Biology tests for applicants to medical school. An approximate version of the examination test in biology (MGMS)

1. To what proof of evolution does the law of F. Muller and E. Haeckel apply?

A) Embryological

b) Paleontological

c) Comparative anatomical

2. What is missing from the structure of a plant cell?

a) Plasma membrane

b) Plastids

B) Lipids

3. Which of the following refers to factors causing aromorphosis

a) Direct variability

B) Hereditary variability

c) Not hereditary variability

4. Who are the founders of the cell theory (1838)

a) F. Muller and E. Haeckel

b) I. Zbarsky and F. Crick

B) M. Schleiden and T. Schwann

5. Structure of the DNA molecule

A) Double helix

b) Triple helix

c) Single spiral

6. Pathogens of dangerous diseases

A) Viruses

b) Papilomas

c) Antibiotics

7. What type of metabolism does not exist?

a) Energy

B) Electronic

c) Plastic

8. One of the driving forces of evolution

a) Unusual selection

b) Difficult choice

IN) Natural selection

9. Teachings about the driving forces of evolution are

A) C. Darwin

b) A. Fleming

c) G. Mendel

10. The set of reactions for the synthesis of organic substances in a cell using energy

a) Kinetic exchange

B) Plastic exchange

c) Metabolism

11. Indirect cell division

B) Meiosis

c) Amitosis

12. Which of the following does not apply to the structure of the chromosome

a) DNA molecules

b) Protein molecules

B) Water molecules

13. Founder of genetics

a) C. Darwin

B) G. Mendel

c) A. Fleming

14.What path of postnatal development of animals does not exist?

A) Cross

c) Indirect

15.Chromosome is important component

a) Cytoplasm

b) Vacuoles

16. Destructive organisms

a) Autotrophs

b) Biotrophs

B) Heterotrophs

17. Material basis of human heredity

a) 22 chromosomes

B) 46 chromosomes

c) 66 chromosomes

18. What method of studying human genetics does not exist?

A) Cytological

b) Genealogical

c) Cytogenetic

19. The set of genes that the body receives from its parents

A) Genotype

b) Phenotype

20.What is not a link biological cycle substances

a) Creation of organic substances by plants during photosynthesis

from inorganic

B) Conversion of water into steam

c) Transformation of primary products into secondary products by animals

21. Types of industrial pollution of the biosphere

a) Smoke and mechanical

B) Chemical and radiation

c) Known and hidden

22. Reactions of synthesis of organic substances

a) Cellular metabolism

b) Energy metabolism

B) Plastic exchange

23. Major morphophysiological changes, accompanied by a general rise in organization

A) Aromorphoses

b)Metomorphoses

d) Morphomorphoses

24.Viruses are...

A) Non-cellular form of organization

b) Cellular form of organization

c) Multicellular form of organization

25. The importance of energy metabolism in a cell

a) Provides cells with fluid

B) Provides cells with energy

c) Provides cells with acid

26. What does not apply to the links of biogeocenosis

a) Producers

b) Consumers

B) Neocents

27.The number of genes in an organism...

a) Less number of chromosomes

B) Exceeds the number of chromosomes

c) Equal to the number of chromosomes

28. Formulation of the law by N.I. Vavilov: genetically similar species and genera have..

A) Similar mutations

b) Various mutations

c) Parallel mutations

29. Which of the following does not apply to forms of artificial selection

a) Natural

b) Methodological

B) Self-selecting

30. Incorrect power supply

A) Insectivorous birds-larvae of mosquito flies

b) Grass-hare-fox

c) Plant litter - fungi mites

The program is based on the federal state educational standard of secondary general education and combines all the main content components of biological knowledge. The content of the program includes material from all sections of school biology. Examination tasks in biology do not go beyond the scope of this program, but require in-depth study of all its elements. To successfully answer tasks, a free and conscious knowledge of biological concepts, theories, laws and patterns is necessary. The content of the entrance examinations includes tasks in test form.

At the time determined by the schedule, applicants must take their seats in the designated classroom, for which they must have with them: a passport, an examination paper, and a pen. After placing everyone admitted to the entrance tests, a representative of the examination commission explains the rules for formatting the answer and distributes sheets with exam tasks. From this moment the countdown begins. The duration of the entrance examination is two academic hours (90 minutes).

WRITTEN EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS AND ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

An applicant taking the university entrance exam in biology must demonstrate knowledge, skills and abilities corresponding to the curriculum of a secondary school.

The written exam in biology consists of 20 test items.

The results of the examination work are assessed on a 100-point system. Maximum amount points awarded for exam paper, – 100. The number of points required to receive a positive mark is 36.

Plants. Bacteria. Mushrooms. Lichens. Vegetable world as an integral part of nature, its diversity. The importance of plants in nature and human life. Plant protection. Root. Development of a root from a seed. Types of roots. Types of root systems. External and internal structure of the root. Root growth. Breathing of roots. Basic functions of the root. Fertilizers. The importance of tillage, fertilization and watering. Root modifications.

The escape. A bud is a rudimentary shoot. Leaf and flower buds. The structure of the kidneys. Development of shoot from the bud. Sheet. External structure of the leaf. Venation. The leaves are simple and compound. Leaf arrangement. Features of the microscopic structure of the leaf in connection with its functions. Photosynthesis. Breathing of a leaf. Evaporation of water by leaves. Leaf modifications.

Stem. Morphological forms stems. Branching and crown formation. Internal structure of the stem woody plant in connection with the functions performed. Stem growth in length and thickness. Movement of mineral and organic substances along the stem. Modified shoots: rhizome, tuber, bulb; their biological significance.

Methods of vegetative propagation of flowering plants. Vegetative propagation using roots, leaves, stems and modified shoots. The importance of vegetative propagation.

Flower - organ seed propagation. Flower structure: pedicel, receptacle, perianth, stamens and pistil. Unisexual and bisexual flowers. Monoecious and dioecious plants. The importance of flowers in plant reproduction. Inflorescences, their diversity and biological significance. Cross pollination, self pollination. Wind-pollinated and insect-pollinated plants. Formation of fruits and seeds. Types of fruits. The structure of seeds of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Chemical composition seeds Breathing of seeds. Nutrition and growth of seedlings. Distribution of fruits and seeds.

A plant is a whole organism. Fabrics plant organism. Relationships between cells, tissues and organs. Basic life processes of a plant. Plant communities.

Main plant divisions.

Seaweed. The structure and vital functions of unicellular and filamentous green algae. Algae propagation. Brown seaweed. The importance of algae in nature and human life.

Mosses. Structure and reproduction (on specific example), complication in the process of evolution. Features of the structure of sphagnum. Peat formation and its significance.

Ferns. Structure and reproduction (using a specific example), complication in the process of evolution. Ferns, horsetails, mosses. Role in nature.

Angiosperms. Features of the structure and life activity of angiosperms, their classification. Characteristics of the classes of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. Class Dicotyledonous plants. Characteristics of the families of cruciferous plants, rosaceae, legumes, nightshades and asteraceae, their significance in nature and human life. Class Monocots. Families: lily, cereals. Features plants of these families, their biological features and meaning.

Origin cultivated plants. The concept of variety. The most important agricultural plants (cereals, fruits and berries, vegetables, oilseeds, industrial and others). Biological basis of their cultivation.

Bacteria. Features of the structure and life of a prokaryotic cell. Shapes of bacteria. Reproduction of bacteria. Spread of bacteria. The role of bacteria in nature and human life.

Lichens. Features of the structure, nutrition and reproduction of lichens as symbiotic organisms. Variety of lichens. The role of lichens in nature and human life.

Animals. The main differences between animals and plants. Their similarities. Diversity of the animal world.

Unicellular. general characteristics. Habitat, structural features and vital functions of single-celled animals: movement, nutrition, breathing, reproduction (using the example of the common amoeba, slipper ciliates). Cyst formation. The diversity and significance of single-celled animals.

Type Coelenterates. General characteristics of the type. Freshwater hydra: habitat, external structure, type of symmetry. Cell differentiation in coelenterates. Nutrition, movement, regeneration and reproduction. The diversity of coelenterates (coral polyps and jellyfish), their significance.

Type Roundworms. Human roundworm: external and internal structure, life activity and reproduction. Prevention of ascariasis.

Type Annelids. General characteristics of the type. Oligochaete worms. Earthworm: habitat, external and internal structure. Regeneration, reproduction. The role of earthworms in soil formation. Polychaete worms. Complication annelids in the process of evolution.

Type Molluscs. General characteristics of the type. Habitat. Features of structure, nutrition, respiration, reproduction using the example of one of the representatives of the type. Diversity of mollusks: classes Gastropods, Bivalves and Cephalopods. Meaning in nature and human life.

Phylum Arthropods. General characteristics of the phylum Arthropods.

Class Crustaceans. General characteristics of the class. Habitat, structural features, life activity, reproduction. Manifold. Role in nature and human life.

Class Arachnida. General characteristics of the class. Features of the structure, nutrition, respiration, reproduction and behavior of the cross spider in connection with life on land. Ticks. Features of structure and life activity. Role in nature and human life. Measures to protect against ticks.

Class Insects. General characteristics of the class. Features of structure and life (using a specific example). Reproduction. Types of insect development.

Characteristics of the main orders of insects: Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera. The meaning of insects.

Phylum Chordata. General characteristics and origin of chordates. Features of the structure of the lancelet. Similarities with invertebrate animals.

Cartilaginous and bony fish. General characteristics of the class. Features of external and internal structure in connection with the habitat. Nervous system and sense organs. Reflexes. Behavior. Reproduction and development. Ancient lobe-finned fish are the ancestors of Amphibians. Diversity and significance of fish.

Class Amphibians. General characteristics of the class. The diversity of amphibians (orders caudate, tailless), their origin, significance and protection. Features of structure, life activity and reproduction in connection with living in water and on land. Diversity and importance of amphibians.

Class Reptiles. General characteristics of the class. Habitat, structural features, reproduction, behavior in connection with life on land. Regeneration. Origin of reptiles. Ancient reptiles. Diversity of reptiles, their importance and protection.

Bird class. General characteristics of the class. External building. Features of the internal structure and vital processes associated with flight. Bird behavior. Reproduction and development, caring for offspring. Adaptation of birds to seasonal phenomena in nature. Ecological groups of birds. Origin of birds. The role of birds in nature and human life. Bird conservation.

Class Mammals. General characteristics of the class. Features of the external structure, skeleton, muscles, internal structure and metabolism. Reproduction, development, care of offspring. Adaptation of mammals to seasonal phenomena in nature. Complication of the nervous system, sensory organs, behavior. Origin of mammals. Primal beasts. Marsupials. Characteristics of placental orders (insectivores, chiropterans, rodents, lagomorphs, carnivores, pinnipeds, cetaceans, ungulates, primates). The role of mammals in nature and human life, their protection.

Man and his health. Features of the structure and life of an animal cell. The main tissues of the human body. Organs and organ systems, the connection between their structure and their functions. Nervous and humoral regulation of the functions of physiological systems. Man and environment. Human musculoskeletal system. Similarities between the human and animal skeletons. Divisions of the human skeleton. Features of the human skeleton associated with labor activity and upright posture. Composition and structure of bones. Bone growth. Types of bone connections and their meaning. First aid for bruises, sprains, dislocations and fractures. Muscles, their structure and functions. Main muscle groups. Muscle work. The influence of rhythm and load on muscle function. Muscle fatigue. Prevention of curvature of the spine and the development of flat feet. Blood and circulation. The internal environment of the body and its relative constancy. The meaning of blood and circulation. Blood composition, blood plasma. Blood clotting. Structure and functions of blood cells. Blood groups, blood transfusion, donation. Immunity. The importance of vaccinations. Circulatory organs: heart and blood vessels. The structure and work of the heart. Large and small circles of blood circulation. Blood movement through vessels, blood pressure, pulse. Regulation of heart activity and blood vessels. Lymph circulation. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases. First aid for bleeding. The harmful effects of smoking on the cardiovascular system. Respiratory system. The meaning, structure and functions of the respiratory organs. Voice apparatus. Breathing movements. Gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. Vital capacity of the lungs. Neurohumoral regulation of respiration. Artificial respiration. Infectious diseases transmitted through the air. Prevention of airborne infections. Respiratory hygiene. The influence of air pollution on respiratory system person.

Digestive system. Nutrients And food products. Concept of digestion. The role of enzymes in digestion. Structure and functions of the digestive organs. Digestion in oral cavity, stomach and intestines. Suction. The role of the liver and pancreas in digestion. Regulation of digestive processes. The role of I.P. Pavlova in the study of the functions of the digestive organs. Food hygiene.

General characteristics of metabolism and energy. Plastic and energy metabolism, their relationship. Metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates in the human body. Water-salt exchange. Vitamins, their importance in metabolism. Avitaminosis, hypovitaminosis, hypervitaminosis. Diet, regime and nutritional standards.

Urinary system: structure and functions. Urine formation. The importance of isolating metabolic products. Prevention of diseases of the urinary organs.

Structure and functions of the skin. The role of the skin in thermoregulation. Hardening the body. Skin hygiene. First aid for heat and sunstroke, burns and frostbite.

Endocrine glands. Their importance in the life and development of the body. Hormones. Intrasecretory activity of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas. Diseases associated with disruption of the activity of the endocrine glands.

Nervous system. Its significance is in the regulation and coordination of body functions and the interaction of the body with the environment. Human central and peripheral nervous system. The concept of reflex. Structure and functions of the spinal cord. The structure and functions of parts of the brain. Large hemispheres brain: lobes and functional areas. The role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of work internal organs. The harmful effects of nicotine, alcohol and drugs on the nervous system. Analyzers, sense organs, their meaning. Structure, functions and hygiene of visual and auditory analyzers. Higher nervous activity of man (HNA). The role of I.M. Sechenov and I.P. Pavlov in the creation of the doctrine of higher nervous activity. Unconditioned and conditioned reflexes. Biological significance of the formation and inhibition of conditioned reflexes. Differences between the higher nervous activity of humans and the higher nervous activity of animals. Speech and thinking. Consciousness as a function of the brain. Social conditioning of human behavior. Sleep, its meaning and hygiene of mental work. Daily routine and its meaning.

Reproductive organ system: structure and functions. Fertilization and intrauterine development. Birth of a child. Caring for a newborn. Personal hygiene for teenagers.

General biology. Biology is the science of life. Methods of biological research. Levels of organization of living matter. Basics of cytology. A cell is a structural and functional unit of living things. Chemical elements cells. Inorganic compounds of the cell. The role of water in the cell and body. Organic matter cells: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, ATP; their role in the cell.

The structure of a eukaryotic cell. Cell wall and outer cell membrane: structure and functions. Protoplasm and cytoplasm of the cell. Core: structure and functions. Chromosomes and chromatin. Vacuolar system of the cell: endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles). Mitochondria and plastids. Non-membrane organelles: ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cell center, movement organelles. Cellular inclusions. Features of the structure of prokaryotic cells. Comparative characteristics structure of plant and animal cells. Features of the structure and life of prokaryotes. Provisions of the cell theory.

Metabolism and energy conversion are the basis of cell life. Classification of organisms by energy source and type of nutrition. Energy metabolism in the cell (using the example of glucose oxidation), its essence, the value of ATP. Photosynthesis: light and dark phases, meaning. Chemosynthesis. Gene, genetic code and its properties. Protein biosynthesis: transcription and translation. Matrix synthesis reactions. The relationship between plastic and energy metabolism.

Non-cellular life forms (viruses). Structure and reproduction of viruses. Viral diseases person. Prevention of AIDS.

Reproduction and individual development organisms. Somatic and germ cells of a multicellular organism. Chromosomes, haploid and diploid set of chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes.

Cell cycle. Interphase. The mechanism and biological significance of mitosis. Meiosis – reduction division, mechanism and biological significance of meiosis.

Spermatogenesis and oogenesis in animals. Fertilization in animals. Double fertilization of flowering plants. Ontogenesis. Embryonic and postembryonic development. Direct and indirect postembryonic development. Forms of reproduction of organisms: asexual and sexual. Methods asexual reproduction(mitosis, sporulation, fragmentation, budding, vegetative propagation). Sexual reproduction of organisms. Parthenogenesis. Hermaphroditism.

Basics of genetics. Genetics as a science, its tasks and research methods. Basic concepts of genetics: heredity, variability, dominant and recessive traits. Allelic genes. Phenotype and genotype. Heterozygous and homozygous organisms. Regularities established by G. Mendel for mono- and dihybrid crossings: the rule of uniformity of hybrids, the law of segregation, the hypothesis of gamete purity, the law of independent inheritance of characteristics. Their cytological basis. Genotype as an integral historically developed system. Interaction of nonallelic genes. Analyzing crossing. Chained inheritance. Chromosomal theory of heredity. Genetics of sex. Inheritance of sex-linked traits. Human genetics. Methods for studying human heredity. Hereditary human diseases. The importance of genetics for medicine and healthcare.

Hereditary and non-hereditary variability. Classification of mutations. Mutagens. Artificial mutagenesis. Mutations are material for natural and artificial selection. The law of homological series in hereditary variability N.I. Vavilova. Modification variability. Norm of reaction. Statistical patterns of modification variability.

Basics of selection. Selection as a science, its tasks. The significance of the works of N.I. Vavilov for the development of selection. Basic methods of plant breeding. Features and methods of animal selection. Types of animal breeding. Methods for selection of microorganisms. Biotechnology, its significance and main directions: microbiological synthesis, genetic and cellular engineering.

Fundamentals of ecology. Ecology: subject, tasks and research methods. Habitat. Features of aquatic, land-air, soil and organismal habitats. Adaptation of organisms to live in different environments. Environmental factors: abiotic, biotic, anthropogenic; their complex effects on the body. Patterns of influence environmental factors on the body.

Ecological characteristics of the population. Population structure. Population dynamics. Factors regulating numbers. Relationships between individuals in populations.

The concept of community, biogeocenosis, ecosystem. Structure and organization of biogeocenosis. Diversity of populations in biogeocenosis, their relationships. Types of interactions between individuals in biogeocenoses. Food chains and trophic networks. Self-regulation and stability of biogeocenoses. Change of biogeocenoses. Agrocenoses. Protection of biogeocenoses.

Fundamentals of evolutionary teaching. Pre-Darwinian period in biology: the significance of the works of C. Linnaeus and J.-B. Lamarck. Prerequisites for the emergence of Darwin's teachings. The main provisions of the theory of evolution of Charles Darwin.

Population is a unit of species and evolution. driving forces evolution: natural selection, struggle for existence, hereditary variability, mutations, isolation, genetic drift, population waves, gene flow. Natural selection is the leading evolutionary factor. Selection odds. The mechanism of adaptation. The relative nature of fitness.

Type: criteria and structure of the type. Speciation. Evidence of evolution. Biological progress and regression. Ways to achieve biological progress.

Development organic world. The origin of life on Earth. The development of the world in the Archean, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. Basic aromorphoses.

Human Origins. Driving forces of anthropogenesis: social and biological factors. Ancient, ancient, fossil people modern type. Human races, their origin and unity.

Fundamentals of the doctrine of the biosphere. Geospheres of the Earth. Biosphere and its boundaries. IN AND. Vernadsky on the emergence of the biosphere. Living, inert and bioinert matter, their properties. Functions of living matter, role in the cycle of substances and energy conversion in the biosphere. Biosphere in the period of scientific and technological progress. The role of man in nature. The concept of the noosphere. Environmental pollution.

PROCEDURE FOR CONDUCTING ENTRANCE TESTS

Entrance tests in biology are conducted in written form. At the time determined by the schedule, applicants must take their seats in the designated classroom, for which they must have with them: a passport, an examination paper, and a pen. After placing all those admitted to the entrance tests, a representative of the examination commission explains the rules for formatting the answer and distributes sheets with examination tasks. From this moment the countdown begins. The duration of the introductory course is 2 academic hours (90 minutes). At the end of the allotted time, applicants must hand over the answer sheets to representatives of the examination committee and leave the audience.

After checking the work, an overall score is assigned, which is reported to the applicant by the admissions committee.

The correct solution to each task is worth 5 points.

The results of the examination work are assessed on a 100-point system. The maximum number of points awarded for the examination paper is 100. The number of points required to obtain a positive mark corresponds to 45 points.

EXAMPLES OF TEST TASKS:

1. What level of organization of living things serves as the main object of study of cytology?:

1. cellular

2. population-species

3. biogeocenotic

2. What forms of life occupy an intermediate position between bodies of living and inanimate nature?:

2. bacteria

3. lichens

3. When crossing two guinea pigs with black hair (dominant trait), offspring were obtained, of which 25% were individuals with white hair. What are the genotypes of the parents?:

4. Indicate a characteristic characteristic only of the plant kingdom:

1. have a cellular structure

2. breathe, eat, grow, reproduce

3. have photosynthetic tissue

5. A sign that birds are adapted to flight:

1. appearance of a four-chambered heart

2. formation of horny scutes on the legs

3. presence of hollow bones

6. Largest quantity A person consumes starch using:

1. lettuce and dill leaves

2. vegetable oil and butter

3. bread and potatoes

7. The set of external characteristics of individuals is referred to as the species criterion:

1. geographical

2. morphological

3. environmental

8. In humans, due to upright posture:

1. the arch of the foot has formed

2. claws turned into nails

3. phalanges of the toes are fused

9. Mineralization organic compounds soil is carried out thanks to the activities:

1. land animals

2. microorganisms

3. plant roots

10. The number of chromosomes during sexual reproduction in each generation would double if the process had not formed during evolution:

2. fertilization

11. In humans, arterial blood turns into venous blood into:

1. capillaries of the pulmonary circulation

2. capillaries of the systemic circulation

3. hepatic vein

12. Organisms in the process of life constantly change their habitat, which contributes to:

1. growth and development of organisms

2. self-development of the ecosystem

3. reproduction of organisms

13. What science studies the fossil remains of organisms:

1. biogeography

2. paleontology

3. comparative anatomy

14. The integration of its nucleic acid into the DNA of the host cell is carried out:

1. bacteriophages

2. chemotrophs

3. autotrophs

15. What law will manifest itself in the inheritance of traits when crossing organisms with genotypes: Aa x Aa?:

1. uniformity

2. splitting

3. linked inheritance

16. What is formed from a fertilized plant egg?:

2. embryo

3. endosperm

17. Mammals can be distinguished from other vertebrates by the presence of:

1. hair and ears

2. dry skin with horny scales

3. bare skin covered with mucus

18. Fluctuations in sugar levels in a person’s blood and urine indicate activity disorders:

1. stomach

2. pancreas

3. thyroid gland

19. The intensity of reproduction and limited resources for the life of organisms are a prerequisite:

1. struggle for existence

2. mutational variability

3. isolation of populations

20. Which of the examples is classified as biotic factors?:

1. ladybugs eating aphids

2. spring flood of the river

3. seasonal drying of the reservoir

LIST OF REFERENCES FOR PREPARATION FOR ENTRANCE TESTS IN BIOLOGY

1. Bilich G. L. Biology for those entering universities. – M.: Onyx, 2007.

2. Lemeza N. Biology for those entering universities. – M.: Unipress, 2006.

3. Mamontov S. G. Biology. A guide for applicants to universities. – M.: Bustard, 2001.

4. Chepurnova N.E. Biology. Guide for applicants to universities: Study guide /

5. Shustanova T.A. Biology tutor for university applicants. –M.: Phoenix, 2008.

State final certification 2019 in biology for 9th grade graduates educational institutions is carried out to assess the level of general education training of graduates in this discipline. The tasks test knowledge of the following sections of biology:

The role of biology in the formation of the modern natural science picture of the world, in the practical activities of people.
The cellular structure of organisms as proof of their relationship, the unity of living nature.
Signs of organisms. Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Kingdom of Bacteria. Kingdom of Mushrooms.
Kingdom of Plants.
Animal Kingdom.
General plan of the structure and life processes. Similarities between humans and animals and differences from them. Reproduction and development of the human body.
Neurohumoral regulation of vital processes of the body.
Support and movement.
Internal environment.
Transport of substances.
Nutrition. Breath.
Metabolism. Selection. Covers of the body.
Sense organs.
Psychology and human behavior.
Compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards and rules healthy image life. Techniques for providing first aid.
The influence of environmental factors on organisms.
Ecosystem organization of living nature. Biosphere. The doctrine of the evolution of the organic world.

In this section you will find online tests that will help you prepare for passing the OGE(GIA) in biology. We wish you success!

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2019 format in biology contains two parts. The first consists of 28 tasks with a short answer, the second - of 4 tasks with a detailed answer. In this regard, only the first part (i.e., the first 28 tasks) is presented in this test. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 22 questions offer answer options. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which answer options are not provided by the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMMs), the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face in the end school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2019 format in biology contains two parts. The first consists of 28 tasks with a short answer, the second - of 4 tasks with a detailed answer. In this regard, only the first part (i.e., the first 28 tasks) is presented in this test. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 22 questions offer answer options. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMMs) do not provide answer options, the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2018 format in biology contains two parts. The first consists of 28 tasks with a short answer, the second - of 4 tasks with a detailed answer. In this regard, only the first part (i.e., the first 28 tasks) is presented in this test. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 22 questions offer answer options. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMMs) do not provide answer options, the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2017 format in biology contains two parts. The first consists of 28 tasks with a short answer, the second - of 4 tasks with a detailed answer. In this regard, only the first part (i.e., the first 28 tasks) is presented in this test. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 22 questions offer answer options. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMMs) do not provide answer options, the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2016 format in biology contains two parts. The first consists of 28 tasks with a short answer, the second - of 4 tasks with a detailed answer. In this regard, only the first part (i.e., the first 28 tasks) is presented in this test. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 22 questions offer answer options. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMMs) do not provide answer options, the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2015 format in biology contains two parts. The first consists of 28 tasks with a short answer, the second - of 4 tasks with a detailed answer. In this regard, only the first part (i.e., the first 28 tasks) is presented in this test. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 22 questions offer answer options. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMMs) do not provide answer options, the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

one correct option.

When completing tasks A1-A24, select only one correct option.

PART A

When completing tasks in Part A, choose one correct answer.

A1. A common feature animal and plant cells are:

presence of chloroplasts
presence of a cell wall
heterotrophy
presence of mitochondria

A2. The hereditary information of prokaryotes is encrypted in a molecule:

deoxyribose
squirrel
lipid

AZ. The cell center is involved in:

protein synthesis
cell division
lysosome synthesis
phagocytosis

A4. Complementary nucleotide pairs are held together by bonds:

disulfide bridges
hydrogen
peptide
covalent

A5. Transcription is:

delivery of amino acids to ribosomes
process of protein molecule assembly
transfer of information from mRNA
synthesis of pre-i-RNA molecule

A6. The human medulla oblongata regulates:

mental activity
sexual functions
breath
color vision

A7. Hormones have the greatest influence on human growth:

pancreas
pineal gland
pituitary gland
ovaries

A8. Nervous regulation of the heart is carried out

sodium ions
calcium ions
parasympathetic nervous system
somatic nervous system

A9. Starch, as a complex carbohydrate, is digestive system splits to:

glycerin
fatty acids
amino acids
glucose

A10. The formation of red blood cells occurs in:

muscles
red bone marrow
lymph nodes
liver

A11. Tile-like arrangement of contour feathers on the bird’s body:

increases the amount of air between feathers
reduces average density body
increases the streamlining of the body shape
Helps maintain heat in the bird's body

A12. In amphibians, the pulmonary circulation ends:

in the right atrium
in the left atrium
in the ventricle
in the abdominal aorta

A13. The nervous system of roundworms consists of:

neural tube
ventral nerve cord
ganglia and trunks
peripharyngeal ganglion and trunks

A14. Representatives of:

Insects
Roundworms
Flatworms
Annelids

Leishmania
trypanosoma
dysenteric amoeba
malarial plasmodium

A16. A flower is an organ:

vegetative
generative
seed propagation
generative, providing seed propagation

A17. For successful grafting, the plants to be connected must touch the following tissue areas:

cover
conductive
educational
mechanical

A18. Spongy leaf tissue serves for:

photosynthesis
gas exchange
transpiration
photosynthesis, gas exchange, transpiration

A19. On the cross section of the stem inward from the cambium there is:

core
wood
core, bast, wood

A20. The basal rosette is:

type of root system
type of kidneys
leaves located on a greatly shortened stem
type of inflorescence

A21. The upper limits of life in the atmosphere are determined by the ozone screen - thin layer gas at altitude:

10–14 km
18–25 km
16–20 km
10–14 km

A22. Hygrophytes are plants that live:

with average humidity
in conditions of constantly high humidity
in conditions of insufficient moisture
in shallow water

A23. The lithosphere is populated by organisms to a depth of:

A24. Biotic relationships that occur between species with similar ecological requirements are called:

neutralism
predation
competition
mutualism

A25. One of the features of the ground-air environment is:

high molecular nitrogen content
possibility of free movement
significant temperature fluctuations
effect of geomagnetic fields

PART B

In the tasks of part B, select several correct answers, establish the correspondence, establish correct sequence events will complete the statement.

IN 1. The stages of energy metabolism in aerobic cells take place in:

centrosomes
ribosomes
cytoplasmic matrix
mitochondria
lamellar complex

AT 2. Progressive signs in the structure of the secondary kidney compared to the primary kidney are:

loss of funnel of nephridium
reduction in the number of nephrons
increase in the number of nephrons
renal tubule elongation and differentiation
strengthening of osmoregulatory and excretory functions
increase in the size of the renal corpuscle

AT 3. The intermediate hosts of the cat fluke are:

mollusk
cattle and small cattle
carnivores
Human
freshwater crayfish and crabs

AT 4. Match:

AT 5. Set the sequence of translation reactions:

addition of amino acid to tRNA
the beginning of the synthesis of a polypeptide chain on the ribosome
binding of mRNA to the ribosome
end of protein synthesis
polypeptide chain elongation
codon-anticodon pairing

AT 6. A collection of small organisms floating freely in aquatic environment, called...................

PART C

Solve a genetic problem.

In chickens, black plumage (R) dominates over red (r), the gene for narrow nostrils (U) dominates over high (u). Black chickens with normal narrow nostrils were crossed with a red rooster with high nostrils. F 1 hybrids were crossed with each other. We received 320 F 2 chickens. Determine the number of black chickens with narrow nostrils and red chickens with narrow nostrils.

ASTRAKHAN STATE MEDICAL ACADEMY

DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL BIOLOGY

L.G. SENTUROVA, V.A. SHATALINA

MEDICAL BIOLOGY TESTS

(FINAL TESTING)

Textbook for students of medical and biological faculties of higher educational institutions

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I 2 C.^ _ G O D

ASTRAKHAN - 2008

UDC 57 (07) BBK28.0 S31

L.G. Sentyurova, V.A. Shatalin Tests in medical biology (final testing)

Methodological manual of the Qing biology of the AGMA rtslin, edited by Z&$.- professor, doctor of medical sciences. L.G. Se$*g

’ 4 !3 ?

the assistant of the department of medical science and the teacher V.A. Shata-

" 1 J) medical biology

IN AND. Vorobiev - Doctor of Bi^^h^bzhih Sciences, Professor, Head. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Astrakhan State University.

S.A. Zurnajan - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head. Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy of the Astrakhan State Medical Academy.

Published by decision of the editorial and publishing council of the Astrakhan State Medical Academy

ABOUT Astrakhan State Medical Academy

I. INTRODUCTION

1. . Who first proposed the term biology?a) Aristotle; b) K. Linnaeus; c) J.B. Lamarck; d) C. Darwin; e) F. Buffon.

2. Choose one correct answer. What are living organisms like in terms of metabolism and energy?a) permanently functioning systems; b) open systems; V) closed systems; d) all answers are correct.

3. Choose one correct answerWhat is spice

physical feature of energy processes in living organisms as opposed to nonliving systems? a) you are dividing energy; b) energy absorption; c) ATP synthesis; d) all answers are correct.

4. Choose one correct answer,. What substances are living

organisms allow chemical reactions at relatively low temperatures? a) ATP; b) biologically active substances; c) mediators; d) enzymes; d) hormones.

5. Choose multiple correct answers. What substances primarily determine the specifics of Life?a) proteins; b) lipids; c) vitamins; d) carbohydrates; e) nucleic acids.

6. Homeostasis is: a) constancy of the internal environment of the body; b) changes in indicators of the internal environment of the body; c) dynamic constancy of the internal environment of the body; d) relativity of indicators of the internal environment of the body; e) all answers are correct.

7. Choose one correct answer.What is element

packaging unit of molecular genetic level

living organizations? a) gene; b) viruses; c) cell; d) RNA;

D) DNA.

8. Choose one correct answer.At what level of the organization

of living things, the structure and functions of the organiza-

nell cells? a) molecular genetic; b) subcellular; c) cellular; d) fabric; d) organ.

9. Choose one correct answer.What is the elementary unit of the cellular level of organization?a) prokaryotic cell; b) eukaryotic cell; c) cell; d) cytolemma; e) cytoplasm.

10 .What level of organization of living things does histology study?a) molecular genetic; b) subcellular; c) cellular; d) fabric; d) organ.

	ANSWERS TO SECTION: "I. INTRODUCTION"

And. cytology

L Choose one correct answer. Protein monomers are:a) nucleotides; b) nitrogenous bases; c) glycerin; d) amino acids; d) glucose.

2. Choose one correct answer.Renaturation is impossible when the protein structure is destroyed^primary; b) secondary; c) tertiary; d) quaternary.

3. Choose one correct answer.The monomers of nucleic acids are:a) amino acids, 6) nucleotides; c) nitrogenous bases; d) monosaccharides and nitrogenous bases; e) higher carboxylic acids.

4. Choose one right-handed answer. The nucleotide includes:a) nitrogenous base, amino acid, carbohydrate; f) nitrogenous base, phosphate, carbohydrate; c) amino acid, phosphate, nitrogen base.

5. Which ion plays an important role in blood clotting?, ha)Ca; b) K; c) Na; d) Mg; e) Fe.

6. Choose one correct answer.Phosphorus is needed for:a) synthesis of hormones; b) absorption of water and water-soluble vitamins; ,b) formation of nucleotides; d) protein synthesis.

7. Choose one right-handed answer.Where is the iodine depot located?a) in the liver; b) in the pancreas;^ in the thyroid gland; d) in the blood; d) in the bones.

8. Choose one right-handed answer.Hormone containing

IODINE IS: a) testosterone; b) aldosterone; c) thyroxine; d) progesterone; e) vasopressin.

9. Choose one correct answer.Organic substance consisting of a small number of monomers- This: a) monomer; b) hypomere; 6) oligomer; d) hypermeasure; e) polymer.

10.Choose one correct answer. Which carbohydrate belongs to pentoses?^\,ribose; b) erythrose; c) sucrose; d) fructose; d) mannose.

11.Choose several correct answers. What carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides? yTpkzhoza; b) sucrose c) galactose; d) lactose;^) fructose.

12. What carbohydrates are disaccharides?a) glucose; ^sucrose; c) ha-

Lactose; d) fructose; i) lactose.

(13. Choose several right-handed answers. What monomers is lactose made from?a) glucose; b) xylose; c) ha lactose; d) fructose; e) stachyosis.

\4 Choose one right-handed answer. How much energy do you-

^ is it divided when 1 g of carbohydrates is broken down? a) 12.4 kJ; b>) 17.6 kJ; c) 26.9 kJ; d) 33.1 kJ; e) 38.9 kJ.

15 .|Choose one right-handed answer. How much energy do you-

V -/ is divided during the breakdown of 1 g of lipids? a) 12.4 kJ; b)

17.6 kJ; c) 26.9 kJ; d) 33.1 kJ ^ 3 7.6 kJ.

one right answer. How much energy do you have during fission 1 g protein? a) 12.4 kJ; b)

17.6 kJ; c) 26.9 kJ; d) 33.1 kJ; e) 37.6 kJ.

Choose one right-handed answer. Due to what chemical bonds is the primary structure of the protein formed?a) hydrophobic interactions; b) peptide; c) hydrogen; d) disulfide bridges; e) electrostatic.

Choose one right-handed answer. Due to what chemical bonds is the secondary structure of the protein formed?a) hydrophobic interactions; b) peptide; "^ hydrogen; d) disulfide bridges; e) electrostatic.

19. Choose one right-handed answer.Due to what chemical bonds Is the tertiary structure of the protein formed?a) hydrophobic interactions; b) peptide; c) hydrogen; d) disulfide bridges; e) electrostatic.

f 20\ Choose several right-handed answers. Due to what

chemical bonds formed the quaternary structure of the protein?^) hydrophobic interactions; b) ionic/c) hydrogen; d) disulfide mosgics^e) electrostatic.

21.Choose one right-handed answer. Who discovered nucleic acids?a) A.V. Badamshin;^>);F. Misher; c) V.A. Engelhardt; d) J. Watson; e) F. Crick.

22. Choose several right-handed answers. Who deciphered the structure of the DNA molecule?a) E. Chargaff, b) J. Watson; c) A. Wallace; d) F. Crick; e) F. Miescher.

23. Choose one right-handed answer. What is a nucleic acid monomer?a) amino acid; b) nucleoid; c) pentose; d) nitrogenous base; e) nucleotide.

124. Choose several right-handed answers. Which nitrogenous

Are nucleotide bases derivatives of purines?

(25. Choose several right-handed answers. Which nitrogenous

Are nucleotide bases derivatives of pyrimidines? a) adenine; b) thymine; c) guanine; d) cytosine; e) ura cil.

26. Choose one right-handed answer. Which nucleotide is not used in the construction of DNA?a) adenine; b) thymine; c) guanine; d) cytosine; d) uracil.

G 21.Choose one right-handed answer.Which nucleotide is not

- used in construction RNA? a) adenine; b) thymine; c) guanine; d) cytosine; d) uracil.

28 HOW MUCH energy for-

C.Choose one right-handed answer.

J key in macroergic connections ATP? a) 0 kJ; b) 20 kJ; c) 40 kJ; d) 60 kJ; D) 80 kJ.

C 29\ Choose one right-handed answer. How many high-energy bonds are there in a molecule?ATP? a) 0; b) 1; at 2; d) 3; e) 4.

Съш Select one right-handed answer. How much energy is included V macroergic connectionsADF? a) 0 kJ; b) 20 kJ; c) 40 kJ; d) 60 kJ; e) 80 kJ.

(^31 . Choose one right-handed answer. How many high-energy bonds are there in an ADP molecule? a) 0;(b) 1; at 2; d)3; e) 4.

(h2. Choose one right-handed answer. HOW MUCH energy is contained in macroergic bondsAMP7/6) 0 kJ; b) 20 kJ; c) 40 kJ; d) 60 kJ; e) 80 kJ.

(33. Choose one right-handed answer. How many high-energy bonds are there in an AMP molecule? a) 0; b) 1 ; at 2; d) 3; e) 4.

BEHIND. Choose several right-handed answers. Which of the

Are numerical scientists the founders of cellular theory? a) M. Schleidenberg; b)R. Vikhrov; c) T. Schwann; d) R. Virchow; d) M. Schleiden.

35. Choose one right-handed answer. Opened the cage: a) A. Levenguk; b) R. Virchow; c) R. Brown^^R. Hooke; d) T. Schwann.

36. Choose one right-handed answer.According to cellular

theory, what is the minimum structural, functional and genetic unit of a living thing? a) gene; b) viruses; c) cell; d) fabric; d) organism.

31. Choose one right-handed answer.According to cellular

theories of how cells are similar? a) similar; b) homologous; c) identical; d) similar; d) all answers are correct

V38. Choose several right-handed answers.According to the

According to the postulate of cell theory, any cell contains: a) mitochondria, b) cytolemma; c) hereditary apparatus, d) cytoplasm, e) cellular tissue.

\ 39: Choose one right-handed answer. Who first substantiated

" J the postulate of the cell theory asserting - “Cell OTcells"? a) M. Schleidenberg; b) T. Shvan R. Virkhov; d) M. Schleiden; e) K. Baer.

40. Choose one right-handed answer. Prokaryotic cells divide due to:a) division; b) mitosis; ^ subdivision; d) amitosis; e) meiosis.

C . Choose one right-handed answer.What is the principle of structure

- 1 tour organization allows cells to make maximum use of the minimum volume of cytoplasm? a) me-

Tabolism; b) allelopathy; compartmentation; d) amensa-

.-^lism; d) prestige.

Choose one right-handed answer. Where are the subunits of ribosomes formed?a) in the EPS; b) in the Golgi complex; c) in lysosomes; d) in microbodies; ^p) in the nucleolus.

52.Choose one correct answer. Where is p-synthesized?

RNA? a) in the EPS; b) in the Golgi complex; (vr in the nucleolus; d) microbodies; d) ribosomes.

Choose one right-handed answer. What is the name given to the totality of ribosomes strung together?-R N K? ^ poly soma; b) dictyosome; c) centrosome; d) endosome; e) mesosoma.

54. Choose one correct answer.Which organelles directly carry out protein biosynthesis? a) lysoso-

m s;^ ribosomes; c) mitochondria; d) granular EPS; e) agranular EPS.

55. Choose one correct answer.Microtubules are made of protein:a) myosin; b) actin; |rtubulin; d) vimentina; e) desmina.

56. Choose one right-handed answer.Microfilaments are made of protein:a) myosin;^) actin; c) tubulin; d) keratin; e) albumin.

57. Choose one right-handed answer.Mycofilaments provide in the cell:a) structure; w* contractility; c) excitability; d) conductivity; d) all answers are correct.

58. Choose one right-handed answer. Melanin RELATES TO

inclusions: ^ pigmented; b) trophic; c) secretory; d) nonspecific.

59. Choose one right-handed answer.Adrenaline refers to

inclusions: a) pigment; b) trophic; ^ secretory; d) nonspecific.

Biology tests for applicants to medical school. An approximate version of the examination test in biology (MGMS)

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