Types of depreciation of production assets. Depreciation of fixed assets of an enterprise: concept and types

Topic 12. Basic and working capital enterprises (firms)

12.2. Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets, their types. Reproduction of fixed assets

Depreciation of fixed assets is determined and accounted for buildings and structures, transmission devices, machinery and equipment, vehicles, production and household equipment, draft animals, perennial plantings that have reached operational age, and intangible assets.

Depreciation of fixed assets is determined for a full calendar year (regardless of what month of the reporting year they were acquired or constructed) in accordance with established standards.

Depreciation is not charged in excess of 100% of the cost of fixed assets. Accrued depreciation in the amount of 100% of the cost of objects (items) that are suitable for further use cannot serve as a basis for writing them off due to complete wear and tear.

There are two types of wear and tear - physical and moral. Physical deterioration is a change in the mechanical, physical, chemical and other properties of material objects under the influence of labor processes, natural forces and other factors. IN economically physical wear and tear is the loss of original use value due to wear, disrepair and obsolescence.

For determining physical wear and tear fixed assets two methods of calculation are used. The first is based on the comparability of physical and standard service lives or volumes of work. The second is based on data on the technical condition of labor equipment installed during the inspection process.

The coefficient of physical wear and tear (I) based on the volume of work can be established only for those objects that have a certain productivity (machines, machine tools). This coefficient can be determined by the formula

And =<Т ф х П ф)/(Т н X P n),

where Tf is the number of years actually worked by the machine;

Pf – the average amount of products actually produced per year;

P n – annual production capacity (or standard productivity) of equipment;

Physical wear and tear over service life can be applied to all types of fixed assets. The coefficient of physical wear and tear over service life is determined by the formula

u = t,/g n,

where T f - is the actual service life of the means of labor;

Tn – standard service life.

Obsolescence manifests itself in the loss of economic efficiency and feasibility of using fixed assets before the expiration of complete physical wear and tear. There are two types of obsolescence. The first type is a reduction in the cost of machinery or equipment due to the reduction in the cost of their reproduction in modern conditions. In this case, the relative value of obsolescence (I) is calculated using the formula

I = (Ф, - Ф 2)/Ф„

where F, F 2 are the initial and replacement costs of fixed assets, respectively.

Obsolescence of the second type is due to the creation and introduction into production of more productive and economical types of machinery and equipment. Obsolescence of the second type can be partial or complete, and also have a hidden form. It is determined by the formula

B y = (B s x P y)/P s,

where В с, В у – replacement cost of modern and obsolete machines;

P s, P y – productivity (or production capacity) of modern and outdated machines. Partial obsolescence - this is a partial loss of consumer value and the value of the machine. Its constantly increasing size may be the reason for using this machine in other operations, where it will still be quite effective.

Complete obsolescence represents a complete depreciation of the machine, in which its further use is unprofitable.

I A Hidden Form of Obsolescence implies a threat of depreciation of the machine due to the fact that the task for the development of a new one has been approved; more productive and economical equipment. ■ Depreciation of fixed assets- this is the transfer of part of the value of fixed assets to a newly created product for the subsequent reproduction of fixed assets by the time they are completely worn out. Depreciation in cash expresses the depreciation of fixed assets and is allocated to production costs (cost) based on depreciation rates.

The depreciation rate for complete restoration (renovation) (N a) is determined by the formula

N a = K f p - L

where F p is the initial cost of fixed assets, rub.; L – liquidation value of fixed assets, rub.; D – cost of dismantling liquidated fixed assets and other costs associated with liquidation, rub.; T a – depreciation period, year.

Depreciation charges for fixed assets begin from the first month following the month the object was accepted for accounting, and are accrued until the cost of the object is fully repaid or it is written off from accounting in connection with the termination of ownership or other property rights.

Annual depreciation charges are calculated in one of the following ways:

in a linear way, based on the original cost of fixed assets and depreciation rates;

reducing balance method based on the residual value of fixed assets and depreciation rates;

the method of writing off the cost by the sum of the number of years of useful life, based on the initial cost of fixed assets and the annual ratio, where the numerator is the number of years remaining until the end of the asset’s service life, the denominator is the number of years of the asset’s service life;

by writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works), based on the volume of product output in physical terms in the reporting period and the ratio of the initial cost of fixed assets and the expected volume of products (work) for the entire useful life of fixed assets.

The use of one of the methods for calculations for a group of homogeneous fixed assets is carried out throughout the entire useful life.

During the reporting year, depreciation charges are accrued monthly, regardless of the calculation method used, in the amount of!/12 of the annual amount.

There are two forms reproduction of fixed assets – simple and advanced. At simple reproduction it is planned to replace outdated equipment and overhaul equipment, while expanded reproduction - This is primarily new construction, as well as reconstruction and modernization of existing enterprises.

Restoration of fixed assets can be carried out through repair, modernization and reconstruction.

Previous

Depreciation of fixed assets.Wear and tear characterizes the aging processexisting fixed assets both in physical and economicin a technical sense. Depreciation of fixed assets is determined and accounted for buildings and structures, transmission devices, machinery and equipment, vehicles, production and household equipment, draft animals, perennial plantings that have reached operational age, and intangible assets. Depreciation of fixed assets is determined for a full calendar year (regardless of what month of the reporting year they were acquired or constructed) in accordance with established standards. Depreciation is not charged in excess of 100% of the cost of fixed assets. Accrued depreciation in the amount of 100% of the cost of objects (items) that are suitable for further use cannot serve as a basis for writing them off due to wear and tear.

There are two types of wear and tear - physical and moral (Fig. 10.4).

Rice. 10.4. Depreciation of fixed assets

Physical deterioration- this is a change in the mechanical, physical, chemical and other properties of material objects under the influence of labor processes, natural forces and other factors. In economic terms, physical wear and tear represents the loss of original use value due to wear, disrepair and obsolescence. To determine the physical wear and tear of fixed assets, two calculation methods are used - by volume of work and by service life.

The first method of calculating wear and tear - by volume of work - is based on the comparability of actual and standard service lives or volumes of work. Physical wear rate (AND) can be established only for those objects that have a certain productivity (machines, machine tools). This coefficient can be determined by the formula

The second method of calculating wear and tear - based on service life - is based on data on the technical condition of labor equipment, established during the inspection process. The physical depreciation coefficient can be applied to all types of fixed assets. The coefficient of physical wear and tear over service life is determined by the formula

Obsolescence manifests itself in the loss of economic efficiency and feasibility of using fixed assets before the expiration of complete physical wear and tear. Obsolescence of the first type is a decrease in the cost of machinery or equipment due to the reduction in the cost of their reproduction in modern conditions. In this case, the relative amount of obsolescence (AND) calculated by the formula

Obsolescence of the second type is due to the creation and introduction into production of more productive and economical types of machinery and equipment. Obsolescence of the second type can be partial or complete, and also have a hidden form. It is determined by the formula

Partial obsolescence- this is a partial loss of use value and value of the machine. Its constantly increasing size may lead to the use of this machine in other operations where it will still be quite effective. Complete obsolescence represents a complete depreciation of the machine at which its further use is unprofitable. A Hidden Form of Obsolescence implies a threat of depreciation of the machine due to the fact that the task for the development of new, more productive and economical equipment has been approved.

Depreciation of fixed assets.Depreciation of fixed assets - this is the transfer of part of the value of fixed assets to a newly created product for the subsequent reproduction of fixed assets at the timebefore they are completely worn out. Depreciation in cash expresses the depreciation of fixed assets and is charged to production costs (cost) based on depreciation rates. Depreciation ratetions for complete restoration (renovation) (#a) is determined by the formula

Where F P - initial cost of fixed assets, rub.; L - liquidation value of fixed assets, rub.; D- cost of dismantling liquidated fixed assets and other costs associated with liquidation, rub.; G a - depreciation period, year.

Depreciation charges for fixed assets are accrued from the first month following the month the object was accepted for accounting until the full repayment of the cost of the object or its write-off from accounting in connection with the termination of ownership or other property rights. Annual depreciation is calculated using one of the following methods (methods):

in a linear way, based on the original cost of fixed assets and depreciation rates;

reducing balance method based on the residual value of fixed assets and depreciation rates;

method of writing off the cost by the sum of the number of years of useful lifeno use, based on the initial cost of fixed assets and the annual ratio, where the numerator is the number of years remaining until the end of the service life of the object, and the denominator is the service life of the object;

method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of productionduction (works), based on the volume of production in physical terms in the reporting period and the ratio of the initial cost of fixed assets and the expected volume of production (work) for the entire useful life of fixed assets.

The use of one of the methods for calculations for a group of homogeneous fixed assets is carried out throughout the entire useful life. During the reporting year, depreciation is accrued monthly, regardless of the calculation method used, in the amount 1 / P annual amount. In accordance with the Accounting Rules, enterprises can use all four methods of calculating annual depreciation. However, for profit tax purposes, according to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, annual depreciation is calculated by two methods - linear or non-linear (Table 10.1). When calculating the amount of depreciation using the straight-line method, the formula is used

Where TO- depreciation rate as a percentage of the original (replacement) cost of the property; P- useful life of the property, months.

Table 10.1 Depreciation methods

Depreciationgroup	Useful lifeproperty, pet	Method for calculating depreciation amounts
		Linear or nonlinear method (optionally)
		Linear method

Depreciation is calculated using the non-linear method using the formula

Where TO- depreciation rate as a percentage of the residual value of the property.

Example. Let's consider the choice of depreciation method using a simplified example: depreciation group V, equipment with an initial cost of 1 million rubles. and a period of use of 10 years.

1. Linear depreciation. Let us determine the monthly and annual depreciation rates according to the following scheme:

K =(1/l) x 100%;

TO months = 1/120 months x 100% = 0.8333%;

TO cha = 1/10 years x 100% = 10% of the original (replacement) cost of the property.

The result of calculating depreciation is presented in table. 10.2. Linear depreciation is characterized by the fact that the cost is written off evenly and by the end of the useful life a zero residual value is achieved.

Table 10.2 Calculation of depreciation using the straight-line method(end of year data)

	Amount of depreciation, rub.		Residual price equipment, rub.
	monthly average	for 12 months (year)
Fourth-seventh

2. Non-linear depreciation. Monthly and annual depreciation rates are calculated according to the following scheme:

K = 21 p x 100%;

TO YEAR = 2/10 x 100% = 20% of the residual value of the equipment.

The results of depreciation calculations are presented in table. 10.3. With the non-linear method of calculating depreciation, deductions are gradually reduced and the cost of equipment or buildings is not completely written off. Therefore, if the residual value of the equipment has reached 20% of the original value, then this amount is divided by the remaining useful life and written off evenly. In our example (see Table 10.3), at the end of the seventh year of useful use of the equipment, its residual value reached 20% of the original value and amounted to 209,920 rubles. This amount is divided by the remaining useful life (36 months) and written off evenly (monthly) over three years:

209,920/36 = 5831 rub./month. or

5831 x 12 months. = 69,973 rub./year.

Table 10.3 Calculation of depreciation using the nonlinear method(end of year data)

	Depreciation for the year, rub.	Residual value of equipment, rub.
Fourth

Linear and nonlinear methods of calculating depreciation are graphically presented in Fig. 10.5.

Rice. 10.5. Linear and non-linear methods of calculating depreciation

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of “wear and tear” and “depreciation” of fixed assets. Depreciation of fixed assets is determined and taken into account for almost all types of fixed assets, regardless of whether depreciation is charged on them or not. For fixed assets for which depreciation is calculated, depreciation is assumed to be equal to depreciation. For fixed assets for which depreciation is not charged, depreciation is determined based on their useful life.

Any company or organization in the process of its activities not only has a useful result in the form of profit, but also incurs a certain share of costs, that is, the costs necessary to carry out activities in accordance with its specialization. The largest part of all expenses of a company or enterprise consists of costs for production factors (labor, capital, land, entrepreneurship, information, etc.), raw materials and supplies (fixed and auxiliary), as well as for the acquisition and use of fixed production assets.

Fixed assets of an enterprise (FFA) are represented by material capital, which is embodied in buildings, various structures (bridges, tunnels), machinery and equipment and other productive and useful means of labor. Fixed assets have long service lives; as a rule, they are calculated in several years, and if these are buildings and construction structures, then in decades. This type of resource is not consumed in one production cycle, but serves for a long time and, as a result, is subject to wear and tear (breakage, obsolescence, etc.).

Working capital is a type of capital that consists of raw materials (material capital), cash (financial capital), and labor (labor capital). In other words, these are resources that are the subject of labor, they contribute to the production process, create favorable conditions for the production of goods and services by putting them into circulation. For example, materials and raw materials are the primary source of finished products, lubricating oils are a necessary product for the continuous operation of equipment. In general, working capital is used and completely spent in one production cycle; accordingly, they transfer their value to the manufactured product entirely and immediately.

Depreciation is the process of loss of the original usefulness and value of fixed production assets. Depending on the degree of impact and the reason for the unsuitability of fixed assets, two types of depreciation of the fixed assets are distinguished.

1. Physical wear and tear can be represented as the loss of the original useful properties of those fixed assets that are intensively used in the production process, depending on the rationality of such use. In other words, over long-term or irrational use, fixed assets tend to wear out, i.e., they can no longer be used in the production process and must be replaced. Physical wear and tear can also be represented as a process of deterioration of the technical and economic characteristics of fixed assets, which occurs under the influence of the labor process, natural forces (for example, metal corrosion) or due to their non-use. Physical wear and tear of the first degree is directly related to the pace and volume of production and is calculated as variable costs. Regular use of OPFs during the production process makes them of little use over time. This type of wear and tear is an inevitable phenomenon; sooner or later the company is forced to purchase new equipment due to the unsuitability of the previous one. Physical wear and tear of the second degree determines the degree of destruction of those production assets that for some reason were not put into production (i.e. due to idle equipment) or were used extremely irrationally. It turns out that this type of wear characterizes the essence of the production process, shows the degree of its efficiency, rationality and is in no way related to the duration of use. These are the so-called fixed costs of the company, which have negative returns.

2. Obsolescence - is defined as a decrease in the value of the OPF, not associated with the end of its service life. This situation may arise for the following reasons:

1) due to the emergence of modern productive and economical machines and machines, for example, in the process of developing scientific and technical progress products. With the advent of new technologies, previous means of labor lose their usefulness and go out of circulation; they simply cannot compete with them. If we talk about the results, then, on the one hand, this leads to an increase in production efficiency as a whole, and on the other hand, it causes an increase in costs, which is associated with the write-off of old equipment before the end of its service life;

2) reduction in prices on the factor of production market. For example, if there is a fall in consumer demand in the real estate market, this causes the relative price of housing to decline. In this case, it turns out to be extremely unprofitable for construction organizations and developers to carry out construction and invest huge capital in this process. At the same time, equipment, in this case cranes, lose their useful properties. Thus, obsolescence, like physical wear and tear of the second degree, should be classified as a fixed cost, since it also does not depend on the volume of output.

A feature of fixed assets is their reusability. However, their operation time has certain periods, which are limited by wear and tear and useful life.

Under depreciation of fixed assets and intangible assets should be understood as a gradual loss of its value or useful use with a corresponding transfer to production costs.

There are physical, moral and social wear and tear of fixed assets.

I. Physical wear and tear– is the loss of fixed assets of their production and technical qualities during operation and the influence of natural and climatic conditions.

Physical wear that occurs during the operation of an object is called physical wear of the first kind. It is predominant and determines the extent of wear, the need for repair work and the service life of the object. Physical wear that occurs when equipment is inactive as a result of natural physical and chemical influences is called physical wear of the second type.

The amount of physical wear and tear is influenced by a number of factors:

The degree of load on fixed assets in the production process;

Quality of fixed assets;

Features of the technological process and degree of protection from external conditions;

The qualifications of workers and their relationship to fixed assets;

Quality of care for fixed assets;

To determine physical wear and tear, two calculation methods are used: 1. based on a comparison of actual and standard service lives and volumes of work; 2.based on data on the technical condition of the means of labor established during the inspection process.

The coefficient of physical wear and tear by volume of work is calculated only for those inventory items that have a certain productivity (machines, machine tools). And it is calculated by the formula:

I f = (T f * P f)/ (T n * P n) * 100%,

T f - the number of years actually worked by the machine;

T n - standard service life;

P f - the average amount of products actually produced per year;

P n - annual production capacity (or standard labor productivity).

The physical depreciation of individual inventory objects can be determined using the coefficient of physical depreciation by service life (used for all types of fixed assets), based on the fact that physical deterioration occurs evenly throughout the entire service life of the object below the standard.

I f = T f / T n * 100%,

If the actual service life is equal to or greater than the standard one, then the physical wear coefficient is calculated using the formula:

And f = T f / (T f + T c)

T in – the possible remaining service life of the object in excess of the service life actually achieved at the moment.

The physical condition of fixed assets on a certain date is characterized by the serviceability coefficient of the fixed assets, which is calculated by the formula:

K g = [(P s - I)/P s ]* 100%

where P s is the initial cost of fixed assets (or replacement cost);

I - the amount of wear and tear (depreciation over the entire period of operation).

II. In addition to physical wear and tear, obsolescence of fixed assets- this is the loss of economic efficiency and feasibility of using fixed production assets before the expiration of complete physical wear and tear. In this case, the loss of value occurs regardless of whether fixed assets participated in the production process or not. There are two types of obsolescence:

Obsolescence of the 1st kind is caused by an increase in labor productivity in industries producing elements of the fixed capital, due to which the production of previously produced machines is carried out with less labor costs and they become cheaper.

And m = (P s - V s / P s) * 100%,

where P s and V s are the initial and replacement cost of fixed assets.

Obsolescence of the second kind is associated with the emergence of new, more productive equipment produced at the same costs, which leads to a decrease in the relative usefulness of obsolete fixed assets.

Im= (P2 - P1)/P2*100%,

where P 2, P 1 - the productivity of modern and outdated machines.

When considering obsolescence of the second type, partial complete and hidden obsolescence are distinguished.

Partial obsolescence is a partial loss of consumer value and value of machines. It may be advisable to use machines in other operations, in other production conditions, where it will still be effective.

Complete obsolescence is the complete depreciation of a machine when its operation in any conditions is unprofitable.

Hidden obsolescence - implies the threat of depreciation of the machine due to the fact that there is a task to develop a new, more productive and economical one.

III. Social wear and tear– is determined by the degree of discrepancy between the social characteristics of a given period and its socially normal level. This discrepancy may be due to two reasons:

Due to the physical wear and tear of labor, its social characteristics change (for example, a decrease in safety, an increase in harmful emissions, dustiness of the workplace, etc.) in this case, social wear and tear is an element of physical wear and tear.

Due to changes in the level of socially normal social characteristics (for example, the severity of the illumination standards of the workplace, the maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances, etc.) in this case, social wear and tear is an element of obsolescence.

Together, these two concepts constitute social wear and tear, which has two varieties:

1. The moral form of social wear and tear is caused by the emergence of new technology that improves working conditions and changes in the level of socially normal norms (in terms of working conditions)

2. The environmental form of obsolescence is caused by the emergence of new technology, which, to a lesser extent than the previous one, has a negative impact on the environment, as well as by tightening standards and restrictions on the degree and nature of the impact of production on the environment. This type of wear has global consequences. Consideration of different types of social wear and tear shows that it is more economically profitable to prevent environmental pollution and create progressive working conditions from the very beginning than to deal with the consequences of unfavorable conditions.

Depreciation of the equipment is a partial or complete loss of consumer value and the cost of equipment both during operation and during inactivity. In this case, two types of wear and tear are distinguished: physical and moral. Physical wear and tear occurs due to aging of equipment and loss of its performance, and moral wear and tear occurs due to loss of competitiveness.

Physical wear and tear refers to the loss of the means of labor of their original qualities. Physical wear and tear is the loss of fixed assets of their consumer value as a result of wear of parts, exposure to natural factors and aggressive environments.

Obsolescence is manifested in the fact that outdated OPFs in their design, productivity, efficiency, and quality of products lag behind the latest models.

Reproduction of industrial enterprises on an expanded basis, their renewal, and covering losses from moral and physical wear and tear when they are not fully used require the mobilization of huge funds both from society and from individual production cells.

Wear can occur due to many reasons: aging of equipment, loss of its competitiveness, etc.

The intensity of wear depends on the design features of the OPF, the quality of manufacture, the nature and operating conditions, the state of maintenance and other factors.

The nature of wear and tear manifests itself in the same or almost the same way when affecting various types of property, be it real estate, energy, work, information, machinery and equipment. The general requirements boil down to the following: generalization (systematization) of accumulated experience in assessing wear of all types; description and justification of the nature of occurrence of all types of wear; standardization of factors influencing the amount of all types of wear; proposal and justification of new approaches; development of a methodology for assessing wear and tear when estimating the cost of machinery and equipment for various purposes; preparation of methodological materials as a basis for the development of recommendations (standards) for determining and calculating wear of all types; creation of a software tool in the form of an application for use in programs for computer assessment of the cost of machinery and equipment.

Almost everywhere in the accompanying documentation for the product, the manufacturer reports the conditions for the impact of various factors associated with improper operation on the life of the product. From the point of view of assessing value, these parameters are often decisive when assessing the condition of a product. Information about this is collected by interviewing operational personnel (technical services, chief engineer, chief mechanic), as well as from the results of studying operational documents, if any. Naturally, the appraiser needs knowledge of the production technology and the product itself. This involves mandatory inspection of both the product itself and the products produced on it. This allows you to obtain additional information about the condition of such products. It is possible to collect new data from a survey of technical control service workers. Sometimes you can obtain the necessary information as a result of studying technological data sheets for products, the results of sample control of products, data from factory laboratories on the metrological characteristics of both equipment and products manufactured with its help.

It is known that during the operation of OPFs there comes a period when they need to be repaired, improved or replaced with new ones. To repair an old car or buy a new car, you need money. They are created and accumulated during the operation of the machine, since in the process of labor part of its value is transferred to the newly created product. Compensation for depreciation of OPF and their reproduction is carried out through depreciation. As a result, the company quickly updates equipment and expands production based on the latest technology.

Depreciation and depreciation are not identical concepts. Depreciation in cash expresses the degree of depreciation of the capital asset. It may not coincide with the amount of depreciation at certain periods of the year, since OPFs wear out unevenly, and depreciation is accrued in equal shares throughout the year.

Depreciation is compensation in monetary form for the cost of depreciation of the capital asset. It is a method of gradually transferring the value of funds to manufactured products. Deductions intended to reimburse the cost of a worn-out part are called depreciation. Depreciation charges accumulate to form a depreciation fund.

The amount of depreciation is the amount of depreciation of the general fund, expressed in monetary form, for a certain period.

The depreciation rate is the amount of depreciation charges established as a percentage for each type of general public fund for a certain period.

There are two main methods of calculating depreciation: uniform (linear) and accelerated (non-linear). With the straight-line method, depreciation is calculated monthly based on its monthly rate. If accelerated, it is calculated by dividing the annual depreciation rate by 12.

Reducing the degree of wear and tear is facilitated by the renewal of general operating assets as a result of the introduction of new means of labor through new construction, reconstruction and technical re-equipment, as well as the write-off of physically worn out and obsolete general operating assets from the balance sheet of enterprises.

An increase in the number of production equipment, an increase in its power, loads and degree of automation - all this causes a significant increase in the volume and complexity of repair and maintenance work. In production conditions, increasing the reliability and durability of equipment is possible only with the correct methods of its operation and repair. One of the most important conditions for ensuring high quality repairs is strict adherence to existing GOSTs regulating the procedure for handing over equipment for repairs, its implementation and acceptance of repaired equipment.

The company uses repair work and conservation of fixed assets as a way to reduce equipment wear.

It becomes obvious that all types of repairs are economically feasible. Attention should be paid to the fact that the amount of actual costs for carrying out all types of repairs in real conditions, as a rule, exceeds the amount of depreciation charges. There are several reasons for this, but the main ones are outdated standards of contributions for the restoration of fixed assets and inflationary processes. In this case, the products accumulate irreparable cumulative wear. Often repairs are carried out by operating personnel and the costs of repairs are not reflected in accounting documents. Over time, repair costs naturally increase. Between repairs, total operating costs also increase. This is due to some loss of consumer characteristics of the product - wear of equipment, wear and loss of fixtures and tools, and an increase in the percentage of defects. This is associated with a decrease in product performance. Ultimately, all this increases costs and reduces the competitiveness of manufactured products.

You can reduce costs for unused fixed assets by leasing temporarily unloaded equipment, conserving fixed assets, and selling property.

Financing of repair work is carried out by including expenses in the cost of production and sales of products with the subsequent allocation of funds from the proceeds from sales to ensure repairs. To ensure uniform inclusion of repair costs in the cost of products (works, services), a repair fund is formed.

Each enterprise should ensure the accumulation of funds (sources) necessary for the acquisition and restoration of permanently worn-out fixed assets. Based on a study of the patterns of physical and moral wear and tear, the period of economic wear and tear of a given type of means of labor is determined, which underlies the approved standard service life of the OPF.