What Russian scientists invented. Famous inventors
The Greatness of the Russian Spirit, or What the Russians Created
Once while visiting my close friend, I was stunned by the incredible picture that revealed itself to me during a conversation with his young son, whose godfather I am. The picture of the worldview of our children that is supposedly formed as a result of the Russophobic and anti-Russian policies of our state, and especially the ministry. I will retell the dialogue I had with an almost 11-year-old boy, which amazed me so much.
Danila, that’s the name of my godson, called me to the computer where he was playing some game to show me the magnificence of his gaming tank, on which he virtually fought. Taking a look at the tank, I praised him for his victories in the game and chided him for choosing for himself the “” model, which is American, and not one of our tanks, which in many respects exceeds identical models from Western manufacturers. To this remark of mine, he replied that he liked American tanks. But I won’t indulge in comparative and descriptive characteristics of tank equipment, delving into the history of wars and the military industry because of the taste preferences of an 11-year-old boy in computer game. Therefore, shrugging my shoulders, returning to reading some book, I decided to remain silent.
However, already walking away from the table at which Danila was sitting, quite unexpectedly it came to mind historical fact about the invention of the tank, by the British. Which is what I told my young godson. What I heard in response amazed me and made me come back and continue the conversation. And he told me the following. “It turns out” that everything in the world was invented by Americans and Europeans. That the Russians have never created anything and are not able to create anything. That all the best and necessary things were created by the Americans and Europeans, and the Russians only buy everything from them. And so on in the same spirit.
To my question, where did he get this from, and who told him this, he replied that everyone knows this, and everyone says so. I wondered who this “everyone” is in the mind of an 11-year-old child: kindergarten, school, TV, friends and comrades, their own parents and other people’s parents, and in general older people whom children trust, supposedly knowing a lot. Of course, I immediately began to remember the great Russian scientists and inventors and list their endless merits. Mendeleev, Popov, Sikorsky, Pirogov and many others that I could immediately remember. The child listened to me with his mouth open, eyes wide with amazement, in which distrust slipped through, and incredible interest.
He simply did not suspect all this! This is what he told me at the end of the conversation. Leaving Danila in his bewilderment and continuation of the games, I returned to reading. However, the text was not perceived, and this conversation that took place kept replaying in my head. I was overwhelmed with feelings, I was indignant.
A few days later, in a conversation with my friend, Danila’s father, I remembered this incident and recounted it to my godson’s parent. Summing up the conversation, I suggested that my friend should pay closer attention to his son and try to eliminate these damaging gaps in his worldview. As it turned out, my friend was sincerely amazed by my retelling, especially that the tank was invented by the British.
Of course, in general, he completely agrees with me. Moreover, he himself would like to eliminate the gaps in his knowledge, although, of course, he is well aware of the Russian Victories and the degree of contribution to World Culture and God bless them with tanks. Moreover, as a young scientist, he himself is directly related to Russian science and its contributions to history.
This is the premise of this article that I want to present to you, or rather the list of Russian Victories and Contributions to World Culture that you will find below. If you know interesting facts from the history of inventions and discoveries made by representatives of Russian civilization, if you follow new outstanding discoveries, and also in order to preserve and accumulate such facts that testify to the Greatness of Russian civilization, then join the ru_geniy community and share this information with everyone. Together we will prepare the basis for educating future generations in line with love and commitment to our people.
What did the Russians create?
P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin (the world's first electric light bulb)
A.S. Popov (inventor of Radio)
V.K.Zvorykin (the first in the world electron microscope, television and television broadcasting)
A.F. Mozhaisky (inventor of the world's first airplane)
I.I. Sikorsky (The great aircraft designer created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber)
A.M. Ponyatov (the world's first video recorder)
S.P. Korolev (the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, first Earth satellite)
A.M. Prokhorov and N.G. Basov (the world's first quantum generator - maser)
S.V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first female professor)
CM. Prokudin-Gorsky (the world's first color photograph)
A.A. Alekseev (creator of the needle screen)
F. Pirotsky (the world's first electric tram)
F. Blinov (the world's first crawler tractor)
V.A. Starevich (3D animated film)
EAT. Artamonov (invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, steering wheel, and turning wheel)
O.V. Losev (the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device)
V.P. Mutilin (the world's first construction combine)
A. R. Vlasenko (the world's first grain harvesting machine)
V.P. Demikhov (the first in the world to perform a lung transplant, and the first to create a model of an artificial heart)
HELL. Sakharov (the world's first hydrogen bomb)
A.P. Vinogradov (created a new direction in science - geochemistry of isotopes)
I.I. Polzunov (the world's first thermal engine)
G.E. Kotelnikov (the first backpack rescue parachute)
I.V. Kurchatov (the world's first nuclear power plant)
M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky (invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer)
V.P. Vologdin (the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry)
S.O. Kostovich (created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879)
V.P. Glushko (the world's first electric/thermal rocket engine)
V.V. Petrov (discovered the phenomenon of arc discharge)
N.G. Slavyanov (electric arc welding)
I.F. Alexandrovsky (invented the stereo camera)
D.P. Grigorovich (creator of the seaplane)
V.G. Fedorov (the world's first machine gun)
A.K. Nartov (built the first in the world lathe with movable support)
M.V. Lomonosov (for the first time in science he formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world began to teach a course in physical chemistry, for the first time discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus)
I.P. Kulibin (mechanic, developed the design of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge)
V.V. Petrov (physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc)
P.I. Prokopovich (for the first time in the world he invented a frame hive, in which he used a magazine with frames)
N.I. Lobachevsky (mathematician, creator of “non-Euclidean geometry”)
YES. Zagryazhsky (invented the caterpillar track)
B.O. Jacobi (invented electroplating and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft)
P.P. Anosov (metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel)
DI. Zhuravsky (first developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used throughout the world)
N.I. Pirogov (for the first time in the world he compiled the atlas “Topographic Anatomy”, which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, plaster and much more)
A.M. Butlerov (first formulated the basic principles of the theory of the structure of organic compounds)
THEM. Sechenov (creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work “Reflexes of the Brain”)
DI. Mendeleev (discovered the periodic law chemical elements, creator of the table of the same name)
G.G. Ignatiev (for the first time in the world he developed a system of simultaneous telephone and telegraphy over one cable)
K.S. Drzewiecki (built the world's first submarine with an electric motor)
N.I. Kibalchich (for the first time in the world he developed a design for a rocket aircraft)
N.N. Benardos (invented electric welding)
V.V. Dokuchaev (laid the foundations of genetic soil science)
IN AND. Sreznevsky (engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera)
Famous inventors of the world have created many useful things for humanity. Their benefit to society is difficult to overestimate. Many ingenious discoveries have saved more than one life. Who are they - inventors known for their unique developments?
Archimedes
This man was not only a great mathematician. Thanks to him, the whole world learned what a mirror and a siege weapon are. One of the most famous developments is the Archimedes screw (auger), with which you can effectively bail out water. It is noteworthy that this technology is still used today.
Leonardo da Vinci
Inventors, known for their brilliant ideas, did not always have the opportunity to bring their ideas to life. For example, drawings of a parachute, an airplane, a robot, a tank and a bicycle, which appeared as a result of the painstaking work of Leonardo da Vinci, are still for a long time remained unclaimed. At that time, there were simply no engineers or capabilities to implement such grandiose plans.
Thomas Edison
The inventor of the phonograph, kinescope and telephone microphone was the most famous. In January 1880, he filed a patent for an incandescent lamp, which later made Edison famous throughout the planet. However, some do not consider him a genius, noting that the inventors known for their inventions worked alone. As for Edison, a whole group of people helped him.
Nikola Tesla
The great inventions of this genius were brought to life only after his death. Everything is explained simply: Tesla was so powerful that no one knew about his work. Thanks to the efforts of the scientist, a multiphase system was discovered electric current, which led to the emergence of commercial electricity. In addition, he formed the foundations of robotics, nuclear physics, computer science and ballistics.
Alexander Graham Bell
Many inventors, famous for their discoveries, have helped make our lives even better. The same can be said about Alexander Bell. Thanks to his painstaking work, people were able to communicate freely, being thousands of kilometers away from each other, and all thanks to the telephone. Bell also invented the audiometer, a special device that detects deafness; treasure hunting device - a prototype of a modern metal detector; the world's first airplane; a model of a submarine, which Alexander himself called a hydrofoil boat.
Karl Benz
This scientist successfully realized the main idea of his life: a vehicle with a motor. It is thanks to him that we have the opportunity to drive cars today. Another valuable invention of Benz was the internal combustion engine. Later, a car manufacturing company was organized, which today is known throughout the world. This is a Mercedes Benz.
Edwin Land
This famous French inventor devoted his life to photography. In 1926 he managed to open the new kind polarizer, later called “Polaroid”. Land founded Polaroid and filed patents for another 535 inventions.
Charles Babbage
This English scientist worked on creating the first computer back in the nineteenth century. It was he who named the unique device computer. Since at that time humanity did not have necessary knowledge and experience, Babbage's efforts were unsuccessful. However, the brilliant ideas did not sink into oblivion: Konrad Zuse was able to implement them in the mid-twentieth century.
Benjamin Franklin
This famous politician, writer, diplomat, satirist and statesman was also a scientist. The great inventions of mankind that saw the light of day thanks to Franklin are the flexible urinary catheter and the lightning rod. Interesting fact: Benjamin, as a matter of principle, did not patent any of his discoveries, because he believed that they were all the property of mankind.
Jerome Hal Lemelson
Such great inventions of mankind as the fax machine, the cordless telephone, the automated warehouse and the magnetic tape cassette were introduced to the general public by Jerome Lemelson. In addition, these scientists developed diamond coating technology and some medical devices that help in the treatment of cancer.
Mikhail Lomonosov
This recognized genius of various sciences organized the first university in Russia. Mikhail Vasilyevich's most famous personal invention is an aerodynamic machine. It was intended to lift special meteorological instruments. According to many experts, Lomonosov is the author of the prototype of modern aircraft.
Ivan Kulibin
It is not for nothing that this man is called the brightest representative of the eighteenth century. Ivan Petrovich Kulibin was interested in the principles of mechanics from early childhood. Thanks to his work, we now use navigation instruments, alarm clocks, and water-powered engines. For that time, these inventions were something of a fantasy. The genius's surname even became a household name. Kulibin is now called a person who has the ability to make amazing discoveries.
Sergey Korolev
His areas of interest were manned astronautics, aircraft engineering, design of rocket and space systems and missile weapons. Sergei Pavlovich contributed significantly to the exploration of outer space. He created the Vostok and Voskhod spaceships, the 217 anti-aircraft missile and the 212 long-range missile, as well as a rocket plane equipped with a rocket engine.
Alexander Popov
And this radio receiver is precisely this Russian scientist. The unique discovery was preceded by years of research into the nature and propagation of radio waves.
The brilliant physicist and electrical engineer was born into the family of a priest. Alexander had six more brothers and sisters. Already in childhood, he was jokingly called a professor, since Popov was a shy, thin, awkward guy who couldn’t stand fights and noisy games. At the Perm Theological Seminary, Alexander Stepanovich began to study physics based on Gano’s book. His favorite pastime was assembling simple technical devices. The acquired skills were subsequently very useful to Popov when creating physical instruments for his own important research.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
The discoveries of this great Russian inventor made it possible to bring aerodynamics and astronautics to new level. In 1897, Konstantin Eduardovich finished working on the wind tunnel. Thanks to allocated subsidies, he calculated the resistance of a sphere, cylinder and other bodies. The data obtained were subsequently widely used by Nikolai Zhukovsky in his works.
In 1894, Tsiolkovsky designed an airplane with a metal frame, but the opportunity to build such an apparatus appeared only twenty years later.
Controversial issue. The inventor of the light bulb - who is he?
The creation of a device that produces light has been worked on since ancient times. The prototype of modern lamps were clay vessels with wicks made of cotton threads. The ancient Egyptians poured olive oil into such containers and set it on fire. Residents of the Caspian Sea coast used another fuel material - oil - in similar devices. The first candles made in the Middle Ages were made from beeswax. The well-known Leonardo da Vinci worked hard to create the world's first safe lighting fixture invented in the nineteenth century.
The debate about who should be awarded the honorary title “Inventor of the Light Bulb” is still ongoing. The first is often called Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov, who worked as an electrical engineer all his life. He created not only a lamp, but also an electric candle. The latter device has become widespread in street lighting. The miracle candle burned for an hour and a half, after which the janitor had to change it for a new one.
In 1872-1873 Russian engineer-inventor Lodygin created an electric lamp in its modern sense. At first, it emitted light for thirty minutes, and after pumping out the air from the device, this time increased significantly. In addition, Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan claimed primacy in the invention of the incandescent lamp.
Conclusion
Inventors around the world have given us many devices that make life more comfortable and varied. Progress does not stand still, and if a few centuries ago there simply weren’t enough technical capabilities to implement all the ideas, today it is much easier to bring ideas to life.
Russian inventors made a generous contribution to the development of world scientific thought. Many of their inventions literally changed the world, giving people the opportunity to enjoy such benefits of civilization as airplanes, cars, computers and television. This article presents a dozen revolutionary innovations that have become an integral part of modern existence.
Track chain
In 1837, Russian army captain Dmitry Zagryazhsky drew a caterpillar track and submitted a petition to the Ministry of Finance to grant him a patent for an invention called “a carriage with a flat-link metal caterpillar.” Zagryazhsky received a patent, but at that time manufacturers were not interested in his invention, and in 1839 the patent was revoked. Much time later, in 1877, the Russian peasant and self-taught inventor Fyodor Blinov completed Zagryazhsky’s unfinished business and created a carriage that moved on tracks. This invention gave the green light to the production of tractors and then tanks.
Electric railway trains
The invention of the electric train became a prerequisite for the transport revolution, which gave impetus to the development of cities and industrial centers. It all began in 1874-1876, when Fyodor Pirotsky conducted a series of experiments on transmitting electricity over a distance, in which one rail served as a direct conductor and the other as a return conductor. Pirotsky managed to successfully power an electric motor located one kilometer from the power source. A few years later, Pirotsky conducted an experiment on a railway line near Sestroretsk. There were forty people in the carriage. The first electric tram line, built based on the drawings of a Russian inventor, was opened on the outskirts of Berlin in 1881.
Video recorder
A student of the founding father of Russian aviation, Nikolai Zhukovsky, Alexander Ponyatov opened the Ampex company in the United States, where he worked in the 1950s. The company managed to make the first commercial video recorder. For half a century, Ampex maintained its leadership in the professional magnetic video recording market, and the world's electronics giants had to use Poniatov's patents to produce home video equipment.
Radio
In April 1886, at a lecture at St. Petersburg University, physics professor Alexander Popov announced the invention of a wireless communication system and demonstrated the world's first radio receiver. However, Popov could not publish the results of his work because he served in the Naval Department. Almost at the same time, similar experiments were carried out by the Italian Guglielmo Marconi - his article was published in 1897. Unlike Popov’s invention, Marconi’s apparatus was quickly put into mass production, so in the West there is still debate about who invented the radio first.
Helicopter
Igor Sikorsky was another Russian inventor whose full potential was realized abroad. In 1910, he created a prototype rotorcraft, which successfully took off. In 1912, Sikorsky created the world's first hydroplane, and then the first multi-engine airplane. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Sikorsky had to emigrate to the United States, where he founded his own company, Sikorsky Aero Engineering Company, whose development was contributed by the outstanding Russian composer Sergei Rachmaninov. Sikorsky's first experimental helicopter, built in the United States, flew in September 1939. This design, considered a classic helicopter design for more than fifty years, has been used in the construction of nearly 95 percent of helicopters worldwide. In 1942, Sikorsky created a two-seat helicopter.
Solar battery
It is thanks to the discoveries of the Russian physicist Alexander Stoletov that today we have the opportunity to use television. At the end of the 1880s, as a result of a series of experiments, Stoletov gave a theoretical justification for the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect formed the basis of production solar panels, which today have received widespread practical use. Stoletov created the first photocell based on the external photoelectric effect, and also discovered directly proportional dependence photocurrent strength on light intensity.
Transformers
There is no electrical network without a transformer. Transformers were invented, built and put into operation by Russian engineer Pavel Yablochkov and physicist Ivan Usagin. The discovery, included in history books as the “distribution of light,” was made by Yablochkov in the mid-1870s. The invention, consisting of a transformer and a capacitor, was demonstrated in Paris and St. Petersburg, and already in 1882 in France, inventors Lucien Gaulard and Joshua Willard Gibbs patented a transformer with an open iron circuit.
Yogurt
Although fermented milk products appeared many centuries ago, the first to suggest their positive effect on life expectancy was the Russian scientist Ilya Mechnikov. In 1910, he suggested that in order to live longer, a person should consume fermented milk products, which suppress the processes of putrefaction in the intestines. Mechnikov proved that the highest percentage of long-livers is in Bulgaria, and it is Bulgaria that is considered the birthplace of yogurt, since ancient Thrace was the first country where milk was mixed with sourdough.
A television
Vladimir Zvorykin was another Russian engineer whose inventions debuted in the United States. He is the author of the main invention of the 20th century - electronic television. In 1923, Zvorykin filed a patent application for television in the United States. Six years later, he developed a kinescope - a high-vacuum television receiving tube, and two years later he created the first transmitting device, which he called an iconoscope.
Gasoline cracking
Live in modern world It is impossible to imagine without a car, but there would be no car without gasoline. Cracking is a process that makes it possible to obtain gasoline from heavy or high-boiling petroleum fractions, and it is thanks to cracking that people manage to produce great amount gasoline consumed by modern cars. Thanks to cracking, up to 70 percent of crude oil can be converted into gasoline, while standard distillation methods can convert 10 to 20 percent. The cracking method was discovered by Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov, who created the first industrial cracking plant in 1891.
Synthetic rubber
It is difficult to imagine a modern economy without synthetic rubber. Synthetic rubber is mainly used to make tires for cars, airplanes and bicycles. In addition, synthetic rubber is used to make mastic, insulating material, medical devices, and many other fields. Synthetic rubber is also indispensable in the production of hard rubber. rocket fuel. The first commercially viable type of artificial rubber was polybutadiene, synthesized using a method developed by Russian chemist Sergei Lebedev. In 1910, Lebedev received the first samples of synthetic rubber. Lebedev’s book “Research in the Field of Polymerization of Diethylene Hydrocarbons,” published in 1913, subsequently became the scientific basis for the industrial synthesis of rubber.
Combine harvester
Andrey Vlasenko worked as an estate manager in the Tver province. In 1868, he invented the world's first grain harvester, which he called a “horse-mounted standing grain harvester.” The car was mostly made of wood and was driven by three horses. The device replaced the labor of twenty peasants. Vlasenko built two machines, each of which was pulled by two horses, and one worker was required to operate the device. The machines worked for many years in the fields of a landowner in the Tver province, and only ten years later, American newspapers spread the news that a threshing machine had been built in California - journalists called it a “harvest combine.” The principle of operation of the first American combine was similar to Vlasenko's machine, but it was driven by twenty-four mules and operated by seven workers.
Regularly appear on the Internet beautiful lists Russian inventions. About a third of the facts on these lists are usually wrong, and the other two-thirds have some minor conflict. For example, Fyodor Pirotsky actually invented and built the first tram. Only now he died in poverty, and von Siemens launched the first tram line in Berlin. Should this be considered a Russian invention if the tram came into the world from Germany? We decided to do short review pre-revolutionary inventions that were not only created in Russia, but were also adopted by other states.
Most of the famous Russian inventors and engineers published their main works abroad and generally lived in exile (some a little, some most life) - Zvorykin, Lodygin, Theremin, Sikorsky, Starevich.
Others invented various things, but their work simply got stuck in the wilds of the Russian bureaucracy. For example, Andrei Nartov built the world’s first screw-cutting lathe back in 1721, and in 1755 he completed his monumental work “Theatrum machinarium, or a clear spectacle of machines,” in which he described 36 different types of machines. But after his death, they forgot about Nartov, all this was sent to archives and museums, the craftsmen continued to work in artels in the old fashioned way, and the lathe, completely independently of Nartov, was patented by the Briton Henry Maudsley in 1800, that is, almost 80 years later! We, of course, can be proud of our brilliant compatriot, but at the same time, due to the bureaucratic mediocrity, his work gave nothing to the world.
There are about a hundred such cases that can be listed - from the Sikorsky aircraft (the designer simply did not have the money to modify it, and the state refused to help him) to the Pirotsky tram.
Andrey Nartov's turning and copying machine, one of the copies that has survived to this day. And its inventor
In Britain, France and the USA this was incomparably easier. While in Russia copyrights for inventions began to be protected to some extent only under Alexander I in the 1810s, patent institutions had long existed abroad, allowing talented engineers to protect their rights and make money from their discoveries. Nevertheless, in Russia there were a number of nuggets who possessed not only a technical or scientific mindset, but also organizational and financial abilities, thanks to which they were able to realize themselves in their homeland - and let their work go to Big world with the “made in Russia” brand. That's what we'll talk about.
Yes, I would like to note that this, of course, is not a complete list. Full - much more. We will simply go through the most interesting and noteworthy cases, and will limit ourselves to the period before 1917. Soviet times are a completely different story.
Ice desert
There is such a thing as spontaneous discoveries. A person encounters a problem and solves it with a non-trivial method that has never been used before. The invention of the icebreaking vessel belongs to this class. It was invented by the Kronstadt industrialist and shipowner Mikhail Britnev, and solely for mercantile reasons.
He was a very rich man, a sort of Elon Musk of his time. He had several factories, shipbuilding, and trading. In 1862, forty-year-old Britnev once again decided to expand his business and launched the first ferry line Kronstadt - Oranienbaum. A small, 26-meter steam boat “Pilot” plied along it, transporting primarily cargo. Britnev was not the only shipowner in Kronstadt - there was plenty of competition.
Exterior view of the world's first steam icebreaker "Pilot"
But there was a catch: as soon as the Gulf of Finland became covered with ice, shipping stopped. While the ice was thin, special weight icebreakers were used to lay channels. In fact, these were ordinary ships equipped with a system of weights, which were dropped onto the ice in front of the ship and pierced the channel. Such an icebreaker advanced barely a few meters per hour and could only break through the autumn ice. Winter completely froze the ferry line.
To solve this problem, the inventive Britnev extracted from the depths of historical memory such a thing as koch. Kochi were ancient Russian northern ships with a flat bottom and a beveled bow, thanks to which, if necessary, they could be pulled onto the ice and dragged along it by hand. A heavy steam boat, Britnev thought, could not only climb onto the edge of the ice, but also break it off with its weight. This is how the icebreaker was invented.
In 1864, the Pilot was refitted - its stem was beveled 20° so that it crawled onto the ice when touching the edge. Britnev was not mistaken in his calculations - the ship performed perfectly. Equipped with a weak 60-horsepower engine, it easily broke ice and moved surprisingly quickly, leaving a neat channel behind it. Moreover, navigation was extended almost throughout the entire winter of 1864-65, which caused fierce envy among competitors and a certain government interest: Britnev, although he had enough money, planned to get a grant in St. Petersburg for the construction of several more icebreakers.
In 1866, the royal commission was present at a “live” comparison of the revolutionary “Pilot” and the traditional weight-lifting icebreaker “Experience” based on a gunboat. Huge, with an engine three times more powerful, the “Experience” was simply stuck in the ice. No amount of cast iron ingots helped. Nevertheless, the commission passed the traditional Russian vote of no confidence on Pilot and declared Experience a more promising design.
Russian Koch, prototype of the icebreaker. The cut-off shape of the bow tip made it easy to drag the koch onto the ice
A normal story would have ended there - this has happened more than once. But Britnev was a very rich man and could afford to develop independently. Moreover, in 1868 he was elected mayor of Kronstadt. Then a very cold winter of 1870-71 happened in Germany, and the Germans from Hamburg, becoming interested in the Russian design, bought the drawings from Britnev and the patent he received in Europe. And in 1871, the second steamship on the Britnev system, Eisbrecher 1, appeared in Hamburg.
Subsequently, Britnev sold the drawings to representatives of different countries - Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, the USA, and Canada. He himself built two more icebreakers: in 1875 - “Buy”, and in 1889 - “Boy”, expanding the ferry line. At the same time, he was involved in charity work and, interestingly, opened the first diving school in Russia.
Ermak, the world's first Arctic-class icebreaker
Icebreaking vessels of the Britnev system have spread throughout the world. In Russia, Britnev's achievement was first recognized by the famous admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov, who in 1897 - after the death of the inventor - initiated the construction of the world's first large icebreaking vessel of the Arctic class, Ermak.
City Ice Boat No. 1, American steamship of 1837, the world's first icebreaker. By the 1860s, this system was already hopelessly outdated
Arterial pressure
Nikolay Korotkov, discoverer of the sound method of measuring blood pressure
Everyone knows the simplest way measuring blood pressure when the hand is pressed with a tourniquet and gradually released, recording the initial and final pressure values with a pronounced heartbeat. This method was invented in 1905 by a young (at that time he was 31 years old) Russian doctor Nikolai Sergeevich Korotkov.
He did this by accident while working on his doctoral dissertation. While conducting a study of the patient, he noticed a pattern in the occurrence of sounds when the pressure decreases, after which he compared the results of the “sound measurement” with the results of the one that existed at that time invasive method measuring pressure by inserting a catheter. The results coincided, and Korotkov wrote an article for a special St. Petersburg journal, “News of the Imperial Military Medical Academy.” This 281-word article brought Korotkov all-Russian fame and respect - his method began to be widely used and gradually “moved” to Europe.
Similar studies were conducted by the famous Italian pathologist Scipione Riva-Rocci (he invented, in particular, the inflatable sleeve that Korotkov used and that we use today), but the Italian still did not get to the technique itself. And the sounds that the doctor hears when measuring blood pressure are called “Korotkoff sounds” in medicine.
Turn up the heat
In the former mansion of San Galli, the batteries of his work are still functioning. Almost like modern ones
Other famous Russian invention also appeared spontaneously, and also due to the cold. This is a heating battery - yes, that same cast-iron or metal ribbed thing that is now found in almost every home in Russia, Northern Europe and Canada. Moreover, what happened here was the “reverse” of the usual story: it was not the Russian inventor who emigrated to work on his device abroad, but a German named Franz Friedrich Wilhelm San Galli who came to Russia and figured out how to heat himself.
San Galli arrived in St. Petersburg as a 19-year-old youth in 1843. In Germany, he worked for a company selling Russian goods, and in St. Petersburg he got a job in the same company. Russian branch. He changed jobs, gained experience, married the daughter of a rich merchant, received Russian citizenship and started his own business. San Galli opened a workshop on the Ligovsky Canal, made stoves, sewer pipes, drives and pulleys, and in 1855 received the first large order to repair the heating system in the imperial greenhouses of Tsarskoe Selo. It was here that the inventor woke up in San Galli.
In eternally cold St. Petersburg, heating greenhouses with stoves would be very strange, but the water heating system was extremely imperfect - it used long pipes that only heated small area. It was then that San Galli designed a system of vertical pipes of a special cross-section; passing through it, the water released significantly more heat than passing through a regular pipe. San Galli came up with both the German name for the device (“heizkörper”) and the Russian name (“battery”). Over the course of several years, he made a huge fortune from his invention - orders poured into the workshop almost daily. San Galli patented the battery, but did not sell the patent, but distributed it free of charge under certain conditions. The first countries to receive the right to produce batteries were Germany and the USA.
Later, San Galli worked in the Duma, advised the government on issues of finance and industry, and received for his services noble title, and his plant became the largest production of cast iron products in St. Petersburg - both heating equipment and fences, doors, and frames for buildings. He also gave money for the first ones in St. Petersburg (and in Russia) public toilets. Batteries produced by San Galli still operate in some historical buildings in St. Petersburg - for example, at former dacha Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich.
Rubles and kopecks
It is interesting that it was Russia that became the first state to introduce the decimal principle of monetary accounting, that is, a large unit (ruble) divided into 100 small ones (kopecks). From time immemorial, complex systems have existed in European countries, sometimes burdened with dozens of different names and meanings (France was especially distinguished by this).
Peter I carried out a monetary reform in 1698-1704, during which he approved the basic monetary unit silver ruble, divisible into 100 kopecks. At the same time, he abolished “money”, “altyns” and other non-systemic units. Unfortunately, this event was not noticed in Europe. The transition of European countries to decimal systems occurred already in the 19th century, following the example not of Russia at all, but of the USA, where the system “dollar - 10 dimes - 100 cents” was introduced in 1792.
Hyperboloid of engineer Shukhov
One of those who made a significant contribution to the engineering industry and at the same time found himself in demand at home was the great Russian engineer Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov. Moreover, he was one of the few who successfully worked both under the tsarist regime and under the Bolsheviks who replaced it.
Construction of the world's first double-curvature mesh shells at the Vyksa Metallurgical Plant, 1897
The number of Shukhov's developments and patents is enormous. Works in the field of oil hydraulics (it was Shukhov, for example, who built the first Russian oil pipeline), original inventions in the field of oil refining and cracking in particular, various heat engines and especially steam boilers. Shukhov knew how not only to invent, but to “sell” his work - he received patents in different countries and managed its intellectual property wisely.
Shukhov Tower in Polibino, the world's first hyperboloid structure (1896)
But most of all he is known, of course, as the creator engineering structures- bridges, ceilings and towers. The mesh shell-coverings of the Shukhov system were ahead of all similar world developments; in Russia they were widely used at train stations (if you are at the Kievsky station in Moscow, do not forget to look up), in factory workshops, exhibition pavilions, and so on.
The first structure in history with a thin-walled metal covering-shell was the so-called “Shukhov rotunda”, built specifically for the All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition of 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod. This design attracted the attention of European and American engineers; Today, floors with diamond-shaped cells are widely used in world architecture.
In general, the exhibition of 1896 became finest hour Shukhova. He presented his other major invention in the field of construction engineering - the use of hyperbolic structures for high-rise buildings, called “Shukhov towers”. The first such tower, built specifically for the exhibition, has now been transported to the Lipetsk region and is known as the “Shukhov Tower in Polibino”. With an extremely low mass, hyperboloid towers are absolutely resistant to various weather conditions, easy to repair, and have excellent seismic resistance.
Contrary to optical illusion, Shukhov towers are assembled entirely from absolutely straight metal (wooden, concrete - it doesn’t matter) racks, which are easy to make even with primitive equipment. Today, hyperboloid towers are widely used as lighthouses, television towers, and observation platforms. Shukhov himself built about 200 such systems; after his death, their number reached several thousand.
Shukhov Tower in Moscow - the most famous work of Shukhov
Why was Shukhov’s talent in demand - unlike, for example, the talent of Ivan Orlov, who invented a method of color printing money and was forced to go abroad so that his invention would become widespread worldwide? It's simple. The fact is that Shukhov’s work saved money and even brought profit to large industrialists. At the 1876 World Exhibition in the USA, Shukhov met Alexander Veniaminovich Bari, a major businessman and philanthropist, who became the engineer’s lifelong friend and sponsor. For thirty years, Shukhov headed the “Construction Office of Engineer A.V. Bari” and, as part of this work, had the opportunity to develop his research without worrying about funding. At the beginning of the 20th century, Shukhov had such recognition in Russia and abroad that government organizations began to turn to him - orders were received for ceilings for train stations, for the Pushkin Museum. The developments made Shukhov an absolute figure, the chief engineer of the country, and this fame “worked” even after the revolution. However, in the 1930s, he, already elderly, was not spared accusations of anti-Soviet activities and threats of reprisals, but that is a completely different story.
Snow propeller
One of the most beautiful snowmobiles in history - “Sever-2” with a body from “Pobeda”
Many residents of our country know what an snowmobile is. It’s hard to believe, but almost no one abroad knows about the existence of snowmobiles. This type of transport can only be found in Canada and Scandinavia. Moreover, in English they are also called aerosani, that is, the term is directly copied from Russian.
Yes, snowmobiles are a purely Russian invention, and one that has been widespread for a long time. The first snowmobile was developed and built by the Russian engineer Sergei Sergeevich Nezhdanovsky in 1903 (he also developed the first Russian “motor sled”, that is, a snowmobile, in 1916). It’s interesting that he didn’t build them like vehicle, and as an installation for winter ground testing of aircraft propellers - Nezhdanovsky worked together with Vasily Zhukovsky, an aviation pioneer. But while aviation was in its infancy, snowmobiles turned out to be great idea apart from the original purpose. Zhukovsky, having serious influence and scientific authority, was able to promote the invention, including in the army industry. Snowmobiles are still produced in Russia to this day.
A little about metals
One of the industries in which Russia has always and unquestionably excelled was metallurgy. This was primarily due to the demand for metals in the military field - here there is artillery, various vehicles, and personal weapons. A famous metallurgist was, for example, Pyotr Petrovich Anosov, who from 1817 to 1847 worked at an arms factory in the Zlatoust mountain district, and after which he became the Tomsk civil governor. In particular, it was Anosov who received the damask pattern in the early 1840s; Russian damask steel has become famous all over the world, and Anosov’s technology is still used in various forging factories.
Almost all modern damask steel is made according to the method developed in the 1840s by Pyotr Petrovich Anosov
But a much more significant contribution to world science was the invention of... welding. Yes, that’s right - classical arc welding, which is widely used in almost all technical industries, is an exclusively Russian invention, and, interestingly, a “two-stage” one. It is known that in early XIX century, two scientists, Humphry Davy and Vasily Petrov, simultaneously presented the electric arc in front of their Academies of Sciences. Petrov's works were repeatedly cited and used by Russian scientists of the 19th century, and in general, in the study of the properties of the electric arc, we, along with the British, have advanced quite far.
And in 1881, when the effect discovered by Davy and Petrov was already in full use in incandescent light bulbs, engineer Nikolai Nikolaevich Benardos found another application for it. Benardos was a “classical inventor”: having received a medical education, he was more inclined to research and experimentation than to monotonous work. He, like Lodygin and Yablochkov, worked on improving electric lighting (being an employee of Yablochkov's company) - and accidentally discovered that an arc can not only illuminate, but also heat to such an extent that metals are welded. In 1882-1887, Benardos patented his “Electrohephaestus,” as he called the final device, in Germany, France, Russia, Italy, England, the USA and a number of other countries, and the merchant Olshevsky, who gave Benardos money for patenting, was listed as a co-author of the invention.
Benardos received many more patents. However, he remained penniless until the end of his life, since he spent all his money on research. And the world remembers him precisely thanks to the invention of arc welding.
Electric welding is a purely Russian invention
But the story didn't end there. In 1888, another Russian inventor, Nikolai Gavrilovich Slavyanov, improved the Benardos method by inventing submerged arc welding - this made it possible to weld metals that were considered unweldable. At the World's Fair in Chicago in 1896, Slavyanov created a sensation by welding pieces of bronze, tombac, nickel, steel, cast iron, copper, nickel silver and bronze into a single whole - completely incompatible materials. For this development he received a gold medal. Slavyanov conducted another famous experiment - he welded the torn shaft of a steam engine, after which the machine started working again.
* * *
In general, it would take quite a long time to list the inventions made in Russia before the revolution. If we focus on those that were continued and spread throughout the world, we can recall the mine transport - a type of ship proposed and developed by Admiral Konstantin Makarov, the electromagnetic seismograph of Prince Golitsyn, the backpack parachute of Gleb Kotelnikov, and so on.
True, much more Russian inventors still realized themselves in emigration. The above-mentioned Ivan Ivanovich Orlov, working in the Expedition for the Procurement of State Papers, tried for many years to introduce iris (single-roll multicolor) printing into the production of money, patented it in a number of countries, but in the end he was disappointed, went to England, sold his patent and wrote to the manager with sorrow Expeditions to Boris Borisovich Golitsyn:
I would not have the strength and life to achieve in Russia even a hundredth of the results that, with my participation, are possible in the West.
The multi-colored patterns to the left of the monument are iris prints. Invented in Russia, but first used in the UK
IN Soviet time the situation has changed. There were many more inventions, copyrights began to be respected much better, and the state really began to pay attention to talented engineers, although the prizes for developments that turned the world upside down were meager. Nevertheless, it was a step forward. Russia has always given birth to many brilliant minds capable of great things, but it has rarely used this ability. The general arshin cannot be measured, as the classic wrote.
1. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin - the world's first electric light bulb
2. A.S. Popov - radio
3. V.K. Zvorykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and television broadcasting)
4. A.F. Mozhaisky - inventor of the world's first airplane
5. I.I. Sikorsky - a great aircraft designer, created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber
6. A.M. Ponyatov - the world's first video recorder
7. S.P. Korolev - the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, first Earth satellite
8. A.M.Prokhorov and N.G. Basov - the world's first quantum generator - maser
9. S. V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first woman professor)
10. S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky - the world's first color photograph
11. A.A. Alekseev - creator of the needle screen
12. F.A. Pirotsky - the world's first electric tram
13. F.A. Blinov - the world's first crawler tractor
14. V.A. Starevich - three-dimensional animated film
15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, and a turning wheel.
16. O.V. Losev - the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device
17. V.P. Mutilin - the world's first mounted construction combine
18. A. R. Vlasenko - the world's first grain harvesting machine
19. V.P. Demikhov was the first in the world to perform a lung transplant and the first to create a model of an artificial heart
20. A.P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - geochemistry of isotopes
21. I.I. Polzunov - the world's first heat engine
22. G. E. Kotelnikov - the first backpack rescue parachute
23. I.V. Kurchatov - the world's first nuclear power plant (Obninsk); also, under his leadership, the world's first hydrogen bomb with a power of 400 kt was developed, detonated on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team that developed the RDS-202 (Tsar Bomba) thermonuclear bomb with a record power of 52,000 kilotons.
24. M. O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer, which put an end to the dispute between supporters of direct (Edison) and alternating current
25. V.P. Vologdin - the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry
26. S.O. Kostovich - created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879
27. V.P.Glushko - the world's first electric/thermal rocket engine
28. V. V. Petrov - discovered the phenomenon of arc discharge
29. N. G. Slavyanov - electric arc welding
30. I. F. Aleksandrovsky - invented the stereo camera
31. D.P. Grigorovich - creator of the seaplane
32. V.G. Fedorov - the world's first machine gun
33. A.K. Nartov - built the world's first lathe with a movable support
34. M.V. Lomonosov - for the first time in science formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world began to teach a course in physical chemistry, for the first time discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus
35. I.P. Kulibin - mechanic, developed the design of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge, inventor of the searchlight
36. V.V. Petrov - physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc
37. P.I. Prokopovich - for the first time in the world, he invented a frame hive, in which he used a magazine with frames
38. N.I. Lobachevsky - Mathematician, creator of “non-Euclidean geometry”
39. D.A. Zagryazhsky - invented the caterpillar track
40. B.O. Jacobi - invented electroplating and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft
41. P.P. Anosov - metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel
42. D.I.Zhuravsky - first developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used throughout the world
43. N.I. Pirogov - for the first time in the world, compiled the atlas “Topographic Anatomy”, which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, plaster and much more
44. I.R. Hermann - for the first time in the world compiled a summary of uranium minerals
45. A.M. Butlerov - first formulated the basic principles of the theory of the structure of organic compounds
46. I.M. Sechenov - the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work “Reflexes of the Brain”
47. D.I. Mendeleev - discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, creator of the table of the same name
48. M.A. Novinsky - veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology
49. G.G. Ignatiev - for the first time in the world, developed a system of simultaneous telephone and telegraphy over one cable
50. K.S. Dzhevetsky - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor
51. N.I. Kibalchich - for the first time in the world, he developed a design for a rocket aircraft
52. N.N.Benardos - invented electric welding
53. V.V. Dokuchaev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science
54. V.I. Sreznevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera
55. A.G. Stoletov - physicist, for the first time in the world he created a photocell based on the external photoelectric effect
56. P.D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first radial gas turbine
57. I.V. Boldyrev - the first flexible photosensitive non-flammable film, formed the basis for the creation of cinematography
58. I.A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera
59. S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F. Freidenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange
60. N.D. Pilchikov - physicist, for the first time in the world he created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system
61. V.A. Gassiev - engineer, built the world's first phototypesetting machine
62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky - founder of astronautics
63. P.N. Lebedev - physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids
64. I.P. Pavlov - creator of the science of higher nervous activity
65. V.I. Vernadsky - naturalist, creator of many scientific schools
66. A.N. Scriabin - composer, was the first in the world to use lighting effects in the symphonic poem “Prometheus”
67. N.E. Zhukovsky - creator of aerodynamics
68. S.V. Lebedev - first obtained artificial rubber
69. G.A. Tikhov - astronomer, for the first time in the world, established that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as we know, this was confirmed when filming our planet from space.
70. N.D. Zelinsky - developed the world's first highly effective coal gas mask
71. N.P. Dubinin - geneticist, discovered the divisibility of the gene
72. M.A. Kapelyushnikov - invented the turbodrill in 1922
73. E.K. Zawoisky discovered electrical paramagnetic resonance
74. N.I. Lunin - proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings
75. N.P. Wagner - discovered the pedogenesis of insects
76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world to perform surgery to treat glaucoma
77. S.S. Yudin - first used blood transfusions of suddenly deceased people in the clinic
78. A.V. Shubnikov - predicted the existence and first created piezoelectric textures
79. L.V. Shubnikov - Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors)
80. N.A. Izgaryshev - discovered the phenomenon of passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes
81. P.P. Lazarev - creator of the ion excitation theory
82. P.A. Molchanov - meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde
83. N.A. Umov - physicist, equation of energy motion, concept of energy flow; By the way, he was the first to explain, practically and without ether, the misconceptions of the theory of relativity
84. E.S. Fedorov - founder of crystallography
85. G.S. Petrov - chemist, world's first synthetic detergent
86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a range finder for artillerymen
87. I.I. Orlov - invented a method for making woven credit cards and a method of single-pass multiple printing (Orlov printing)
88. Mikhail Ostrogradsky - mathematician, O. formula (multiple integral)
89. P.L. Chebyshev - mathematician, Ch. polynomials (orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram
90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, Ch. radiation (new optical effect), Ch. counter (nuclear radiation detector in nuclear physics)
91. D.K. Chernov - Ch. points (critical points of phase transformations of steel)
92. V.I. Kalashnikov is not the same Kalashnikov, but another one who was the first in the world to equip river vessels steam engine with multiple steam expansion
93. A.V. Kirsanov - organic chemist, reaction K. (phosphoreaction)
94. A.M. Lyapunov - mathematician, created the theory of stability, equilibrium and motion of mechanical systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as L.'s theorem (one of the limit theorems of probability theory)
95. Dmitry Konovalov - chemist, Konovalov’s laws (elasticity of parasolutions)
96. S.N. Reformatsky - organic chemist, Reformatsky reaction
97. V.A. Semennikov - metallurgist, the first in the world to carry out bessemerization of copper matte and obtain blister copper
98. I.R. Prigogine - physicist, P.'s theorem (thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes)
99. M.M. Protodyakonov - scientist, developed a globally accepted scale of rock strength
100. M.F. Shostakovsky - organic chemist, balsam Sh. (vinyline)
101. M.S. Color - Color method (chromatography of plant pigments)
102. A.N. Tupolev - designed the world's first jet passenger aircraft and the first supersonic passenger aircraft
103. A.S. Famintsyn - plant physiologist, first developed a method for carrying out photosynthetic processes under artificial light
104. B.S. Stechkin - created two great theories - thermal calculation of aircraft engines and air-breathing engines
105. A.I. Leypunsky - physicist, discovered the phenomenon of energy transfer by excited atoms and
Molecules to free electrons during collisions
106. D.D. Maksutov - optician, telescope M. (meniscus system of optical instruments)
107. N.A. Menshutkin - chemist, discovered the effect of a solvent on the rate of a chemical reaction
108. I.I. Mechnikov - the founders of evolutionary embryology
109. S.N. Winogradsky - discovered chemosynthesis
110. V.S. Pyatov - metallurgist, invented a method for producing armor plates using the rolling method
111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal miner (for coal mining)
112. A.N. Belozersky - discovered DNA in higher plants
113. S.S. Bryukhonenko - physiologist, created the first artificial blood circulation apparatus in the world (autojector)
114. G.P. Georgiev - biochemist, discovered RNA in the nuclei of animal cells
115. E. A. Murzin - invented the world's first optical-electronic synthesizer "ANS"
116. P.M. Golubitsky - Russian inventor in the field of telephony
117. V. F. Mitkevich - for the first time in the world, he proposed the use of a three-phase arc for welding metals
118. L.N. Gobyato - Colonel, the world's first mortar was invented in Russia in 1904
119. V.G. Shukhov is an inventor, the first in the world to use steel mesh shells for the construction of buildings and towers
120. I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky - made the first Russian trip around the world, studied the islands Pacific Ocean, described the life of Kamchatka and Fr. Sakhalin
121. F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev - discovered Antarctica
122. The world's first icebreaker modern type- steamship of the Russian fleet "Pilot" (1864), the first Arctic icebreaker - "Ermak", built in 1899 under the leadership of S.O. Makarova.
123. V.N. Chev - the founder of biogeocenology, one of the founders of the doctrine of phytocenosis, its structure, classification, dynamics, relationships with the environment and its animal population
124. Alexander Nesmeyanov, Alexander Arbuzov, Grigory Razuvaev - creation of the chemistry of organoelement compounds.
125. V.I. Levkov - under his leadership, hovercraft were created for the first time in the world
126. G.N. Babakin - Russian designer, creator of Soviet lunar rovers
127. P.N. Nesterov was the first in the world to perform a closed curve in an airplane vertical plane, “dead loop”, later called “Nesterov’s loop”
128. B. B. Golitsyn - became the founder new science seismology
And many, many more...