They know all the consultations and research in social science. Short course in social studies for the Unified State Exam

Society in the broad and narrow sense. Signs of society.

Topic 2.

Functions of society: production of goods,
management, reproduction, socialization, formation of ideology, transfer of experience to generations.

Topic 3.

Society is a system. Society is a developing system. Spheres of society: economic, political, social, spiritual.

Topic 4.

Concept, types, structure, characteristics and functions of social institutions.

What refers to the subjective and objective factors of the development of society and what is their role.

Topic 6.

Progress. Criteria and inconsistency of progress.

Regression. Signs of regression in society.

Topic 7.

Evolution, revolution, reforms are the ways of development of society. Their features.

Topic 8.

Signs of modernization and innovation, their role in society.

Topic 9.

Importance the right choice an alternative path for the development of society.

Topic 10.

The concept of social relations. their features and types.

The concept of civilization. Local and linear-stage civilizations. Western and Eastern civilization.

The concept of formation, features of the five types of formations according to K. Marx.

Traditional, industrial, post-industrial society. Open-closed, simple - complex society.

Topic 14.

Nature in the narrow and broad sense, interaction between nature and society, commonalities and differences between society and nature, protection of nature.

The concept of global problems, their signs and causes of occurrence. Types of global problems, solutions.

What is globalization? Causes and consequences of globalization

What does archeology, history, political science, law, sociology, economics, philosophy and other social sciences study?

The Unified State Examination in social studies is the most popular elective exam after the mandatory Unified State Examination in mathematics and the Russian language. According to previous years, social studies was chosen by more than half of graduates, and in 2013, 69.3% passed it! And at the same time, this is one of the most difficult exams. In that year of the Unified State Exam 5.3% of graduates failed in social studies, which is about 25 thousand people! What is the reason for this failure?

Five pitfalls of social studies

There is a common misconception among graduates that social studies is one of the easiest subjects. Many of them are sure that they can “talk something out” about him. This is the first trap of social studies. Students rely on their experience of giving oral answers in class, where you can really say a lot, and the teacher himself will extract the correct answer from what has been said. On the Unified State Exam, where even the detailed answers to Part C consist of only a few sentences, it is impossible to “talk”, but you need to give clear answers.

And here we have the second trap of social studies: knowledge of terminology and ability to operate with it. While terminology can be learned, the ability to operate it requires skill. logical thinking: ability to compare and analyze. This means that the Unified State Examination in social studies, more than any other exam, involves not simply reproducing memorized material, but “dissecting” it, which is much more difficult.

The Unified State Examination in social studies is a real integral exam: it includes five topics related to different sciences: economics, law, philosophy, sociology and political science. Each science has its own conceptual apparatus: terminology, approaches to assessment and analysis. This is the third trap - the student needs to master all the terminology and logic of each of the five sciences. The difficulty of the Unified State Exam in social studies is that, unlike, for example, mathematics, where geometric problems occupy a clear place in the structure of the exam, a comparison question can be either in the topic of economics or sociology. Consequently, the student must, first of all, determine what discipline he is dealing with, and then “turn on” the necessary conceptual apparatus.

The Unified State Exam in social studies is taken for many specialties - economics, law, public administration, architecture, customs, logistics and other specialties in the humanitarian and socio-economic fields.

When preparing for the Unified State Exam in social studies, it is difficult to avoid the fourth trap: numerous textbooks and manuals. Some of them, unfortunately, are not always conscientious and can do a bad job. It is best to take two basic textbooks as a basis - Kravchenko and Bogolyubov, which are used in most schools. However, it must be borne in mind that schools may use textbooks different years, and FIPI in its developments of the Unified State Exam relies on the latest editions.

The fifth trap of the Unified State Examination is an insufficient amount hours, which is assigned to this subject in school. This is primarily due to developmental paradoxes Russian education. As the Unified State Examination in social studies improves, it becomes more complicated, and at this time the school is moving away from the specialized study of this subject. And this despite the fact that it is in demand in more than 30% of humanitarian universities. Today social science in school curriculum exists only as a basic subject, to which only one hour is devoted per week.

How to avoid pitfalls and turn them into advantages when preparing?

Here are five specific advice given to eleventh graders by Maxim Sigal, head of the teaching department at the MAXIMUM training center for preparation for the Unified State Exam:

"Don't underestimate this exam. Many students treat social studies as something very simple, where you can barely prepare and just give answers according to logic - this is definitely not true!"

First trap: When choosing this subject, objectively evaluate your knowledge. Treat social studies like an exact science.

Second trap: learn terminology and train to think logically. All types of tasks are described in FIPI materials. Look for answers to questions, find out what exactly is required in a given answer and how each answer is scored. In the detailed assignments, specify how much you need to write to answer each question.

Third trap: learn to distinguish the terminology of each of the five disciplines included in the Unified State Exam in social studies. When answering, the first thing to do is to identify the discipline you will be dealing with.

Fourth trap: Choose textbooks for preparing for the Unified State Exam in social studies with caution: a number of them use unused terminology and concepts. Take into account the changes that were made to the Unified State Exam 2014 compared to 2013, namely:

Task B5 has been made more difficult. Total number The judgments given in the task conditions increase from 4 to 5. It is necessary to distribute them into three, instead of the previous two, groups of judgments: facts, assessments, theoretical statements. Here it is very easy to get confused in estimates and theoretical statements. It should be remembered that theory is learned knowledge, and assessment is one’s own opinion.
The topics proposed for essay writing are grouped into five blocks instead of the previous six. Topics covered taking into account the provisions of sociology and social psychology, are now included in one general direction. This makes it easier to write assignments this topic, since the line between the terminology of these two disciplines is not always distinguishable.
You can get a maximum of 5 points for your essay. It is important to remember here that if the meaning of the statement is not revealed, then the work is simply not checked. Extra points are given for presenting a theoretical justification, and the highest points are given for factual argumentation.

Fifth trap: an insufficient number of hours can be compensated for by only one thing - additional preparation for the Unified State Exam in social studies in correctly and timely chosen courses.

Many parents will be horrified after reading this material. It is so difficult and requires time and dedication to prepare! But should we be afraid, because we all want to teach our children the ability to reason independently and think logically. Often accusations are made against the Unified State Exam: this exam format, they say, “dumbs” children, forcing teachers to “train” them for the exam instead of imparting knowledge. We don't like it, do we? So we should be glad that with the Unified State Exam in social studies the opposite is true - in the process of preparing for it, children learn to think and use the knowledge they have acquired. Isn't this what most parents strive for?

Discussion

If the state textbooks of Bogolyubov and Kravchenko are bad, then the tests compiled on the basis of these textbooks will also always be bad. This is the main problem when passing the Unified State Exam in social studies. The only way out is to change basic textbooks, change social studies standards and change tests. I advise you to use my textbook - Valery Starikov “Interesting Social Science”, which is published on Russian and English Wikipedia:
[link-1]

05.01.2019 17:15:47, Valery Starikov

Useless information, a lot of water, thanks for your time

21.11.2017 18:08:06, JonikNE@

03/22/2016 22:47:59, Ashati

Comment on the article "Unified State Exam in Social Studies: 5 pitfalls of the popular exam"

Preparation for the Unified State Exam in social studies. Tutors. Children's education. 4 years of tutoring experience. Preparation for the Unified State Exam - classes are conducted individually and in groups. Groups of 3-5 people - 1500 rub. in 90 minutes (the first lesson is free for the group organizer)...

Discussion

Psychology, biology or physical education? This set doesn't seem to go anywhere else.
If the school doesn’t kick you out of the profiles, then you don’t have to worry about it for now, OGE at 3rd level is not scary yet.
But for the Unified State Exam, you will have to work hard on knowledge - not rap, but courses. Schools do not prepare for the Unified State Exam; at most they provide the correct basic set of knowledge, on the basis of which you can further study

He calmly prepares for the oge himself. Take and decide - decide the tickets. There is nothing complicated in the Unified State Exam, it’s not worth wasting money.... And I’m already preparing for the Unified State Exam with teachers.

Section: Unified State Exam and other exams (Unified State Exam in social studies). social science. Have you had any experience of passing unnecessary exams without any preparation at all? Last year my daughter took social studies. Not a day with a tutor, courses, etc., only school ones...

History and social studies - how to cook. Unified State Exam and other exams. Teenagers. You can find out more about the conditions for preparing for the Unified State Exam on the website of the Pythagoras tutoring center [link-1]. Registration for all courses is done through the website.

Recommend trusted tutors in social studies, English and Russian to prepare for the Unified State Exam. Boy in 11th grade. If the tutor is really good, we will travel to any region, or consider classes via Skype.

Effective preparation for the Unified State Exam in social studies. Choose an option effective preparation for the dorm next year. Recommend trusted tutors in social studies, English and Russian to prepare for the Unified State Exam.

Discussion

My friend's child had a very good tutor in social studies, the girl passed the Unified State Exam with 97 points, although she studied Last year in the village and the level was low. Moreover, they studied for only six months and remotely - the tutor lives in Moscow. I can find out contacts if anyone needs them.

Man is the highest stage of development of living organisms on Earth.

Origin theories:

1) Religious. Divine origin.

2) Man is an unearthly creature; aliens from outer space, having visited the Earth, left human beings on it.

3) Man appeared as a result of evolution (C. Darwin)

Man is a biosocial being:

1) Biological in humans: anatomy, physiology, has circulatory and muscular systems. Adapts to living conditions.

2) Social in a person: inextricably linked with society, capable and ready for socially useful work, possesses consciousness and intelligence.

The main differences between humans and animals:

1) Possesses thinking and articulate speech.

2) Capable of conscious, purposeful creative activity.

3) Not only adapts, but also transforms the surrounding reality.

4) Able to make tools and use them as a means of producing material goods.

5) Spiritual needs are present.

Need - this is a person’s need for what constitutes necessary condition his existence.

Types of needs:

1) Biological (primary, congenital):

A) physiological (food, sleep, rest)

B) Existential (security of existence)

2) Secondary (purchased)

* social (communication, social activity, public acceptance)

* spiritual (in knowledge, creativity)

Capabilities - this is a set of human properties that ensure his activity.

Levels of ability development:

Capabilities
Giftedness
Genius

Human activity

Activity - a person’s way of relating to the outside world, which consists in transforming and subordinating it to the person’s goals.

Activity components: Subject (the one who carries out the activity)

Object (what the activity is aimed at)

Activity structure:

Goal - means of achieving goals - actions - result

Types of activities in which each person is involved in the development process:

A game – the goal is not the result, but the process (entertainment), occurs in a conditional situation (imaginary environment), which changes quickly, substitute objects are used, aims to satisfy the interests of the participants, and promotes personal development.

Communication – exchange of information, emotions and ideas. Promotes socialization person (the assimilation of norms accepted in society), has an impact on mental condition, helps to carry out joint activities.

Teaching – a person’s acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities. Can be carried out in an organized manner (in educational institutions) and unorganized (as an additional result), may have the character of self-education.

Work – aimed at achieving a practically useful, pre-expected result, carried out in the presence of certain knowledge, intelligence

Activities (by objects and results):

Material (creation of material wealth)

Material and production (transformation of nature)

Socially transformative (transformation of society)

Spiritual (Creation cultural values)

Cognitive

Value-oriented (formation of a positive or negative attitude of people towards the phenomena of the surrounding world)

Prognostic (planning or anticipating possible changes in reality)

Creation - this is a type of activity that generates something qualitatively new, never existing before (for example, new goal, new result, or new means of achieving a goal). It can be a component of any activity, or an independent activity (for example, the activities of scientists, inventors, writers, artists).

Human cognitive activity

Cognition – human activity. The result of which is the acquisition of new knowledge about the world around us.

Cognition has two levels:

1) Sensory cognition - carried out by the senses (vision, hearing, smell, touch, taste)

2) Rational cognition - inherent only to man, carried out through thinking

Types of knowledge:

1) Scientific (reliable generalization of facts)

2) Unscientific:

* mythology * life experience * folk wisdom* parascience (pseudo-scientific knowledge)

True – correspondence of our knowledge about the subject to the subject itself

Absolute (exhaustive reliable knowledge)

Relative (incomplete, imprecise knowledge)

Individual. Individuality. Personality.

Individual - a single representative of the human race.

Individuality - the unique identity of a person.

Personality – subject conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant features that he implements in public life.

The formation of personality is influenced by: family (upbringing), environment (communication), society, historical era, and a person’s personal desire for self-improvement.

Personality has the following features: active life position, willpower, responsibility, realistic self-esteem (neither too low nor too high).

Personality is formed in the process of socialization. Socialization – the process of assimilating accepted norms in society and mastering social roles. Socialization can be primary (childhood) and secondary (lasts a lifetime).

Self-knowledge - a process during which each person comprehends his abilities, desires, opportunities, interests.

Self-realization – the process of the most complete identification and implementation by an individual of his capabilities to achieve his intended goals in solving personally significant problems, allowing him to fully realize creative potential personality.

The spiritual world of man

Structure spiritual world person:

1) Cognition (based on intelligence)

2) Emotions – short-term experiences about situations and phenomena of reality (surprise, joy, anger, fear)

3) Feelings – emotional states, longer lasting than emotions (friendship, love, longing, patriotism)

4) Worldview - a system of general views on the world. Worldview can be: religious, everyday, scientific.

Freedom and responsibility

Liberty – the ability to act on the basis of choice, realizing responsibility for it.

Human freedom in society is limited by the freedom of other people. Freedom manifests itself in the ability to control one’s behavior. The regulator of such behavior is conscience.

In a broad sense - a part of the world isolated from nature.

In a narrow sense - a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin; -- historical periods development of society.

Main spheres of public life

Activities of people and relationships between them

Institutions

(organizations)

Economic

(ensures satisfaction of material needs)

Production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods, and related relationships

Factories, firms, exchanges, banks.

Social

(ensures satisfaction of needs for communication, collectivity)

Relations between classes, estates, nations, professional and age groups; state activities to ensure social guarantees

Health systems, social security, public services

Political

(satisfies the need for organization, discipline, peace, law and order)

Organization state power, relations between civil society and the state, between the state and political parties

Parliament, government, parties, public organizations

Spiritual

(provides satisfaction of the need for self-realization, moral improvement, and knowledge)

Relationships arising in the process of creating spiritual values, their preservation, distribution, consumption

Schools, universities, theaters, museums, libraries, archives, churches.

Society– a complexly organized, self-developing system (the system includes individuals and social groups, there are coordinated connections between them), which is characterized by dynamism, alternativeness and incomplete development. Society is characterized by unpredictability and nonlinear development.

Nature:

In a broad sense - the whole world.

In a narrow sense -the entire material world, with the exception of society.

The relationship between nature and society:

Society

1) with the help of tools, influences nature, changing it, i.e. purposefully,

2) the development of science increases the influence of society on nature

3) the impact can be improving (creation of nature reserves, tightening environmental legislation) or worsening (depletion natural resources)

Nature: 1) creates conditions for the existence of society

2) natural conditions influence the economy and lifestyle of society

3) in response to human actions, nature can also “worse”

life of society ( natural disasters)

Typology of societies

comparisons

Agrarian

(traditional)

Industrial

Post-industrial

(informational)

Economy

The main value is land, 75% of the population is employed agriculture

The main value is capital, 85% of the population is employed in industry, mass industrial production

The main value is knowledge, 66% of the population is employed in the service sector, production automation, computerization of society

Social structure

Society is divided into classes, classes are closed (difficulty of transition)

Society is divided into classes, they are open and mobile

Division of society into classes in accordance with the level of knowledge, qualifications, growth of the middle class

Policy

Monarchies prevail, human rights and freedoms are absent

Political rights and freedoms, equality before the law, election of government

Political rights and freedoms, equality before the law, election of government,

Strong civil society

Spiritual life

Traditional values (family, religion) dominate, a small number of educated people

Values of progress, personal success, science is developing, mass culture is spreading

High level education (and its continuation throughout life), the special role of science, the leading role of information

Society can develop in the following ways:

1) Evolution– gradual development, reforms are the way to transform.

2) Revolution– a radical, qualitative change in all or several aspects of social life (scientific and technological revolution leads to transformation production sector, a revolution in politics leads to a change in the form of government).

Progress- a direction of development, which is characterized by a transition from lower to higher, movement forward to a more perfect one. (Regression - reverse movement)

Distinctive feature development modern society is globalization.

Globalization– a process during which the mutual influence and interdependence of peoples and states in different fields of activity (economics, culture...) increases.

Global problems of humanity:

1) Caused by the activities of people around the world.

2) Create a threat to the further existence of humanity

3) Can be resolved through joint efforts

Global problems:

Environmental (depletion of natural resources, environmental pollution)

Uneven development of individual regions (backwardness of developing countries)

Demographic (population growth)

The problem of peace and disarmament, preventing a new world war

Threat of international terrorism

RIGHT

A set of generally binding, formally certain rules behavior established by the state and enforced by its coercive force

Public Law – area of public affairs (constitutional, administrative, criminal, financial)

Private right– sphere of private affairs (civil, family, labor)

Legal system– internal structure of law. Includes:

1) Branches of law 2) Sub-branches of law 3) Institutes of law 4) Legal standards

Main branches of the system Russian law:

1 ) Constitutional (establishes the form of government, state-territorial structure, rights and obligations of citizens)

2 ) Administrative (regulates public relations in the field government controlled, organization and activities of executive authorities)

3 )Civil (regulates property, as well as related personal non-property relations)

4 ) Family (regulates relations between spouses, as well as between parents and children)

5 ) Labor (regulates labor Relations)

6 ) Criminal (determines the criminality and punishability of acts)

Sources of law:

1) Laws and regulations ( vary in legal force, has the highest legal force Constitution)

2) Legal custom

3) Legal precedent

4) Agreement with normative content (based on the mutual expression of will of the parties)

Offenses: crimes and misdemeanors

Main types of legal liability:

1 ) Disciplinary (labor violation, academic discipline)

2 ) Civil (causing property damage)

3 ) Administrative (for administrative violations)

4 ) Criminal (for crimes)

5 ) Material (for damage caused to an enterprise, institution, organization)

The legal culture of an individual is the totality of legal knowledge, values, and legal behavior of an individual.

PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

The method of protecting rights, freedoms and legitimate interests is judicial protection

In case of violation of rights, a person contacts the “main link” - general courts jurisdiction– district courts, which hear most court cases. Judicial power is exercised through civil, administrative and criminal proceedings.

Sentences in criminal proceedings and solutions in civil proceedings are made on behalf of Russian Federation. If a person is not satisfied with the decision of a court of general jurisdiction, he can appeal to Supreme Court Russia, in case of disagreement with its decision - to the supranational court - the European Court of Human Rights, which is the final authority. The decision of this Court is binding on all member states of the Council of Europe.

Directly aimed at protecting the individual in armed conflicts of an international and internal nature INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW, War crimes against humanity in accordance with the norms international law have no statute of limitations.

Social sphere of society covers relationships between people, groups, and associations. Society has a social structure - internal organization.

Elements social structure societies:

I. Social groups- stable collections of people who have distinctive, only them inherent characteristics(social status, interests, value orientations).

Types of social groups:

by number:

Small group(from 2 to 30 people). IN small group people know each other well (personally) and are engaged in some common activity. The presence of emotionally charged interpersonal relationships, stability and consistency of composition. For example, a family, a school class, an airplane crew.

Large group. A large group of people who occupy the same position in the structure of society and, as a result, have common interests. For example - nation, class.

by interaction:

Formal(official). Its activities are determined by regulatory documents(school class, Zenit football team)

Informal(unofficial). Its activities are determined by the personal interests of its participants (a poetry club, an organization of fans of the Zenit football team, a group of friends)

Family- a small social group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are bound by a common life, moral and legal responsibility.

Family functions:

1) Reproductive (biological reproduction of the population)

2) Socialization (raising children, shaping the individual as a personality)

3) Economic - economic (material support for minors and disabled members of society, maintaining household)

4) Emotional (psychological support)

5) Spiritual and moral (personal development)

Family types:

according to the nature of the distribution of household responsibilities:

Traditional (patriarchal) - the woman performs household duties, the man earns money and is the head of the family.

Partnership - responsibilities are not shared, they are performed jointly or in turn, the most important issues of family life are resolved together.

by related structure:

Nuclear, small (married couple with children)

Extended, multi-generational (married couple with children and one of the relatives living with them)

Part-time (one parent with a child or children)

by number of children

*Having many children * few children * childless

II. Social communities– a collection of people characterized by relative integrity and acting as independent subjects of historical and social action.

Ethnic communities- exist in a certain territory, have a common historical experience, historical memory, language and cultural traditions. Varieties: tribe, nationality, nation

Classes– differ in their place in the system of social production, relation to the means of production, role in public organization labor, methods and amounts of wealth obtained. For example: bourgeoisie, working class, or top class, middle class, lower class.

Socially-demographic communities (elderly people, teenagers)

The youth– a group of people from 16 to 25 years old, problems – it is difficult to find a place in life, to get interesting job offers due to lack of life experience.

Socio-territorial(city dwellers, rural population, Siberians)

Professional(miners, teachers, doctors)

Different social groups and communities occupy different social positions.

In society since primitive times there has been inequality– uneven distribution of scarce resources (money, power, education and prestige) between different segments of the population.

Indicators of social status may be: wealth, income power, profession, education, prestige, lifestyle.

Social status– the position of a person in society, which he occupies in accordance with his age, gender, origin, profession, marital status. (A person can have many statuses; this will be called a status set. Among them there may be basic and non-basic)

Prescribed status – does not depend on the merits of the individual (gender, nationality)

Achieved status - acquired as a result of free choice, personal effort and is under the control of a person

Social role- the behavior expected by society of a person, associated with his position in society and typical for his social group. (One person can have many roles, collectively they are called a role set. For example: at work - an employee, at home - a husband, visiting his parents - a son, in the company of friends - a friend, on election day - a voter, etc. )

It is customary to distinguish between two main forms of social interaction:

1) Cooperation – mutual interest, interaction is beneficial for both parties, interaction is aimed at achieving joint goals. Relationships of friendship, partnership, support.

2) Rivalry – the absence of a common goal, but the presence of a similar goal regarding an indivisible object (economic, political competition). Relationships of envy, hostility, bitterness.

When incompatible views, positions and interests collide, rivalry can develop into conflict.

Conflict- a clash between two people or social groups over the possession of something that is equally highly valued by both parties.

Kinds social conflicts:

1) Economic 2) International 3) Political 4) Family

Experts highlight the following solutions social conflicts:

Negotiations (peaceful conversation between the parties to resolve the problem)

Compromise (solving a problem through mutual concessions)

Mediation (using a third party to resolve a problem)

Use of force, authority, law (unilateral use by the side that considers itself stronger)

Social conflicts have both Negative consequences(stress, unrest, sacrifices), and positive consequences(relieving social tension, stimulating social change).

A person’s behavior in society can be:

1) Corresponding norms (conformist)

2) Deviant (does not correspond to norms - deviant)

Social studies presentation "Factors of production and factor income". The presentation can be used both in a lesson on this topic and to prepare for . Theoretical and practical material. The tasks correspond to the new exam format. Sources indicated.

Presentation on social studies "Citizenship of the Russian Federation". The presentation can be used both in a lesson on this topic and in preparation for the Unified State Exam.

Theoretical and practical material is presented. The tasks correspond to the new exam format. Sources indicated.