.”

2) If a single application, not widespread, is “crowded” behind the defined noun, a common noun, with explanatory words with it: “One nice girl, a Polish woman, looked after him.”

3) If the application is located after the qualifying noun, a proper name: “By the way, they talked a lot about the fact that the truck driver’s wife Ksenia, a beautiful and not stupid woman, in her entire life had never been anywhere further than her hometown" “My great-grandmother Avdotya was born under serfdom.” In the second case, the application “my great-grandmother” is placed before the qualified proper name “Avdotya” and is not separated by commas.

The comma is written

1) If the application form is a proper noun (name, title or nickname of an animal), which explains or clarifies a common noun. As a rule, before this kind of application you can add clarifications such as “namely”, “and his name is”, “that is” without violating the general meaning. For example: “And Anya’s brothers, (namely) Oleg and Kiryusha, first-graders, pestered their father with stupid questions.”

2) If the application (examples follow) is used with the conjunction “as” or the words “by surname”, “birth”, “by name”, “by nickname”, “by nickname”, etc.: “To me, as it is not appropriate for a person of high rank to ride public transport", "The little freckled sailor, named Zhuk, unquestioningly followed all the captain's orders."

3) If the application specifies a personal pronoun. In this case, it is not so important where it is located, before or after the word being defined. For example: “In the city of Astrakhan, he, this man, lived quietly, and could not even imagine that she, the same one, lived somewhere nearby...”

When is a dash written?

An application in Russian, when isolated in the text, can be highlighted using a dash. In which cases? The first is when the word “namely” can be inserted before the application without changing the general meaning of the statement: “At the very end of the street there was some kind of light yellow spot- the light from the night lamp in the window of Maria’s apartment.”

The second is before the application at the very end of the sentence, and it is given great importance: “No relatives and friends, no home, no warm feasts, no delicious lunches“, there is no owner of all this - a simple guy like my friend Alexei.”

The third is to highlight on both sides an appendix that provides an explanation, an explanation: “A slight chill - the first sign of illness - appeared throughout his whole body.”

Fourth - if standalone application defines one of homogeneous members sentences, and at the same time it is necessary to clarify: “The owner of the house, a friend of my husband, and two strangers were sitting at the table...”

And lastly, if a construction of this type is proposed: “Mephistopheles - Chaliapin was inimitable,” i.e. Chaliapin as Mephistopheles; or “Ernani - Gorin is as bad as a shoemaker” (A.P. Chekhov).

When to write a hyphen

Often, if a single clause and a defined noun are common nouns, then a hyphen is “assigned” between them. For example: winter sorceress, hero city, teenage boys, design engineer, cabbage butterfly, French scientist, etc. A hyphen is also written if the appendix is ​​a noun, a proper name, standing before the defined common noun: Baikal-lake, Moscow-river, Astrakhan-city.

In the case when their position relative to each other changes, the hyphen is not written: the Moscow River, Lake Baikal, the city of Astrakhan. And finally, a hyphen is used if the defined noun and the application represent one complex intonational-semantic core: Rockefeller Sr., Dumas the Father, Ivan the Fool.

The topic of this lesson is “Applications”, during which the essence of the concept, its properties, and use in the Russian language are revealed. Being a special type of definition, applications can also be consistent or inconsistent. In addition, you will become familiar with how applications are emphasized in writing.

Topic: Secondary members of a sentence

2. Complete academic reference book edited by Lopatin ().

1. Highlight the words and applications to be defined, add a hyphen where necessary:

Mount Kazbek, Lake Baikal, voivode frost, design engineer, Anika warrior, self-taught artist, old watchman, Ivanushka the Fool, boletus mushroom, portrait artist, rhinoceros beetle, hermit crab, toolmaker, woman doctor, therapist, Moscow River, Mother Rus' , poor peasant, poor peasant, floss threads, skilled cook, skilled cook, heroic artilleryman, little orphan, old father, drunkard watchman, drunkard watchman, construction engineer, Moscow city, Moscow city, Dumas son, gentleman officer, bomber plane, bird chaffinch, comrade general, general Ivanov, rooster fighter, newspaper “Teacher”, Lake Ritsa, village of Krutovka, box houses.

The appendix in the Russian language is distinguished as a special type of definition, which is a single or nominal phrase and gives a different name/characteristic to the person or thing designated by the word being defined. For example: The winner of the competition was Russian woman Irina Volkova. Famous person- He must plan his every step in advance.

The application in Russian is used, as a rule, to determine profession, social or family affiliation, names of geographical objects, clan-species relations, etc.

Ways to Express Application and Defined Word

1. Noun (with and without dependent words) in the nominative case, regardless of the case form of the word being defined: newspaper "TVNZ"/ in the newspaper "TVNZ", city Moscow/ about the city Moscow.

2. which corresponds to the form of the word being defined: old man-street cleaner / old man- janitor, young woman-taxi driver / girl-taxi driver.

3. Single noun or noun phrase with conjunction How, for example: Him, as an experienced person, can trust.

4. Noun/phrase containing words by name, by surname, by nicknames y, etc.: And he had a friend, by the last name Russov.

An application in Russian can refer to a noun, pronoun, as well as an adjective, participle or numeral, which in this context acts as a noun: Next morning gorgeous The birch tree outside the window became completely white. Here she is, my betrothed. Third, guy about eighteen, was completely pale with fear.

Peculiarities of distinguishing between an application and a defined word

In cases where both the word being defined and the application are expressed by nouns, some difficulties may arise in their definition. Here are the rules for applications in Russian (examples are attached):

1. The predicate in a sentence always agrees with the subject, that is, with the word being defined, and not with the application: The entire newspaper "News" already sold out (newspaper sold out).

2. When declension, the application, and not the word being defined, will retain the shape of a newspaper "News"- in the newspaper "News".

3. If a proper name in combination with a common noun means inanimate object, then it is an application: river Dnieper, factory "Elektromash".

4. The opposite situation occurs if a proper name denotes a first or last name: Brother Peter, Professor Ivanov.

Separate application in Russian

In accordance with current applications, applications are separated in the following cases:

1. When following the defined word: Nastenka, favorite of all teachers, coped well with any task.

The exception is applications with a touch of beingness, when it is possible to replace them with a construction with the word being: My faithful friend and ally, Ivan never let me down (cf. Being mine true friend and comrade, Ivan never let me down).

2. When they refer to personal pronouns: Victory Day, he means a lot to all of us.

3. When applications are located after the word being defined and have a clarifying meaning, including if they include words that is, namely, for example, especially and etc . Example: The owner of the estate, Stepanov, turned out to be an extremely hospitable person. Many birds for example, rooks, spend the winter in warm regions.

In some cases, an application in Russian is separated using dashes rather than commas. It is important to remember that if the application is in the middle of a sentence, the highlighting characters must be paired, that is, the same: two commas or two dashes.