Installation of light sensors and motion sensors in the microdistrict. Lighting in apartment buildings is a dark matter Lighting in apartment buildings
High-quality lighting in the entrances of apartment buildings is the most important factor comfort of residents. In most cases, ordinary incandescent lamps are used as a light source. But this type of artificial lighting in Lately loses its relevance due to the fragility of use, significant consumption of energy resources, as well as high degree incandescent (up to 360°C), which can cause a fire. Today people are looking for alternative light sources.
Lighting in the entrances of residential buildings according to SanPiN standards
First, let's study the basic lighting standards that apply to entrance premises.
According to the sanitary and epidemiological rules and SanPin standards in force in Russia since August 15, 2010, Section five of the “Hygienic requirements for natural and artificial lighting and insolation” (clauses 5.4., 5.5 and 5.6) states that:
- Each entrance and other premises of a residential building must be provided with general and local artificial lighting.
- Illumination where landings, stair steps, elevator halls, floor corridors, lobbies, basements and attics are located should not be lower than 20 lux on the floor.
- Each main entrance to a residential building must be equipped with lamps that provide illumination of at least 6 lux at the entrance area, for horizontal surfaces - from 10 lux, for vertical surfaces - to a height of two meters from the floor. It is also necessary to illuminate the pedestrian path at the entrance to the apartment building.
Moreover, in accordance with clause 7.62 of SNiP 23-05-95, every building with more than six storeys must be equipped with evacuation lighting. This ensures safe evacuation of people from the building in the event that the working lighting disappears.
According to clause 7.63, emergency lighting must illuminate stairs with at least 0.5 lux on the steps. In this case, it is important to observe the condition that the difference between the maximum and minimum illuminated areas does not exceed the ratio of 1:40.
Do not forget about the mandatory presence of emergency lighting on the street. Here the illumination level of the ground should be only 0.2 lux.
- Do not confuse emergency and evacuation exits
Lighting sources in the entrances of residential buildings
According to numerous observations, the light sources in hallways and other common areas in multi-story buildings are light bulbs with an average power of 60 W. Lamps are usually installed without shades, which is gross violation fire safety requirements. In turn, the fire danger of incandescent lamps is usually considered in 2 aspects:
- the possibility of fire as a result of contact of the lamp with flammable material;
- the likelihood of fire when hot particles of a light bulb, formed during its destruction, come into contact with nearby combustible materials.
The first aspect is due primarily to the fact that the temperature of the incandescent lamp bulb after one hour of burning reaches 360 ° C (provided that the light bulb power is up to 100 W). This is why dark, smoky circles form on the ceiling above the lamps.
The second factor is improper operation, when, in addition to using a light bulb without a diffuser, the permissible distance to combustible materials is not maintained. This phenomenon is relevant for cramped apartment vestibules, which residents of apartment buildings use as improvised storage rooms.
Safety cannot be guaranteed by sufficient distance alone. A fire hazard can occur due to hot metal particles that are formed when a light bulb burns out. The falling particles can ignite even when falling from a 10-meter height.
Quite often you can find a violation when aluminum wires extend using twisted copper wires. This creates galvanic steam, which destroys the contact (electrochemical corrosion occurs and the contact resistance increases). All this can lead to a fire due to overheating of the wire connection.
The following main power supply systems are distinguished:
- the entire system without the use of diodes;
- the entire system is turned on when diodes are used;
- various combinations (diodes are partially installed in light bulbs and switches).
A diode is an electronic element that has varying degrees of conductivity depending on the direction of the current. IN apartment buildings it is used to reduce the effective voltage on incandescent lamps and, accordingly, reduce energy consumption and increase the life of the lamps.
Diodes installed in the lighting system in the entrances of apartment buildings lead to flickering of incandescent lamps, which in turn creates additional discomfort.
In this case, the voltage decreases from 220 to 156 V, but it is important to understand that an incandescent lamp is a nonlinear element, so its energy consumption will be reduced by only 42%. In this case, the luminous flux, which is the main parameter of the light source by which the level of illumination in the entrance is assessed, can decrease to only 27%.
This is how incandescent lamps lose their energy efficiency: if a conventional light bulb is characterized by a luminous flux of 800 lm and a power of 60 W (the luminous efficiency indicator is 13.3 lm/W), then as a result of connecting diodes, the luminous flux will be 216 lm and the power will be 34.8 W ( the luminous efficiency in this case is 6.2 lm/W).
In order to compensate for the reduced luminous flux, residents of apartment buildings install higher power bulbs (up to 200 W), which in turn provokes an increase in electricity consumption when the lighting in the entrances is turned on.
That is why it is recommended to install energy efficient sources Sveta. Today, the market offers a range of the following energy-efficient light sources (ELS), which are used as lighting in the entrances of residential buildings: fluorescent lamps (which include CLE), LED lamps and lamps.
Fluorescent lamps have one significant drawback - they contain mercury vapor, so it is necessary to follow the rules for their disposal, and there is also a switch-on delay (the light bulb, as a rule, reaches the rated luminous flux after a certain period of time). The service life of these devices for lighting in entrances is about 25 thousand hours, but in practice their service life is shorter due to the fact that tungsten electrodiodes often burn out. The switched-on light bulb heats up to sixty degrees, and in the case when it is used as part of closed lamps, heat generation leads to overheating of the electronics and premature failure of the lamp. These devices do not have a warranty period. Also, you should not lose sight of the human factor: cases often arise when light bulbs are stolen by residents themselves in order to then use them to illuminate their own apartment.
LED lamps have one and only one significant drawback: high cost. But this price is justified due to economical energy consumption, even in comparison with CLE. But when you use this lamp in a standard lamp, the quality of light distribution on the illuminated surface may decrease, since it produces a narrow beam of light. So, it is advisable to install LED lamps in chandeliers.
If you are thinking about what to buy as a light source in the entrance - an LED lamp or a lamp, then it is better to give preference to the second option, since an LED lamp is subject to the same human factor and the possibility of overheating of electronics (as is the case with CLE).
The modern market offers two types of LED lamps that can be used for lighting in entrances: those based on a driverless circuit, and those using a driver. The main job of the driver is to convert the alternating current and high voltage of the primary circuit into a constant constant current and low voltage that is acceptable for powering the LEDs. Thanks to the reduced voltage of the secondary circuit, safety is ensured when carrying out electrical installation work for lighting in entrances.
A characteristic feature of the circuit without the use of a driver is that the lamp uses 2070 low-power LEDs (up to 0.3 W), which are connected in series to power them with high voltage (more than 70 V). The reliability of all technical systems is inversely proportional to the number of elements used. Burnout of any LED can disable the lamp in the entrance. There is no protection system.
The absence of a driver causes incorrect power supply to the LEDs, which in turn reduces the lamp life from 50 to 30 thousand hours. Another significant drawback of such a lamp is the high pulsation coefficient.
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Automatic lighting in the entrances of apartment buildings
Today, a wide variety of automatic lighting systems in entrances are being developed and implemented. Each entrance has its own lighting scheme, based on the location of the entrance, the number of floors of the building, the integrity of the homeowners and many other factors. Below we will take a closer look at the most common and successful options:
Option 1. Automatic lighting in entrances, controlled using push-button posts.
This method of controlling lighting in hallways is especially suitable for low-rise buildings where conscious citizens live, since this method makes it possible to save money cash. But how this will happen depends only on the residents of the entrance.
Its main advantage is its simplicity and cost, which is much more profitable than other options.
Thus, there are various ways to control lighting in the entrance:
- The first option is represented by a push-button post located at the entrance to the entrance and on each floor. The process is as follows: a person enters the entrance and presses a button to turn on the light: due to this action, the lighting in the entire entrance is turned on. When entering the apartment, the button is used to turn off the lights - and the lighting goes out.
- Another option is to turn off the lighting using a push-button post, not in the entire entrance, but only on the flight of stairs. This method implies that the light is extinguished on each floor corridor separately under the influence of its own starter. This option is somewhat more economical, however, more complex and expensive to implement.
As a rule, push-button posts can be replaced with “pass-through” switch circuits. Electrical diagram in this case it will look much more complicated, but may save money. But such lighting is not suitable for everyone.
- The third method allows you to control lighting in basements, hallways, attics, as well as outdoor lighting from different points that can be selected separately.
- In the event that in your apartment building you cannot rely on the conscientiousness of the residents, you can organize the switching off of the lighting in the entrances using an appropriate timer.
Option 2. Use of light sensors in entrances.
In the case where the entrance is well lit due to natural insolation, light sensors should be used. Of course, this option does not provide significant savings, however, it can be used as an alternative to the switch.
In order to implement this method, simply install and configure one light sensor, which should be mounted in the darkest place of the entrance.
This device is activated in the dark, provides an impulse to turn on the light using a starter or through its own contacts. In this case, the lighting can work not only in the entrance, but also outside.
Light sensors are usually powered through a regular switch.
Option 3. Use of lighting motion sensors in entrances.
Automatic lighting in entrances is gradually becoming more popular. This option provides significant savings without requiring any action on the part of residents. The main factor in this matter is competent organization taking into account the characteristics of the entrance.
In order to ensure the normal functioning of this circuit, it is necessary to install a sensor on each floor. Sometimes such a device is also installed at the entrance to the entrance. When a person enters the entrance, the sensor located at the entrance is automatically triggered. After which the lighting on the stairs and the 1st floor is turned on. If an elevator is installed in the apartment building, then an impulse is also given to illuminate the passage to the elevator. If necessary, the staircase is also illuminated.
After the sensor is triggered, the countdown begins until the lighting in the entrance turns off. This time period is quite enough to slowly climb to the second floor.
In the case where there is no elevator in the house, a person goes up the stairs and finds himself in the range of sensors located on the second floor. This device is triggered and gives an impulse to turn on the lighting on the stairs and in the corridor of the 2nd floor. So, even after some time, the light on the stairs will not go out.
By the same analogy, lighting is turned on on other floors in the entrances of the apartment building.
In the case where elevator equipment is installed in the entrance, it will be somewhat more difficult to independently create an optimal lighting scheme for the entrance. This is only possible thanks to integration with elevator equipment. It is desirable that when the elevator call button is pressed, an impulse is given to turn on the lighting system. But this option is quite difficult to implement. It is much easier to connect lighting to a limit switch so that the elevator doors open automatically. However, this requires hiring specialists.
That is why the most often used scheme is to turn on the lighting in the entrance using a motion sensor when a person leaves the elevator.
Option 4. Combined lighting schemes for entrances.
As a rule, a combined method is used to illuminate entrances and basements. At the same time, the choice of lighting scheme in entrances is influenced primarily by the assigned tasks and the type of room. Some lighting methods can be called universal, which are suitable for many rooms.
For example, a light sensor is the main option. When the light level drops, the device reacts and gives an impulse that turns on the main starter, which in turn powers the motion sensors and activates the lighting of the corridors, elevator, as well as insolation outside the house and evacuation lighting. The main lighting of entrances is provided by motion sensors, and in other rooms - by means of ordinary or walk-through switches.
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Expert opinion
How to save money on lighting public areas
V.D. Shcherban,
Chairman of the HOA “Moskovskaya 117” (Kaluga)
In 2008, an electric meter was installed that takes into account the consumption of the entire volume of electricity spent on equipment located in public areas - from lighting of entrances, equipment of communication providers to automatic gates. Alternative options for MOP did not yet exist at that time. The equipment of communication providers was installed in the apartment building, and an agreement was concluded with them, according to which they had to pay for the electricity consumed. Motion sensors were installed in the entrances, and conventional incandescent lamps were replaced with energy-saving ones. Thus, there was a serious saving in costs for lighting of public areas - about 150 kW/h per month.
Who pays for lighting in hallways, and how is the amount determined?
General house needs mean a whole range of services - from lighting in the entrances and elevator operation to wet cleaning premises and cleaning of engineering systems.
Previously, electricity consumption for general household needs was indicated in the receipt as a separate item and was called “ONE”, but in January 2017 this column was removed from the bills.
Today, there are 2 options for calculating payment for electricity consumption on one-stage power supply:
- If there is a common house meter.
In the case when a common building meter is installed in an apartment building, the general building needs are determined by Energonadzor employees and representatives of the building, who were elected during a general meeting of residents. Then the difference between the values of the common building meter and the values of the metering devices of each apartment in a multi-story building is calculated. The calculation also takes into account residential square meters, which are not equipped with sensors.
The resulting indicator is distributed among all apartment owners according to the occupied area. Consequently, the larger the total area of the apartment, the more expensive the electricity supply unit costs the owner.
Pay attention to the formula by which the size of one electricity supply is calculated in the case when a meter is installed in a multi-storey building:
Electricity by ODN = (Electricity meter indicators – The total amount of electricity consumed in non-residential premises that are not common property – The total amount of resource in each residential apartment where electricity meters are installed – The volume of electricity consumed in apartments where meters are not installed) × Total apartment area × The total area of all apartments in a high-rise building.
- In the absence of a common house meter.
If a multi-storey building does not have a common building electricity meter installed, then in this case the standard set by the regional administration is taken as the unit of payment. You can view this indicator on the region’s official website. The standard is a limit value, but in the case where residents' expenses exceed the established value, they may decide to pay a larger amount if they wish. Of course, such a thing real life can not be.
The formula for calculating one electricity charge for multi-storey buildings that do not have a common building meter installed is as follows:
Volume of one unit = Electricity consumption standard established by the administration × Area of premises included in the common property × Total area of the apartment / Area of all apartments in a high-rise building.
Expert opinion
How to charge fees for general house needs according to the new rules
Olesya Leshchenko,
Executive Director of the Association of Management Organizations "Comfortable Home"
Lyubov Chesnokova,
editor-in-chief of the magazine "Management of Apartment Buildings"
There are 5 steps for calculating payment for one owner:
- Calculate the volume of actually consumed utility resources.
- Determine the standard amount of communal resource.
- The obtained indicators are compared and the largest of them is selected for subsequent calculation.
- Determine the cost of utility resources for the apartment building as a whole.
- The resulting amount is distributed among the apartment owners.
According to the Ministry of Construction, it is advisable to divide the fee among the owners of apartments in an apartment building in accordance with the area they occupy.
Initially, you can include a fee for public utilities for general house needs without the decision of the meeting of residents of the house (according to Part 10 of Article 12 of the Federal Law of June 29, 2015 No. 176-FZ).
Then you should carefully check that the list of services provided by the company and provides in an apartment building corresponds to the minimum list of works and services approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. The consumption standards for each utility resource on the ODN are presented:
- regulatory technological losses of communal resources (inevitable and justified);
- the volume of utility resources consumed in case of fulfillment of the minimum list of services approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.
If the number of works and services provided in accordance with the MKD management agreement exceeds this minimum list, then it is necessary to organize a meeting of apartment owners in the MKD to discuss an increase in the amount of payment for utility services due to the excess consumption of certain utility resources at the MKD.
Who replaces lighting in hallways?
When there is no lighting in the entrance, you can try to independently determine the cause of the breakdown.
There may be no lighting in the entrance due to:
- light bulb malfunction;
- damage to the ceiling;
- wiring shorts;
- breakage of switches;
- failure of the distribution board;
- accidents at the substation;
- carrying out scheduled work by electrical network specialists.
After you independently identify the cause of the problem or discover that there is no lamp in the entrance, replace it, or contact the HOA or management company.
Option 1. Independent replacement of lighting in the entrance.
You can replace a lamp or ceiling lamp in a stairwell yourself, but any other problem must be resolved only with the help of specialists.
To eliminate any such problem in the distribution panel, be sure to turn off the power supply.
Often, there may be no lighting in the entrance simply because the light bulb has burned out, or due to power surges. Also, in order to understand why there is no power supply, you should find out whether there is light in other entrances of your house and nearby buildings.
If you hear a crackling sound or smell a burning smell in the area of the switch or wiring, then you should urgently contact the electrical service.
In order to promptly provide lighting in the entrance, on the staircase, in the elevator, in the attic, technical floors and other common areas, residents should collectively solve the problem that has arisen. Neighbors can take turns changing the light bulbs in the entrance. This way you can save time, however, it is not a fact that all residents will conscientiously fulfill this obligation.
Option 2. Replacement of lighting in the entrance of the HOA or management company.
Sometimes, in order to solve this problem, residents of an apartment building write a corresponding application to the HOA or management company. The HOA is more efficient, since this partnership controls only one or a few houses, unlike management companies, which service dozens of apartment buildings, and sometimes you have to wait quite a long time for a replacement light bulb.
In both cases, the costs incurred in connection with the data technical work, paid by residents. The electricity bill also includes intercom operation, pumping stations and other electrical appliances that are common property. In cases where tenants live in some apartments, this service is paid minus the amount of money that was charged to the landlords.
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Thus, if residents have a problem with lighting in the entrance for the reason that a light bulb has burned out, then they have every right to demand a replacement from their management company, because if in the dark one of the owners gets injured in the entrance, then the fault will be entirely lie with the management company.
In the event that the HOA or management authority refuse to fulfill their direct responsibilities or ignore the statements of the residents, then you should contact them with a collective complaint and try again to resolve this issue with lighting in the entrance. In the event that the repeated appeal remains unanswered, the owners have the right to take more stringent measures against the HOA or management company. In order to resolve the current situation, they need to file a complaint with local authorities self-government. And if the issue cannot be resolved peacefully, then you can go to court and demand compensation for moral damage from the management company.
- Residents' complaints about the management company: how to process and systematize applications
What are the possible consequences for the management company if there is no lighting in the entrances?
In accordance with the letter of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 18, 2007, the rules for maintaining common areas in apartment buildings mean maintenance and repair work of electric networks of apartment buildings, as well as lamps. This mainly means performing work aimed at creating favorable conditions to supply electricity to the MOS.
In accordance with Appendix No. 4 of the “List of Works on the Maintenance of MKD”, the list of these works aimed at the maintenance of MKD is presented by eliminating any minor malfunction of electrical appliances (from wiping light bulbs, changing burnt-out lamps in common areas to replacing and repairing sockets and switches and small electrical wiring repairs, etc.).
In Appendix No. 1 to the resolution of the State Construction Committee Russian Federation No. 170 talks about carrying out a scheduled and partial inspection by the management company, as well as the subsequent replacement of burnt-out light bulbs (with starters) with the regularity that is pre-determined in the apartment management agreement.
In addition, Resolution of the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation No. 170 provides for the fact that residents of apartment buildings have the right to submit an appropriate application for the elimination of a particular malfunction of engineering equipment and structures. Applications are subject to consideration on the same day when they are received by the Administrative Office, and no later than the next day, the problem with lighting in the entrance must be eliminated. In a situation where the elimination of a particular malfunction requires a long time or the replacement of a spare part that is not currently available, the residents of the apartment building must certainly be notified about the circumstances that have arisen. The same scheme should be used to process requests received by telephone or dispatch communication system.
Each management company is obliged to keep records of accepted applications to eliminate problems with lighting in the entrance, as well as malfunctions of engineering and technical equipment in residential premises and other elements of apartment buildings and ensure strict quality control and deadlines for fulfilling these obligations of the management company.
According to Appendix No. 2 to the Resolution of the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation No. 170 on the maximum time frame for troubleshooting in the event of unscheduled repairs of individual elements of the apartment building and their engineering and technical equipment, troubleshooting the lighting system at the entrance (implying the replacement of an electric lamp, fluorescent lamp, switch and structural element lamp) must be carried out within 7 days after receipt of the corresponding application from the residents of the apartment building to the MA.
The management company is responsible for the maintenance of the MNP, including the obligation to monitor the serviceability of lighting in the entrances of the MKD. Therefore, the management company must replace burnt out lamps if necessary. It is important to understand that lighting faults in the entrances should be identified and eliminated both as a result of a scheduled inspection carried out by the management authority (according to the schedule for carrying out these works approved by the Criminal Code), and on the basis of an application received from the residents of the apartment building to eliminate the damage.
If the management company does not eliminate the malfunctions in the lighting system at the entrance (including not replacing a burnt-out light bulb), which were identified as a result of a routine inspection or on the basis of an application received from apartment building residents, after 7 days after the corresponding application was received by the management company, this is a violation for which the management company can be brought to justice administrative responsibility.
According to Article 7.22 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses, liability is provided for violation of the established rules for the maintenance and repair of apartment buildings. On officials who are responsible for the maintenance of MKD, in case of violation of the rules for the maintenance and repair of MKD, an administrative fine is imposed in the amount of 4 to 5 thousand rubles, and legal entities- from forty to fifty thousand rubles.
The State Housing Inspectorate (SHI) is authorized to monitor the rights and interests of apartment building residents and the state in the process of providing housing and utility services to citizens. GZHI specialists and city administration employees draw up appropriate protocols in case of detection of administrative violations under Article 7.22 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.
1. Overview of public lighting systems
As numerous observations show, the collective lighting system in multi-storey residential buildings is represented by incandescent lamps with an average power of 60 W. Lamps, as a rule, are installed without shades, which is a violation of fire safety requirements. The fire hazard of incandescent lamps is usually considered in two aspects:
Possibility of fire from contact of the lamp and flammable material;
the possibility of a fire from contact with surrounding combustible materials by the hot elements of the lamp, formed during its destruction.
The first aspect is related firstly to the fact that the temperature glass flask incandescent lamps after 60 minutes of burning range from 110 to 360°C (with lamp power from 40 to 100 W). This is what explains the presence of dark, smoky circles on the ceiling above the installed lamp.
Secondly, it is associated with improper operation, when one violation (the use of an open lamp without a diffuser (heat-resistant shade), which many residents remove so that “the lamp shines brighter”) is superimposed by another violation - failure to comply with the permissible approach distance of flammable materials. This phenomenon, quite often, occurs in cramped apartment vestibules, which residents use as makeshift storage rooms.
Even the presence of a sufficient distance does not guarantee safety - a fire can occur (the second aspect) from hot metal particles formed during emergency conditions (lamp burnout) in defective lamps (melting of electrodes or inputs by arc discharges) and scattering from the lamp at a distance of about three meters. Vertically falling particles retain their incendiary ability even when falling from 8-10 m.
A common violation occurs when aluminum wires are extended using copper wires using twists. As a result, a galvanic couple is formed, leading to electrochemical corrosion (destruction of the contact) and an increase in contact resistance, which ultimately can also become a source of fire due to heating of the junction of the wires.
Among the main power supply options, the following main ones can be distinguished:
The entire system is switched on without diodes;
the entire system is switched on using diodes (centrally, in the electrical panel);
combined solutions(diodes are partially installed in lamps and switches).
Diode- an electronic component that has different conductivity depending on the direction of current. In homes it is used to reduce the effective voltage on incandescent lamps in order to reduce energy consumption and increase the service life of incandescent lamps.
Installed diodes in the power supply circuit of the house lighting system cause incandescent lamps to begin to flicker noticeably, which causes additional discomfort to residents.
The effective voltage decreases from 220 to 156 V, but it should be taken into account that due to the fact that the incandescent lamp is a nonlinear element and its actual energy consumption is reduced by only 42% and the luminous flux depends on the square normal voltage- decreases to 27%.
Light flow- a physical quantity characterizing the amount of “light” power in the corresponding radiation flux. It is the main characteristic of a light source for assessing the illumination created by a given light source.
As a result, the lamps become less energy efficient: if the original version has a luminous flux of 800
lm at a power of 60 W (light output 13.3 lm/W), then at
using a diode, the luminous flux is 216 lm
at a power of 34.8 W (light output 6.2 lm/W).
Energy efficiency- efficient (rational) use of energy resources. In the case of lighting, it is using less electricity to provide the same level of illumination.
Luminous output of the light source- the ratio of the luminous flux emitted by the source to the power consumed by it. It is an indicator of the efficiency and economy of light sources.
To compensate for the reduced luminous flux, residents install lamps of higher power, reaching up to 200 W, which leads to an increase in electricity for the needs of general house lighting.
Ultimately, the illumination of entrances and vestibules does not meet the standards of SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10 (the average illumination on staircases, floor corridors, etc. should be at least 20 lux).
2. Review of energy-efficient light sources
Figure 1 - CLE device, where 1 - thickening of the tube; 2 - inner coating of the flask; 3 - electronic ballast; 4 - ventilation hole; 5 - base
The following energy-efficient light sources (ELS) are widely available on the market, applicable for use in residential buildings: fluorescent lamps (including CLE (compact fluorescent with built-in ballasts (electronic ballasts))), LED lamps and lamps.
A significant disadvantage of fluorescent lamps is the presence of mercury vapor in their composition, which requires special disposal measures and the presence of a switch-on delay (the lamp reaches the nominal luminous flux of operation after a noticeable period of time). The stated service life of 25,000 hours is usually not met due to frequent burnout of tungsten electrodes. During operation, the lamp heats up to 60 °C, and if they are used as part of any closed lamps, the heat generation leads to overheating of the electronics and premature failure of the lamp. These lamps do not have a warranty period. When used in cold rooms, their luminous efficiency and service life are reduced. Also, the human factor cannot be ignored - lamps can be stolen by residents in order to use them to illuminate the apartment.
The only significant drawback of lamps with LED light sources is their high market price. But this price is compensated by their significantly lower energy consumption, even in comparison with CLE. But when using this lamp in a standard lamp, the light distribution on the illuminated surface may deteriorate, because This lamp produces a narrow beam of light. Thus, these lamps can only be used effectively when installed vertically towards the floor (for example, in a chandelier).
Figure 2 - LED lamp design, where 1 - light diffuser; 2 - LEDs; 3 - circuit board; 4 - radiator; 5 - driver; 6 - ventilation holes; 7 - base
Figure 3 - LED lamp SLG-HL8
When choosing between an LED lamp and an LED lamp, it is advisable to choose LED lamp, since an LED lamp has a similar human factor and the possibility of overheating of electronics (as with CLE).
At the moment, there are two types of LED lamps on the market that are acceptable for use in the housing and communal services sector - those based on a driverless circuit and those using a driver. The price range of lamps is within 500-700 rubles. without using a driver and 700-1600 rubles. for luminaires with driver.
The main purpose of the driver is to convert alternating current and high voltage of the primary circuit into constant stabilized current and low voltage acceptable for powering LEDs. In addition to this main function, the driver provides short circuit protection, overheating protection for the driver and the lamp as a whole, as well as stable operation of the lamp over a wide range of input voltage. The reduced voltage of the secondary circuit ensures safety during electrical installation work and servicing of the lamp.
The essence of the driverless circuit is that the lamp uses a large number (2070) of low power LEDs (0.1-0.3 W), connected in series to power them with high voltage (>70 V). But any reliability technical system is inversely proportional to the number of elements used, and the burnout of any of the LEDs (when using cheap LEDs of dubious quality) leads to failure of the lamp. There are no protection systems.
As a result of the absence of a driver (switching power supply), the LEDs are not powered correctly, which leads to their rapid aging (the service life is reduced from 50,000 to 30,000 hours). Also, the main disadvantages of these lamps include a high pulsation coefficient, which can be conditionally tolerated due to the short stay of residents in the entrance.
3. Automation tools
To control the lighting system in an apartment building except standard switches Various motion sensors can be used as automation tools.
A motion sensor (MS) is a sensor that monitors the movement of any objects. As a rule, a motion sensor is understood as an electronic infrared (IR) sensor that detects the presence and movement of a person and switches the load - an alarm system when used as a security system, or a lighting system when used as a means of reducing energy consumption (by reducing time operation) of these systems. After a certain period of time (usually adjustable), the DD switches off the load (in this case, the lamp).
A very useful function built into most DDs is the presence of light sensors (the DD will not work if the illumination in the room exceeds a certain level). Due to this, the lighting system does not turn on during daylight hours.
Figure 4 - Operating principle of an infrared motion sensor
The disadvantages of IR DD are
Limited sector coverage (review);
reduced sensitivity when installed at a height of more than 2 meters;
impossibility of installation near strong heat sources (for example, radiators).
For example, when installing a motion sensor in long corridor(about 6-8 meters) it only works when a person reaches approximately the middle of it, which causes certain inconvenience (you have to walk through the first third of the corridor in the dark). Their viewing range (about 6 meters) is quite enough for use in the entrance.
A solution to a limited coverage sector can be the installation of 2 DDs using the following installation schemes:
At the beginning and at the end of the corridor on the walls, the DDs are directed towards each other;
uniform distribution of DD on the ceiling.
In both cases, the sensors must be connected in parallel so that the activation of any of the sensors turns on the lamp. The disadvantage of this solution is the increased consumption of the DDs themselves, which, given their high market price (about 250 rubles), will lead to significant financial costs with questionable savings in the case of using energy-efficient light sources. For example, 2 DDs constantly consume more than 10% of the power of an operating LED lamp. Also, we should not forget that there is also a significant complication of the switching system - it is necessary to lay a wire to each of the sensors in both directions.
There are also cheaper DD options - sound (photoacoustic). These sensors are often found already as part of certain luminaires (see Figure 1.5). The presence of the word “energy saving” in their name and a low market value of about 250 rubles. captivates many HOAs and management companies, but their serious drawback is the problem of setting the sensitivity to the sound level. Setting the sensitivity too high leads, for example, to the fact that a resident wearing sneakers can walk past such a sensor and it will not work. Setting a low sensitivity results in a lack of signal selectivity - DDs are triggered by almost any sound.
Figure 5 - Energy-saving lamp ZHKH-03
A common disadvantage of any motion sensors is that the lamp experiences a significantly larger number of cycles during operation. on-off, which reduces its service life of the installed light source. For example, incandescent lamps burn out in 90% of cases at the moment of switching on with an accompanying surge of current. In the case of KLE, the interval between switching on, established by the warranty conditions to achieve the required operating time, may be more than two minutes (this is due to the operation simple circuits pre-heating). The use of soft starters in their composition does not allow the use of CLE and LED lamps.
The cost of saved electricity justifies the premature failure of light sources only in the case of using incandescent lamps, which have a relatively low market value. Motion sensors also cause some discomfort to residents, especially if installed incorrectly.
The only area where the use of DD in a residential building is economically feasible is in places of rare use, for example, an emergency fire escape.
As observations have shown, no more than 1 person per week uses the fire escape. Taking into account the number of floors of houses where this staircase is present, it is possible to determine energy savings in the case of using incandescent lamps and EIS.
In the case of using incandescent lamps, the energy savings in terms of power consumption is 60-0.5 = 59.5 W, where 60 is the power of the LON-60 incandescent lamp, W; 0.5 - DD power consumption in standby mode, W. Per month, when working around the clock, the savings will be: 0.0595 24 29.4-42 kWh (here 0.0595 is the released power, kW; 24 is the number of hours in a day; 29.4 is the average number of days in a month ). At a price for electricity of 2,367 rubles/kWh, established DD costs 250 rubles. and installation cost about 150 rubles. each DD equipment project will pay off within (250+150)/(42x2,367)-4 months.
In the case of using an EIS (see clause 1.2) with an average power of about 8-15 W, the released power is equal to (15...8)-0.5=14.5...7.5 W (here 15 is the power of the EIS, analogue of an incandescent lamp 60 W; 8 - power of the LED lamp SLG-HL8, also analogue of LON-60). In this case, the average monthly energy savings will be (0.0145.,.0.0075)-24-29.4=10.2...5.6 kWh. Payback period - (250+150)/((10.2 ...5.6)x2.367)~17...30 months, or one and a half to three years.
Thus, it is not economically feasible to install motion sensors complete with an EIS - an incandescent lamp is sufficient. The only drawback of this decision is the ban on the production and sale of incandescent lamps in Russia in 2014.
A non-standard (wall-mounted) installation diagram for emergency staircases is recommended, since it provides coverage of two flights of stairs at once (see Figure 1.6). As practice shows, the DD with this scheme is triggered only when a person approaches in the middle of the landing (in front of the stairs itself), which, given the low intensity of use of the fire escape, can be considered an insignificant drawback.
Figure 6 - Application of motion sensors on emergency stairs
4. Characteristics of the SLG-HL8 lamp
LED luminaires of the SLG-HL8 series (Silen-LED Group, for House Light 8 W) are intended for general lighting of housing and communal services facilities. They are specially designed according to lighting engineering calculations for energy-saving lighting of technical and public premises provided by housing and communal services: entrances of residential buildings, stairs and stairwells, elevator shafts, corridors, vestibules, platforms of residential buildings and other public premises.
Lamps of this series can be used for duty and emergency lighting of any non-residential premises of public and private buildings, in addition, they are suitable for outdoor lighting under a canopy - under canopies of entrances (there is a special version for outdoor use with increased characteristics of anti-vandal protection and resistance to temperature changes).
The luminaire in a classic, economical design is available in an NPB 1301 housing with a degree of protection IP54, allowing installation on walls and ceilings. The body is made of aluminum alloy, which helps dissipate heat from the lamp, and is covered with borosilicate frosted glass to limit the glare from the LEDs. At the customer's request, it is possible to develop and manufacture the lamp in other housings.
Lamps are manufactured in Barnaul, undergoing comprehensive quality control. During production, various engineering templates and jigs are used.
All lamps are covered by a 3-year warranty, during which faulty lamps are replaced free of charge. It should be noted that this period exceeds the maximum payback period for the lamps.
Table 1 - SLG-HL8 Specifications
5. Installation of LED lamps
Since LED lamps have a certain directionality, installing LED lamps in places where incandescent lamps were installed is not the right decision. This is explained by the fact that the main “working surface” in the entrance is the floor, and if the lamp is installed on a wall, the main luminous flux will fall on the wall opposite the installation site. As a result, the floor will be illuminated only by reflected lighting, which will reduce the required illumination. For this reason, lamps are installed on the ceiling (exceptions are cases when installing the lamp on the ceiling is impossible).
Despite the fact that installation becomes more complicated, since you have to lay a long connecting cord from the connection point to the lamp, this method, in addition to increasing the average illumination, improves light distribution and also reduces the human factor - the lamp is located at a maximum height, which makes free access difficult to it, reduces the glare effect and the possibility of accidental damage.
Figure 7 - Scheme of a typical installation of LED lamps in the entrance of a house of 97 and 121 series
Installation of lamps is carried out on weekdays. In exceptional cases, installation can be carried out on Saturday. The date of installation is notified at least 24 hours in advance. Preparatory work for residents who have installed doors in vestibules boils down to cleaning things that are susceptible to dust and ensuring access to the vestibule on the specified day.
The work is carried out by a specially trained installer who knows the design and installation rules of LED lamps, who also conducts explanatory work with residents. Connection to the home's electrical network occurs through the utility lighting line without the need to open electrical panels. Work must be carried out to identify and eliminate installed diodes, which can reduce the service life of LED lamps.
Electrical installation is reduced to the following operations:
Removing the old lamp;
installation of a new distribution box;
installing an LED lamp on the ceiling;
laying the cable to the lamp;
connection (depending on the type of wire) through specialized clamps for lighting equipment to the wires.
Figure 8 -Typical installation LED lamp
The average installation speed is about 30 lamps per day, which corresponds to 1 entrance of a 9-story building.
6. Economic calculations
In the case of lighting systems, the payback period refers to the period of time elapsed after the purchase and installation of more energy-efficient light sources, during which the price of saved electricity will exceed the price of the lamp, taking into account its installation.
Payback = Investment/Annual Savings (1.1)
The initial option is a working LON-60 lamp in 2 main versions (see paragraph 1.1) - with and without the use of a diode in the power circuit. It is necessary to determine how much it costs to operate this light source in both options.
We will carry out calculations for the following replacement options (through a dash - the abbreviation adopted in the future):
Compact fluorescent lamp SPIRAL-econom 12 W, 600 Lm (manufactured by ASD) - CFL12.
LED lamp with power LED-A60-standard 7 W, 600 Lm (ASD company) - LL7.
LED lamp SPP-2101 with a power of 8 W, 640 Lm (ASD company) - LED8
LED lamp SLG-HL8 with a power of 8 W, 660 Lm (Silen-Led) - SLG-HL8.
Light sources were selected based on the principle of equality luminous flux incandescent lamp 60 W (600 lm).
To estimate the payback period, it is necessary to have initial data for calculations, which includes the price of electricity (since 2015 for houses equipped with in the prescribed manner stationary electric stoves - 2.5 rubles) and average daily operating time - 14 hours;
6.1 Operating costs of incandescent lamps
Electricity consumed per year R el can be calculated using the following formula:
R el = R light / T day * 365 (1.2)
Where P light is the power of the lamp, W; T day - average daily operating time, h; 365 is the number of days in a year.
According to clause 1.1, if an incandescent lamp is switched on through a diode, then its energy consumption is reduced by 42%. Accordingly, for LON-60 connected through a diode this power will be 60 - 42% = 35 W.
In further calculations, we will designate this design case as the option of using an incandescent lamp with a power of 35 W (LON35). We will designate a lamp turned on without using a diode as LON60.
R el LON35 = 35 * 14 * 365 = 178.85 kWh (1.3)
R el LON60 = 60 * 14 * 365 = 306.6 kWh (1.4)
In monetary terms, the cost of consumed energy can be calculated using the following formula:
C el = R el * C kW*h (1.5)
Where C kW*h is the cost of a kilowatt-hour, rub./kW*h.
According to this formula, for the given calculation cases, the cost of consumed electricity will be:
With email LON35 = 178.85 * 2.5 = 447.12 rubles (1.6)
With el LON60 = 306.6 * 2.5 = 766.5 rubles (1.7)
It should be noted that lamps switched on without a diode operate in nominal mode, and they burn out during operation, while lamps switched on using a diode practically do not burn out.
This means it is necessary to determine how much is spent per year on replacing burnt out lamps. This cost is the sum of the cost of the lamp, multiplied by the number of replacements.
C deputy = C l * n z (1.8)
Where Ts l is the cost of the lamp, rub.; n z - number of replacements, pcs./year;
The number of replacements n s for can be determined based on the average daily operating time of the light source T days and the average service life of the light source T sl.
N h = (T day * 365) / T day (1.9)
Where T day is the average daily operating time, h, T sl is the average service life of the light source, h.
The average service life for an incandescent lamp with a rated power of 60 W (for example, B220-230-60-1) is given in GOST 2239-79 and is 1300 hours.
For Lama LON-60 the number of replacements is:
N з LON60 = (14 * 365) / 1300 = 3.9pcs (1.10)
For this lamp, the average price in Barnaul for 2014 was 13.3 rubles. Therefore, the annual cost of replacing lamps is:
With deputy LON60 = 3.93 * 13.3 = 52.28 rubles (1.11)
In total, we find that the annual costs of operating a 60 W incandescent lamp are:
RUR 485.45 - in case of using diodes;
766.5 + 52.28 = 818.78 rub. - without using them. However, these calculations do not take into account the cost of the work itself to replace them.
6.2 Payback periods for replacement options
To determine the payback period for various options for replacing LON-60 with EIS, according to formula 1.1, two main parameters are determined - the cost of purchase (investment) and annual savings.
C z = C EIS + C mon (1.12)
Where C EIS is the cost of EIS, rub.; C mon - cost of work on dismantling old lamps and installing new ones, rub. This cost refers to capital costs.
Annual energy savings C can be calculated using the following formula:
C econ = C el LON + C el EIS (1.13)
Where C el LON is the annual energy consumption of an incandescent lamp (in both design options), kWh; C el EIS - annual energy consumption of EIS, kWh.
If the purchase cost (see formula 1.12) is divided by the annual savings (see formula 1.13), then the payback period in years can be determined:
T payback = C w / C econ (1.14)
To convert the resulting value from the resulting fraction, you need to subtract the whole part - these will be whole years - and multiply the remainder by 12 to get months.
It should be noted that the calculations do not take into account inflation and the annual increase in electricity tariffs, which lead to an additional reduction in the payback period.
Replacement option for 12 W CFL:
S z KFL12 = 130 + 100 + 100 = 330 rubles
Here 130 is the cost of a 15 W CLE with an E27 base, rub.; 100 - cost of the most popular lamp NBB 64-60 with diffuser RPA-85-001, rub.; 100 - cost of replacement work, rub.
R el CFL12 = 12 * 14 * 365 = 61.32 kWh
Ts el KFL12 = 61.32 * 2.5 = 153.3 rubles
n z CFL12 = (14 * 365) / 8000 = 0.64pcs
With deputy CFL12 = 0.64 * 130 = 83.2 rubles
Also, to this cost it is necessary to add the cost of recycling a failed mercury-containing lamp (12 rubles), which, taking into account delivery, will cost about 20 rubles.
In case of violation in accordance with Article 8.2. of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, citizens will owe from 1 to 2 thousand rubles, officials - from 10 to 30 thousand rubles, entrepreneurs - from 30 thousand to 50 thousand rubles (or administrative suspension of activities for up to ninety days), and legal entities - from 100 thousand to 250 thousand rubles (or administrative suspension of activities for up to ninety days).
With deputy+util KFL12 = 83.2 + 20 * 0.64 = 96 rubles
C exploit KFL12 = 153.3 + 96 = 249.3 rubles
From economy = 818.78 - 249.3 = 569.48 rubles
With eco diode = 485.45 - 249.3 = 236.15 rubles
T payback = 330 / 569.48 = 0.58 = 7 months
T payback diode = 330 / 236 15 = 1.4 = 1 year 5 months
Replacement option with a 7 W LED lamp:
C z LL7 = 200 +100 +100 = 400rub
Here 200 is the cost of a 7 W LED lamp with an E27 base, rub.; 100 - cost of the NBB 64-60 lamp with RPA-85-001 diffuser, rub.; 100 - cost of replacement work, rub.
R el LL7 = 7 * 14 * 365 = 35.77 kW*h
C el LL7 = 35.77 * 2.5 = 89.43 rub
n z LL7 = (14 * 365) / 30000 = 0.17pcs
With deputy LL7 = 0.17 * 200 = 34 rubles
C expl LL7 = 89.43 + 34 = 123.43 RUR
From economy = 818.78 - 123.43 = 695.35 rubles
With eco diode = 485.45 - 123.43 = 362.02 rubles
T payback = 400 / 695.35 = 0.58 = 7 months
T payback diode = 400 / 362.02 = 1.1 = 1 year 1 month
Replacement option for the SPP-2101 lamp:
S h LED8 = 500 + 200 = 700rub
here 500 is the cost of the LED lamp SPP-2101, rub.; 200 - cost of replacement work, rub. The increase in installation costs is explained by the fact that the lamp is not installed in its original place, but on the ceiling (see Figure 8)
P el LED8 = 8 * 14 * 365 = 40.88 kWh
Ts el LED8 = 40.88 * 2.5 = 102.2 rub
n з LED8 = (14 * 365) / 30000 = 0.17 pcs
With deputy LED8 = 0.17 * 500 = 85 rub.
Here it is more appropriate to use the term not “replacement cost” but “amount of depreciation”, since the lamp is an integral part of the light source and the entire complex has to be replaced.
C exploit LED8 = 102.2 + 85 = 187.2 RUR
From economy = 818.78 - 187.2 = 631.58 rubles
With eco diode = 485.45 - 187.2 = 298.25 rubles
T payback = 700 / 631.58 = 1.11 = 1 year 1 month
T payback diode = 700 / 298.25 = 2.35 = 2 years 4 months
Replacement option for SHG-HL8:
S z SG-HL8 = 750 + 200 = 950 rub.
Here 750 is the cost of SLG-HL8, rub.; 200 - cost of replacement work, rub.
Rel SG-HL8 = 8 * 14 * 365 = 4°, 88 kWh
C el SG-HL8 = 4°, 88 * 2.5 = 1°2.2 RUR
n SG-HL8 = (14 * 365) / 50000 = 0.1 pcs
In the case of the SLG-HL8 LED luminaire, at the end of its service life of 50,000 hours with the expected good condition lamp, it is possible to replace the light module without replacing the lamp itself and cooling systems. The price of these works is 500 rubles.
With deputy SG-HL8 = 0.1 * 500 = 50 rub.
C exploit SG-HL8 = 102.2 + 50 = 152.2 rub.
From economy = 818.78 - 152.2 = 666.58 rubles
With eco diode = 485.45 - 152.2 = 333.25 rubles
T payback = 950 / 666.58 = 1.43 = 1 year 5 months
T payback diode = 950 / 333 25 = 2.85 = 2 years 10 months
7. Conclusions
Let's summarize all the technical characteristics and obtained economic data for the considered lamps into a single table. The luminaires are listed in the order in which they are described.
Table 2 - Characteristics of light sources
Options | |||||
Specifications |
|||||
Luminous flux, lm | |||||
Power consumption, W | |||||
Light output, lm/W | |||||
Average service life, hours | |||||
Presence of mercury | |||||
Price characteristics |
|||||
Lamp price, rub. | |||||
Lamp price, rub. | |||||
Price of the kit with installation, rub. | |||||
Payback, months |
|||||
without diodes | |||||
with diodes | |||||
Performance characteristics |
|||||
Number of replacements, pcs. | |||||
Annual consumption, kWh | |||||
Probability of theft | |||||
Based on the conducted research, we will give brief description to each light source, indicating its main advantages and disadvantages.
60 W incandescent lamp. Typical lighting system for apartment building entrances. It has the highest energy consumption and the lowest light output and service life. Fire hazardous. When used with diodes, it does not provide standardized illumination. The main advantage is the low price of the lamp.
Compact fluorescent lamp with a power of 12 W. Contains mercury, which requires special measures for its disposal (and, as follows, disposal costs). The main advantage is improved light output and service life at a moderate cost and ease of replacement.
7 W LED lamp. Provides the lowest energy consumption. Most cheap option LED light source. But at the same time, the probability of theft is maximum (or installation of a special lamp is required). The main advantage is the shortest payback period and ease of replacement.
LED lamp SPP-2101 (8 W). Option of an LED lamp in a luminaire housing. Due to the high price, the payback period is 2 times longer. The main advantage is the reduced likelihood of theft compared to an LED lamp.
LED lamp SLG-HL8 (8 W). The most expensive replacement option. Option of an LED lamp in a metal casing. Longest payback period. It is repairable, and repairs are carried out in Barnaul. The main advantage is that the payback period in all cases is less than the warranty period (3 years).
8. An example of modernizing lighting systems in an apartment building in Barnaul
The object of modernization was a panel residential apartment building of the 97th series with 205 apartments.
Average illumination 8.7±0.1 lux
Results of illumination measurements according to GOST R 54944
The house has been managed by the Altai Homeowners Association (HOA) since 1997. At the board meeting on April 7, 2011, it was decided to replace the collective lighting system, represented by 170 incandescent lamps installed in the entrances and vestibules, with energy-efficient light sources. All lamps were switched on centrally (in the electrical panel) through power diodes. The ceiling height is 2.63 m. The walls are half painted with light paint, the upper part of the walls and the ceiling are whitewashed. The results of measuring illumination in the floor corridor are presented below.
An SLG-HL8 LED lamp was chosen as an EIS light. The cost of the work is 170,000 rubles. The duration of the work is 2 months.
According to the calculated data, the payback period was 2 years. After carrying out the work, to check the calculation data, a log was taken for recording electric meter readings, based on the results of which the graph shown in the figure below was constructed. For improved visualization, a stepwise approximation of the obtained data was carried out.
Figure 9 - House energy consumption for 2010-2013
The graph shows that after November 2011, when the work was completed, lighting costs decreased from 45,005,500 kWh to 1,000-1,200 kWh, and total energy consumption decreased by 2 times (from 8,000 to 4,000 kWh). The energy consumption of elevators has remained unchanged, but in the future plans have been developed to carry out energy saving work in elevators.
Another data visualization designed to provide insight into the overall energy consumption pattern is Figure 10.
Figure 10 - Structure of energy consumption at home for 2010-2014
From the above diagram it can be seen that before modernization, lighting costs amounted to 2/3 of ODN, after modernization - less than 1/3. At the same time, the average annual energy savings is about 4000-12 = 48,000 kWh, which in monetary terms in electricity prices for 2011 is 48,000 1.79 = 85,920 rubles. With energy saving costs, the payback period was 1 year and 10 months. The reduction in the payback period is justified by bringing all lamps to a single rating - many residents, to improve illumination, installed instead of the standard 60-watt lamps with a power of up to 200 W. Lighting control systems - switches - were also restored. The introduction of automation equipment partially played a role - motion sensors were installed on the emergency staircase.
A prerequisite was to bring the level of illumination in the entrances to the normal level. The results of illumination measurements after the upgrade are shown in the figure and table below.
The average illumination was 25.3±0.1 lux. Light measurement results after modernization
An important feature of the measurements taken is that they were carried out in 24-hour increments at the same time and with the same camera settings.
As the data above shows, average in both cases it exceeds 20 lux and averages 22 lux. These readings fully comply with SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10. This confirms the correct choice of LED lamps.
In 2014, incandescent lamps were replaced with LED lamps in elevator stacks and elevator cabins. This also reduced the home's energy consumption, bringing it to 25% of the original value (from ~8000 to ~2000 kWh).
Outdoor lighting plays a very important role in the infrastructure of any settlements. It is especially important for urban areas. Moreover, great importance should be given to street lighting of the local area.
External lighting of the area around the house
Lighting of the local area should be based not only on the law established by the authorities, but also on the relevant requirements and norms. Our article today will tell you what you should know in this case.
Local area and its features
The local area is a plot of land adjacent to an apartment building.
Note! According to the law of the Russian Federation, the right of ownership or use of all owners of a particular apartment building extends to the adjacent territory.
Part of the yard near the house
As the Russian law says regarding urban land plots, the general network property within the local area includes:
- a plot of land on which a house with many apartments was built. The boundaries for the land plot of an apartment building are indicated in the state cadastral register;
- elements of landscaping, landscaping (lighting systems);
- other objects that are intended to serve this house. This may include heating points, various transformer substations, as well as garages or collective parking lots, children's playgrounds. But all the described objects must be located within the boundaries of the land plot established by the cadastre.
Therefore, in order to understand the real boundaries of the straight territory that the law of the country speaks of, you need to have detailed information about this land plot on hand. To do this, you must submit an application to the relevant state cadastral registration authority. Here they issue a cadastral extract about a specific land plot. This statement must contain the following information:
- size and boundaries of the local area;
- information about the owner.
As an owner, i.e. those responsible for a given territory may be:
- city (municipality);
- the right of use is granted to the owners of this apartment building;
- adjacent territory owned by the owners of the house.
Any division of powers carried out between residents (users) and the city (owners) must be enshrined in a special agreement, as the law says.
Note! The law also says who pays for lighting the area around an apartment building.
Yard lighting
A copy of the agreement must be kept in your HOA or management company, as well as in the local administration.
The signed agreement on the right of ownership of urban areas contains the following information:
- operating conditions of the land plot (lighting, etc.);
- the right and responsibility for leasing territories to third parties.
But in a situation where ownership rights to the local area belong only to the owners of an apartment building, there are certain nuances.
Peculiarities of ownership of the local area by residents
In a situation where the owners of the land around an apartment building are its residents, the law will contain the following points:
- The Housing Code of the Russian Federation states that residents of city houses with a large number of apartments are required to pay expenses that go towards maintaining common property, including street lighting systems, in proportion to their share in the common property right. This means that it is no longer just the municipality that pays for street lighting;
Note! The share in the right of common ownership will be proportional to the total area of the premises that belongs to the person who has the right of ownership.
- According to the Housing Code, owners are required to choose one of the options for managing an apartment building. This could be HOA management, management specific organization or other specialized consumer cooperative.
As a result, responsibility in this situation will be assigned to one of the above persons. Therefore, before demanding the installation of high-quality lighting in the assigned territory, it is necessary to establish not only what the law says about this situation, but also who has ownership rights to this land plot and is responsible for it (who pays, repairs, etc.). As stated in the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, the entire cost of maintaining a street lighting system is included in utilities, as well as the fee structure for residential premises.
What else should you know about the local area and its lighting?
The law (for example, the Housing Code, etc.) states that external and internal lighting of urban infrastructures (apartment buildings, local areas, etc.) must be based in their organization on certain norms and requirements. All norms established for urban house land plots are prescribed, as for interior spaces, in SNiP. Here, first of all, in the issue of organizing street lighting, the role is played by the level of illumination.
Lighting standards for the local area
The fact is that each object in the local area (entrance, road, flower beds, etc.) must have its own specific level of illumination, which is based both on the purpose of the object and the human visual system. This means that the illumination of each object in the local area should not cause discomfort to the observer, and also create adequate lighting.
This means that when organizing external lighting of the courtyard of urban apartment buildings, the structures responsible for this (defined by the municipality) must rely on the norms established in SNiP. Moreover, lowering the illumination level below the established limits is strictly prohibited.
Requirements for organizing yard lighting
The regulatory documentation (SNiP) specifies all the requirements that must be observed and adhered to when organizing external lighting in the local area of any apartment building. These today, as the law states (the Housing Code of the Russian Federation and other documents), include the following requirements:
- lighting should be organized for any entrance. This means that the entrance to the entrance must be illuminated in dark time days;
Entrance lighting
- the number of lamps installed along the roadway must be such that the light emanating from them is not lower than the established illumination level;
Note! Management Company or other organizations responsible for organizing outdoor lighting, based on the level of illumination, determine the style of lanterns, limiting their functionality, etc.
- high-quality and complete lighting should be organized for the road surface, as well as playgrounds and parking spaces.
Achieving the required level of lighting in different areas of the city can be achieved in the following ways:
- installation of wall lanterns above the entrance to the entrance. In this case, the height of the lanterns may be different. The higher the lantern and the more powerful the light bulb in it, the larger the circle of light formed by the lighting device;
- lamp posts placed along the roadway. With the help of such lanterns, which are placed on top of a pole, you can efficiently illuminate all areas of the yard: playgrounds, parking spaces, sidewalks and roadways.
For optimal external lighting of the local area of an apartment building, it is worth using both lighting options: facade wall lamps and lamp posts. In such a situation, you can achieve the optimal level of illumination in the yard at minimum costs, which will be balanced by economical light sources, as well as the number of lanterns and wall lamps. In this case, darkened areas of the territory can be avoided with a high probability.
Features of outdoor lighting power supply
For urban apartment buildings, the building of the apartment building itself is used as a power source for outdoor lighting systems.
Lighting in the courtyard of a high-rise building
To account for consumed electricity in this situation, a common house electricity meter is used. In this regard, the costs will be distributed among all owners. In this regard, in order to reduce the costs of this item, economical light sources began to be installed to illuminate streets and courtyards located near apartment buildings: fluorescent, gas-discharge and LED light bulbs. From this list maximum savings electricity can be achieved using LED light sources.
Some believe that reducing the cost of paying for consumed external system Electricity lighting is possible using motion sensors.
Motion Sensor
These devices have shown high efficiency at home, but on the street, as an element of the external lighting system for the local area of an apartment building, they have demonstrated less successful results. The fact is that here the operation of motion sensors will not be entirely correct. This is due to the fact that although the timing of the lighting can be programmed depending on the natural light level, the device may respond to the flight of a bird or the movement of pets. As a result, the frequency of false alarms at moments when light is not needed will be many times higher.
Note! Frequently turning lights on and off often causes more negative character for an outdoor lighting electrical network than a constantly burning light.
Modern lighting fixtures for homeowners' associations and housing cooperatives, equipped with photocells, are to a certain extent devoid of the above problems, since they have several operating modes (for example, duty).
Additional features of outdoor lighting
Since lighting devices for external illumination of the local area of any apartment building can be located within human reach, without the use of additional means (for example, stairs), then additional protection of the lamps from vandals is needed. In this regard, all lighting installations located in the courtyard of an apartment building must be equipped with anti-vandal devices.
Anti-vandal protection of the lamp
This will prevent premature damage to the lamp.
Conclusion
The organization of lighting in the local area of any apartment building must be approached not only taking into account the letter of the law, but also the standards that must be adhered to. This will allow you to illuminate the house with high quality and spend a minimum of effort, time and money on supporting this system.
Perhaps, each of us at least once in our lives had to walk without lighting along the stairwell of an entrance in complete darkness in the regions of Russia. And even if in this case it was possible to safely overcome all the steps, the unpleasant sensations we suffered would still remain for a long time. This means that in order to completely eliminate the possibility of something like this happening again, it is necessary to properly organize a reliable and comfortable lighting stairs
The main task when controlling the lighting of staircases is to ensure safe and comfortable movement for all people passing through it. To do this, the light must be directed at the steps from above and clearly highlight the contours of each of them. In addition, the light should create soft rather than harsh shadows to improve people's spatial orientation. It should also be taken into account that well-lit walls create a feeling of security in a person.
Emergency lighting for staircases should also be considered. In case of unforeseen or critical situations, it will help to avoid unnecessary risks.
The AKTEY company in the regions of Russia will be able to offer you at least 10 solutions for staircase lighting for every taste and budget. You can buy our solutions from us or from our dealers in any region of Russia.
Lighting standards for staircases
The level of illumination in staircases is standardized by SNiP 23-05-95* “Natural and artificial lighting”, it ranges from 50 to 100 lux. Particular attention must be paid to the contrast of the steps when lighting them, but at the same time the lamps should not dazzle people passing along flight of stairs. Therefore, light sources are usually placed on ceilings or high on walls.
The most functional and complete solution in the AKTEI portfolio is the LED lamp SA-7008U of the Perseus series. This intelligent product always works in the presence of people, and at the moment when there is no one on the stairs, it turns off completely or goes into standby mode. At this moment, only natural lighting of the staircases of residential buildings works. SA-7008U does not require replacement of lamps; when using this solution, there is no need for any maintenance during the entire period of operation.
The polycarbonate housing, on the one hand, ensures a high light output from the LED module, and on the other hand, significantly reduces glare. The streamlined shape allows the lamps to be used as decorative elements of rooms. The body of the lamp is made of polycarbonate, which, on the one hand, has high light transmission capabilities, and on the other hand, evenly distributes the light flow without causing a blinding effect. The impact resistance of this material and the special streamlined shape provide excellent vandal resistance.
How to make lighting on a staircase?
In addition to the fact that the lighting of stairs and landings in the entrances of residential buildings is intended to ensure the safety and comfort of the residents of the house, it must be energy-saving and vandal-proof, that is, protected from external destruction, breakdown and theft. The use of lamps with sensors will allow you to save up to 98% of electricity on lighting. Anti-vandal protection of LED lamps is provided by a durable polycarbonate housing; special fasteners protect against theft.
Since luminaires on staircases and flights often work around the clock, the absolute value of the savings, both in Watts and in rubles, can be quite significant.
At AKTEY you can choose the optimal solution for your staircase from the following options:
- LED lamps of the Perseus series - SA-7008U, SA-7006, SA-7006D, SA-7106E;
- LED lamps DBB 64-08 and DBB 64-08D;
- lamps and sockets with sensors for lamps with E27 socket - CA-18, CA-19, CA-20.
LED lamp SA-7008U, Perseus series
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Energy-saving LED lamp for housing and communal services SA-7006D, "Perseus" series
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Energy-saving lamp SA-18 optical-acoustic
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