Russian language exercises rules checking exercises. Russian language training exercises

“On the boardwalk terrace, the well-known freckled Agrippina Savvichna treated the collegiate assessor Apollon Ippolitovich with vinaigrette, shellfish and other dishes.” This tricky dictation was written by our grandmothers to prove their literacy. As a rule, few people managed to get by without making mistakes the first time. But the examinees remembered for the rest of their lives the spelling of those words that they failed. Today, children need to first translate a passage from classical Russian to modern Russian. Because, as philologist teachers assure, the vocabulary of today's children and teenagers is rapidly declining.

Recently, in one of the Moscow schools, eleventh-graders, while recording a passage from dictation, unanimously wrote “with the rokobes” instead of “Griboyedov fought with the obscurantists.” Because “rock” and “demons” are somehow understandable, but no one has heard of “obscurantists.” As well as about “threshing” or, say, about “brochure”.

So if you want to raise a literate child, first of all inspect your home bookshelves: after all, in addition to the spelling dictionary ed. V.V. Lopatin, it would be good to include, at a minimum, an explanatory dictionary and an orthoepic one. And, of course, teach the child to use them.

But let's return to the unforgettable freckled Agrippina: it turns out that the relevance of the text remains to this day. After all, almost every word in this dictation is based on some specific rule.

Judge for yourself:

• “cobblestone” - suffix -chat- (the suffix -schat- does not exist);
• “not unknown” is written together, because it can be replaced with the synonym “known”. And after Russian prefixes on consonants, instead of and, it is written ы;
• “regaled” - if in the 1st person the verb ends in -y (I regaled), then we choose the suffix -eva-.

Well, you need to know the spelling of such names and patronymics as Agrippina Savvichna and Apollon Ippolitovich, because today old names are in great fashion. So, in 20 years, this knowledge may come in handy when you have to write to your partners, colleagues, and even more so to your superiors.

Where are the literate ones?

“Recently, a 5th year student of the philology department of a well-known and respected university came to our practice. Her notes for the first lesson began like this: “Hello children” - without a comma!” — the director of a Moscow school says indignantly.

And many are ready to share this indignation. After all, it’s already somewhat banal to say that universal literacy is falling. Why is all this happening and what to do about it?

Causes of illiteracy:

1. The first, which is always cited by teachers, psychologists and sociologists, is the lack of reading habit. And it’s not just children and teenagers who don’t read, but everyone in general. Or they read, but that’s not it: in the “literary waste paper” not only will you not find examples of literate speech, but also with proofreading things are very bad.
2. Internet communication also makes its contribution: the abbreviations, slang, and careless handling of spelling involuntarily transferred into normal written speech.
3. We have to admit that training in schools and universities has deteriorated.
4. Much depends on the fact that parents are looking for the problem in the wrong place. A child gets bad marks in Russian, but is scolded for laziness. He can’t put two words together, but with all his might they push him into a strong class with a complicated program: they say, it’s better to be a lagging student there than in a regular class - an average student. And as a result, they trigger possible speech therapy problems, which tend to manifest themselves as illiteracy.

Cause: disease

So, in the pursuit of literacy, the first thing you need to do is show the future student to a speech therapist. And the sooner, the better.

“By the age of four,” says speech therapist Olga Kovalevskaya, “it is possible to determine whether a child is at risk. And this is exactly the age when treatment will be most effective.”

What should alert parents and become a reason to go to a specialist:

• the child does not pronounce all sounds clearly, replaces some with others (r - l, s - w);
• does not distinguish speech sounds by ear (voiced - dull, hard - soft, whistling - hissing);
• skips syllables in words: for example, instead of “ve-lo-si-ped” he pronounces “ve-lo-ped”;
• the baby has insufficiently developed fine motor skills (cannot tie shoelaces, fasten buttons, etc.);
• visual-spatial representations are not sufficiently formed (cannot copy an image, confuses right - left, top - bottom, etc.).

Reading and writing impairments appear already by the middle of 1st grade. For example, a student with dyslexia rearranges or skips letters and sometimes syllables when reading aloud.

The Myth of Innate Literacy

It happens that you cannot find a test word due to a poor vocabulary. But a speech therapist will no longer help with this problem - if children read little, where will rich vocabulary come from?

Respect for books has been instilled since the age of 3. And it starts with how often the child sees mom and dad with a book. And how often and how much they read to him.

“Sometimes I hear a person boasting: “I never learned the rules, but I write without mistakes! I have innate literacy!” says psychologist Andrei Sokolov. “From here we can conclude that innate illiteracy also exists. Which means, learn - "Don't study, the result is the same? I'm afraid to upset those who believe in this, but the ability to write without errors is, after all, an acquired property. It was simply acquired by those who seem to be able to do it automatically, at an early age."

What is necessary for the so-called “innate literacy” to appear?

Firstly, you need to have excellent visual memory.

How to develop visual memory? There are many ways. Let's name the most common ones:

1. work with pictures "Find 10 differences";
2. game “What’s missing?”: place 7-10 objects on the table, and when the child says that he remembered them all, ask him to turn away and remove something or rearrange it. The challenge is to determine what has changed;
3. One of the most effective exercises is to show your child a piece of paper on which simple figures or patterns are depicted and ask them to try to draw them from memory.

Let's study

Let's assume the best case scenario: your child does not have any speech therapy problems, and there is a cult of reading in the family. All this does not mean that the child will become literate on its own. The process must be controlled and directed.

Before school

1. When reading aloud, pronounce all words clearly.
2. Talk to your child more. Every time you read fairy tales, have a conversation: who the main character is, where he lives, what he does... And make sure that the child does not answer in monosyllables, but constructs sentences logically.

Primary School

1. In 1st grade, we look at which words the child makes mistakes and always work on the mistakes.
2. We set tasks: find in the text, for example, proper names (including animal names, names of cities). We ask: “How would you write them?”
3. In 2nd-3rd grade everything is the same, but we ask you to also find, for example, all the adjectives. Or all words with an unstressed vowel, etc.
4. To consolidate what has been learned, the so-called “letter with holes” is useful. That is, let him write words in which there are stressed vowels and vowels that the child is sure of, and skip those that he doubts. So that you can think about it later and choose test words with the same root. For example, say... The test word is "milk". This is a great technique for developing self-control.
5. When arranging home dictations, first be sure to read the text out loud and ask the child to close his eyes and, while listening, imagine what the text says. And only then start writing.

high school

1. The biggest mistake parents of frequently ill children (and these days, are the majority) is forgetting that homework is only a third of what students learn in class. That is, simply completing everything that was assigned for homework is completely insufficient: you must also complete all the exercises that are in the textbook on the missed topic.

And in general, the golden rule of an excellent student: it is not the most capable, but the most diligent who passes the exams best. That is, someone who is not lazy to complete the entire routine of daily tasks. Then the spelling rules will be followed automatically. Moreover, there are not many really difficult ones among them. And if they are not given, you need to turn to the teacher for help.

1. As in primary school, working on mistakes remains the most important weapon in the fight against illiteracy. It must be inevitable and mandatory! With a good teacher, all students have a special notebook where they write down words in which they made mistakes. Then dictations are compiled from these words: it is quite enough to write them 2 times a week for 5 minutes.

To successfully pass the examination paper in the Russian language, the exercises and tasks in which may have different rules, you need to know the grammar of the Russian language.

Completing various exercises and tests will help you prepare for the certification. Below are training exercises in the Russian language.

Spelling exercises

There are a great many spelling rules in the Russian language.

Roots, compound words, capital letters, endings, suffixes - this is not a complete list of spellings that the Russian language is rich in. Exercises with answers and explanations of some complex spellings are given in the table.

Spelling exercises

Exercise	Explanation	Answer
Insert the missing letters. Expected..my, sight..my, raised..my, heard..my, drawn..my, executed..my, dependent..my, saved..my, used..my, controlled..my.	Spelling in the (passive) present tense: if the participle goes back to the verb of the 1st conjugation, then the suffix is ​​written -eat-, if to the second, then -them-.	expected, visible, raised, heard, drawn, executed, dependent, consumed, controlled
N or NN? spent..y, fried..y, boiled..yy, boiled..yy in broth, wounded..y in the leg, mown..yy, cooked..yy, bought..yy, sold..yy, soot ..yy, planted..yy.	Spelling in (passive) past tense: N written in participles that go back to imperfective verbs, in participles that have no prefixes (except for non-) and no dependent words. If the participle has a prefix, suffix -ova-, -eva-, if it is formed from a perfect verb or if it has a dependent word, then it is written NN.	spent, fried, boiled, boiled in broth, wounded in the leg, mowed, cooked, bought, sold, planted, planted
Insert the missing letters. In the herbarium.., at the aviation station.., in the planetarium.., on the building.., indoors.., for Victory.., in the coffee shop.., at the ceremony.., in provocation.., about the work..	In nouns that end in -and I, in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases, and for nouns in -iy, -ih the ending is written in the prepositional case AND.	in a herbarium, near aviation, in a planetarium, on a building, indoors, for Victoria, in a coffee shop, at a ceremony, in a provocation, about a work

Punctuation exercises

Punctuation causes difficulties when passing the Russian language exam. Punctuation exercise requires both knowledge of syntax and punctuation intuition.

The table provides exercises on some punctuation rules.

Russian language: rules and exercises for punctuation

Exercise	Rule	Answer
Taking the basket (1) standing on the bench (2), the guys went to the garden to pick berries (3) that ripen quickly in the hot sun.	Separate definitions and a definition expressed by a participial phrase are separated by commas if they appear after the word being defined, or if they have a causal or concessive meaning, or if they depend on a personal pronoun. Isolated circumstances are separated by commas if they are expressed by a gerund.	1,2,3
Indicate the numbers that need a comma in their place. Birds arrive (1) and nest (2) and bears wake up.	Comma before conjunction And in sentences with homogeneous members and in complex sentences. If the conjunction is not repeated and connects homogeneous members, then a comma is not placed in front of it. If a conjunction connects simple sentences that do not have common minor members, then a comma is needed before it.	2

Orthoepy exercises

The spelling dictionary and training tasks given below will help you solve an exercise in the Russian language, in which you need to correctly place stress on words.

Exercises to identify grammatical errors

In work on the Russian language, the finding exercise poses particular difficulties.

Such errors are very common: incorrect formation of the word form, incorrect construction of phrases and sentences, and others. Tasks for identifying grammatical errors are given in the table below.

Exercises to identify speech errors

In a final work in the Russian language, an exercise that requires a detailed answer is fraught with many dangers; numerous speech errors are made in it.

They are otherwise called stylistic errors, as they involve the incorrect use of words. Below, in the table, tasks for identifying speech errors are given.

Finding lexical means of expression

Many texts of exercises in the Russian language contain synonymous series, phraseological units, outdated vocabulary, vernacular or contextual synonyms and antonyms - all these are lexical means of expressiveness. The wording of the task may be different, for example, write out phraseological units from the text.

Finding means of communicating proposals

The task of finding means of communication is provided for in the certification work in the Russian language. The exercise is aimed at identifying students' level of skill in determining the grammatical coherence of a text. Means of communication are morphological, lexical and syntactic.

The algorithm will tell you how to do an exercise in the Russian language on finding means of communication:

1. Read the text carefully, especially the sentence in which you need to find a means of communication.
2. Remember what means of communication there are.
3. Find the means of communication, most often it is located at the beginning of the sentence.

Finding expressive means

Every year, in the examination work in the Russian language, the task of identifying figurative and expressive means becomes more complicated. The table below provides exercises for finding means of expression.

Completing exercises and tests helps you prepare for certification. We have provided training exercises for the Russian language that may be useful.

Training exercises in the Russian language on the topic “Verb”.

INFINITIVE.

1.Write the verbs in the indefinite form.

They set, carry, run, bloom, cry, carry, smell, have breakfast, wander, do, introduce, rake, hang, weave, shake, get wet, croak.

2. Write it down. Highlight the endings of these verbs.

Old age, be silent, take away, youth, guest, cane, please, stupidity blacken, joy, cruelty, rest, brush. Loyalty, coldness, courage, flattery, pour out, revenge, dream, amuse, bone, be sad.

3. Replace these phrases with indefinite verbs.

Provide assistance.

Clear the floor of debris.

Make observations.

To give advice.

Cover yourself with flowers.

Decide.

4. Choose synonyms for the verbs. Write the verbs in the indefinite form.

They build, amaze, make noise, asked, beat, watch, guard, catch, fantasize, cry, said, burn, shine. Exalt, guard.

5.Replace phraseological units with indefinite verbs.

To kick the bucket-

hang your nose -

Head in the clouds -

ask a puzzle -

Nick down -

wait by the sea for weather -

give your word -

tremble like an aspen leaf -

write like a chicken with its paw

keep in mind-

nod off -

talk to three boxes

keep in mind-

nod off -

talk to three boxes -

keep your mouth shut-

Changing verbs by tense.

Write the verbs in three columns.

Strokes, loves, knocks, sees, cries, writes, leads, draws, will follow.

Write the verbs in present, future and past tense.

Run, touch.

Write it off. Determine the type and tense of verbs.

The river is frozen. In the rapids, steam rises above the ice hole. The river is breathing. From her cold breath, white corollas of flowers will grow on the edges of the ice.

Write it off. Indicate the tense and number of verbs.

A mouse ran and squeaked. A beetle hit a birch tree and fell. A cuckoo is calling on the top of a spruce tree. A wild pigeon cooed at the top of an oak tree. At sunset the eagle owl will begin to sing in the forest.

CHANGING VERBS BY PERSONS AND NUMBERS.

Change the verbs according to persons and numbers.

Solve, fix.

Write it off. Determine the person number of verbs.

You dream about a doll, believe in a fairy tale, are in the clouds, meet a bear, paint a nesting doll, ride horses, leaves turn yellow, chop wood, close your eyes, juggle balls, thresh grain, watch a cat.

Indicate the person and number of these verbs. Choose verbs with direct figurative meaning. Determine their face and number.

You see - ...., they lie - ..., you walk - ..., they take care - ...., you keep watch - ...,

respects -..., smiles -..... .

Explanatory note

Vowels oh, oh after the hissing and ts in suffixes and endings

Y, and after ts

Alternation a-o at the root of the word

Alternation e-i at the root of the word

Letter s after consoles

Spelling of prefixes pre-, pre-

Spelling noun suffixes

Spelling compound nouns

One and two letters n in suffixes of adjectives

Spelling of numerals denoting whole numbers

References

Explanatory note

The formation of spelling literacy is one of the main tasks of teaching the Russian language in secondary school. Spelling literacy is understood as the student’s ability not only to accurately formulate a written statement, but also to distinguish a “mistaken” place in a word (recognize a spelling), and select the necessary rule for a given spelling.

The manual presents all the basic spellings provided for by the Russian Language curriculum (grades 5-7), approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 148 dated March 11, 2003 (Almaty: ROND, 2003). The manual consists of exercises that cover topics covered in 6th grade: vowels oh, oh after the hissing and ts in suffixes and endings, Y, and after ts, alternation a-o at the root of the word, alternation e-i at the root of a word, letter s after prefixes, spelling of prefixes pre-, pre- etc. Through regular exercises, students will learn literate writing skills and spelling rules, which are included in the 6th grade curriculum.

This manual is useful to all schoolchildren as additional material on the Russian language. Completing the exercises will allow the student to improve their literacy. The manual can be used for collective and individual work at school and at home.

Vowels o, e after sibilants and c in suffixes and endings

In suffixes and endings of nouns and adjectives, after sibilants and c, it is written under stress O, without accent – e.

Fill in the missing letters

1. Report...m, arena...m, ball...m, Dash...m, proud...m, Borisovich...m, immigrant...m, heart...m, Grish...m, Stepanovich...m, spoiled...m, cloudy...m, Efimovich...m, Viktorvich...m, guardsman...m, violinist...m, Andryush...m, cough...m.

2. Cloak...m, ray...m, Dmitrievich...m, match...m, reception...m, tornado...m, bream...m, Grigorievich...m, swimmer...m, Ivanovich...m, owner...m, fugitive...m, commander...m, Nikitich...m, borsch...m, companion...m, syringe...m, sheep...m.

3. Rook...m, Key...m, cry...m, bather...m, Alexandrovich...m, breadwinner...m, worker...m, mill...m, storage...m, birds...m, Lesh...m, ruff...m, watchman...m, swift...m, fox...th, pash...th, hospital...th, mustard...th, roof...th, doctor...m.

4. Borscht...k, camel...k, pear...k, girl...k, with a cloak...m, bunny...k, pupil...k, under the porch...m, behind the mirror...m, pebble...k.

5. Dobryach...k, turn...m, pot...k, groom...k, with a pencil...m, under the armchairs...m, above the page...th, spear..., with a comrade...m.

6. Cherry...wy, pear...wy, tile...wy, canvas...wy, borscht...wy, glossy...wy, knife...wy, pepper...wy, brocade...wy, lead...wy.

Y, and after c

The letter I after T is written in roots and in words in nation.

The letter Y after c is written in endings and suffixes, in exception words: the gypsy tiptoed up to the chicken and tutted.

Fill in the missing letters

1. Birds..., ts...tit, short...th, ts...ts, armored...rny, ts...circulate, ts...circle, streets..., ts...nick, wolf..., ts...garka, Birds...n, ts...nc , caterpillars..., c...fra, c...ganyata.

2. Hotels..., c...lindr, goose..., c...stern, units..., rat...ya, section...ya, c...tadel, stairs..., akats...ya, paleface...th, mills..., revolutionary...ya.

3. Finger..., c...rk, medic...na, defic...t, patient...ent, dist....lina, c...knock, c...ferblat, motorcycle...cl, cucumber..., bratz..., aviation, c... gan.

4. Volchits..., Foxes...n, c...films, borders..., tits..., c...rkach, expedition...ya, wheat..., c...frova, constitution...ya, c...clone, svestnits....

5. Kunits...n, Venets...ya, c...nkovka, c...kidneys, c....cowardly, student..., nat...ya, resettled.yu.., operation...ya, c...plata, c...kl, pantz... ry.

6. Fugitive..., agitator...I, fool..., sloth..., cabbage..., old man..., lucky..., liquidation...I, Chinese..., kakvkazts..., recommendation..., ts...ganochka.

7. Gostints..., editor...i. expedit...i, eyelash..., chubby...th, conductor...., c...fra, traditional...i, official...al.

Alternation a-o at the root of a word

1. Roots determined by stress:

Without emphasis it is written about in the roots:

CLAN-CLONE

GOR-GAR

TVAR-TVOR

Without stress it is always written a at the root:

ZAR-ZOR

2. Roots determined by a consonant:

LAG-LOZH
RAST, RASCH-ROS
3. Root defined by the suffix a:

KAS(A)-KOS

Fill in the missing letters

1. Hall...live, r...sli, iz...gat, iz...zhenie, expression...s, r...substantive, por...sl, prophecy...sli, offer, r...drain, nar...gets, iz...live, pretend...to dream, to assume, to...live, to bow...to, to...live.

2. Sub...sli, st...live, p...l...n, z...rnitsa, ra...stor, offer...gt, offer, zar...layer, application, s...relation.

3. K...salted, pressed...to, touch...to, t...re...ing, adjective, bending...towards, ...sting, str...s...to, to...toss, zar...sli.

4. Howl...wives, bezug...rny, kl...thread, prol...gat, app...burning, app...r, ot...st, vytv...ryat, ot...live, to...dream, nar...stanie, to...sanie.

5. Offer...live, bend...thread, grow...sli, extend...vein, ob...g...g...et, app....dream, pro...spread, benevolence....benevolence.

Insert the missing letters.

Explain the spelling.

Southern growth, capital building, young growth, reed growth, growing seedlings, time to grow up, small shoots, grass layer, let them grow, grown kittens.

Grow up, lightning, sunbathe, application, touch.

Write it off. Add missing punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters. Emphasize the alternating vowels in the root.

Night had already fallen on the mountains and the fog began to wander through the gorges. I ordered my suitcase to be placed in a cart, to lure the bulls with horses, and for the last time I looked back at the length. The smoke spread around such a thick veil that for a long time I could not look around.

Write it down, insert the missing letters.

The lake is filled with reeds. Black algae crunch underfoot. Many rare plants were grown on the experimental plot. The r...ness here is monotonous. There were a lot of ducks in the dawn of the rope. Pror...slied the seeds. A young age is growing up.

Alternating e-i at the root of a word

In the roots BER-BIR, DER-DIR, MER-MIR, PER-PIR, TER-TIR, BLEST-BLIST, STEL-STIL it is written and, if followed by the suffix a.

Insert the missing letters.

1. Arrived, sorted...ru, caught...lyu, got out, st...ret, lock...up, sd...ru, st...paradise, hut...ru, spread...paradise, climbed in, sent...to paradise, dammit.

2. Get...up, wipe...up, wipe up, die...get up, break up...bark, fight...up, clean...up, pick up...up, post...up, lay out...bark, gather...up, get out...up.

3. I freeze, I lay out, I freeze, I wander, I try, I wipe, I rip, I die, I dry, I bark, I lock.

4. Lock...paradise, ass...ru, set...len, prot...paradise, pick...ru unbl...creeped, stray..stet, moved..slipped, cleaned up, set...lyu, dial..ru, zat ...scream, za..paradise, cleaned up.

5. We sorted out, melted, nat...paradise, stop...bark, pick...ru, choose...rally, under...paradise, get lost, rub...paradise, over...ru, pr...paradise, overeat...lyu, will be chosen.

Insert the missing letters.

Explain the spelling.

Collect apples, b... become successful, wipe the board, fiery dance, pick up a book, b... walk in the sun.

Change the words so

so that alternation occurs in the roots.

Collect, extend, lean, ignite, shine.

Identify roots with alternating vowels a-o, e-i, and explain their spelling.

1. My former neighbor was a terrible eccentric, he did the wrong thing all the time. He watered the flowers with hot water, he wiped his glasses with his beard, he grew only weeds in the garden, he played the piano four hands.

2.Sandwich

Weird mathematician

Lived in Germany.

He's bread and sausage

Accidentally folded it.

Then the result

He put it in his mouth.

That's how man

Invented the sandwich.

3. Every day it got colder and colder. At night, frost turned puddles into shiny mirrors. Amazing creations appeared on the windows. The snow fell in huge flakes and spread softly like a carpet. There was snow everywhere and it felt like I was floating in a vast ocean. By evening, the stars were shining brightly in the sky. The snowdrifts continued to grow.

This is real winter!

After prefixes ending in a consonant, in accordance with pronunciation, instead of And is written s (play game).

Excl.: charge

The letter is written after the prefixes inter-, counter- And above-.

The letter s after prefixes

Insert the missing letters.

1. Without...glad, without...interesting, up...skate, counter...gra, not without...famous, ob...dress, over...interesting, pod...podzhivat, from...skat, with...sk.

2. Without...tasteful, take...taken, under...mother, advantage, over...exquisite, rose...gross, pre...history, inter...institutional, from...play.

Spelling of prefixes pre-, pre-

Console at- written if it means:

1) approximation, accession, addition: arrive, sew.

2) proximity: suburban.

3) incompleteness of action: open slightly

Console pre- is written if:

1) close in meaning to the word very: very funny.

2) close to the console re-: block (block)

Write it off. Find and highlight the prefixes pri- and pre-. Explain their spelling.

Pre- or pre-? Pre- or pre-?

This is not a secret at all.

You will get an answer right away.

Predlinny will reach the roof with his hand,

The greedy person will not give you candy.

If “Very this” or “Very that” -

Pre-we write at the same time.

It rains continuously in October,

But for the literate, rain is not a barrier.

Where re- and pre- are very similar,

You just have to write there.

Distribute the words into three columns according to the meaning of the prefix at-:

1 – approaching, joining,

2 – location nearby,

3 – incomplete action.

Has subsided, risen, become silent, approach, arrive, come, seaside, Volga, attach, sew, fly. Nail, station, attach, attach. dress up, think about it, bring it, lie down.

Insert the missing letters.

1. Pr...raise, pr...drive, pr...high, pr...run, pr...cook, pr...poor, pr...grad, pr...knit, pr...approach, pr...fall, pr...jam, pr...break, pr…red, pr…screw, pr…warm, pr…wisdom, pr…manor.

2. Pr...vision, pr...drive, pr...carry, pr...knit, pr...rotation, pr...bend, pr...tear, pr...tack, pr...cook, pr...tear, pr...cut, pr...hold, pr…bend, pr…imagine, pr…threaten, pr…road.

3. Pr...sea, pr...sit, pr...funny, pr...school, pr...send, pr...step, pr...bend, pr...funny, pass, pr...unpleasant, pr...stupid, pr...talk, pr...lake, pr...amazing, pr...squint, pr...dress up, pr...silent.

Divide the words into two columns:

with prefix pri-, 2 – pre-.

Insert the missing letters.

Pr...carefully, pr...stop, pr...criminal, pr...break, pr...breaking rays, pr...block the road, pr...skillful blacksmith, all pr...hails, pr...wonderful forms, old radio...receiver.

1. I was approaching my destination. 2. The husband...immediately began to press his sheepskin coat. 3. Garrison life had little appeal for me. 4. Vasilisa Egorovna is a great...brave lady. 5. We left the commandant, apparently reconciled. 6. The broadsword carried swords. 7. Shvabrin followed Mash.

Spelling suffixes

nouns

Suffixes –ek-, -ik-

If a vowel is dropped during declension, then it is written in the suffix e , if it didn’t fall out – And : cucumber And k – cucumber And ok, but son e k - son chk A.

Insert the missing letters.

1. Knife...k, knife...k, bag...k, boy...k, powder...k, piece...k, sand...k, roll...k, pot...k, pancake...k, flower...k, chair...k, bell...k, horn...k, stump...k, pie...k.

2. Ravine...k, jumper...k, carpet...k, circle...k, handkerchief...k, dictionary...k, petal...k, motoch...k, samovar...k, tray...k, bush...k, bush...k, brick...k, dandelion...k, son...k.

From these nouns, form new nouns using –ek-, -hic- or -chick-.

For example: Closet-closet, corner-corner.

Finger, stocking, hour, hour, sock, ball, nose, barn, wreath, chick, hare, cucumber, jug, nut, ball, sofa, strap.

Write down, insert the missing letters.

1. The bright edge...towards the...sun flashed. 2. We set up a hut…k out of grass. 3. The blacksmith…Ki cracked loudly. 4. The gophers were whistling, and the kobch was circling in the sky.

5. The spiky hedgehog...slipped into the bushes.

Suffixes –schik-(-chik-)

Suffix -chick- written after letters d-t, z-s, f. in other cases it is written -schik-: leT chick , but hoursbox .

Add to these basics

suffixes -chick- or -schik-.

1. Translation..., transportation..., set up..., accounting..., transfer..., stingy..., packing..., run..., dye..., corral..., delivery..., lantern..., stone..., slaughter..., truancy..., detour..., dispute..., smear..., discount..., weld..., drum..., carrier..., story..., set..., way of life....

2. Zenit..., concrete..., change..., mined..., razdat..., water supply..., mal..., herd..., peredat..., pocket..., tin..., gas station..., report..., offense..., coal..., atom..., carriage..., samvar..., res..., factory..., deception..., order..., denunciation..., collection..., binding....

Add suffixes -chick- or -schik-

to nouns that denote people of professions.

1. The main professions in mines are passage..., face..., drill..., igniter..., support.... 2. In construction, they work on fittings...and, stone...and, plumbing...and, glass...and, taps...and, roofing...and. 3. People are working at the port - cargo...and, carrying...and, treasures...and, packing...and.

Spelling complex names

nouns

Together:

1) if the stems are formed using a connecting vowel O or e: water supplyO water, foote move;

2) if a noun is formed by adding the initial part of a word with a whole word or part of a word: wall newspaper, nurse, junkor, health post.

With a hyphen:

1) if noun. formed by adding words: boarding school

2) if after the root floor- the second part of a compound word begins: a) with a capital letter: floor-A countries;

b) with a vowel: floor-A orange; c) with consonant l: floor-l imona.

In other cases floor- written together.

Words with semi- written together: sheepskin coat

Do a morpheme analysis

difficult words.

Explorer, shipwreck, scooter, flamethrower, navigator, witty, photosensitive, pioneer, centenarian, sound recorder.

Insert the missing letters.

Earth...swarm, beast...water, fable...scribe, banner...carrier, vegetable...water, duck...nose, bees...water, fish...fishing, water..cart, earth...dig, stars...fall, waves...cut, armor ...car, sun...scorch, birds...factory, forest...rafting.

From these word combinations form complex

nouns

New construction, iron and concrete, laying rails, harvesting bread, storing vegetables, snow is falling, writing fables, throwing bullets, nuclear power, water and storage, fishing, stars are falling.

Write together or with a hyphen

words with floor-.

1. (Half) watermelon, (half) lemon, (half) hour, (half) desk, (half) meter, (half) Kokshetau, start (half) Kazakhstan, (half) year expedition, write down (half) sheet, swim (half) the Irtysh, fall behind by (half) a point, make a (half) turn, participate in the (semi) final.

2. Be absent for (half) a year, be late for (half) an hour, work until (half) night, weed (half) a plot, draw a (half) circle, go out (half) a month, buy a (half) fur coat, circle (half) haze.

From these words, form and write compound words with floor-.

Ocean, oasis, building, specimen, whatnot, pike, gram, kilogram, linden, alder, apple, America, onion, hour, meter, pineapple, desk.

Add floor- or semi-.

Day, game, shop, Washington, turnover, eleven, portion, boots, word, hundred, step, yurt, berry patch.

One and two letters n in name suffixes

adjectives

It is written N :

–an-, -yan-, -in-: leather, silver, clay, swan, chicken.

Excl.: glass Jann oh, tin Jann y, tree Jann y.

2) so many words are written in short adjectives n , how much and in full form: noiselessn a (silencen y).

It is written NN :

1) in adjectives with suffixes –onn-, -enn-: cranberriesenne oh, revolutionhe N y.

Excl.: windy.

2) in adjectives with a suffix -n-, if the root ends in n : OK n o-o-o-o nn y.

Replace the phrases according to the model, pay attention to the spelling of adjective suffixes,

highlight them.

Sample: leather briefcase en th briefcase.

1. A suit made of linen, a mug made of tin, glass beads, flour for pancakes, kitchen furniture, a path for a sleigh, a door to the balcony, a telephone ringing, a horse's head, a mosquito squeaking, a company sign, a rooster crowing.

2. A scarf of their wool, a mug of aluminum, a staircase of marble, a candlestick of bronze, a thread of silver, cranberry syrup, news from the region.

Fill in the missing letters Н or НН.

Identify the suffixes of adjectives.

Water drops, poplar fluff, rusty loaf of bread, goose fat, linseed oil, triumphal march, pocket lantern, pigeon egg, morning coffee, bee poison , geese brood, clay vessel.

Write down, insert the missing letters, indicate the suffixes of the adjectives.

1. The old clock is still running. 2. The best paintings were exhibited in the painting gallery. 3. They bought me a masha-knitted suit. 4. Chicken broth was served for breakfast. 5. The swarm of bees moved from the hive. 6. The tent had a dirt floor. 7. Wooden toys are brightly painted.8. They gave me silver spoons.

Write the adjectives in two columns:

1 – with –н- in the suffix, 2 – with –нн-.

1. The brown twilight was thickening. 2. In the fog...the darkness the islands appeared. 3. The hurricane wind knocked down and broke trees. 4. Schools of cranes hurried to the south. 5. Poplar fluff purifies the air. 6. A school of geese flew over the village. 7. The sunset gilds the crowns of the trees with old gilding. 8. The clock is striking midnight. 9. The cabin smelled of machine oil. 10. At the gate I saw an old cast iron cannon. 11. The night in the bright light is cold and clear.

Hyphenated compound adjectives are written that mean:

1) colors or shades of color: dark green, pale blue.

2) cardinal directions: northeastern.

3) a phrase with a coordinating connection: fruit and berry - fruit and berry.

Together complex adjectives are written, formed from phrases with a subordinating connection: agriculture – agricultural.

Hyphenated and continuous spelling of compound adjectives

Open the brackets and write the adjectives together or with a hyphen.

1. (Hard)loving young man, (life)joyful person, (old)Russian settlement, (fish)cannery, (cotton)paper mill, (white)trunk birch tree, (dark)red shawl, (blue)black coat, (physico)mathematical school, (Russian)English dictionary.

2. (Close)-armed man, (black)-eyed child, (white)chicken lady, (white)trunk birch tree, (dark)blue suit, (ancient)Turkic monument, (north)west wind, (iron)concrete beam, (pine) fir forests, (ware) hardware store.

Form compound adjectives

write them down.

1. Educational counseling center. 2. Wind from south west. 3. Collected works in five volumes. 4. Distance of forty kilometers. 5. A story with a sharp plot. 6. Mountain rescue station.

Copy it, open the brackets, write it down

together or with a hyphen.

1. Stars are blinking in the (dark) gray sky. 2. Rare clouds scattered across the (gently) blue sky. 3. We went down from the (south)east side. 4. Small apricots taste (bitter) and sour. 5. Haymaking time has come. 6. A (chess) checkers tournament was successfully held at school. 7. In the classroom I monitor (teaching) educational work. 8 . (White)pink porridges decorated the bouquet.

Spelling of numerals,

denoting integers

In I.p. and V.p. is written b :

1) at the end of numerals from 5 to 20 and 30 : five, twenty;

2) in the middle of numerals from 50 to 80, from 500 to 900 : fifty, five hundred.

Insert where necessary.

1. Five... students, six... ten days, seven... ten pages, eight... sheets, eight... eleven pairs, eight... ten students, eleven... years, twenty... two pages, five... hundred kilograms, twenty... five... books , nine...twelve centuries.

2. Thirty... televisions, fifteen... eleven... napkins, six... hundred six... ten centimeters, six... one hundred eight... ten tons, nine... hundred five... ten centners, seven... hundred hectares.

Write these numbers in words.

50, 60, 70, 80, 500, 600, 800, 900, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30.

Write the numbers in words.

In etc.: 15 books, 60 exhibits, 70 engineers, 500 miles, 600 specialists.

In D.p.: 40 seconds, 90 kilometers, 19 kilograms, 318 tons, 8 sheets.

Spelling verb suffixes

Suffixes –yva-, -iva- -I am, -I am : I'm keeping an eye on it - I'm keeping an eye on it.

Suffixes –ova-, -eva- are written if the verb is in 1st person singular. ends with -yu, -yu : talking-talking.

Replace the finite forms of the verbs with the indefinite form.

We exchange stamps, heat up lunch, explore the cage, look through an issue, consult with my father, attend classes, finish cleaning, manage the library, be late for class, raise children, sing a song, pour tea, admire the sunset, spend the night by the fire, take part in a swim.

Write down, insert the missing letters,

indicate the suffixes of the verbs.

1. The doctor talked...with the patient and encouraged...the relatives. 2. Try to use your free time wisely. 3. It’s impolite to be late for an anniversary. 4. The sun is already noticeably pressing down on the earth. 5. We often agree on joint trips to the sea. 6. Important messages were broadcast on the radio. 7. At night it is necessary to ventilate the room. 8. It’s time to put on your winter coat.

References

Bragina S.A. Russian language. 5-7 grades. unusual dictations. – Volgograd, 2008.

Zherdeva L.A. Russian language in secondary school: task cards for 6th grade. – Novosibirsk, 2007.

Uzorova O.V., Nefedova E.A. Russian language: rules and exercises. – M., 2006.

Khalikova N.V., Ledneva V.V. Tests and tests in the Russian language. 5-7 grades. – M., 1997.

The Russian language, as well as speech culture, are one of the main subjects in school curricula. However, knowledge is not always acquired by students properly, and even more often it is simply lost over the subsequent years of life. Meanwhile, knowing the Russian language and being able to not only express yourself correctly, but also write correctly is very important. It’s funny and sad when you hear TV presenters or politicians talking about some kind of nonsense, pronouncing words completely incorrectly, or when you read seemingly serious and useful articles in newspapers, magazines or the Internet, but you see that the words in them are written haphazardly , for example, instead of “obvious” they write “on the face”, instead of “to mom” they write “to mom”, instead of “bad weather” they write “bad weather”, etc. But, in fact, it doesn’t matter what goals and objectives you set for yourself, you need to know the Russian language, if only for the simple reason that by doing so you express respect for your native speech and culture, show respect for yourself and the people around you .

And today we will talk about how an adult can do this. But before describing the ten ways we have prepared for you to close knowledge gaps, we would like to point out one extremely important point.

In fact, improving your literacy is quite simple, but you should understand that you won’t be able to do this in a week or two. At best, this process can take you several months, or even years. Therefore, having decided that you really want to properly master your native language, make sure that books such as a grammar reference book and a dictionary of the Russian language become your faithful companions. It is not necessary, of course, to always have them with you (although you can download them to your tablet, laptop or smartphone), but you should definitely make them your desktop aids.

And if suddenly in some situation you experience difficulty, for example, you are not sure exactly how to spell a word or what it means, do not neglect to use a dictionary. Likewise, when you learn a new term, take a moment to find out its exact definition. By doing this, you will always improve your literacy and expand your vocabulary.

So, if you're ready, here are ways to close your Russian language literacy gaps.

10 Ways to Close Literacy Gaps

Each of the presented methods is interesting in its own way. You can use them either individually or in combination. By the way, if you give preference to the second option, your successes will be more impressive, and the process itself will go much faster.

Method one - read

Reading is perhaps the best and surest way to improve literacy in the Russian language. But taking into account the fact that many people are accustomed to being intellectually lazy, they receive most of their information by listening to the radio, watching news, topical programs, movies, etc. This, of course, is good, but unfortunately, it does not make it more intelligent (in the literal sense of the word). Reading will help you increase your knowledge of your native language and improve your spelling.

The fact is that books contain an incredible number of words. And while reading, a person receives several advantages at once: firstly, his vocabulary expands, secondly, the skill of combining and combining lexical units develops, and thirdly, when reading, the brain visually records the correct spelling of various terms and concepts, thanks to which reduces the number of spelling errors in a letter (by the way, if you read ours, you can pass a short spelling test). And another significant advantage of reading is broadening your horizons.

The second way is to write

Although reading lessons (sessions) are extremely useful, spelling specifically can be improved by writing more. Spend at least 30 minutes every day on this, and very soon you will notice that you have gained confidence when writing various words. In addition, this allows you to study all sorts of subtleties of punctuation. But, of course, this method will only work if you always check what you write (the correct spelling of words and punctuation marks).

If you are concerned about the question of what exactly to write, then absolutely everything will do here. You can write a short story from your life, describe your day, or briefly summarize the content of your favorite movie. Keeping a journal is also helpful. By the way, if for some reason you don’t want to write with a pen on paper, use a text editor on your computer. If you wish, you can even set the goal of starting your own blog on the Internet on an interesting topic (and if you like it, over time you can make this one of your sources of income, or even your main one).

Method three - check and eliminate doubts

Good ways to learn Russian are not only reading and writing, but also constantly testing yourself and clearing your doubts. You are probably familiar with the situation when you write something or even just talk about something, and you have doubts that you wrote or pronounced it correctly (this also includes the question of the semantic correctness of the use of terms and concepts).

So: such situations should not be considered something out of the ordinary; everyone faces them. But the question is what will you do about it. We recommend that you spare no time and devote it to finding answers and eliminating doubts. Look online or open a dictionary to make sure you haven't made a mistake. By the way, it is precisely such cases that allow you to remember information best, because even a slight uncertainty about something is always microstress, accompanied by an emotional reaction. And, as you know, what evokes emotions in a person is remembered for a long time. Thus, by eliminating doubts, you will internalize the lessons learned for life.

Method four - use online services

Today, almost every person has access to the Internet, and if ten years ago it could be called a curiosity, now having a tablet, smartphone or laptop at hand has become as natural as brushing your teeth in the morning. In addition, access points to the World Wide Web are now available in many public places and institutions.

Firstly, you can find specialized Russian language courses on the Internet. These include 4brain, as well as materials from such platforms as “Universarium”, “Intuit”, “Lectorium”, “PostNauka”, “Lectorium” and others (you can read more about them). And secondly, there are many “lightweight” services where it is possible, for example, to simply enter a word and find out its spelling or meaning. Also, such resources often offer checking for grammar, punctuation, etc.

Therefore, when any difficulties arise, feel free to contact sites such as gramota.ru, therules.ru, online.orfo.ru, text.ru, languagetool.org and others. These, of course, are not Russian language lessons, but they are still good ways to study.

Method five – install the “Word of the Day” application

The Word of the Day application is a very simple and at the same time effective tool for expanding your vocabulary. By the way, Igor Mann wrote about him very well in his book “”. The application is completely easy to install on your computer or gadget - here it is.

Once you install it, your vocabulary will increase by one word every day. Some might say that there is nothing special about this, but that would be wrong. The fact is that every day we all communicate, using for the most part only words we know, and we learn new ones only by accident. Therefore, “Word of the Day” will be a good alternative to these “accidents”.

And if you carry out simple mathematical calculations, then in a year you will learn 365 new words, in two years - 730, in five years - 1825, etc. Agree, not a bad result? Thus, after even one month you will notice that your speech has become richer and your writing style has become more perfect. Plus, looking at a word that appears on the screen, even one you know well, you will remember its spelling.

Method six - learn the rules

If Russian language lessons are a stage you have already completed, and, for example, a tutor is irrelevant for some reason, but you need to improve your literacy, learn the rules yourself. Ideally, this method involves learning one rule every day. But if you take into account the fact that, most likely, you have a job, hobbies, family matters and everything else, and the rules need to be not only memorized, but also learned, you can devote two or three days to studying one thing.

You can, for example, learn today, practice a little, and tomorrow repeat the rule and practice again. And the day after tomorrow - perform several exercises without repeating the rule.

If such methods of learning the rules of the Russian language become an integral part of your life, over time you will master this subject to perfection. And if you have nowhere to rush, do it calmly, because even a slow walker will reach his goal while crowds of onlookers stand and watch. And you can learn and study these same rules using the same textbooks, collections of rules and online services.

Method seven – reread and edit

This method is very suitable for those who for some reason are forced or simply like to communicate with friends, family, colleagues or partners through special programs like Skype, ICQ, QIP, Viber, WhatsUp or even on social networks like VKontakte and Odnoklassniki " It sounds somewhat unusual, but even from such communication you can benefit from improving your literacy.

While most people prefer to express themselves using “pasibka”, “mne lira”, “sps”, “priva” and “dosvidos”, we advise you to approach the process of online communication consciously. Just write competent and correct messages. As soon as you have written something, do not rush to press Enter, but re-read what you have written, correct errors, add the appropriate punctuation marks and only then send.

It may take you a little more time, but you will learn to write correctly. And if you dig a little deeper, the newfangled abbreviations so beloved by many simply worsen the culture of speech, reduce brain activity, and have a detrimental effect on attentiveness, concentration and the development of thinking in general.

Method eight – study with a tutor

Tutoring is one of the best ways to improve literacy in any subject, including the Russian language. A competent tutor always uses an individual approach to teaching, taking into account the characteristics of his student and his existing knowledge and skills. If something is not clear, he will explain it clearly, help eliminate gaps and deal with difficulties. Among other things, a professional specialist can significantly speed up the educational process.

Note that you can hire a tutor at any age, and there is nothing wrong with that. On the contrary, if a tutor helps you, it means that you are interested in receiving new information, correcting mistakes, and, ultimately, your education. For this reason, if you do not want to engage in self-study, feel free to hire a personal teacher and study with him.

But still, we note that such classes can hit your pocket, because the services of qualified teachers are not cheap. And if you work with unqualified specialists, it may end up wasting money. However, if the issue of costs does not bother you much, finding a professional will not be difficult.

Method nine – Russian language course from 4BRAIN

Separately about our Russian language course. If we consider different ways of studying the subject, it ranks far from the last or even ninth (as in this article) place among them. It was compiled professionally - the best teaching materials and the experience of our colleagues were used in its creation. And we approached its preparation with all seriousness and the desire to create truly useful, concentrated material.

The course includes trial testing, which allows you to identify problem areas in your knowledge of the Russian language, an individual training schedule that allows you to optimally distribute time and workload, many daily short lessons and various methods of intermediate control of mastering the material. In total, the program allows you to improve your Russian language quite well in just three weeks.

The Russian language course from 4BRAIN is designed for people aged 10-12 years old who are familiar with the basic rules, but are experiencing certain difficulties. To learn more about the course and get more information, go to. We will be happy to offer you a comprehensive and adaptive training program.

Method ten - other options

In conclusion, let's say a few words about other options for eliminating problems with the Russian language. Among them are such ways of studying and testing knowledge as solving crosswords and scanwords - this allows you not only to learn new words, but also to remember their spelling. This also includes all kinds of tests, rebuses, puzzles and anagrams that develop cognitive and intellectual abilities.

And if you want to combine business with pleasure, you need to watch more documentaries, speeches by speakers and public people. This way you can learn to speak correctly, learn new words and notice the mistakes that others make.

Remember that it doesn’t matter which ways of learning Russian you like best: a tutor and private lessons, online classes, reading or anything else, the most important thing is to work on yourself and strive to improve your results. We wish you success and unwavering motivation in this endeavor!