Rotting organic matter is important in human life. putrefaction bacterium

Rotting is the process of deep decomposition of protein substances by microorganisms. Microorganisms use the products of protein decomposition for the synthesis of cell substances and as energy material.

Rotting is a complex, multi-stage biochemical process, the nature and final result of which depend on the composition of proteins, process conditions and the types of microorganisms causing it.

Protein substances cannot enter directly into the cells of microorganisms, therefore only microbes that possess enzymes - exoproteases - can use proteins.

The process of breakdown of simple proteins begins with their hydrolysis. The primary products of hydrolysis are peptides. They enter the cell and are hydrolyzed by intracellular proteases to amino acids.

Nucleoproteins, under the influence of putrefactive microbes, are broken down into protein complexes and nucleic acids. Proteins are then broken down into amino acids, and nucleic acids are broken down into phosphoric acid, carbohydrates and a mixture of nitrogen-containing bases.

Amino acids are used by microorganisms for cell synthesis or are subject to further changes, such as deamination. Deamination is distinguished: hydrolytic, oxidative and reductive.

Hydrolytic deamination is accompanied by the formation of hydroxy acids and ammonia. If decarboxylation of an amino acid occurs, alcohol, ammonia and carbon dioxide are formed.

Oxidative deamination produces keto acids and ammonia.

Reductive deamination produces carboxylic acids and ammonia.

Among the decomposition products of amino acids, depending on the structure of their radicals, various organic acids and alcohols are found. During the decomposition of fatty amino acids, formic, acetic, propionic, butyric and other acids can accumulate; propyl, butyl, amyl and other alcohols. During the decomposition of aromatic amino acids, the intermediate products are characteristic rotting products: phenol, cresol, skatole, indole - substances with a very unpleasant odor. The breakdown of amino acids containing sulfur produces hydrogen sulfide or its derivatives - mercaptans. Mercaptans have a rotten egg odor that is noticeable even at negligible concentrations.

Diamino acids formed during protein hydrolysis can undergo decarboxylation without elimination of ammonia, resulting in diamines and CO2.

Cadaverine, putrescine and other amines formed during decay are often grouped under the general name ptomaines (cadaveric poisons). Some ptomaine derivatives have toxic properties.

Under the influence of aerobic microorganisms, nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous organic compounds undergo oxidation, so that they can be completely mineralized. In this case, the final products of decay are ammonia, carbon dioxide, water, salts of sulfuric and phosphoric acids. Under anaerobic conditions, complete oxidation of intermediate products of amino acid breakdown does not occur. In this regard, in addition to NH3 and CO2, various organic compounds mentioned above accumulate, which may include substances with toxic properties and substances that impart a disgusting odor to rotting material.

The most active causative agents of putrefactive processes are bacteria. Among them there are spore-forming and non-spore-forming, aerobic and anaerobic. Mesophiles, cold-resistant and heat-resistant, most are sensitive to the acidity of the environment and the high content of table salt in it. The most common putrefactive bacteria are the following.

Potato and hay bacilli are aerobic, motile, gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria. Their spores are heat-resistant. Temperature optimum is in the range of 30-450C, maximum growth is at t0 55-600C, at t0 below 50 they do not reproduce.

Bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas are aerobic, motile rods with a polar cord, sporeless, gram-negative. Some species synthesize pigments, they are called fluorescent pseudomonas. There are cold-resistant growth temperatures from -20 to -50 C. They are capable of oxidizing carbohydrates with the formation of acids and secreting mucus. Development and biochemical activity are inhibited at a pH below 5.5 and 5-6% of the NaCI concentration in the medium. Pseudomonas are widespread in nature and are antagonists of a number of bacteria and filamentous fungi.

Proteus vulgaris - small, gram-negative, non-spore-bearing rods with pronounced putrefactive properties, facultative anaerobes. Ferments carbohydrates to produce gas and acid. Depending on living conditions, these bacteria are able to noticeably change shape and size. It develops well at t0 250 C and 370 C, stops multiplying at t0 about 5-100 C, but can also be preserved in frozen foods.

Its peculiarity is its energetic mobility. This property underlies a method for identifying Proteus in food products and separating it from associated bacteria. Some species produce substances that are toxic to humans.

Clostridium sporogenes is an anaerobic, motile, spore-bearing rod. The spores are heat-resistant and are located centrally in the cell. She produces spores very quickly. Ferments carbohydrates with the formation of acids and gas, has lipolytic ability. When proteins decompose, hydrogen sulfide is released abundantly. The optimal development t0 is 35-400 C, the minimum is about 50 C.

Putrefactive microorganisms cause great damage to the national economy, causing spoilage of valuable, protein-rich food products, such as fish and fish products, meat and meat products, eggs, and milk. But these same microorganisms play a large positive role in the nitrogen cycle in nature, mineralizing protein substances that end up in spoiled water.

Material from the Forensic Encyclopedia

Rotting is a complex process of decomposition of organic compounds, primarily proteins, under the influence of microbes. It usually begins on the second or third day after death. The development of decay is accompanied by the formation of a number of substances: biogenic diamines (ptomaines), gases (hydrogen sulfide, methane, ammonia, etc.) with a specific, unpleasant odor. The intensity of the decay process depends on many reasons. The most significant factors are ambient temperature and humidity. Rotting occurs quickly at an ambient temperature of +30 - +40C. It develops faster in air than in water or soil. Corpses in coffins rot even more slowly, especially when they are sealed. The decay process slows down sharply at a temperature of 0-1°C; at a lower temperature it can completely stop. Putrefactive processes are significantly accelerated in cases of death from sepsis (blood poisoning) or in the presence of other purulent processes.

Rotting usually begins in the large intestine. If the corpse is in normal room conditions (+16 - +18°C), then spots appear on the skin, in areas of the large intestine closer to the anterior abdominal wall (iliac regions - lower lateral parts of the abdomen) on the 2nd-3rd day green in color (corpse green), which then spread throughout the body and cover it entirely on the 12th-14th day.

The gases formed during decay permeate the subcutaneous tissue and swell it (cadaveric emphysema). The face, lips, mammary glands, abdomen, scrotum, and limbs are especially swollen. At the same time, the body increases significantly in volume. Due to the decay of blood in the vessels, the venous network begins to appear through the skin in the form of branched figures of a dirty green color, clearly visible during an external examination of the corpse. Under the influence of gases, the tongue may be pushed out of the mouth. Putrefactive blisters filled with bloody fluid form under the surface layer of the skin, which burst over time. The gases formed during rotting in the abdominal cavity can even push the fetus out of the uterus of a pregnant woman and at the same time turn it inside out (posthumous birth).

During the process of decay, the skin, organs and tissues gradually soften and turn into a fetid mushy mass, exposing bones. Over time, all soft tissues melt and only a skeleton remains from the corpse. Depending on the burial conditions (the nature of the soil, etc.), complete destruction of soft tissues and skeletonization of the corpse occurs within approximately 3-4 years. In the open air, this process ends much faster (in the summer - within several months). Skeletal bones can be preserved for tens or hundreds of years. The hair color of corpses in the ground changes.

Approximate timing of development of putrefactive changes

The rate of development of putrefactive processes is largely determined by environmental conditions. Kasper proposed a rule (see Kasper's Rule), according to which a corpse reaches the same state in three environments in a certain pattern. Thus, the recorded decay processes a week after death when the corpse is in the air correspond to two weeks ago for a corpse in water, and eight weeks ago when the corpse is in the ground.

Provided the temperature of the corpse is equal to or slightly higher than the ambient temperature (by 1-1.5 ° C), the solution to the issue of determining the duration of the time interval required for the appearance of signs of decay at a particular tissue temperature is carried out according to the formula:

τ = 512 / (TC - 16.5)

where τ is the duration of decay of the object under study, hour; T С – medium temperature, °С.

Rotting I Rotting

the process of destruction of organic nitrogen-containing compounds, mainly protein substances, under the action of microbial enzymes; constitutes one of the important stages in the cycle of substances in nature. As a result of hydrolysis, substances are formed from complex organic compounds - ammonia , carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, phosphoric, nitric, nitrous and sulfuric acids, which in living nature serve as starting materials for new synthesis (neogenesis) of complex organic compounds. When meat rots, they form (neurin, etc.), which have toxic properties. In the human body, the process of putrefaction occurs mainly in the large intestine, where optimal conditions exist for the life of putrefactive bacteria. Toxic compounds formed during the putrefactive breakdown of protein in the intestines enter the Liver with the blood. , where does it take place? The intensity of putrefaction processes in the human intestine is low, however, in a number of pathological conditions accompanied by the release of blood and various exudates into the intestinal lumen or in case of intestinal obstruction, it increases, which can lead to endogenous intoxication. The development of putrefactive infection in wounds is dangerous.

Bibliography: Berezov T.T. and Korovkin B.F. Biological chemistry, p. 455, M., 1982; Leninger A., ​​trans. from English, M., 1976.

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

See what “Rotting” is in other dictionaries:

Decline, decay, decomposition, damage, decay, decay(s); maturation, decay, rotting, debate, decay, putrefaction, putrefaction, sepsis, decay, decay. Ant. flourishing, progress, development Dictionary of Russian synonyms. rotting rotting,... ... Synonym dictionary

ROT- ROTATION, the breakdown of protein and other nitrogenous substances under the influence of putrefactive bacteria (see below), accompanied by the formation of foul-smelling products. The development of gastric processes is facilitated by: a sufficient degree of humidity, proper osmotic... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

Decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (mainly proteins) by microorganisms. It is carried out by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, some microscopic fungi. With the participation of proteolytic enzymes, microorganisms break down... Dictionary of microbiology

ROT- the biological process of transformation of dead organic material by microorganisms under the influence of oxygen and with a small amount of water (aerobic decomposition) or without oxygen and in the presence of a large amount of water (anaerobic decomposition)... Ecological dictionary

See Natural vice Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001... Dictionary of business terms

ROTATION, the process of breakdown of complex nitrogen-containing organic compounds (mainly proteins) under the influence of putrefactive microorganisms. Plays an important role in the cycle of substances in nature. To protect food products from rotting... ... Modern encyclopedia

The process of breakdown of complex nitrogen-containing organic compounds (mainly proteins) under the influence of putrefactive microorganisms. Plays an important role in the cycle of substances in nature. To protect food products from rotting processes... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (putrefactive decomposition), the decomposition of organic substances, especially proteins, as a result of the action of FUNGI, BACTERIA or OXIDATION. During the decay process, an unpleasant odor occurs. When meat rots, for example, HYDROGEN SULFIDE, AMINES and... ... are produced. Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

ROTTING, rotting, many. no, cf. (book). 1. The process of destruction, decomposition of dead and inanimate organic matter. 2. transfer Spiritual decay, decline. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

ROT, rot, rot; rotten, rotten, rotten; nesov. Destroy by organic decomposition. The hay is rotting. The food is rotting. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic matter. compounds (mainly proteins) by microorganisms; plays an important role in the cycle of substances in nature. G. involves aerobic, facultative anaerobic (Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, etc.) and... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

Rotting, or ammonification, is the destruction by bacteria of organic substances containing nitrogen. The process of rotting occurs everywhere: the corpses of obsolete animals and plants rot, meat and fish products rot, damaged root crops, leaves rot in the forest, plants in reservoirs; nitrogenous substances rot in manure and soil; In the large intestines of animals and humans, rotting of food remains occurs. Rotting is accompanied by the release of carbon dioxide, as well as many unpleasant-smelling gases (indole, skatole, hydrogen sulfide, methane, etc.). In addition, when rotting, organic poisons are released - ptomains, so you should not feed spoiled feed to animals. The decay process involves many different types of bacteria, both anaerobes and aerobes. Some types of bacteria decompose complex organic substances into simpler substances that other species feed on; the flora of the second types of bacteria is replaced by a third type, etc., until the organic matter is mineralized into a number of simple substances, such as water, mineral salts, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, etc. In this case, the latent energy located in the organic matter is released and goes to the vital activity of bacteria. Sometimes the excess energy is used for heating, as in decomposing hay, or the energy is released in the form of light by so-called luminescent bacteria, as in the rotting of spoiled meat.

We will analyze the processes of bacterial activity occurring in manure and soil. First of all, it is necessary to remember that manure contains a large amount of urea, which is influenced by ammonification bacteria attaches two molecules of H 2 O to itself and turns into ammonium carbonate (NH 4) 2 CO 3:
CO(NH 2) 2 + 2H 2 O = (NH 4) 2 CO 3.

The process usually does not stop here, since (NH 4) 2 CO 3 in manure and soil decomposes to form 2NH 3, CO 2 and H 2 O. When ammonia reacts with acids present in the soil, more stable ammonium salts are formed again (for example, 2NH 3 + H 2 SO 4 → (NH 4) 2 SO 4).

Ammonium salts, under the influence of nitrification bacteria, found in large numbers in manure and soil, are converted into nitric acid salts through an intermediate phase of nitrous acid. Due to the energy of oxidation during this process, the vital activity of nitrification bacteria occurs. The process of nitrification is the process of formation of nitrate in the soil, and we know how important the presence of this salt in the soil is for the growth of green plants. That the formation of nitrate in soil is a biological process was first proven by scientists J. Schlesing and A. S. Münz. They took long thick glass tubes and filled them with sand. Then a solution of ammonia salt was poured through the upper end of the tube and the liquid flowing out through the lower end of the tube was examined. The flowing liquid contained salts of nitric acid, and ammonia salts disappeared from it. By treating tubes of sand with chloroform vapor or heating them to a temperature of 110°, the researchers proved that the process of converting ammonium salts into nitrate is transformed, from which they concluded that nitrification depends on some living microorganisms.

The famous Russian microbiologist S. N. Vinogradsky in 1889 isolated from the soil pure cultures of nitrification bacteria of two genera, which are always found together and are in a kind of symbiosis. The first bacterium (Nitrosomonas) (Fig. 1) converts ammonium salts, more precisely the ammonia released during their decomposition, into nitrous acid:

2NH 3 + 3O 2 = 2HNO 2 + 2H 2 O + 158 large calories, that is, it carries out the first phase of nitrification. Nitrous acid does not accumulate, but with the help of a second bacterium (Nitrobacter) is immediately oxidized into nitric acid:

2HNO 2 + O 2 = 2HNO 3 + 38 large calories. Nitric acid, interacting with cations Na +, Ca ++, K +, etc., forms nitrate.

Fig.1. :
I - nitrosomonas. II - azotobacter.

Later, similar bacteria were found in the soils of different countries. The success of nitrification depends on the presence of sufficient moisture in the soil, a sufficient amount of calcium salts that bind nitric acid, and also on the access of air to the soil, since nitrification bacteria are obligate aerobes. This implies the need for proper deep tillage of the soil.

As can be seen from the above reaction formulas, nitrification is accompanied by the release of energy. This chemical oxidative energy is used to decompose carbon dioxide and form organic substances that make up the body of bacteria. This kind of synthesis of organic substances, which consists in converting one form of chemical energy into another, is called chemosynthesis.

In direct contrast to these beneficial bacteria, they are found in highly compacted soils. denitrifying bacteria, producing the destruction of nitrate salts up to the release of free nitrogen into the air. The denitrification process is harmful to agricultural plants, which must be constantly combated. Strong compaction of the soil, associated with improper cultivation and the formation of a dense crust on the surface, enhances this harmful process, since denitrification bacteria are anaerobes.

In addition to the bacteria listed above, there are also extremely interesting and beneficial bacteria in the soil that have the ability to bind free nitrogen from the air and make it available for the nutrition of green plants. One of these bacteria, Azotobacter (Fig. 1, II), is aerobic, and the other, Clostridium pasteurianum, is anaerobic. The successful development of nitrogen-fixing bacteria is associated with the development of soil algae. The latter form carbohydrates and other non-nitrogenous substances necessary for the development of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

When studying the physiology of plants, we will examine the question of a beneficial bacterium that captures free nitrogen from the air (Bacterium radicicola), found in the soil and penetrating into the roots of legumes, on which nodules develop.

Bacteria undoubtedly produce a process of putrefaction, fermentation, accompanied by the release of gases, and we find this in the stomach of all predatory fish. It can even be harmful to the body, irritating the intestines. However, even if we recognize a certain role for bacteria in the process of preliminary decomposition of feed substances in the intestines of fish, they cannot at all be considered substitutes for enzymes, and therefore must be recognized as replacing pepsin, which we will discuss below.[...]

Rotting (methane fermentation) is a process that occurs without access to atmospheric oxygen, in which organic substances, under the influence of various symbiotic organisms, passing through a large number of intermediate products, decompose to methane and carbon dioxide. The last stage of decomposition occurs under the influence of methane bacteria.[...]

Bacteria live everywhere - in soil, water, air, in the bodies of plants, animals and humans. Many bacteria are heterotrophic organisms in their feeding method, i.e. they use ready-made organic substances. Some of them, being saprophytes, destroy the remains of dead plants and animals, participate in the decomposition of manure, and contribute to the mineralization of the soil. Bacterial processes of alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation are used by humans. There are species that can live in the human body without causing harm. For example, E. coli lives in the human intestines. Certain types of bacteria, settling on food products, cause their spoilage. Saprophytes include bacteria of decay and fermentation.[...]

During the decay of plant and animal corpses, denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates into free nitrogen (L)2 -> F)a -» N20 -> N2, which goes into the atmosphere, but nitrogen-fixing bacteria again convert atmospheric nitrogen into organic compounds available for absorption by plants.[...]

Lower organisms. Sludge rotting stops at a formaldehyde concentration of 100 mg/l. Aerobic decomposition processes stop at a formaldehyde concentration of 135-175 mg/l. The maximum harmful concentration for Escherichia coli bacteria is 1 mg/l, for Scenedesmus algae 0.3-0.5 mg/l and for crustaceans 2 mg/l. Organisms involved in methane fermentation can become accustomed to formaldehyde and then tolerate 15% formaldehyde concentrations. The resulting gas has equimolecular parts CH4 and CO2.[...]

Lower organisms. For Escherichia coli bacteria, the maximum harmful concentration is 0.1 mg/l. The processes of sludge decay are greatly delayed if the concentration of nickel in the raw sludge exceeds the limit of 500-1000 mg/l. According to Rudolfs, a concentration of 500 mg/l Ni has no effect on the decay process; a concentration of 1000 mg/l Ni reduces rotting by 35%, a concentration of 2000 mg/l - by 95%. The growth of Scenedesmus algae is inhibited if the concentration exceeds 0.9 mg/L Ni; the maximum harmful concentration for crustaceans is 6 mg/l.[...]

In addition, the anaerobic bacteria Spirillum desulfuricans, when rotting plant elements and in the presence of sulfate salts, release hydrogen sulfide, which in the Black Sea, due to the lack of circulation, accumulates in the depths; from 150 soot. in such quantity that all life there ceases.[...]

The vital activity of anaerobic bacteria is associated with the processes of decay of the components of plant and microbial cells with the formation of simple, but under-oxidized organic and then mineral compounds (see the general diagram of these processes on p. 126).[...]

Bacterial diseases are caused by bacteria with a high infectious ability. Due to the transition to mechanized harvesting, which causes mechanical damage to tubers, the damage to potatoes by bacteriosis has increased. As a result of infection by these diseases, the death of plants in the field, rotting of planting tubers and new crops in the field, and their rotting during storage are observed. Crop losses can reach 50%.[...]

Due to the activity of thermophilic bacteria, the temperature of the manure rises to 50-70°. Carbon dioxide and water vapor released during decay take part in the formation reactions of white lead. As a result of the processes taking place in pots, about 70-80% of lead is converted into white. After unloading the pots, the main carbonate is separated from the metallic lead. This operation was previously carried out manually, but is currently performed with special machines and wet mills. The white is separated from the remaining lead by elutriation, after which it is washed from excess lead acetate, filtered and dried. Using this method, lead white was previously produced not in buildings, but in heaps, and therefore this method is also called heap, and the white is sometimes called lag (a corrupted Dutch word loog - a room for the production of lead white).[...]

In both cases, both during smoldering and during rotting, ammonia is formed. This ammonia is then subjected to oxidation with the help of other aerobic bacteria and turns first into nitrous and then into nitric acid. Accordingly, these processes are called ammonification and nitrification.[...]

Soil microflora is very diverse. Here bacteria perform various functions and are divided into the following physiological groups: putrefaction bacteria, nitrophytic bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, sulfur bacteria, etc. Among them there are aerobic and anaerobic forms. [...]

In livestock complexes, ammonia is formed from the decay of organic compounds under the influence of ureazoactive anaerobic bacteria. The activity of these bacteria increases with increasing temperature. Therefore, in summer, as a rule, the concentration of ammonia is much higher than in winter.[...]

Nitrogen returns to the atmosphere again with gases released during decay. The role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle is such that if only 12 of their species participating in the nitrogen cycle are destroyed, life on Earth will cease. American scientists think so.[...]

REDUCENTS - organisms whose main result of nutrition is rotting or other decomposition of complex compounds into simpler ones. First of all, fungi and bacteria.[...]

Phenolic glycosides of moss and lichen cells prevent their rotting, and after death they promote the formation of peat. Phenolic lichen acids inhibit the proliferation of many bacteria and molds, so many lichens are practically sterile and were used in northern hospitals during the Great Patriotic War as a cushioning material for dressings.[...]

Mineralization processes occur with the obligatory participation of bacteria: in the first case, aerobic bacteria, developing in the presence of air (oxygen) and promoting the process of oxidation and formation of acids, and in combination with potassium and sodium - mineral salts (carbon dioxide, nitrate, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid, as well as carbon dioxide COg); in the second case, anaerobic, developing in the absence of air and promoting the processes of decay - the breakdown of complex organic substances, which are accompanied by the release of foul-smelling gases, explosive (methane) and small amounts of carbon dioxide CO2, the transition of sulfur to hydrogen sulfide H/;-. nitrogen - into ammonia NH3. In addition, an environment is created that is conducive to the spread of infectious microbes.[...]

Only those bacteria survive that cause decay and do not require oxygen to decompose organic substances; the product of their vital activity is released hydrogen sulfide. Thus, not only the lake, but also adjacent ecosystems perish as a result of hydrogen sulfide poisoning.[...]

Infectious plant diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses are widespread. The most common forms of these diseases are: plaque on the surface of leaves and shoots (gray rot, etc.), curling of leaves, rotting of roots and stems. [...]

Soft rot of the root collar is caused by the bacterium Erwinia cartovora. The disease is detected during hot weather. Bacteria live in the soil; penetrate into plants when roots are damaged as a result of soil cultivation. Rotting of the root collar is accompanied by an unpleasant odor.[...]

During fermentation, partial loss of flakes of protein substances occurs. However, the acidic reaction and the presence of lactic acid bacteria prevent the development of putrefactive bacteria, which contribute to the further process of decomposition of substances. Only after neutralization of the formed acids can the wastewater be subjected to the process of putrefaction. To preserve the heat of wastewater, it is necessary to provide a heated room.[...]

BACTERIAL FERTILIZERS - fertilizers containing useful for agricultural purposes. plants soil microorganisms (eg, nitragine). BACTERIA [gr. bakleria - rod] - a group of microscopic unicellular microorganisms that have a cell wall, but do not have a formed nucleus, lack chlorophyll and plastids, reproducing by division. B. are widespread in nature (cause rotting, fermentation, etc.), participate in the biogeochemical cycle of all biologically important chemical elements, performing the function of decomposers. Many key processes of the cycle are carried out only with the help of bacteria (for example, nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, oxidation and reduction of sulfur compounds, etc.). B. are the causative agents of many diseases of humans, animals, and plants (typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis). BACTERIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION - see Art. Biological pollution, as well as Coli index and Microbial number.[...]

Biological ponds (clarifiers) are used for weakly concentrated wastewater containing organic substances that are easily decomposed by bacteria. They are also used as secondary clarifiers for chemically treated or incompletely biologically treated wastewater. Their dimensions must be selected in such a way that the wastewater in them is not subject to the process of decay at any time. These dimensions are calculated based on the biochemical oxygen demand, which must be supplied by air and sometimes by dilution with oxygen-rich waters. If these natural replenishments of oxygen are insufficient, then the deficiency is eliminated by adding nitrates. The calculation can be based on the population equivalent, and for each resident you need to consider 20 m? pond area. In order for assimilation under the influence of light to take place completely, it is necessary that the depth of the pond does not exceed 1.20 l. [...]

In practice, the biochemical decomposition of proteins is of great importance. The process of decomposition of proteins or their derivatives under the influence of putrefactive bacteria is called putrefaction. Rotting processes can occur aerobically and anaerobically. Rotting is accompanied by the release of sharp-smelling substances: ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, skatole, indole, mercaptans, etc. [...]

Mineralization is the process of destruction (decay) of organic substances, i.e. their transition to mineral, occurs in nature under the influence of bacteria and microorganisms called aerobic. If there is enough oxygen in a watercourse or soil, then the individual constituent elements of organic substances - nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus - are oxidized to mineral salts of nitric, carbonic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid. With insufficient or absence of oxygen, slow decomposition (rotting) of organic substances occurs. As a result, methane SSH, hydrogen sulfide LbE, and ammonia K]H3 are formed. The process occurs under the influence of bacteria called anaerobic.[...]

Cyanethylated cotton is highly resistant to rot and mildew. When kept for very long periods of time in soil contaminated with bacteria that cause cellulose rot, this product retains all its strength (and in some cases even increased its strength slightly). Cyan-ethylene cotton and Manila hemp also do not rot when kept in water for a long time. Rot resistance increases with increasing nitrogen content and becomes absolute when it reaches 2.8-3.5%. However, the presence of even small amounts of carboxyl groups (formed as a result of saponification of cyanoethyl groups) negatively affects the resistance of cellulosic materials to the action of putrefactive bacteria. Therefore, it is very important to carry out cyanoethylation under the mildest conditions. You should also reduce the intensity of alkaline treatments or completely avoid them when washing, bleaching and dyeing cyanoethylene cotton.[...]

When plants are diseased before flowering, tubers, as a rule, are not formed. With a later disease, tubers are formed, but they are sick with blackleg, and their rotting during storage continues. They create a focus of infection in the storage facility. Blackleg bacteria do not survive in soil for long.[...]

When diluted at 1:100,000, sublimate prevents rotting. The germination of anthrax spores is prevented by a concentration of 3 mg/l. Sublimate harms spirogyra even in a dilution of 1: 100,000,000. The maximum harmful concentration for the bacteria Escherichia coli is 2 mg/l, for the algae Seenedesmus and for the crustaceans Daphnia magna - 0.03 mg/l.[...]

Gases methane, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide and others, accumulating in structures built on closed landfills, form explosive mixtures; the leachate contains products of rotting garbage. For example, at the Rostov-on-Don landfill, the degree of bacterial contamination of groundwater exceeded the average values ​​for city sewerage: 1 ml of water contained up to 1.5 million bacteria, including 34,000 intestinal bacteria.[...]

When wastewater from some chemical industries contaminated with hydrogen sulfide is discharged into water bodies, an abundant development of filamentous sulfur bacteria belonging to the genus Thinosphix is ​​observed. and Vedd1a1:oa- These bacteria form fouling on the bottom and near the shores of the reservoir. Pollution of water bodies with wastewater containing ferrous salts is accompanied by the development of fouling of filamentous iron bacteria - Lepthiobacterium, Chacticlinx and Clacillonx. When they die, such fouling is deposited in deeper pits and, undergoing decay processes, causes outbreaks of secondary pollution.[...]

But a significant part of dead organic matter, including detritus itself, for example, the remains of vegetation - wood, cannot be consumed by detritivores, but rots and decomposes in the process of feeding fungi and bacteria.[...]

In addition to increasing the efficiency of cotton harvesters, pre-harvest leaf removal promotes earlier ripening of the crop (by 15-20 days). Under the influence of defoliants, the spread of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and insects, which often cause rotting of raw cotton on leafy plants in late autumn, is also limited.[...]

We saw above what enormous masses of various organic substances are introduced into a reservoir from land, but probably an even larger quantity comes from aquatic plants and animals. Let's see what processes they undergo in order to re-enter the cycle of life. Rotting caused by microbes begins with the dissolution of protein and the formation of albumoses and peptones, which quickly decompose and ultimately produce ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, hydrogen sulfide, water, etc. Thus, the whole process occurs with the help of the life activity of three groups.[...]

Syrp; indicates that when preliminarily untreated wastewater is discharged into a reservoir, Spubrego1y1u51an8 grows very intensively. Mac Gauhey showed that the discharge of 260 m3 of wastewater in 1 sec. into the Roanax River in Virginia (USA) caused turbidity in it, the formation of a sulfide odor, yellow silt at the bottom of the river, the occurrence of rotting processes, a significant increase in BOD5 and carbon dioxide, a decrease in the number of bacteria in the river and the disappearance of fish.[...]

Polysaprobic organisms are characteristic of very polluted waters, which contain a lot of protein substances, hydrogen sulfide, methane and carbon dioxide. There is no dissolved oxygen in such waters. In this group of organisms there are few individual species, but each species develops very intensively. The group mainly includes bacteria (millions in 1 ml of water), ciliates, colorless flagellates, and sulfur bacteria. Bottom sediments contain a lot of organic detritus; There are no aquatic flowering plants. The polysaprobic zone is characterized by restorative processes of decay and decay.[...]

Excessively developed vegetation interferes with the proper operation of ponds and contributes to the deterioration of hydrochemical and gas conditions, especially at night, when oxygen is consumed by all aquatic organisms for respiration and its deficiency is created. When dying vegetation decomposes, toxic decay products (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, etc.) are released, and its remains are a substrate for the preservation and reproduction of saprophytic and pathogenic fungi and bacteria.[...]

There are three types of dust: mineral (inorganic), organic and cosmic. Weathering and destruction of rocks, volcanic eruptions, steppe and peat fires, evaporation from the surface of the seas cause the formation of mineral dust. Organic dust in the air is represented by aeroplankton - organisms living in the atmosphere (bacteria, fungal spores, pollen, etc.), and products of rotting, fermentation and decomposition of plants and animals. Cosmic dust is formed from the remains of burnt meteorites as they pass through the atmosphere.[...]

But if too many nutrients enter a reservoir (for example, wastewater from a mineral fertilizer plant is systematically discharged), a disruption of the cycle occurs. Rapid growth of algae begins, the thickness of their layer increases sharply, the flow of light into the lower layers of the reservoir decreases, and the processes of photosynthesis slow down. At the same time, the decay of a large mass of dead cells intensifies. Their decomposition consumes all the oxygen dissolved in the water, and then not only animals die, but also bacteria decomposing the detritus. The chain breaks. If wastewater harmful to the reservoir is not stopped, then the natural self-purification mechanism will decline.[...]

S. is also possible in populations of species with a secondary behavioral strategy, but it is expressed to a lesser extent and is combined with miniaturization (at a high population density, some individuals drop out, and the remaining ones are smaller in size). SELF-PURIFICATION OF NATURAL WATERS (S.P.V.) is a variant of biotic transformation of the environment, the process of purifying water from pollutants through their decomposition and sedimentation. S.p.v. occurs both in an anaerobic environment (rotting) and in an aerobic environment. In the latter case, S.p.v. occurs more actively, the higher the oxygen content in water. In S.p.v. In addition to bacteria, fungi, algae, and animals also take part. In running water S.p.v. occurs more actively than in a standing position. When a large amount of wastewater enters water bodies (this occurs in large cities of the Russian Federation), the ability to S.p.w. reservoirs are insufficient. Special treatment facilities and reduction of discharges through the use of low-waste technologies are needed. SANITARY PROTECTION ZONE - a territory planted with forest and separating enterprises that pollute the atmosphere from the residential part of the settlement.[...]

Thus, antibiotics have all the properties that are necessary for medicinal preparations used in crop production. There are numerous reports in the literature about the successful use of antibiotics in the fight against various plant diseases. At the same time, it has been shown that antibiotics not only protect the plant from damage, but also have a therapeutic effect in the presence of various infections (phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes). Antibiotic drugs have been tested in the treatment of diseases of fruit trees, cotton, grain and vegetable crops, and ornamental plants both in laboratories and in production conditions. For example, good results were obtained when using aureo-fungin in the fight against fungal diseases of seeds and downy mildew. Pre-sowing treatment of cotton seeds with an antibiotic made it possible to reduce cotton diseases such as gommosis and verticillium wilt by 5-6 times. The use of antibiotics in plant budding is promising. Cuttings treated with an antibiotic are practically sterile, and the plants do not get sick after grafting, while control cuttings not treated with an antibiotic often die from infection. The use of antibiotics for plant diseases of bacterial origin is very effective: bacteriosis of apple and pear trees, walnut rot, bacterial spot of tomatoes and peppers, wet rot of potatoes, bacterial spot of legumes, tobacco bacteriosis, rotting of potato plants, brown rot of cabbage stalks, bacterial spot of chrysanthemums, etc. d.[...]

During operation, cellulosic materials are susceptible to the action of cellulolytic enzymes. Under the action of these enzymes, cotton, wood, paper, cellophane film, and viscose silk are quite easily destroyed; acetate fibers and film are resistant to destruction due to the high degree of substitution of hydroxyl groups in the macromolecule of this cellulose ether. Modification of cellulose, aimed at improving its basic properties, often increases resistance to decay. Thus, treatment with various reagents in order to make cellulose materials crease-resistant simultaneously causes the material to resist rotting. Sometimes unexpected problems arise. For example, creating paper that has increased wet strength meant that used paper would not degrade in conventional wastewater treatment plants. New water-soluble paints contain carboxymethylcellulose or methylcellulose as a thickener. Therefore, a slight growth of fungus or bacteria is sufficient to cause the destruction of these thickeners, causing the paints to liquefy and: break down.[...]

At the beginning of our century, the microbiological theory of aging arose, the creator of which was I. I. Mechnikov, who distinguished between physiological and pathological old age. He believed that human old age is pathological, that is, premature. The basis of I.I. Mechnikov’s ideas was the doctrine of orthobiosis (Orthos - correct, bios - life), according to which the main cause of aging is damage to nerve cells by intoxication products formed as a result of putrefaction in the large intestine. Developing the doctrine of a normal lifestyle (observance of hygiene rules, regular work, abstinence from bad habits), I. I. Mechnikov also proposed a way to suppress putrefactive intestinal bacteria by consuming fermented milk products.[...]

The initial stage of fish deterioration is muscle autolysis, expressed in the softening of tissue under the influence of enzymes, and then the breakdown of proteins into amino acids. Under the influence of microflora, their further decomposition can occur, up to the final spoilage of fish meat and the appearance of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. On average, there are much more enzymes that cause autolysis in fish than in the tissues of warm-blooded animals. Thus, in the warm season, in ungutted herring, the speed with which autolysis occurs may seem stunning. Since the activity of bacteria in fish is revived simultaneously with the changes that occur under the influence of enzymes, these changes must be delayed as much as possible. True, during the process of autolysis, bad-smelling and unpleasant-tasting substances do not yet appear in the fish, as is observed during rotting caused by bacteria. But from the point of view of fish storage and autolysis, undoubtedly, is a negative phenomenon.[...]

In a well-organized compost heap, complete decomposition of organic matter occurs. In this case, the temperature inside the compost heap reaches 70 °C. During the process of overheating, the contents of the compost heap are penetrated by a large number of fungal threads. High temperatures and antibiotics produced by fungal formations kill pathogens in the heap. Compost heaps should be well ventilated. The contents of the heap should be shoveled from time to time. In this case, the upper layers will fall inside the heap and, thus, the entire contents of the heap will warm up well and evenly. By providing access to air inside the heap, rotting processes do not occur, and bacteria, fungi and other organisms decompose the waste. Holes for air access inside the compost heap can be easily made by sticking wooden stakes into the middle of the heap. This ventilation, along with the aeration that occurs during shoveling, promotes proper reheating of the contents of the heap.