What is the predicate in German? Word order in a German subordinate clause - German online - Start Deutsch

After studying the material in this lesson, you will be able to:

• ask your interlocutor about his profession
• talk about your profession
• find out about the interlocutor’s marital status
• ask where your interlocutor works

Learn words and expressions for dialogue

was you What; who (by profession)	Was sind Sie? What is your occupation)?
der Beruf rem y: f profession	Das ist mein Beruf. This is my profession.
Was sind Sie von Beruf? What is your profession?	Ich bin Sekretärin von Beruf. I am a secretary by profession.
der Ingenieur ingénie e: A engineer	Er ist Ingenieur von Beruf. He is an engineer by profession.
arbeiten A rbyten work	Wo arbeiten Sie? Where do you work?
verheiratet feah A yra:tet married; married	Er (Sie) ist verheiratet. He (She) is married.
ledig l e: dikh idle; unmarried	Er (Sie) ist ledig. He (She) is single.
der Arzt a:(r)ts doctor	Sind Sie Arzt? You are a doctor?
der Arbeiter A RBYTE worker	Manfred ist Arbeiter. Manfred is a worker.
der Chemiker X e:mika chemist	Ich bin Chemiker. I'm a chemist.
der Dolmetscher d O lmecha translator (oral)	Wo ist Dolmetscher? Where is the translator?
der Journalist magazine And st journalist	Sind Sie Journalist von Beruf? Are you a journalist by profession?
die Krankenschwester nurse	Helga ist Krankenschwester. Helga is a nurse.
der Lehrer l e: ra teacher	Was sind Sie?-Ich bin Lehrer. Who are you? - I'm a teacher.
der Techniker T uh hnika technician	Er ist Techniker von Beruf. He is a technician by profession.
der Bauer b A y(a/er) peasant	Thomas ist Bauer. Thomas is a peasant.

Pay attention to the form and use of words

If the question word wer used when asking about the last name (first name) of a stranger (see lesson 2, lesson 1), then the word was used when they want to ask about a person’s profession:

Wer ist das? Who This? - Das ist Frau Müller.
Was ist this? Who is she (by profession)? - Sie ist Sekretärin.

Was sind Sie von Beruf? is a stable phrase, and von Beruf in both the question and the answer it always comes last. You can also use the short form (see point 1); in this case von Beruf omitted:

Was sind Sie von Beruf? - Ich bin Ingenieur von Beruf.
Was sind Sie? - Ich bin Ingenieur.

Adjectives ledig And verheiratet are used in German regardless of the gender of the noun, i.e. whether they refer to a man or a woman, and are translated into Russian as follows:

ledig single, unmarried
verheiratet married, married.

Remember the following word formation method (2)

der Arbeiter + in = die Arbeiter in
der Chemiker + in = die Chemiker in
der Dolmetscher + in = die Dolmetscher in

Practice reading individual words

Was sind Sie von Beruf?

H.	Was sind Sie von Beruf, Herr Smirnow?	vas zint zi: von bär y: f, har smirnof?
S.	Ich bin Ingenieur und arbeite in Wolgograd.	Ih bin ingénie e: and unt A rbyte in O benefit.
H.	Sind Sie verheiratet?	zint zi: feah A yratet?
S.	Nein, ich bin nicht verheiratet. Ich bin ledig. Und Sie, Herr Hansen?	nain, ikh bin nikht feah A yratet. ihy bin l e: dikh. unt zi:, har hanzen?
H.	Ich bin 40 Jahre alt und verheiratet. Ich bin auch Ingenieur von Beruf.	ih bin f And rtsikh ya: re alt unt feah A yratet. ich bin auh ingénie e: a von rehr y: f.
S.	Wo arbeiten Sie?	in: A rbyten zi:?
H.	Ich arbeite in Berlin.	ugh A rbyte in be(r)li:n.

Grammar explanations

In German, as in Russian, the predicate can be expressed not only by a verb, for example: Ich wohne in Berlin. Er kommt aus Leipzig, etc., but also with a linking verb bin, ist, sind+ adjective or noun that comes at the end of a sentence:

Herr Meier ist Ingenieur. Ich bin verheiratet.

In this case, nouns denoting professions are used, as a rule, without an article. In some cases, the linking verb may not be repeated, for example,

Ich bin 20 Jahre alt und noch ledig.

Are you already familiar with verb endings? 1 1st and 3rd person singular and plural (see. lesson 1, lesson 3). If the stem of the verb ends in -t, -d, -n, then in the 3rd person singular, between the base of the verb and the ending is inserted -e:

er wohnt, er kommt, But: er arbeit e t

Union und“and”, “a” can connect both homogeneous members of a sentence and entire sentences:

Ich wohne und arbeite in Berlin.
Ich bin Ingenieur und(ich) arbeite in Wolgograd.

Nouns denoting masculine professions can be formed by adding a suffix -in, and sometimes umlaut (rewording) of the names of the corresponding professions of the feminine gender. In this case, the emphasis in the word does not change:

der Journalist
der Lehrer
der Arzt
der Bauer

- die Journalist in
- die Lehrer in
- die Ä rzt in
- die B ä uer in

Types of predicate

Simple verb predicate: one verb

Max arbeitet in Dresden

Max works in Dresden.

Complex verb predicate: two verbs

Darf ich vorstellen?

Allow me to introduce?

Nominal predicate: linking verb + noun or adjective

Er ist Ingenieur. Er ist ledig.

He engineer. He idle.

Predicate expressed by a phrase: linking verb + other part of speech

Thomas ist Arzt von Beruf.

Thomas by profession doctor.

1. You are interested in the profession of your interlocutor. Ask a relevant question. Answer if you were asked the same.

2. You are asked about your marital status (profession). Answer the question. Ask your interlocutor about the same.

3. Your friend and his wife have the same professions. Talk about it.

4. You didn’t hear what was said to you. Ask again.

Getting to know the construction of sentences (sentences) in German naturally begins with a simple sentence.

Predicate

Second place in a simple narrative German sentence. always occupies the conjugated part of the predicate, taking personal forms. The conjugated part of a German predicate is understood as either the personal form of the main semantic verb (if we are talking about Präsens or Präteritum), or the personal form of any service verb, which is an integral part of the complex tense forms of the German verb and compound predicates (Plusquamperfekt, Perfekt, Futurum, Passiv etc.). For example:

• Deine Katze stiehlt Fleisch vom Tisch. – Your cat steals meat from the table (simple predicate in conjugated form Präsens).
• Deine Katze hat Fleisch vom Tisch gestohlen . - Your cat stole meat from the table (simple predicate in complex tense form Perfect).
• Fleisch wurde von deiner Katze vom Tisch gestohlen. – The meat was stolen from the table by your cat (passive construction - Passiv).
• Deine Katze kann Fleisch vom Tisch stehlen . – Your cat can steal meat from the table (compound verb predicate with a modal verb).

Subject

Place of the subject in a simple narrative sentence. is not strictly fixed - it can be the first, and the second, and the third, etc. The place of the subject (subject) determines the general order (por.) of the words of a particular sentence. Por. words are called direct in cases where the subject is in a sentence. at the first place. In cases where the subject follows in the sentence. behind the predicate (or its variable part), por. words is the opposite. At the same time, the secondary members of the sentence. distributed depending on the main meaning conveyed by a particular utterance. For example:

• Deine Katze (1) stahl (2) Fleisch aus dem Topf. — Your cat stole meat from the pan (direct verb: (1) subject (2) simple predicate).
• Fleisch aus dem Topf stahl (2) deine Katze (3). – Your cat stole the meat from the pan (reverse: (2) simple predicate (3) subject).
• Deine Katze (1) hatte (2) Fleisch aus dem Topf gestohlen... – Your cat stole the meat from the pan (direct verb: (1) subject (2) finite form of the service verb)...
• Fleisch hat (2) deine Katze (3) aus dem Topf gestohlen . = Fleisch hat (2) aus dem Topf deine Katze (4) gestohlen . – Your cat stole the meat from the pan (reverse: (2) conjugated form of the service verb; (3)-(4) subject).

Reverse time. words is also called inverse (inversion). In the case of inversion (as can be seen from the examples given), the first place before the predicate (or its conjugated part) is occupied by some minor member of the sentence. In this case, the subject moves from the first place to some position after the predicate. Reverse time. words appear in speech usually in such cases when there is a need to emphasize the semantic connection of a given sentence. with the previous statement. It is precisely this connecting link of the previous and current utterance that is the secondary member of the sentence, which, during inversion, comes to the fore. A very definite emphasis is always placed on it. Compare:

• Seine Nichte fliegt nach Australien. Dort möchte sie unabhängig von ihrer Familie werden. – His niece is flying to Australia. There (precisely) she wants to become independent from her family. (In the second sentence, inversion with the transition of the adverbial dort to the first place emphasizes the relationship between the two sentences.)
• Seine Nichte fliegt nach Australien. Sie möchte in Australien von ihrer Familie unabhängig werden. – His niece is flying to Australia. She wants to become independent from her family in Australia. (In this case, with direct wording, the connection between these two sentences is much less pronounced than in the first case).

Addition(s)

The order of placement of additional clauses when constructing a German sentence. obeys rather strict rules, especially if there are several of them in a sentence. When in a sentence there are two objects (additions), one of which is in Dativ, and the other in Akkusativ, most often the addition is placed in Dativ first. In all cases where one of the extras is expressed by a pronoun, this pronoun comes immediately after the conjugated verb. If two pronouns are used as additional pronouns in a sentence, then the pronoun in Akkusativ precedes the pronoun in Dativ. For example:

• Otto hat seiner Mutter (1) ein fabelhaft schönes Kästchen(2) geschenkt. – Otto gave his mother a fabulously beautiful box. (Here the addition in Dativ naturally precedes the addition in Akkusativ, since there is no extraordinary need to emphasize anything else).
• Otto hat es (1) seiner Mutter (2) geschenkt. – Otto gave it (the box) to his mother. (Here the place of the addition expressed by the pronoun is strictly fixed after the verb).
• Otto hat es (1) ihr (2) geschenkt. – Otto gave it (the box) to her (his mother). (Here both objects are pronouns, so the Akkusativ pronoun comes first, and then the Dativ pronoun).

If we are dealing with a sentence that uses back time. words, then two additions, expressed by pronouns (if present), immediately follow the conjugated verb in the same order as described above. The subject-noun in this case takes place immediately after them. For example:

• Üblicherweise erklärt (2) ihm (3) das (4) seine Mutter (5). – Usually his mother explains this to him. (Here the second place (2) is occupied by the conjugated verb, (3) and (4) are pronouns, and (5) is the subject).

When in a sentence like this the subject is also expressed by a pronoun, then it will be the pronoun that will follow immediately after the modified part of the predicate, for example:

• Üblicherweise erklärt (2) sie (3) ihm (4) das (5). - She usually explains this to him.

Circumstance

The order of arrangement of circumstances in a German sentence. It is not regulated by particularly strict rules. But some nuances should still be kept in mind. When in a sentence There are several circumstances, a certain subordination must be observed, namely: (1) circumstances of time - (2) circumstances of cause, effect - (3) circumstances of the manner of action - (4) circumstances of place. If there are fewer circumstances in a German sentence, it is necessary to follow the same scheme (order), discarding the missing elements. For example:

• Bettina flog heute wegen der Nachricht über die Heirat ihrer Freunde ganz glücklich aus dem Haus. – Bettina flew out of the house today absolutely happy because of the news of her friends’ wedding.
• Bettina flog wegen der Nachricht über die Heirat ihrer Freunde ganz glücklich aus dem Haus. – Bettina flew out of the house absolutely happy because of the news of her friends’ wedding.
• Baettina flog ganz glücklich aus dem Haus. – Bettina flew out of the house completely happy.

When in classical German sentence. there are both adverbials and additions (especially prepositional ones), then after the conjugated verb there are usually first adverbs of time and additions in the Dativ (however, this tense may well be changed), in the middle of the sentence. the circumstances of the cause and manner of action are placed, then - the additions in Akkusativ, and in the very last place (among the secondary members) - prepositional additions (additions with prepositions). For example:

• Sein Rechtsanwalt verschickt heute seinen Kollegen wegen des entstandenen Missverständnisses vorsichtshalber einen ausführlichen Brief nachOslo. – His lawyer will send a detailed letter to his colleagues in Oslo today, just in case, due to the misunderstandings that have arisen.
• Sein Rechtsanwalt verschickt heute vorsichtshalber einen ausführlichen Brief nachOslo. “His lawyer will send a detailed letter to Oslo today, just in case.”

The surest way to master a foreign language is reading. Read as much as possible. The "" section will help you with this.

But, read what interests you. Don't start with the classics. Don’t rush to look up every word in the dictionary. It's so tiring...

Learn to find the character (subject) and what it does (verb-predicate), and the rest - according to the meaning.

But read below how to determine the main members in a sentence.

Subject

answers questions Who? What? Can be expressed by: noun, pronoun.

The subject can be determined by two criteria:

• by form (noun or pronoun in Nominativ (I.p.)
• in place (next to the predicate or after it)

◊ The subject is never preceded by a preposition.

♦ If the sentence contains the words man,ich, du, er, sie, wir, ihr, wer, That they are always the subject.

Can not be subject to:

des auf
dem + noun an
den für + noun
- zu
als + noun mit
wie in

Can be: der / die / das + noun

Predicate

answers the questions what to do? what to do?

The predicate is determined by the following characteristics:
according to form
local
by agreement
(Der Kritiker steht vor dem Bild.)

♦ If the predicate verb has an ending —en , then it always points to plural .

Ending -e — always on the 1st person unit. h. (ich-ya)
-st- for 2 l. units (du - you)
-(e)t— for the 3rd l.u.h. ( er/sie – he/she)

Place of the predicate:

conjugated part always stands on second place V declarative and interrogative sentences with a question word.

Was machst du heute abend? What are you doing tonight?

Ich gehe ins Kino. I'm going to the cinema.

In an interrogative sentence without? words she comes first.

Kommst du mit? Are you coming with me?

IN subordinate clause conjugated part costs in end of sentence, For example:

Ich meine, daß der Maler kein Talent hat .

If a full-valued verb is in 2nd (or 1st place), then at the end there may be a separable prefix, which completely changes the meaning of the verb:

Sie macht ihre Schulaufgaben. She is doing her homework.
Er macht das Fenster auf. He opens the window.(aufmachen - open)
Ich mache das Fenster zu. I close the window. (zumachen - close)

If in 2nd place (or 1st) is modal verb, then there should be an infinitive at the end, for example:

Man muss die Vase anderes malen. The vase needs to be drawn differently.

If verbs are in 2nd (or 1st) place sein ,haben , werden, then you need to find the words with which they are combined.

The meaning of a sentence depends on various combinations

Combination with sein :

sein + Partizip2 = Perfect

Er ist (war) gekommen. He came.
Translated in the past tense.

sein + Partizip2 + worden = Passiv (passive past tense), for example:

Er ist gefragt worden. Asked him. — (Passive Perfect)
Sie war gefragt worden. She was asked.— (Passiv Plusquamperfekt)

sein + adjective = nominal predicate

In the present tense it is translated without a copula, in the past tense - with a copula:

Er ist Klein. It is small.
Er War Klein.He was small.

sein + zu + infinitive = verbal predicate. Denotes both possibility and obligation, for example:

Er ist zu sehen. It can be seen.
Er war zu sehen.He could be seen.
Ist der Director heute zu sprechen? Can I talk to the director today?
Die Arbeit ist in drei Tagen zu machen. The work must be done in three days.

Combination with haben:

haben + Partizip2 = Perfect
hatten + Partizip2 = Plusquamperfekt
Both forms are translated into the past tense.

He worked. Er hat/hatte gearbeitet.

haben + noun in Akkusativ
Translated: he/she has

He has new skates. Er hat neue Schlittschuhe.

haben + zu + infinitive = compound verb predicate. Denotes obligation:

She has a lot to do. Sie hat viel zu tun.
Er hatte viel zu tun. He had a lot to do.

Combination with werden:

1. Er wird fragen. He will ask. Futurum
2. Er wird gefragt. They will ask him. Passive - Futurum
3. Er wild Pilot. He will be a pilot. Futurum
4. Er wird groß. It will be big. Futurum

In cases 2.3.4. werden can appear in different tense forms, for example:
Asked him. Er ist gefragt worden. Passive - Perfect

werden + Infinitiv = Futurum (Future tense)

werden + Partizip2 = Passive (passive voice)

In German, any predicate necessarily includes a verb: cf. Russian sentence "I'm glad" and German "Ich binfroh". The second feature of the German predicate is the constant place of the predicate and its parts in various types of sentences. The predicate with additions and circumstances forms a group predicate.

There are the following types of predicate:

1) verbal predicate;

2) predicate, expressed by a stable verb phrase;

3) nominal predicate.

Verb predicate.

Simple verb predicate consists of one verb in any form of tense, voice and mood: Ich lese. - I am reading.Ichlas. - I read.Ichwerdelesen. - I will read.Ich habe gelesen. - Iread. Dieses Buch wild viel gelesen. - Thisbooka lot ofread.

There are two types of compound verb predicate:

a) A complex verbal predicate consists of a verb with a specific meaning (expressing the beginning, end, repetition of an action) and the infinitive of a significant verb used with zu : Erbegannzusprechen. - He spoke. He started talking.Erpflegtfrühaufzustehen. - He tends to get up early.Eshörteaufzuregnen. - The rain is over.

b) A compound verb predicate consists of a modal verb ( kö nnen, du rfen, mu ssen etc.) or a modal verb ( scheinen, brauchen etc.) and the infinitive of the significant verb; with modal verbs the infinitive is used without a particle zu , with modal verbs with a particle zu : Ermußarbeiten.- It should work.Erbrauchtheutenothingzucommen. - He doesn’t have to come today.

c) A complex verbal predicate consists of verbs haben And sein and the infinitive of the significant verb used with zu- : IchhabeIhnenvielzusagen. - I have a lot to tell you.DerTextistzu übersetzen. - The text can (needs) be translated.

The use of modal verbs to express the meaning of possibility, necessity, desire). Verb kö nnen means an opportunity available due to certain conditions: Esregnetnothingmehr,erkannnachHousegehen. - There is no more rain, he can (he can) go home.Es regnet, er kann nicht nach Hause gehen. - Comingrain, HeNotMaybegohome. Es regnet nicht mehr, man kann nach Hause gehen. - RainpainsheNo, Cangohome. Es regnet, man kann nicht nach Hause gehen. - Comingrain, it is forbiddengohome. Kö nnen also means “to be able to”: IchkannSchachspielen. - I can play chess.

Verb durfen means a possibility that exists due to someone's permission. For example, in sentences containing permission, prohibition, order: Siedurfenhiernothingbleiben! - You shouldn't stay here! You can't stay here. You are not allowed to stay here.Mandarfhiernothingrauchen! - You can't smoke here. Smoking is not allowed here!

Dü rfen often used in interrogative sentences that ask for permission to do something: DarfichnachHousegehen? -Can I go home? Can I go home? Can I go home?Darfmanhierrauchen? - Is it possible to smoke here? Is smoking allowed here?

Verb mu ssen has the meaning “should” (due to objective necessity or belief): Esistspat,ermußnachHousegehen. - It's late, he has to go home. It's late, he needs (he needs, he needs) to go home.Es ist spät, man muß nach Hause gehen. - Late, need to(Notbypassed) gohome.

With denial mussen almost never used; instead of mussen a verb with a modal meaning is used brauchen - need to: Sie brauchen morgen nicht zu kommen. -To youno needTomorrowcome. Wed:Siemussenmorgencommen. - You need to come tomorrow.

Verb sollen has the meaning “must” (by virtue of someone’s order, instruction, etc.): Ersollbleiben.- He must stay. Let him stay.Ersollnothingbleiben. - He shouldn't stay. Sollen often used in interrogative sentences that ask about the need to do something: Sollenwirhierbleiben? - Should we stay here? Should we stay here? Should we stay here?Sollmanbleiben? Need to stay? Stay?

Please note that Russian one-part sentences with “can”, “cannot”, “need”, etc. + infinitive in German always correspond to two-part sentences (i.e. sentences with a subject and predicate): Can I go? -Darfichgehen? To meneed togo. - Ich muß gehen. It is forbiddenleave! - Man darf nicht gehen.

Also, Russian one-part sentences with an infinitive in German correspond to two-part sentences: Transfer? -Sollich übersetzen?Sollen wir übersetzen? Soll man übersetzen? To meread? - Soll ich lesen? They don't understand this. -Daskönnensienothingverstehen.

Verb wollen means desire or intention: Erwilldaswissen.- He wants to know.AmAbendwollenwirinsTheatergehen. - In the evening we are going (want, intend) to go to the theater . Wollen WollenwirnachHousegehen! Let's go home! Let's go home!(Cf. the use of the 1st person plural imperative. GehenwirnachHause! - Let's go home! Let's go home).

Verb wollen may have a weakened modal meaning; in this case the combination wollen with the infinitive close in meaning to futurum: Ichwill allestun,wasichkann. - I will do everything, What Can.

Verb mö gen has two main meanings:

a) mögen means “let, must; Maybe": Ermagmorgencommen. - Let him come tomorrow. (He should come tomorrow.)(Wed: also use mö gen in this meaning in subordinate clauses containing indirect speech).

6) mö gen means “to want, to desire”, in this meaning mö gen used in the preterite conjunctiva: IchmöchteSieetwasfragen. - I would like to ask you something. I want to ask you something. I want to ask you something.

Verb lassen - ließ - gelassen used as a modal verb in two ways:

a) lassen vt has the meaning of “command, ask, force”: DerDekanläßtSiemorgenkommen.- The dean tells you (asks you) to come tomorrow.DerLecturerläßtunsviellesen. - The teacher makes us read a lot.

Pay attention to compliance lassen Russian "let": LassenSieihnsprechen. - Let him speak. In this case, the following option is also used in Russian:LassenSieihnsprechen. - Let him talk.LassenSiemichsprechen. - Let me tell you.

Besides this verb lassen is part of the following expressions: sich (Dat.)etw.nähenlassen - sew something for yourself.(or: giveto myself What -l . sew): Ich lasse mir ein neues Kleid nähen.- II sewto myselfnewdress. Igave it awaysewto myselfnewdress. etw. reparieren fassen - to give awayVrepair: Er ließ seine Uhr reparieren. - HegavetheirwatchVrepair, sich (Akk.) rasieren lassen - shave(Vhairdresser): Er läßt sich immer hier rasieren. - HeshavesAlwaysHere.

Lassen also used in incentive sentences: Laß(t)unsnachHousegehen! - Let's go home, (cf.: the use of the modal verb in the same meaning wollen ).

b) lassen sich - has the meaning of opportunity (i.e. is a synonym kö nnen ): Dasläßtsichmachen.- It can be done.Das läßt sich nicht machen. - Thisit is forbiddendo. Dieser Text läßt sich leicht übersetzen. - Thistexteasilyrelead.

Verb combination lassen with another verb when translated into Russian is often indecomposable, i.e. its meaning is not derived from the sum of the meanings of these two semantic verbs (for example: Erlaß t unsviellesen.- He forces us a lot read ), but has another Russian equivalent, in which the meaning lassen not directly reflected, for example: mitsichredenlassen - to be accommodating,sich (Dat.)etwasgefallenlassen - endure, endure something. In the dictionary, the translation of such combinations into Russian should be found in the dictionary entry for lassen . Lassen can also form a complex verb with other verbs: fallenlassen - to drop.

Modal verbs are more often used in simple tense forms than in complex ones; this is how the preterite is used more often , than perfect. Modal verbs kö nnen, mö gen, du rfen (the latter in the form of preterite conjunctiva du rfte ), mu ssen, sollen And wollen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, can be used to express various types of assumptions; In this meaning, modal verbs are translated into Russian as follows:

A) kö nnen, mö gen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, are translated into Russian with the words “perhaps, maybe, perhaps, it seems” and the personal form of the verb: Erkann (mag)nachHousegegangensein. - Perhaps (maybe, perhaps, it seems) he went home.Erkann (mag)kranksein. - Perhaps (maybe, perhaps, it seems) he is sick.

However, when translating an interrogative sentence, “perhaps, maybe”, etc. are usually omitted: Wannkann (mag)ernachHousegegangensein? - When did he go home? (When could he go home?).

b) du rfen in the preterite conjunctiva (i.e. in the form du rfte ) in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “apparently, apparently, perhaps, it seems” and the personal form of the verb: ErdurfteschonnachHousegegangensein. - He apparently (apparently, perhaps, it seems) has already gone home.Erdurftekranksein. - He is apparently (apparently, perhaps, it seems) sick.

(If there is a negation, it is also possible to translate the words “hardly”: Dasdurftenothingrichtigsein. - This is hardly correct.)

However, when translating an interrogative sentence “apparently, apparently”, etc. usually omitted: Dü rfte es richtig sein? -It's right? Dü rfte er sich geirrt haben? - Was he wrong?

V) mu ssen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “it must be, probably, very likely, obviously” and the personal form of the verb: ErmußnachHousegegangensein. - He must have (probably, very likely, obviously) gone home.Ermußkranksein. - He must be (probably, very likely, obviously) sick.

G) sollen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “they say, report”, etc. and the following subordinate clause: ErsollnachHousegegangensein. - They say he went home.Ersollkranksein. - They say he is sick.Die Delegation soll Moskau schon verlassen haben. - Report, WhatdelegationalreadyleftfromMoscow.

The specified combination can also be translated into Russian with the words “according to information, according to reports,” etc. and the personal form of the verb. DieDelegationsollMoscowschonverlassenhaben.- According to available information, the delegation has already left Moscow.Sollen in the above meaning can be used in a sentence in which it is already clear from the context that someone else’s words are being conveyed: EswildGemeldet,dieDelegationsollnachKiewgefahrensein. - They report that the delegation has left for Kyiv.

d) wollen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “he claims”, “he says” and a subsequent subordinate clause, which may contain the word “supposedly”: Er(sie)willselbstdabeigewesensein. - He (she) claims that he (allegedly) was present at the same time.

Verbs haben And sein can also be used in a modal meaning in special phrases:

1) haben + zu + The infinitive, as a rule, has the meaning of obligation, necessity: Ichhabenightzuarbeiten. - I have to (I need) to work more.Wir haben noch eine Stunde zu fahren. - Us(need to) drivemorehour. Ichhattenightzuarbeiten. - I had (I needed) to work more.

Synonym of combination haben + zu + infinitive are modal verbs mu ssen And sollen with infinitive: Ichhabenightzuarbeiten.= Ich muß (soll) noch arbeiten.

Less often haben + zu + the infinitive has the meaning of possibility: Er hat nichts zu sagen.-He can't say anything. He has nothing to say.Erhatvielzuberichten. - He can tell you a lot. He has something to report.

2) sein + zu + The infinitive expresses, depending on the context: a) the meaning of obligation, necessity, b) the meaning of possibility; combination sein + zu + the infinitive has a passive meaning.

A) Die Rechnung ist gleich zu bezahlen.- The bill must be paid immediately. Checkneed toimmediatelysamepay. Die Rechnung war gleich zu bezahlen. - Checkneed towasimmediatelysamepay. Die Versammlung ist von allen zu besuchen. - OnmeetingoweuscomeAll.

b) Das ist leicht zu tun. -This(Can) easilydo. Diese alte Maschine ist nicht mehr zu benutzen. - ThisoldcarNotMaybebemoreused. Daswarleichtzutun. - It (could) be easy to do.

Synonyms for sein + zu + infinitive are modal verbs mu ssen, solen, kö nnen with the passive infinitive: DieRechnungistgleichzubezahlen.= Die Rechnung muß (soll) gleich bezahlt werden. - Checknecessaryimmediatelysamepay. Das ist leicht zu tun. = Das kann leicht getan werden.-It (can be) easily done.

Translation into Russian of verbs with modal meaning: glauben, scheinen, suchen, verstehen, wissen . These verbs are called modal verbs because... Unlike modal verbs, their main meaning is not modal. So, for example, the main meaning suchen "to seek" and its modal meaning is "to try".

With the infinitive of another verb, they acquire a modal meaning and are translated as follows:

1) glauben – seem (+ object in dat. case): IchglaubeSiezuKennen. - It seems to me that I know you.ErglaubtediesenMannzuKennen. - It seemed to him that he knew this man.Erglaubtallesverstandenzuhaben. - He thought he understood everything.

2) scheinen - seem: ErscheintdiesenMannzuKennen. - He seems to know this man.Erschien diesenMannzuKennen. - It seemed (that) he knew this man.Erscheint,allesvergessenzuhaben. - It seems (that) he forgot everything.Erscheintklug (zusein). - He seems smart.

3) suchen - try, try: Ersuchtunszuhelfen. - He is trying (trying) to help us.Er suchte uns zu überzeugen. - Hetried(had tried) usubebaby.

4) verstehen - be able to: Er versteht zu überzeugen. -Hecanconvince.

5) wissen - be able to, be able to: Er weiß zu schweigen. -Hecankeep silent. Er weiß zu überzeugen. - Hecanconvince. Ich weiß Ihnen nicht zu helfen. - INotCanto youhelp.

A predicate expressed by a stable verb phrase.

Stable verbal phrases consist of a verb and a noun or adjective (less often an adverb); stable verb phrases are equivalent in meaning to the verb, for example: Platznehmen =sichsetzen (to sit down),zumAusdruckbringen =ausdrucken (to express).

The arrangement of the parts of the predicate, expressed by a stable phrase, is the same as that of separable verbs: Wirnehmen immerdortPlatz. - We always sit there. Comp.: Die Versammlung findet in diesem Horsaal stat.- Meetingwill take placeVthisaudience.

Understanding sentences with a predicate expressed by a stable verb phrase often causes difficulties, since sometimes not the entire stable phrase, but only the verb, is taken as the predicate. Compare, for example, the following sentence: Der Autor brachte diese Idee in folgenden Worten zum Ausdruck. Even if you know each word of this sentence separately, but do not take into account the fact that the predicate is expressed in a stable phrase, translation is impossible. Only by defining the predicate can you correctly translate this sentence: DerAuthorbrachte dieseIdeainfolgendenWortenzum Ausdruck. (derAuthor – subject,brachtezumAusdruck - predicate) (zumAusdruckbringen - to express). - Author expressed this idea in the following words.

The predicate, expressed by a stable verb phrase, occurs very often. The most common types of stable phrases that act as a predicate are the following:

1) verb + noun (mostly with a preposition): jmdn.inEmpfangnehmen - to meet, accept someone;zumAusdruckkommen - express yourself in something, find expression in something;zuEndebringen - to bring to the end;jmdm.EtwaszurKentnisbringen - to bring something to someone's attention;einenEindruckmachen - to make an impression;Abschiednehmenvon (Dat.)- saying goodbye;keinEndenehmen - don't stop etc.

2) verb+ adjective: etwasrückgängigmachen - to cancel something;esweitbringen - to achieve a lot;jmdn.aufetwasaufmerksammachen - to draw someone's attention to something;sichbemerkbarmachen - to attract attention; make yourself known etc.

3) verb+ adverb (which is a fusion of a preposition with a noun): zutagetreten - to appear, to appear, to manifest;zugrundelegen - to put something at the basis of something;zugrundegehen - to perish;zustandekommen - to be carried out.

Other subgroups of this type are less numerous, but the principle of analysis and translation of combinations is the same. Such phrases, as can be seen from the examples, can be translated into Russian by a verb or a phrase of a similar form in the Russian language.

The range of verbs that form the above phrases is small: bringen, commen, liegen, legen, machen, nehmen, setzen, trten and some others; as part of a phrase, these verbs lose their original lexical meaning and become lexically incomplete. The main lexical meaning is carried by a noun, adjective, adverb. In the dictionary, the translation of these phrases should be looked for in the entry of the corresponding noun, adjective, adverb (although in most dictionaries, combinations of this kind are also placed in the entry of the corresponding verb, i.e. twice).

Nominal predicate

A nominal predicate consists of a linking verb and a nominal part, which in German grammar is called a predicate.

The linking verbs are sein, werden, bleiben, heißen : Die Vorlesung ist interessant. -Lectureinteresting. Er wird Lehrer.- He will be a teacher.WirbleibenFreunde. - We will remain (remain) friends.ErheißtOlegPetrow. - His name is Oleg Petrov.

The predicatives most often are nouns, adjectives, participles II of transitive verbs, less often - pronouns, numerals and adverbs.

1) The predicate expressed by a noun is in the nominative (answers the question wer? was? ): DasisteinLehrbuch. - This is a textbook.Das ist ein Student. - Thisstudent. Er ist Student. - Hestudent.

The predicate usually has an indefinite or zero article, but: DasistderStudentPetrow. - This is student Petrov.

Please note that in Russian a predicative noun can be in the instrumental case: “He was a student,” but in German only in the nominative: ErwarStudent.

A noun with a preposition can also act as a predicate: DieserBriefistfurdenDekan. - This letter is for the dean.DasModellistausMetall. - Metal model.

2) A predicate expressed by an adjective always stands in an unchangeable form (answers the question wie? ): IchbinschonGesund. - I'm already healthy.Sie ist schon gesund. - Shealreadyhealthy. Sie sind schon gesund. - Theyalreadyhealthy.

3) The predicate, expressed by participle II of transitive verbs, also stands in an unchangeable form: DerTextistinsRussian übersetzt. - The text has been translated into Russian.Die Texte sind ins Russische übersetzt. - TextstranslatedonRussianlanguage.

In some grammars the combination sein + participle II from transitive verbs is called passive state, or cabinet.

4) The predicate can be expressed by a pronoun in the nominative: Dasbinich.- It's me; numeral: Wirsindvier. - We are a party of four; adverb: Jetztistallesanders. - Now everything is different.

5) In any sentence, except for a subordinate clause, if the linking verb is used in the present or preterite, the predicative is at the end of the sentence: EristjetztStudent. - He's a student now.Früher war er Arbeiter. - EarlierHewasworkers. Sie ist schon alt. - Shealreadyold.

If the linking verb is in a complex tense form, then the predicate comes before the participle or infinitive: ErwildIngenieursein. - He will be an engineer.EristjetztIngenieurgeworden.- He has now become an engineer.Er ist vor kurzem krank gewesen. - RecentlyHewasis ill.

A special case is the location of phrases with wie And als when comparing: Eristebensoaltwieich.- He is as old as me.Er ist älter als ich. - Heolder, howI. Diese Arbeit wird schwieriger sein als die erste. - ThisJobwillmore difficultfirst.

6) A nominal predicate may contain a modal verb: Erwillstarksein. - He wants to be strong.ErkannLehrerwerden. - He can become a teacher.

German sentences (sentences) have a number of significant differences from Russian ones:

• They always two-part, that is, they necessarily contain both main members - the predicate (predicate) and the subject (subject), which is especially clearly demonstrated by German impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences, for example:

In dieser Stadt baut man heutzutage viele Hochhäuser. – Many high-rise buildings are being built in this city today.

Es wurde wesentlich dunkler. – It has become significantly darker.

• German predicates always expressed in verb forms; in nominal predicates there must be a linking verb, including the present tense, for example:

Karl ist Soziologe. – Karl is a sociologist.

• In German sentences More than one negation can never be used, for example:

Nina ist nie in Düsseldorf gewesen. – Nina has never been to Dusseldorf.

The German subject is always used in Nominativ and can be expressed either by a noun or by any other part of speech that is used in the meaning of a name:

• Diese Strecke hat wenig Verkehrszeichen. – There are few road signs in this area (noun).
• Dieser Kranke macht unseren Doktor verrückt. – This patient is driving our doctor crazy (substantivized adjective).
• Die Reisenden entdeckten einen schönen Bergsee. – The travelers came across a beautiful mountain lake (participle).
• Autofahren fällt ihr schwer. – Driving a car is difficult for her (substantivized infinitive).
• Sie hat Lilien gewählt. — She chose lilies (pronoun).
• Vier mal vier ist sechzehn. – Four times four is sixteen (numerals).
• Vom Kai zu tauchen ist verboten. – Jumping into the water from the embankment is prohibited (infinitive phrase).
• Indefinite personal and impersonal pronouns - see examples above.

Predicates in German sentences. can be verbal (simple and compound) and nominal (always compound). Simple predicates consist of single verbs in finite forms, tenses and voices corresponding to the subject. Thus, simple verbal predicates can consist of a single verb (simple form) or the same verb paired with an auxiliary (complex form). Compound verbal predicates include two verbs, each of which has an independent meaning. Nominal predicates consist of connectives and a nominal part. For example:

• Der graue Kater sprang auf. – The gray cat jumped up (simple verbal predicate in simple form).
• Der graue Kater ist aufgesprungen. – The gray cat jumped up (simple verbal predicate in complex form).
• Kann dein Kater auf den Kühlschrank aufspringen ? – Can your cat jump on the refrigerator (compound verb predicate)?
• Mein Kater ist ein sehr ruhiges Tier. – My cat is a very calm animal (compound noun predicate).

Verbs (predicates) are always assigned a specific place in a sentence. depending on the type of the latter. If we are dealing with a simple sentence. in Indikativ (narrative), then the second place will always be assigned to the verb in a simple form or to the variable part of a verb in a complex or compound form. In the second case, the unchangeable verb part goes to the end of the utterance. In the case of using an interrogative sentence. the verb comes first if there is no question word, for example:

• In den Alpen wachsen Pfifferlinge und Steinpilze. – Chanterelles and porcini mushrooms grow in the Alps (simple predicate – verb).
• Peter wurde von seinen Kollegen gelobt. – Peter was praised by his colleagues (simple predicate - verb, passive construction).
• In unserer Mannschaft war Bettina die beste Dolmetscherin. – In our team, Bettina was the best translator (nominal predicate – compound).
• Wird Otto von seinem Freund abgeholt ? – Will Otto’s friend meet him (simple predicate – verb in complex form, no question word)?

In addition to the main members in German sentences. minor ones may be present. German objects (objects) can be case (non-prepositional) or prepositional. Non-prepositional objects in Akkusativ are called direct objects and are governed by transitive verbs. Other objects are called indirect objects and are governed by intransitive verbs. For example:

• Er wurde dieses Postens entsetzt. – He was removed from this position (unprepositional indirect addition in Genitiv).
• Diese Geschichte wurde dem alten Märchenbuch entnommen. – This story was taken from an old book of fairy tales (non-prepositional indirect object in Dativ).
• Seine Gäste können in diesem kleinen Hotel übernachten. – His guests can spend the night in this small hotel (prepositional indirect object in Dativ).
• Meine Verwandten gehen auf ein Verbrechen nicht ein. – My relatives will not commit a crime (prepositional indirect object in Akkusativ).
• Helga näht ein Kleid für meine Schwester. - Helga is sewing a dress for my sister (direct object).

They can be of very different types, as in Russian: time, mode of action, place, purpose, cause, effect. They can be expressed by adverbs or nouns (without prepositions or with prepositions). For example:

• In dieser Gegend gibt es viele Brunnen. – There are many sources in this area (adverbial circumstance, noun with preposition).
• Übermorgen schlafen sie sich aus. – The day after tomorrow they will sleep off (adverb of time).
• Alle Aufträge wurden sehr schnell verteilt. – All orders were distributed very quickly (circumstance of the course of action).
• Deshalb wurde sie mit Recht so genannt. - That’s why she was rightfully called that (two circumstances of the reason).
• Diese Badeschuhe hat er zum Schwimmen im Meer gekauft. – He purchased these bathing slippers for bathing (swimming) in the sea (purpose circumstance).
• Infolge des Regenwetters haben wir eine Überschwemmung erlebt. – Due to rainy weather, we experienced a flood (circumstance of the investigation).

German definitions according to their type are divided into coordinated and inconsistent (meaning with those members of the sentence to which they are adjacent). The only obligatory condition is that this member of the sentence is always expressed by a noun. Agreed definitions are such insofar as they agree with nouns in case, gender and number. They take place before the name and can be participles, adjectives, pronouns (interrogative, possessive, demonstrative). Inconsistent definitions can be expressed by nouns in Genitiv or with prepositions, cardinal numbers, and infinitives. For example:

• Dieser nebelige Abend war etwas ungewöhnlich. – This foggy evening was somewhat unusual (two agreed upon definitions: demonstrative pronoun and adjective).
• Meine gelb e Tasche hat sie irritiert. – My yellow bag annoyed her (two agreed definitions: possessive pronoun and adjective).
• Welchen Blumenstrauss möchten Sie bestellen? – What bouquet of flowers would you like to order (agreed definition: interrogative pronoun)?
• Der stellvertretende Firmenleiter ist nachOslo gefahren. – The deputy head of the company went to Oslo (agreed definition: participle Partizip I).
• Die erhaltenen Briefe lagen auf dem Regal. – The letters received were lying on the shelf (agreed definition: participle Partizip II).
• Seine dritte Wahl hat sie erfreut. – His third choice pleased her (agreed definition: ordinal number).
• Das Auto unserer Nachbarn steht immer in ihrer Garage. – Our neighbors' car is always in their garage (inconsistent definition: noun in Genitiv).
• Die Kuchen für die Gäste sind fertig. – The pies are ready for the guests (inconsistent definition: noun with a preposition).
• Zehn Staaten haben sich an dieser internationalen Aktion beteiligt. – Ten states took part in this international action (unagreed definition: cardinal number).
• Sein Wunsh zu übernachten wurde nicht akzeptiert. – His desire to spend the night was not accepted (= he was refused) (inconsistent definition: infinitive).

German sentences may have different word order - direct or reverse. The order of words is direct when the first place in the statement belongs to the subject, and reverse - if the subject follows the predicate (or its inflected part). For example:

• Die neue Kantine wurde im Erdgeschoss eingerichtet. – A new dining room was equipped on the ground floor (direct word order).
• Im Erdgeschoss wurde die neue Kantine eingerichtet. – A new dining room was equipped on the ground floor (word order reversed).

So far we have been talking about simple sentences. But German sentences can be not only simple, but also complex, including two or more simple ones. Complex sentences In the German language, they are compound (consisting of grammatically independent simple sentences, connected by a coordinating connection) and complex (consisting of grammatically independent simple sentences, connected by a subordinating connection). For example:

• Seine Krawatte passte ausgezeichnet zum Kleid seiner Braut und er war sehr stolz darauf. = Seine Krawatte passte ausgezeichnet zum Kleid seiner Braut. Er war sehr stolz darauf. “His tie matched the bride’s dress perfectly, and he was very proud of it.” (In this compound sentence, you can omit the conjunction “and”, and it will turn into two independent sentences.)
• Nachdem sie ihre Fahrräder repariert hatten, fuhren sie weiter. – After they repaired their bicycles, they moved on. (Here the sentence is complex, and its constituent simple sentences are closely related to each other in meaning, that is, inseparable).