Land fund and types of land. Types of land, their classification and characteristics

Agricultural lands are lands provided for the needs of Agriculture, other lands intended for these purposes in accordance with territorial planning. In agricultural economics, instead of the term “Land,” the term “Land” is used, since each piece of land is qualitatively different from the other.

Land can be divided into two groups: agricultural and non-agricultural.

Agricultural land is land, systematically used to obtain one or another type of agricultural product, is the main means of production. These include arable land, perennial plantings, fallow lands, hayfields and pastures (without deer). They differ among themselves in the types of cultivated groups of plants and the method of cultivation of the land and plants, that is, in the complex of agrotechnical measures used. The area of ​​agricultural land in Russia is more than 168 million hectares.

Lands not directly used for agricultural production include forests, shrubs, and swamps; lands under water, roads, runs, buildings, courtyards, squares, etc.; sands and other lands not used in agriculture (pits, ravines, ridges, salt marshes, etc.).

The main land users in the country are agricultural enterprises and organizations, which account for over 80% of all agricultural land. They are obliged to effectively use the land, treat it with care, and increase fertility.

The most intensive type of agricultural land is arable land, which accounts for over 50.0% of it. total area. Arable land (arable land) is agricultural land that is systematically cultivated and used for sowing crops. Pure fallow also applies to arable land. All plowed and newly developed lands belong to arable land. Growing crops cultivated on arable land requires labor, seeds, fertilizers, petroleum products, etc. These costs must be recouped by the resulting products.

Product yield per 1 hectare of arable land is the highest compared to other types of agricultural land. As a result of this, it is necessary to use it most effectively, avoiding a decrease in size, and, if possible, take measures to increase them.

Perennial plantings are lands occupied by trees, shrubs or herbaceous plants. perennial plants intended for the production of fruit and berry, technical or medicinal products, as well as decorative design territories. This type of farmland includes gardens, berry fields, fruit nurseries, and plantations.

Hayfields are agricultural lands constantly occupied by perennial grasses that are systematically mowed for hay production. Subtypes of hayfields: flooded dry lands, wetlands. Flood and dry hayfields can be improved: after radical (with cutting the turf) or surface (without cutting the turf) improvement. Pastures are agricultural lands permanently occupied by perennial grasses and systematically used mainly for the removal of animals. Pastures can be upland and swampy, and both can be clean, covered with bushes and woody growth, hummocky, and upland pastures can also be improved. Long-term cultivated pastures are also used for grazing livestock - created on arable, hay and pasture lands after their radical improvement. agricultural land Romodanovsky

Fallow lands are agricultural land that was previously arable, but has not been used for sowing crops for more than a year and has not been prepared for fallow. Deposits are divided into erosion-prone, rocky, bushy, etc.

The transfer of agricultural land to the category of land for non-agricultural needs is allowed in exceptional cases in the manner established by the Land Code of the Russian Federation.

In addition to agricultural land, agricultural enterprises have significant areas of other types of land that are not used for production. Such lands include forests and other forested lands, shrubs, swamps, ponds, reservoirs, so-called inconvenient lands (salt licks, heavily leached and washed away lands, rocky, etc.).

Many of the listed lands have the potential to be converted into valuable types of agricultural land - arable land, orchards and vineyards, hayfields and pastures. To do this, swamps are drained, salt licks and salt marshes are cultivated, stones are removed, and a range of other cultural and technical activities are carried out.

The available types of land have a certain influence on the organization of agricultural production. The presence of large areas of arable land on the farm makes it possible to successfully produce grain, potatoes and other crops. If a farm has significant areas of hayfields and pastures, it focuses its activities on the development of livestock sectors. At large areas perennial plantings are developing horticulture, viticulture, etc.

Agreeing with the indisputable fact that the earth is an object of purposeful organizational system According to the management (and above all legal) land resources of Ukraine, that a land plot is the main land cadastral unit and that it consists of land of different qualities, we inevitably come to the conclusion that the main element of the land cadastre should be considered the land.

The first free benefits of nature were hunting, fishing and other lands, and later agricultural land appeared. land. The variety of their properties showed that the main feature of the difference between agricultural products. land is determined by the nature of land use, and land is classified according to its main purpose and systematic use for certain production purposes.

Thus, land is plots of land that are systematically used or suitable for use for specific economic purposes and are distinguished by natural and historical characteristics.

According to modern classification Agricultural land includes land that is directly used for agricultural production. products: plowing, perennial plantings, hayfields, pastures, fallow lands.

Plowing is land that is systematically cultivated for agricultural crops. crops These do not include planting row spacing that is temporarily plowed, or pastures and hayfields that are plowed for the period of grass renewal.

Perennial plantations are land plots under artificially created tree plantations and perennial grasses. Of the total area of ​​perennial plantings, gardens, vineyards, fruit nurseries, hop gardens, tea plantations, essential oil plants, etc. are taken into account separately.

Hayfields are areas of land used for haymaking. They are upland, flooded and swampy. The first two of them are divided into hayfields for surface and radical improvement, and permanently highly moist lands are considered wetlands. All three types of hayfields are divided into clean, weakly bushy, medium and strongly bushy, slightly tussocked, or slightly saline, medium and heavily tussocked, or medium and heavily forested.

Pastures are lands that are constantly used for grazing (neither hayfields nor fallow lands). They are divided into dry and swampy. The first of them are divided into perennial and improved. The latter include those located in conditions of excessive moisture. From both types of hayfields, clean, weakly bushy, medium and strongly bushy, weakly bushed, lightly forested, moderately developed and heavily forested, mountain pastures are distinguished, for transhumance (summer, spring-autumn, winter year-round), as well as watered pastures.

Fallow lands are lands that were previously plowed and that have not been plowed or used for growing crops for more than one year. These include plowed areas of hayfields and pastures left for natural overgrowth with grass.

In addition to the above agricultural land, forest areas, tree and shrub plantations, swamps, lands under water, lands under roads, runs and clearings, buildings, lands under courtyards, streets, squares and lands not used in agriculture are subject to separate accounting.

Forest areas are areas covered with forest crops (closed, not closed, clearings, clearings, fires and dead plantings, cutting areas, clearings, wastelands, tree nurseries).

Tree and shrub plantings are land plots not included in the forest fund, occupied by forest belts and other tree and shrub plantings, trees on the lands of agricultural enterprises, organizations, institutions and citizens, strips along railways, roads and canals, trees on summer cottages. Forest belts include field and garden protection, ravine and ravine forest belts, ravine forest belts and strips on sand for protection against erosion.

Swamps are excessively wet land areas with the presence of decomposed and semi-decomposed peat deposits. I distinguish between raised, transitional and lowland swamps. The former are moistened by precipitation, the latter - by precipitation, soil

AND surface waters, others - mainly surface and water.

Underwater lands are lands occupied by natural and artificial reservoirs. In this case, lands with rivers and lakes, including freshwater ones, reservoirs, ponds, canals, collectors, etc., are subject to separate accounting.

Roads, runs and clearings are lands under railways, highways, country roads, on-farm roads, cattle runs and clearings.

Lands under courtyards, streets and squares are lands under production centers, field camps, streets and squares, and under public buildings - occupied by industrial, cultural, household and other houses and structures. Lands not used in agriculture include sands without vegetation, ravines deeper than 1 m, lands under landslides, screes, clayey, crushed stone and pebble surfaces and other unused lands.

The land fund of Ukraine has large land resources (60.3 million hectares), which, if managed effectively, can provide its citizens with a decent life.

S.-kh. lands (not to be confused with agricultural lands) occupy 41.9 million hectares of the country, and about 10.2 million hectares are under forests. All settlements, including cities, occupy an area of ​​slightly more than 6.9 million. ha.

The denationalization of lands during the land reform (1991-1998) led to fundamental changes in the land fund of Ukraine. The ownership structure has changed from exclusively state ownership of land, inclusive, to private ownership of individuals and legal entities.

The Constitution of Ukraine proclaims the right of ownership of land to millions of citizens of the country who have become owners, users, tenants and managers of the land.

In this regard, questions government controlled the country's land resources are not only not removed from the agenda, but are becoming increasingly acute, relevant and topical.

Economic and social problems countries urgently demand improvement of land relations, formation regulatory framework to define and secure rights and responsibilities for the use of land.

These issues have not yet been fully resolved; a number of laws have not been adopted (on the land cadastre, on land regulation, on registration land plots and ownership rights to them, on the protection of land, on the mortgage of land plots, etc.), which are fundamental for the definition and formation of land relations, as well as land management.

Land relations, land management under regulation market economy become important issues.

To reveal the essence of the concept of “land scarcity”, it is appropriate to compare Ukraine with some countries.

Ukraine, among the five powers (Canada, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Belarus), has per 100 people. more than 50 hectares of arable land. After the USA, Russia and Canada, Ukraine ranks 4th (41.9 million hectares) in terms of the availability of agricultural products. land, of which is occupied by arable land (33.3 million hectares).

In terms of arable land, Ukraine ranks first among France, the USA, the Russian Federation and Canada (55.2%), but unlike highly developed countries that have the ability to reduce the arable land fund

Ukraine does not have such an opportunity. IN modern conditions Ukraine cannot stimulate the reduction of arable land, but such a process still occurs due to the lack of

Possibilities for full cultivation of agricultural land. enterprises due to the difficulty of involving in agricultural sector necessary financial and material resources.

As of January 1, 1996, in Ukraine there were 0.80 hectares of land and 0.64 hectares of arable land per capita, which is much less than in Canada. Romania and Poland.

There are several factors for land shortage in Ukraine. First of all, this is the uneven distribution of the rural population, in particular in the Western region of Ukraine, as well as the underdevelopment of other industries in rural areas - light industry, service enterprises.

Nowadays, in land-poor regions of Ukraine, the dominant industry is agriculture, the crisis state of which can become a source of social tension due to the need for layoffs large quantity workers of former collective and state farms. It is therefore clear that the main problem of land-poor regions remains the stimulation of the development of non-agricultural enterprises.

In post-socialist countries, which includes Ukraine, 20-30% of the population is employed in agriculture, and in countries with an industrial economy this figure was 10%.

The fact that in Ukraine the number of people employed in agriculture is greater than, say, in Austria and France, and the population density per 1 m2 is significantly less, indicates that in the rural areas of these countries non-agricultural enterprises are much better developed than in ours . It is they, and not agricultural enterprises, that play the leading role in these countries. In Ukraine, the opposite picture is currently observed.

Compared to European countries Belgium, Denmark, Germany and France, Ukraine ranks: in grains and legumes - 4th place, in sugar beets - 4th place, in sunflower - 2nd place (it is not grown in Belgium and Denmark) , for potatoes - 2nd place.

Our actual per capita food consumption is generally lower than the standard (1990): meat - 80/69, milk - 69/367, eggs - 280/238, potatoes - 123/122, vegetables - 154/125, bakery products — 104/138, but this does not mean that our land and resource potential is insufficient. Both our soil potential and arable area per person are higher than in other countries Western Europe who have achieved prosperity through highly efficient land use.

The comparative efficiency of land use in Ukraine and other countries is: feeds 1.5 people per 1 hectare of plowed land. (more than the USA and Canada, less than Japan, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, Denmark, Finland); feeds 19 people per agricultural worker (less than all the above countries).

It is clear that we need to improve forms of land use and organization of agricultural production.

Analysis of these forms shows that of the two types of farms (personal subsidiary and with socialized forms of production organization), the economic advantage was on the side of the former (their share in 1986-1990 accounted for about 26% of production volume).

In 1991-2001 Along with a change in the form of management, farms began to be created, in which in 1997 2.5% of agricultural products were used. lands.

There are alarming trends here. According to the Land Code of Ukraine, a farm plot should be up to 50 hectares of agricultural land. land and 100 hectares of all land, and in the regions of the Carpathian region, dwarf farm plots are about 5 hectares. The reason for their creation is primarily due to the introduction of private property and the delay in land privatization.

Given the above, it is very important to justify optimal sizes farms of different specializations.

At the same time, there is a decrease in the number of land holdings and land uses with new forms of management.

Questions for self-testing knowledge

1. Explain why a land plot is the main land cadastral unit.

2. Classify lands according to their intended purpose.

3. Characterize agricultural land.

4. Explain the difference between agricultural land and agricultural land.

5. Characterize the land and explain what fallow lands are.

6. Justify the level modern use land resources Ukraine.

Agricultural grounds

Agricultural grounds

land plots (tracts) systematically and systematically used for agricultural production. To agricultural land includes arable land, perennial plantings, fallow lands, hayfields and pastures (except tundra). Arable land– basic source of food production, technical and partly fodder crops. Takes approx. 40% of the total agricultural area lands. Perennial plantings– gardens, berry fields, vineyards, citrus fruits, tea and perennial essential oil plantations, fruit nurseries, etc., as well as fallow land occupy approx. 1% of agricultural area lands. The rest of them fall on hayfields and pastures (flood, estuary, dry, etc.). Through reclamation measures ( irrigation, drainage etc.) unsuitable for agriculture. the use of land is converted into one of the types of agriculture. lands.

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

See what “agricultural land” is in other dictionaries:

agricultural grounds- — EN agricultural land Land used primarily for the production of plant or animal crops, including arable agriculture, dairying, pasturage, apiaries, horticulture, floriculture,… … Technical Translator's Guide

agricultural grounds- Plots of land used in agricultural production: arable land, perennial plantings (gardens, etc.), fallow lands, hayfields and pastures. Syn.: cultivated lands... Dictionary of Geography

Agricultural grounds- 1. Agricultural lands: arable land, hayfields, pastures, fallow lands, lands occupied by perennial plantings (orchards, vineyards and others), as part of agricultural lands, have priority in use and are subject to special... ... Official terminology

agricultural grounds- žemės ūkio naudmenos statusas T sritis ekologija ir aplinkotyra apibrėžtis Žemės naudmenos (ariamoji žemė, sodai, pievos, ganyklos), naudojamos arba tinkamos naudoti be papildomų gerinimo priemonių žemės ūkio produkcijai auginti. Pasaulio žemės… … Ekologijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas

agricultural grounds- ▲ territory to occupy (with what), agriculture land territory involved in economic activity (# land, forest, hunting, swamp, fodder). pasture. pasture. grazing pasture (outdated). mowing. haymaking. reap. ↓ park… Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

Agriculture is a branch of the economy aimed at providing the population with food (food, food) and obtaining raw materials for a number of industries. The industry is one of the most important, represented in almost all countries. In... ... Wikipedia

Agricultural grounds- arable lands, hayfields, pastures, fallow lands, lands occupied by perennial plantations; S.u. as part of agricultural lands have priority in use and are subject to special protection... Environmental law of Russia: dictionary of legal terms

Agricultural grounds- land plots occupied by arable land, hayfields, pastures, perennial fruit plantations, i.e. directly used for growing agricultural products... Large legal dictionary

valuable agricultural land- 3.34 valuable agricultural land: Irrigated, drained and other reclaimed lands occupied by perennial fruit plantations and vineyards, as well as areas with high natural soil fertility and other equivalent... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Land plots (arable land, perennial crops, hayfields and pastures) used for agricultural production. In 1986, the USSR had 559 million hectares of agricultural land (arable land 227.4 million, hayfields 33.7 million, pastures... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Magazine "Instructions and Consolations of the Holy Christian Faith". Binder of issues Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12 for 1896 and Nos. 1, 2, 6, 7, 10 for 1897, . Odessa, 1896 - 1897 Publication of the St. Andrew's Russian monastery on St. Mount Athos. Owner's binding. The condition is good. We present to your attention a filing…

The division of land into categories is a consequence of the zoning of territories and the determination of state strategy. For example, agricultural lands include areas with fertile soil, forest lands should be covered with forest vegetation, and specially protected natural areas should be of great value for science and conservation optimal properties ecological environment.

In accordance with the norms of the Land Code, the belonging of land to a category is the legal regime for its use. From this we can conclude that the category of land is a legally established description of standard properties.

1. Settlements (settlements);
2. agricultural purposes (agricultural);
3. special purpose (for example, lands occupied for industrial and energy facilities, communications, country security facilities, etc.);
4. specially protected natural areas (SPNA);
5. forest fund;
6. water fund;
7. state reserve.

The last category is distinguished not so much by the principle of use as by underuse. IN big country There will always be lands that are not in demand in the national economic system - this is the country’s land reserve. The greatest turnover of land is typical for the categories of agricultural purposes and settlements. In addition, the opportunity has arisen to transfer ownership of forest lands, but citizens are in no hurry to take advantage of it.

What is the type of permitted land use (WRI)

The concept of permitted use of a land plot is of a clarifying nature within the framework of the intended purpose. The introduction of this concept is a consequence of more detailed zoning of the territory on the scale of a federal subject, region or other territorial division. However, a land plot owned by a farmer may have a different permitted use within the same intended purpose.

In addition, there is a division of the permitted use into the following types:

1. basic;
2. conditionally permitted;
3. auxiliary.

Conditionally permitted type of land use

The conditionally permitted type of use of the land plot serves as a supplement within the category and permitted use. This addition occurs when it is not possible to create a classifier for all occasions.

In order to establish an additional standard, it is necessary to go through a special procedure for approvals and public hearings at the Land Use and Development Commission. Such an expansion of the VRI is possible only if it is provided for by local urban planning regulations.

Auxiliary permitted uses

Ancillary types of permitted use specify the actions performed within the framework of other types of use. A clarifying nature may consist, for example, in the placement of some small objects - garages, transformer box, fence, etc. Thus, a potential developer needs to fit into the intended purpose and main type of permitted use of its territory.

Other types of permitted use can be changed in the official dialogue between the potential and existing owner of the site with state or municipal authorities.

Example

A plot of land in SNT will have the following characteristics:

• Category (purpose) - agricultural land;
• Type of permitted use - for gardening and horticulture;

Now let’s look at each category and the types of permitted use included in it in more detail.

Lands of settlements

1. Placement of multi-storey residential buildings. Objects can be located chaotically, forming streets, or in territorial blocks, forming microdistricts;
2. Land allocated for individual housing construction (individual housing construction, individual railway);
3. Recreational areas. They can be located both inside the settlement itself and in the suburban area. In accordance with Art. 98 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, recreational lands include lands intended and used for organizing recreation, tourism, physical education, recreational and sports activities of citizens. Clause 2 art. 98 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation establishes the composition of recreational lands, which includes land plots on which rest houses, boarding houses, campsites, and facilities are located physical culture and sports, tourist centers, stationary and tent tourist and health camps, children's tourist stations, tourist parks, educational and tourist trails, highways, children's and sports camps, and other similar facilities. Clause 5 Art. 98 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation prohibits activities that do not correspond to the intended purpose of such a law. Recreational lands are intended for the recreational functions of both citizens and the preservation of natural properties; you can build on them, but only what is specified in Art. 98 Land Code of the Russian Federation. In addition, Art. Art. 285 - 286 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides for liability for improper use of a land plot. In the event that the use of the site is carried out with gross violation rules for the rational use of land established by land legislation, in particular, if a plot is not used in accordance with its intended purpose, this land plot can be seized from the owner;
4. Areas built up with industrial facilities, administrative buildings, public utilities, food and non-food supply facilities, etc.;
5. Land allocated for transport hubs- train stations, airports, river and sea terminals, etc.;
6. Location of power supply facilities;
7. Lands that are part of a populated area, but occupied by bodies of water;
8. Areas allocated for the placement of roads, canals, piers, pipelines, air, ground and underground communication facilities, etc.;
9. Specially protected natural areas within the boundaries of a populated area. Typically these include: parks, natural monuments, nature reserves, objects with special cultural and historical value, botanical and zoological gardens, museums under open air and so on;
10. Land intended for agriculture economic use. Despite the consonance with the name of one of the categories, these lands are still within the intended purpose of settlement lands. These include personal subsidiary plots (LPH);
11. All other lands that can be represented by the space of streets, squares, reserve areas, special objects that are out of circulation, rights-of-way, security zones, etc.;
12. Settlement development reserve zones.

Do not confuse permitted use with land ownership. Objects that are federally owned, privately owned, owned by a municipality, or a subject of the federation can be located on the lands of settlements.

In addition, the placement of individual buildings should not be confused with settlements. For example, a forester's house, an apiary, industrial and residential premises at mining enterprises cannot be part of a populated area until the land under them changes its category.

Agricultural land

Agriculture is the basis of existence of any society and state. All this forced legislators to allocate lands suitable for agricultural use into a separate category.

The category of agricultural land includes land plots located outside settlements, the economic function of which is to produce agricultural products. However, like the category of settlements, agricultural land includes a number of lands that have their own permitted use.

Within agricultural lands there may be the following types of permitted use:

• Areas occupied by roads along with rights-of-way;
• lands occupied by forest vegetation (forest belts serving the function of protecting fields, forest areas for other purposes);
• plots occupied by outbuildings;
• arable land;
• hayfields;
• pastures;
• gardens;
• fallow lands.

The deposit may have the character special use, for example, in order to increase soil fertility, or it may be forced when the owner or user for some reason stops cultivating the land in accordance with its permitted use. Typically, a deposit refers to the latter case. The deliberate transfer of land to fallow land is usually carried out when the economic and environmental value of the sites is lost due to natural and man-made disasters, long-term pollution, and soil erosion.

Subcategories of agricultural land

As the name suggests, agricultural work must be carried out on these lands, and the agricultural lands themselves must be located outside the settlements. The categorical division of land determines the purpose and content of use. For agricultural land, the legislator distinguishes two subcategories:

1. agricultural;
2. and non-agricultural land.

Despite the apparent opposition, both types of land are subordinated to the same goal - to provide conditions for agricultural production.

Agricultural grounds

These include land plots used only for the purposes of agriculture or livestock raising. In turn, agricultural land is divided into arable land, hayfields, pastures, fallow land (temporarily uncultivated land), and areas with perennial tree plantations. Moreover, this division is not arbitrary; all types of farmland have a special legal status that cannot be changed arbitrarily.

Areas that have undergone reclamation have a special status. This is due to the fact that in order for them to acquire the necessary resource properties, costly measures were taken to drain, water, restore soil fertility, and minimize erosion. Often such lands require uninterrupted reclamation work.

Non-agricultural land

Non-agricultural land is occupied by various auxiliary structures. These may include: roads, communications, protective forest belts, reservoirs, buildings that support agricultural production.

This non-agricultural status is subject to urban planning regulations, while agricultural land is not subject to its regulations.

Differences between the first and second

It should be noted that there is a difference between agricultural lands and residential areas where farming is permitted. In the first case, the land is a category and has a designated purpose, in the second, it is located within the boundaries of a populated area and has a specific permitted use.

Agricultural land is heterogeneous and has its own divisions based on the cadastral value principle:

• Land with low and medium value. These usually include lands of long-term fallow, areas of low fertility, subject to erosion, pollution, etc.;
• Land with a cadastral value significantly higher (50% or more) than the average for a given territorial unit;
• Land of special value. Their cadastral value far exceeds average values. Typically these include arable lands that have long been involved in agricultural production and have high fertility.

Lands of forest and water fund

• Forestry is carried out on forest fund lands, which most often involves forest management zoning. According to its results, all lands in this category are divided into areas where logging is carried out and into areas where the forest is restored;
• Water fund lands are territories with water bodies, water protection zones natural reservoirs, water intake areas and other water management structures.

Reserve lands and protected areas

These two categories of land are withdrawn from circulation. Lands of specially protected natural areas are, as a rule, state property, although the law allows these areas to be privately owned. There have simply been no such precedents in Russia.

Lands recognized as particularly valuable to society are transferred from one category to another and withdrawn from circulation and economic use. Their transfer back to another category is not provided for by law. Reserve lands cannot be used for economic purposes, but can be transferred to another category and with a certain permitted use.

Table of main types of permitted uses

All lands are divided into plots - non-agricultural and agricultural land. Each of them has a purpose, depending on which it is used. The scope of exploitation of land plots is determined by natural, natural or acquired properties. The qualitative condition of lands can have significant differences, which is determined by the mechanical composition and type of soil, the level of their erosion and salinity, rockiness and cultivation.

Non-agricultural and agricultural land

Non-agricultural land is land that is not suitable for agricultural use. These include ravines and ravines, areas with forests and shrubs, swamps and water sources, as well as lands occupied by various objects, or those through which roads, runs, etc. are laid. Promising non-agricultural land can be involved in agricultural turnover after carrying out the necessary set of works: reclamation (irrigation, drainage or desalinization), clearing of small forests and bushes, cutting off hummocks and removing stones. Areas with shrubs and small forests that do not have water protection significance, as well as ravine-gully complexes, swamps and saline lands are suitable for cultivation.

Agricultural land is land on which economic activities are systematically carried out aimed at obtaining food, feed and raw materials. In such areas there are arable lands, perennial plantings, fallow lands, pastures and hayfields. Below are the main types of agricultural land. Each of them has its own quality characteristics and value.

Arable lands

These are strategic land plots. Agricultural land of this type is characterized by extremely fertile soils, optimal conditions moisture and drainage. They are systematically processed and used for sowing various agricultural crops, perennial herbs, as well as under clean pairs.

Agricultural land sown with preliminary crops (no more than two years), plowed for the purpose of radical improvements, and the row spacing of gardens that are used for crops are not classified as arable land.

Perennial plantings

These lands also have fertile soil, but are used for growing cultivated plants: trees, shrubs and perennial grasses. From them, harvests of fruits and berries, medicinal or technical products are obtained. Such agricultural land is used for orchards, fruit nurseries, berry fields and plantations (tea, mulberry, flower, essential oil, etc.).

Deposits

This category includes land plots that were previously used for arable land, but then for more than a year, starting from autumn period, no crops were sown on them, and they were not prepared for fallow. The fallows represent secondary (restorative) succession.

Former arable lands are overgrown within several years different plants, gradually losing soil moisture, which is why their characteristics are closer to virgin steppe soils. Accumulation occurs on deposits organic matter and the formation of turf, the soil structure becomes more dense and rigid.

The use of agricultural land in fallow farming involves the deliberate leaving of part of the arable land located in the steppe regions for temporary fallow land. This method helps restore soil fertility and control weeds.

Haymaking

These lands are systematically used for haymaking. Depending on the quality characteristics and the structure of agricultural land of this type, they are upland, flooded, clean, radically improved, swampy, tussocked, forested and bushy to varying degrees.

pastures

This category includes areas that are intended and systematically used for grazing animals. This also includes lands that are not fallow lands and hayfields, not used for grazing, but suitable for this.

There are pastures that are cultivated, swampy, dry, radically improved, for transhumance, watered, knocked down, tussocked, forested and bushed to a certain extent.

Land areas for radical improvement are areas where the turf has been destroyed and subsequent grassing has been carried out, resulting in the formation of new grass. On slopes with an increased risk of erosion and in river floodplains, grassing is carried out without destroying the turf layer.

Cultivated pastures include lands that have undergone radical or superficial improvement. They have good grass stand, they are systematically looked after, enriched with fertilizers and often irrigated. On cultivated pastures, animals are grazed in portions.

Agricultural land in Russia

The total volume of territories suitable for agricultural use in relation to the total area of ​​Russian lands is quite small, which is why it is so important to use them purposefully and as efficiently as possible.

The quality and area of ​​agricultural land, as well as the possibility of developing unused land, play a decisive role in the specialization of any agricultural enterprise. On the other hand, the production specifics of an enterprise, primarily reflecting its economic interests, have the opposite effect on the area and composition of land.

For example, in farms focused on dairy and meat production, the structure of agricultural land will be dominated by pastures and hayfields, irrigated cultivated forage lands and intensive forage crop rotations. Enterprises engaged in growing crop products have most of of land will be occupied by arable land, and for viticulture and horticultural farms - by perennial plantings.

Principles of formation of the composition and ratio of land

When implementing this process factors such as the organizational and economic structure of the enterprise, its financial and economic capabilities, and the availability of material and labor resources are taken into account.

In addition, the area and composition of land largely depend on natural features territory and differences between individual land plots and tracts. These factors require a differentiated approach to establishing, transforming and improving the structure of land.

For example, in forest zones characterized by low fertility and waterlogging, arable lands occupy a small area. The shortage of arable land makes it impossible to further develop and improve the efficiency of agricultural production, therefore it is necessary to expand the area under arable land through the development of suitable lands.

Practical implementation of the plan to change the composition and ratio of land

The transition from the current composition and size of the area to the design one is possible subject to the following measures:

• drainage of waterlogged land plots;
• cultural and technical work (uprooting forests and shrubs wedged in and interspersed with agricultural land, removing stones);
• eliminating closed depressions and leveling the surface of the territory, including the creation of microrelief for drainage of runoff from waterlogged land plots;
• cultivation of non-agricultural land (liming of acidic soils, tillage, application of mineral and organic fertilizers, sowing green manure plants);
• construction of roads, road structures.

In the forest-steppe zone, arable lands usually have a high specific gravity, but are dissected by ravines and ravines with different slope steepnesses. In such conditions there is always a risk of water erosion, to prevent which the following work is carried out:

• grassing of heavily eroded arable lands;
• repairing existing forests and planting new forests to protect areas from degradation; it is also necessary to correctly design after-protection, water-regulating, ravine and ravine forest belts;
• organization of small irrigation systems (usually anti-erosion ponds are used for this);
• terracing of slopes, construction of various hydraulic structures (for example, water-retaining shafts);
• systematization of agrotechnical, organizational, economic and other anti-erosion measures;
• rationing of animal grazing.

The main task when reforming land in these conditions is to prevent a reduction in the area of ​​arable land. To achieve this, all land plots suitable for growing forage and field crops are converted to arable land, simultaneously reducing forage land to a minimum. Areas and beams unsuitable for plowing are used for grazing animals.