Industrial China. Leading industries in China

China's industry is without a doubt one of the most developed - in terms of total industrial enterprises and the number of workers employed in them, the country ranks first in the world. Since the beginning of the 21st century, China has been the world's industrial superpower.
The main centers of Chinese industry are Jiangsu, Shanghai, Liaoning, Shandong, Guangdong, Zhejian. The basis of the country's economy is heavy industry.
Chinese industry began to develop as rapidly as it does now after the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and the transition from a traditional agricultural economy to an industrial one. Since 1979, the Chinese government has strived for greater openness, as modernization and further development of production require foreign investment. Measures are also being taken to attract foreign investors, such as tax incentives and legislative permission for foreign companies to create holdings in China.

Fuel and energy complex

The basis of China's electric power industry is coal; more than 1 billion tons of it are mined in the country every year. The largest coal basins are located in the north and northeast of China, with a total of about 100 large mining centers and over ten thousand smaller mines.
75% of energy in China is generated by thermal power plants. However, in Lately hydropower is being developed, which in the long term will have a positive impact on the country’s ecology. The main source of hydroelectric power is the Yangtze River.

Oil production

China is the world's fourth largest oil producer and is also an active exporter. The most oil-rich areas are the north, northeast and northwest; production is also developed in the shelf zones of the Yellow and South China Seas. Despite such a high level of production, China remains one of the world's leading importers of oil; according to forecasts, the share of imported oil will only increase in the future, being one of the problems of the Chinese economy.

Metallurgy of China.

China ranks first in the world in the production of ferrous metals. The country has its own reserves of iron ore, on which the industry is based, but they are not rich, as they contain only about 30% iron. There are also reserves of coking coal and alloy metals, which are important raw materials for ferrous metallurgy. The centers of black China are Anshan, Shenyang, Beijing, Baotou, Tianjin, Wuhan.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is also developed, since quite rich reserves of copper, antimony, tin ores and other rarer non-ferrous metals have been discovered in the country. Thus, Chinese reserves of manganese and molybdenum are of global importance. Enterprises in this industry require high level technology development, therefore located in developed areas.

Mechanical engineering of China.

Mechanical engineering in China is one of the most developed and important branches of specialization. Machine-building enterprises are located mainly near large trading hubs, such as ports, as well as in large industrial centers and close to raw material bases. Currently, the country's position as the largest manufacturer of engineering products on the world market is only strengthening.
The Chinese machine tool industry is one of the most developed in the world - about 1 million machine tools are exported annually, including very high-tech equipment with automatic control systems.

Automotive industry

Relatively recently, only since the 1990s, the Chinese automobile industry has been rapidly developing. Since 2009, China has been the largest car manufacturer in the world and produces twice as much as the second and third (USA and Japan) combined. Local brands, such as BYD, Lifan, Geely, Chery, Great Wall and many lesser-known brands, are very numerous and account for approximately half of all cars sold. The rest are produced at joint enterprises with large foreign concerns. The vast majority of cars produced are used domestically and are not exported. The country is giving high priority to the development of more environmentally friendly cars and electric vehicles, which allows for further growth of the industry.

Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding, like many other strategically important industries, is under state control in China. The state shipbuilding corporation is called CSSC, it includes more than 20 shipyards, 67 factories and 30 research institutes. Chinese shipbuilding is mainly export-oriented; due to large production volumes and cheap labor, this industry is very economically profitable.
In China, there is a great need for passenger air transport, so the country is going to develop this area. The country has its own giant state company AVIC, which is also involved in developments in military aviation and weapons.
Since 2003, China has been the world's third space superpower: the country has produced and launched spaceships, including manned ones. In terms of the number of launches, China is second only to Russia, surpassing the United States. Chinese space program very ambitious and includes goals such as exploration outer space, using it for peaceful purposes and protecting China's national interests.

Electronics industry in China.

The vast majority of all electronics and mobile equipment in the world is produced in China, including such well-known brands as Apple, Dell, HP. In China there are not only enterprises for assembling equipment, but also for its development. The country also has its own electronics manufacturers, but in terms of productivity they are, as a rule, much inferior to foreign ones, although their quality is not as low as is commonly believed. Today, there are Chinese manufacturers of high-quality smartphones that are well-known on the world market, such as Lenovo, ZTE, Xiaomi, Meizu. The production of copies and fakes of world brands is also widely developed.

Chemical industry of China.

Currently, China's chemical industry is actively developing and the country is becoming a world leader. IN chemical industry Many industries have been developed, in particular, the production of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, the chemistry of organic synthesis and polymers. The developed mining and chemical industry provides these industries with raw materials. The growth rate of chemical production is increasing from year to year, which secures China the title of one of the world leaders in this industry. The domestic market is also expanding, as chemical products are needed for all Chinese industries, such as mechanical engineering and packaging. Because of this, demand exceeds supply, and there is a shortage of chemical products in the domestic market, which leads to an expansion of the share of foreign corporations, more scientifically and technologically advanced than local ones, in China's chemical industry.

Chinese forest industry

China is one of the largest consumers of wood in the world, which is why the country faces a very acute problem of shortage of forest resources. The state policy on forest protection is very active, since due to the high volumes of industrial production, the ecology and air quality in particular in the country big problems. It consists of increasing the area of new forest plantations and banning logging in many areas. Thus, in the area of the Yangtze River, after a severe flood in 1998, tree cutting was prohibited for 50 years. The plans include a complete cessation of cutting down China's natural forests and the harvesting of wood grown on special plantations. In the meantime, China is forced to import huge volumes of wood from abroad. In turn, the country is the largest exporter wood products, such as furniture and toys. Paper production, which has been the country’s specialization since ancient times, is also developed.

Light industry of China.

Light industry in China is also very developed, its main industries being food and textiles.
The textile industry is represented by enterprises producing wool, flax and hemp in the north of China and silk and jute in the south. China ranks first in the world in the export of clothing made from cotton fabrics; the country has production facilities of many international companies. As in the electrical industry, counterfeit and fake branded items are widespread. Chinese light industry plays a very important role in the country's economy and is one of the largest in terms of production volumes. This development is due to the availability of basic production factors: China is very rich in cheap labor resources, and the production of fabrics, both natural cotton and synthetic fibers. One of China’s advantages over other exporters in the industry is the presence of foreign investment and favorable economic conditions for them.

Food industry

Most of China's food industry enterprises are located in the southwest of the country. This industry is also very developed - China has been fully meeting its food needs since the 1980s, despite the huge size of its domestic market. Today the country is a major exporter of seafood and fish, as well as fruits and vegetables. The tea industry has been historically developed - since the 19th century, China has not lost its status as one of the main suppliers of tea. Tea industry enterprises are located mainly historically, since the collected raw materials must be immediately processed, which is done in already built factories.

The modern engineering complex of the People's Republic of China is distinguished by a complex industrial structure. There have been changes in the distribution of mechanical engineering: until 1949, 9/10 of the industry's output was provided by the 10 largest cities, located mainly in coastal areas. Nowadays, there are machine-building enterprises in all provinces, but the bulk of the production of machinery and equipment is still concentrated in the coastal zone, with Eastern China especially prominent. The largest cities remain important centers of mechanical engineering.
Leading centers of heavy engineering (production of equipment for fuel and energy, mining and metallurgical industry) developed near metallurgical bases - in Northeastern (Harbin, Shenyang) and Eastern China (Shanghai, Nanjing). The main part of machine tool production is in the Eastern (Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuxi, Changzhou), Northeastern (Shenyang, Qiqihar, Dalian, Liaoyang, Fushun, Anshan), Northern China(Beijing, Tianjin, Taiyuan).
Towards dynamically developing industries machine-building complex includes transport engineering. The PRC has become one of the world leaders in the manufacture of rolling stock for railways - locomotives and cars, but still cannot satisfy its needs for powerful electric locomotives. The production of railway cars and locomotives is established in the centers of Northeast (Shenyang, Dalian, Qiqihar, Changchun), North (Datong, Beijing), East (Qingdao), Central-South China (Wuhan, Changsha, Zhuzhou, Nanyang). Marine shipbuilding and ship repair are represented in Shanghai, Dalian, Guangzhou, river - in Nanjing, Chongqing, Wuhan. The country entered the top ten countries in shipbuilding, ahead of the UK, France, and Italy in terms of the tonnage of ships launched. The automotive industry is developing, which is facilitated by attracting investments from large foreign companies - Volkswagen, Peugeot, Citroen, Ford. So far, China accounts for about 3% of global car production. Their production is dispersed across many dozens of small factories, but more than 2/3 of automotive production is produced by enterprises in Northeast (Changchun) and Central-South (Shiyan, Wuhan) China. The production of airplanes and helicopters is concentrated in the cities of Northeast, Northern, Eastern and Northwestern China. The largest centers of bicycle production are Tianjin and Shanghai.
Agricultural engineering is one of the underdeveloped branches of the machine-building complex. Simple farming equipment is produced by numerous small factories located in different provinces; The largest centers of the industry are Luoyang (tractors), Kaifeng (grain harvesters). On the contrary, the production of equipment for the textile, clothing, and knitting industries is well developed, and some of these products are exported.
The production of radio receivers now exists in all provinces of the country. Television production gravitates towards large coastal cities. Computer release, control and measuring devices and communications equipment is concentrated in a few major industrial centers - Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Nanjing, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Shenyang.
The chemical industry has a complex structure, the production of mineral fertilizers, chemical fibers, tires for all types is developing especially rapidly. Vehicle, plastics, synthetic and natural rubbers. Chemical products from China are exported to more than 100 countries. The cores of the chemical industry regions form large cities in which there are almost all types of chemical production: Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao, Dalian, Shenyang. The centers of petrochemistry (Lanzhou, Shengli, Suzhou, Liaoyang), gas chemistry (Chongqing), coal chemistry (Anshan, Benxi, Wuhan), and shale chemistry (Fushun, Maoming) are more specialized. Production of plastics, rubber, rubber shoes, bicycles and car tires, conveyor belts, chemical fibers gravitate towards coastal cities (Shanghai, Hangzhou, Qingdao), less often - to inland centers (Shenyang, Mudanjiang, Chongqing).

At the same time, over the past 50 years, the food industry has been restored in China, more than 370 thousand new industrial enterprises have been built, and industrial production increased by 39 times. The scale of development of the current industrial complex of China is evidenced by the fact that every day the country produces industrial products worth 2.1 billion yuan, 2.3 million is mined. tons of coal, 360 tons are produced. oil, produce 140 thousand tons of steel and 455 thousand tons of cement, etc.

Today, the country's industrial structure is represented by more than 360 industries. In addition to the traditional ones, new modern ones have been created, such as: electronics, petrochemistry, aircraft manufacturing, metallurgy of rare and trace metals. In terms of the number of industrial enterprises to the number of people employed, China ranks first in the world. However, the equipment of enterprises is mostly outdated and worn out.

Fuel and energy industries are among the weak links in China's industrial complex. Despite the presence of rich natural resources, the development of extractive industries in general lags behind manufacturing ones.

Behind last years In China, the capacity of the coal mining industry has increased significantly, and the production volume of enterprises exceeded 920 million tons already in 1989. Potential coal reserves amounted to 3,200 billion tons, while explored reserves amounted to only 850 billion tons. The reserves are not evenly distributed, about 80% are in Northern and Northwestern China, and the largest deposit in the country is located near the city of Datong (Shanxi Province). In general, there are more than 100 large coal mining centers in the country.

The oil industry accounts for 21% of the production of fuel and energy resources. Oil provides about 16% of foreign exchange earnings from exports.

Nevertheless, light industry sectors such as textiles and food are still leading in China, accounting for more than 21% of all industrial output.

Light industry in China has ancient traditions and occupied a leading place in the economy even before the revolution

To date, the number of types of mechanical engineering products exceeds 53 thousand products, which fully meets the country's internal needs.

The largest mechanical engineering centers are Shanghai, Shenyang, Tianjin, Harbin, Beijing, and Dalian.

In addition, with significant reserves of raw materials, China has a solid base for the development of the metallurgical industry.

In terms of iron ore reserves, China ranks third (after Russia and Belgium), and in terms of explored reserves of magnesium ore, it ranks second in the world.

In general, iron and steel enterprises exceed 1.5 thousand and are located in almost all provinces and autonomous regions. At the same time, the general technical level metallurgical production remains low, and the equipping of leading enterprises with modern types of equipment is partially due to imports.

China produces more than 1,000 types of steel, including high-temperature alloys for the aviation industry, high-alloy steels for nuclear particle accelerators, and alloys with predetermined properties.

In the field of information technology, the emphasis is on the creation of technologies that will ensure significant improvement and widespread use of “intelligent” computer systems at the beginning of the next century. Research is being conducted in the field of improving modern measurement, computing and communication technology; techniques for mineral exploration and processing of exploration data, weather forecasting, quality control and contamination of agricultural, forestry and industrial products.

In the field of biotechnology, research and development are aimed at dramatically increasing food resources, preventing and treating serious diseases, developing new and renewing old energy sources, developing waste-free industries and reducing harmful impacts on the environment.

The country's agriculture is traditionally characterized by crop production, primarily grain, grain makes up 3% of the country's diet, and the main food crops are rice, wheat, corn, kaoliang, millet, tubers and soybeans. About 20% of the cultivated area is occupied by rice, which accounts for approximately half of the country's total grain harvest.

Diagram 4. Leading industries in China

Chinese engineering and the local market have a significant impact on the appearance of heavy industry around the world. Active development China offers a number of opportunities, including for foreign manufacturers of equipment and engineering products as experts and investors.

In the northeast of Beijing, beyond the Fourth Ring Road, there was once the center of Chinese heavy industry - the Dashanzi Industrial Complex. It was opened in 1957 with the direct participation of Soviet engineers and using equipment from East Germany. In the early years of its formation, the People's Republic of China found itself completely dependent on foreign technology. Its own ability to produce modern industrial equipment lagged far behind the needs of the economy in those days.

Much has changed over the past fifty years. There were no more machines or workers left in the workshops of Dashanzi - Chinese artists took their place. A chimneys and the ascetic facades of the former factory complex became the backdrop for the studios and galleries of contemporary Chinese artists. Now this former center of heavy industry is better known as Art District 798. And Chinese engineering has taken a significant step forward and moved to workshops equipped with more modern production lines. Technologies that no longer exist Soviet Union and East Germany serve only as inspiration for artists. China itself has become one of the world's largest manufacturers of machinery.

According to the All China Federation of Machinery, industry output reached $1.6 trillion in 2009, four times more than a decade ago. China is currently the largest producer industrial equipment in the world. Moreover, a quarter of the equipment produced in China is intended for export, thus mechanical engineering ranks second after electronics in terms of the growth rate of export supplies.

Before 2003 engineering products more was imported into China than exported from it. However, already in 2007, China overtook Germany and became the world's largest exporter. And in 2009, 16% of the world's industrial equipment was produced in China. The combination of cheap labor, government support and foreign technology became the basis for the amazing growth of Chinese engineering.

There's nowhere cheaper

It makes little sense for industrial equipment manufacturers to compete with Chinese companies on price issues. For example, in 2009 China became largest exporter sawmill equipment, the average FOB price of which was only $92, when even the Mexican equivalent would cost $247, and the Italian equivalent would cost $585. Likewise, China is the largest and one of the cheapest manufacturers of refrigeration compressors. average cost Chinese installations are $48, while a Japanese compressor costs $113, an American compressor costs $204, and even a Thai compressor costs $62.

The main competitive advantage, of course, is inexpensive work force. China not only has the largest population in the world, but also the largest labor force. Currently, the Chinese engineering industry employs about 20 million people, who receive salaries much more modest than their colleagues in other countries. And although wages in China are rising, in 2008 they averaged 40 cents an hour, when workers in the United States, Japan and Germany earned a minimum of $20 per hour.

But it is not only millions of Chinese workers who are driving the growth of the country's mechanical engineering industry. Thanks to education reform, the number of specialists in China has also increased. Thus, in 2000, institutes across the country graduated almost 200,000 young engineers, and in 2010 - already more than 700,000. This also greatly stimulates the development of Chinese mechanical engineering, not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively.

Role of government

The Chinese government actively supports the development of mechanical engineering, including by providing subsidies, increasing VAT refunds on exports, and reducing interest on loans. Consider, for example, the story of Shandong-based oil refining equipment manufacturer Shandong Molong Petroleum Machinery Co. In 2009, the company received $5.5 million in government subsidies, including $4.4 million from the local treasury of Shouguang City. The manufacturer received an additional $1.2 million in the form of a VAT refund, when on average in China no more than 15-17% is returned when exporting. Moreover, the company, having become one of the high-tech enterprises in Shandong province, paid only 15% to the treasury instead of 25% income tax. But the matter did not stop there. In 2009, the company took a $147,000 deduction from its tax bill for research and development expenses, and it received a 40 percent tax credit worth $4.4 million for plant equipment upgrades. That is, in total, Shandong Molong received subsidies amounting to $16.3 million from the government.

This tax practice gives local equipment manufacturers an undeniable advantage in competition with foreign suppliers. And although after joining the WTO, customs duties on equipment imports in China were significantly reduced, from 14.4% to 6.5%, they are still significantly higher than in most developing countries.

The role of foreign investment

The support shown by the Chinese government towards local manufacturers has failed to deter foreign investors from the engineering market - a force that has had a huge influence on the formation of the modern industry. Thanks to foreign investment, China's production capacity reached world standards almost overnight. Foreign buyers entered the Chinese market with their strict international requirements and contributed to the improvement of product quality. More high standards qualities quickly spread among Chinese manufacturers, creating an additional incentive for further investment in China by foreign companies seeking to fully realize the main advantage of the local market - low prices.

Since 1990, China has been the largest recipient of foreign investment among all developing countries. And in 2009, it ranked second in the world in FDI, behind only the United States. And about half of this investment went directly into the manufacturing sector of the Chinese economy. In 2010, foreign-invested companies accounted for up to 55% of Chinese exports. Foreign technologies, often in violation of intellectual property rights, and more often due to the mobility of human resources, began to fall into the hands of local companies. Thus, it is foreign investment that has become the basis for the current success of Chinese equipment manufacturers.

Ready to go!

The progress of Chinese mechanical engineering makes foreign companies think about their development strategy. And many find it possible to successfully cooperate with Chinese manufacturers. After all, despite the fact that China is the largest exporter of industrial equipment, it still needs certain engineering products, especially innovative ones. And among many manufacturers, the presence of foreign equipment is often a reason for pride and a guarantee of the quality of the manufactured products. The reputation of foreign companies often outweighs Chinese brands: Caterpillar is still better known than Henan Hongxing. In addition, foreign companies provide maintenance and repair services for equipment after its purchase, when a rare Chinese manufacturer has such a trump card.

Among the foreign companies that have achieved success in China in the market of high-tech engineering products, it is worth noting Rolls-Royce. In November 2010, the company entered into a $1.2 billion contract to supply and maintain engines for China Eastern Airlines airliners. In addition to supplying more than 300 engines, Rolls-Royce has also been quite successful in investing in China. Currently, the British company has a joint venture in China to produce engine components. Also in Tianjin, the British established a training center for technicians and engineers for the All-China Civil Aviation Administration.

General Electric also quite successfully entered the Chinese mechanical engineering market. The American company has created 36 enterprises in China, which now employs more than 14,000 people. In 2010, the company announced a further move to develop the Chinese market by investing $2 billion in a joint venture to produce power equipment.

Direct investment is often The best decision for foreign manufacturers wishing to take advantage of the Chinese market. In addition, there are a number of administrative incentives for foreign companies: from conditions for entering the market to tax benefits. Besides latest technologies, foreign companies in China have a number of other advantages over local players. Labor productivity at foreign factories in China is often higher than at private Chinese manufacturers, which are higher than at state-owned enterprises. Foreign companies also have access to international market: most of Equipment produced in China is exported to the investor's country.

The rise of Chinese manufacturers

While foreign companies are trying to operate successfully in China, local manufacturers are trying to enter the international market. The success of Chinese companies in exporting their products gives them the opportunity to actively explore other markets and develop own name. This process began back in 2004, immediately after equipment exports from China equaled imports.

In 2004, Shanghai Electric Corp. acquired a 75% stake in Japanese lathe and milling machine manufacturer Ikegai for $4.5 million. In 2005, Harbin Measuring Tool and Cutting Tool Group acquired the German company Kelch GmbH for $12 million. And in 2006, Zhejiang Hongsheng Group acquired German weaving equipment manufacturer Grosse Webereimaschinen for just five million dollars.

2006 was also a banner year for two Chinese construction equipment manufacturers, Sany and Zoomlion. Sany took a huge step towards developing the global market by opening production in India for $60 million. In 2007, the Chinese manufacturer opened an office in the United States and also invested $130 million in the construction of a plant and research center in Germany. In 2010, the company invested $200 million in a production base in Brazil and also opened another plant in India. In the coming years, Sany plans to expand its presence in the markets of Indonesia, Russia and South Africa.

Zoomlion has also gone the route of acquiring foreign businesses. In 2008, the Chinese manufacturer acquired the Italian company CIFA for $422 million. Thus, it doubled its foreign investments, mainly aimed at developing the markets of the USA, India and Brazil.

In the meantime, the names of Chinese manufacturers cannot compete with the famous Caterpillar, Liebherr or Komatsu. However, China continues to reduce its dependence on foreign technologies and develops competitive advantages to fight in the global market, primarily for buyers in developing countries.

Industry

Before the revolutionary China, it was a semi-feudal country with a non-nationalized economic system and undeveloped production. But after 1949, industrialization was carried out in the republic in a short time, the production of industrial products increased many times, and its sectoral structure expanded.

Pre-revolutionary industry occupied a secondary place in the Chinese economy. In 1946, it accounted for little more than 10% of national income. In 1949, the country already ranked 9th in the world in coal production, 23rd in iron smelting, 26th in steel smelting and 25th in electricity production.

In recent years, the capacity of the coal mining industry has increased significantly in China, and the production volume of enterprises exceeded 920 million tons already in 1989. Potential coal reserves amounted to 3200 billion tons, but the data is only 850 billion tons. The reserves are not evenly distributed, about 80% are in Northern and Northwestern China, and the largest deposit in the country is located near the city of Datong (Shanxi Province). In general, there are more than 100 large coal mining centers in the country.

The oil industry accounts for 21% of the production of fuel and energy resources. Oil provides about 16% of foreign exchange earnings from exports. In general, the country has more than 32 oil production enterprises with total oil reserves of 64 billion tons.

Southern China and especially its Eastern zone are rich in reserves natural gas, which are estimated at 4 thousand billion tons: to date, only 3.5% has been explored. The largest center of gas production and processing is Senhua Province.

However, in China, the leading light industries such as textiles and food are still the leading ones, accounting for more than 21% of all industrial products produced. In the North-East of the country, mainly enterprises of the paper, sugar and dairy industries are concentrated, in the North-West there are enterprises for processing cotton and livestock products, and in the South-West the food industry is most developed. In general, the food industry has more than 65.5 thousand enterprises, in addition, there are more than 23.3 thousand enterprises in the textile industry in the country, and the production and processing of raw materials is clearly focused on them: in the North - wool, hemp, in the South - silk, jute, kenaf.

Light industry in China has ancient traditions and occupied a leading place in the economy even before the revolution. At the same time, in China, starting from 1949, mechanical engineering gradually began to develop. Until 1949, the volume of production in these industries was 250 times lower than in the United States; virtually no complete energy, mining, engineering, tractors, or airplanes were produced. To date, the number of types of mechanical engineering products exceeds 53 thousand products, which fully meets the country's internal needs. The largest mechanical engineering centers are Shanghai, Shenyang, Tianjin, Harbin, Beijing, and Dalian.

Agriculture

In 1949, the structure of social production and national income in China was Agriculture accounted for about 70%. During the years of post-revolutionary development relative value agriculture has decreased, but its position as a basic sector of the economy has been preserved; it remains the main supplier of raw materials for light industry (70%). The number of people employed in rural areas is 313 million people, and with family members there are about 850 million people, which is 6 times more than in Russia, Japan, England, France, Germany, Italy, and Mexico combined.

About 20% of the cultivated area is occupied by rice, which accounts for approximately half of the country's total grain harvest. To date, no country in the world has such high wheat harvests as in China; moreover, in large quantities Sweet potatoes (yams) are grown, the tubers of which are rich in starch and sugar.

In Chinese conditions important has the cultivation of industrial crops. As a result of the current price structure, their production is much more profitable than grain, cotton, vegetables and fruits, even though China ranks third in the world in growing cotton, for example. In addition, the cultivation of oilseeds, which serve as the main source of dietary fats, is widespread. The main ones are peanuts, rabbees and sesame (grown in Shandong province).

China also occupies not the last place in the cultivation of tea, which is used as medicine from the 4th century AD, and from the 6th century it becomes a common drink.

High population density and intensive use of the land fund are reflected, first of all, in the development of livestock farming, the role of which is generally insignificant. China has historically developed two types of livestock farming. One is closely connected with agriculture and is of an auxiliary nature; In the agricultural lowland areas, mainly pigs, draft animals and poultry are bred. Western regions are characterized by extensive, nomadic or semi-nomadic cattle breeding.

Basic indicators economic development

Reforms in the PRC to bring China out of isolation from international division labor and its return to the world economic arena, which began in the late 70s by Deng Xiaoping, are already bearing visible fruit.

According to Chinese statistics, from 1978 to 2002, the country's GDP in current prices increased 28 times (from 362.4 to 10.267.2 billion yuan, or from 43.8 to 1.240 billion dollars - an average of 9 per year ,8%). In fact, the planned doubling of GDP for 1980-2000 was achieved 5 years earlier, and by 2001 the target was exceeded by more than 50%. According to conventional calculation methods, the country has the sixth largest economy in the world. The country's economic growth rate is one third of the world average economic growth rate. If the calculation is based on the purchasing power parity of currencies (Purchasing-Power Parity) - a technique that reduces distortions in assessing the economic potential of developing countries - then it turns out that China has the second largest economy, equal to 11.8% of world GDP, behind only USA (the Chinese government does not recognize this fact for tactical reasons). GDP per capita increased 21 times (from 379 yuan in 1978 to 7,977.6 yuan in 2002, or from 45 to 964 dollars). However, in terms of this indicator, China lags behind both developed and many developing countries: for example, in 1997 alone this figure in China was $740, while in Japan, the USA and Australia in 1993 it was 34,211, 25,385 and $15,044 respectively, the reason for which is the large population of China with a relatively low level of economic development and high specific gravity rural population.

According to World Bank statistics, the structure National economy The PRC is steadily moving closer to that of industrialized countries. If in 1978 the primary sector accounted for 29.8%, the secondary sector - 48.2% and the service sector - 23.7%, then in 2001 it was 49.2, 18 and 32.8%, respectively.

Over the years of reforms, the structure of the national economy according to forms of ownership has changed radically: for example, if in 1978 the national economy was represented by 83,700 state enterprises in the city and 264,700 collective farms in the countryside, producing 80.8 and 19.2% of GDP, respectively, then by 1995 state enterprises, the number of which had decreased to 118,000, produced 33.9, commercial firms - 36.6, private entrepreneurs - 12 ,9 and joint ventures - 16.6% of GDP, with the number of small enterprises accounting for 24% of total number with fewer than 100 employees is approximately equal to the number of large ones with more than 1,000 employees.

Thanks to the moderate growth rate of the money supply, due to the restrained lending of the National Bank of China due to the insignificant size of the budget deficit, the value of which was reduced from 5.1% of GDP in 1979 to 3.3% of GDP in 2002, the country managed to ensure relatively low inflation rates : for example, if in 2002 there was deflation of 99.2%, then next year there was inflation of 0.6%.

The creation of a favorable investment climate and the attraction of domestic and foreign financial resources, advanced equipment and technologies have become the key to the success of the ongoing economic reform in the PRC: as a result, China confidently holds second place in the world in terms of annual volumes of attracting foreign investment, reaching $47 million in 2000 .

The nominal disposable income per capita of the urban population, which accounts for 36% of the Chinese, increased from 1,510 yuan in 1990 to 8,472 yuan in 2003, and taking into account rising prices, it increased by 2.6 times. Nominal disposable income per capita of the rural population increased from 686 yuan to 2,622 yuan, in real terms - by 3.8 times.

Due to the need to employ new students and the migration of young and middle-aged workers from villages to cities in search of work, the employment situation is extremely tense: in particular, from 1978 to 2002, the number of registered unemployed increased from 5,300 to 7,500 thousand people, and unemployment rose from 5.3 to 7%.

Despite obvious economic successes, the PRC will have to resolve the contradiction between the per capita and absolute indicators of the country’s economic development and the problem of the extensive type of economic growth, which currently causes low economic efficiency by international standards.

The main industries can be represented in the form of the “Chinese economic model” (see Appendix 2).

Transport

Transport in China began to develop at an accelerated pace since 1949, with development reaching its peak in the 1980s. The construction of airports, roads and railways in China has greatly increased employment.

China's railway transport is responsible for 24% of the world's rail transport and is one of the main components of the economy. In terms of the length of railway tracks, China ranks 3rd in the world; the length of the China Railways railway network was 76.6 thousand km at the end of 2006 (in 2006 the increase was 1.2 thousand km).

In 2006, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway was put into operation in Tibet - the highest railway (up to 5072 m above sea level), the construction cost of which amounted to $4.2 billion. Through the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway, the railway network of China is connected to railways Kazakhstan.

The gauge size of 71,898 km of railway tracks is 1,435 mm (18,115 km of which are electrified), 3,600 km of industrial tracks are 1,000 and 750 mm in size. In 2004, China Railways had 15,456 locomotives on its balance sheet.

China has launched the world's second commercial magnetic levitation train. A joint Chinese-German project built a 30-km high-speed (450 km/h) maglev route from Shanghai Pudong Airport to downtown Shanghai, which began operating in 2002. The project cost was $1.2 billion.

The length of roads (including rural roads) is 3.5 million km. The total length of modern multi-lane highways at the end of 2006 was 45.3 thousand km (4.3 thousand km of highways were built in 2006, 5 thousand km are planned to be introduced in 2007). Famous roads include the Karakoram Highway and the Burma Road.

China has more than 2,000 ports, 130 of which receive foreign ships. The largest 16 ports in China have a turnover of 50 million tons per year. China's total turnover exceeds 2890 million tons. It is estimated that by 2010, 35% of the world's waterborne transport will take place in China. In 2004, China's merchant fleet numbered 3,497 ships.

The length of Chinese rivers, lakes and canals accessible for navigation is estimated at 140 thousand km, along which in 2003 about 1.6 trillion tons of cargo and 6.3 trillion passengers per km were transported to more than 5,100 inland ports.

As a result of the rapid growth of civil aviation (CAAC), by 2007 China had approximately 500 airports, 400 of which had paved runways. With the increase in the number of airports, the number of air carriers has also increased.

The total number of aircraft in mainland China is estimated at 1,580 in 2010 (up from 863 in 2006). By 2025, the figure will increase to 4,000.

Tourism

China is a promising country for the development of tourism. The possibility of its competitiveness in the tourism market speaks of its promising future in the tourism sector.

Beijing can be called the center of tourism in China. The capital of the People's Republic of China is a city under central jurisdiction. Beijing is the most important political, economic, cultural, historical and tourist center of the country.

Currently, China has become a leading tourist center in Asia, with the country ranked fourth in the world in terms of the number of foreign tourists received.

In recent years, the Chinese capital has been visited by over two million foreigners annually. The city has about 200 major tourism sites, but most tourists only visit the most famous attractions.

By 2010, China will strive hard to reach 64 million overseas arrivals and overnight stays. Which will correspond to a 7% annual increase on average, and achievement of 3rd place in the world ranking of the world's leading tourism powers. Foreign exchange income from tourism should reach the level of 53 billion US dollars, which will correspond to an 8% annual increase on average, and achieving 3rd place in the world rank for this indicator among the leading tourism powers of the world. The level of development of domestic tourism should reach 1.69 billion person-times, an increase of 8% on average annually. Income from domestic tourism should reach 850 billion Chinese yuan (approximately 106 billion US dollars), an annual increase of 10%. Total tourism income in China should reach 1270 billion Chinese yuan (approximately 159 billion US dollars), an annual increase of approximately 8%, and correspond to 7% of the GDP (gross national product). Reach 10 million people in direct employment in tourism, and 49 million people in indirect employment in tourism.

The Chinese tourism industry was one of the first to be opened up to foreign tourists by the Chinese Government, and its degree of openness has also become one of the most significant. In addition, the Chinese Government has identified it as one of the preferred areas for foreign investors, having excellent infrastructure for investment and development. Until the end of 2005 inclusive, the Chinese tourism industry had absorbed approximately US$60 billion in foreign investment, accounting for 12% of total investment in various industries and the country's economy (approximately 500 billion US).

Currently, there are 5 travel agencies with exclusive foreign capital and 16 travel agencies with mixed capital operating in China. Mixed capital hotel complexes are available in all cities and provinces throughout the country. Many of the world's leading travel brands have already entered or are on the verge of entering the Chinese market.