Measure distance using Google map. How to measure distance along a straight line using a topographic map

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Lesson questions:

1. Map scales. Measurement by map of straight and curved lines. Accuracy of measuring distances on the map. Distance corrections for slope and tortuosity of lines. The simplest ways to measure areas on a map.

• Map scales.

Map scale shows how many times the length of a line on a map is less than its corresponding length on the ground. It is expressed as a ratio of two numbers. For example, a scale of 1:50,000 means that all terrain lines are depicted on the map with a reduction of 50,000 times, i.e. 1 cm on the map corresponds to 50,000 cm (or 500 m) on the terrain.

Rice. 1. Design of numerical and linear scales on topographic maps and city plans

The scale is indicated under the bottom side of the map frame in digital terms (numerical scale) and in the form of a straight line (linear scale), on the segments of which the corresponding distances on the ground are labeled (Fig. 1). The scale value is also indicated here - the distance in meters (or kilometers) on the ground, corresponding to one centimeter on the map. It is useful to remember the rule: if you cross out the last two zeros on the right side of the ratio, the remaining number will show how many meters on the ground correspond to 1 cm on the map, i.e. the scale value. When comparing several scales, the larger one will be the one with the smaller number on the right side of the ratio. Let’s assume that there are maps at scales of 1:25000, 1:50000 and 1:100000 for the same area. Of these, a scale of 1:25,000 will be the largest, and a scale of 1:100,000 will be the smallest.

The larger the scale of the map, the more detailed the terrain is depicted on it. As the scale of the map decreases, the number of terrain details shown on it also decreases.
The detail of the terrain depicted on topographic maps depends on its nature: what less details contains the terrain, the more fully they are displayed on maps of smaller scales.
In our country and many other countries, the main scales for topographic maps are: 1:10000, 1:25000, 1:50000, 1:100000, 1:200000, 1:500000 and 1:1000000.
The maps used by the troops are divided into large-scale, medium-scale and small-scale.

• Measurement by map of straight and curved lines.

To determine on a map the distance between terrain points (objects, objects), using a numerical scale, you need to measure on the map the distance between these points in centimeters and multiply the resulting number by the scale value.
Example, on a map of scale 1:25000 we measure with a ruler the distance between the bridge and windmill(Fig. 2); it is equal to 7.3 cm, multiply 250 m by 7.3 and get the required distance; it is equal to 1825 meters (250x7.3=1825).

A small distance between two points in a straight line is easier to determine using a linear scale (Fig. 3). To do this, a measuring compass is sufficient, the solution of which is equal to the distance between given points on the map, apply it to a linear scale and take a reading in meters or kilometers. In Fig. 3 the measured distance is 1070 m.

Large distances between points along straight lines are usually measured using a long ruler or measuring compass.
In the first case, a numerical scale is used to determine the distance on the map using a ruler (see Fig. 2).
In the second case, the “step” solution of the measuring compass is set so that it corresponds to an integer number of kilometers, and an integer number of “steps” is plotted on the segment measured on the map. The distance that does not fit into the whole number of “steps” of the measuring compass is determined using a linear scale and added to the resulting number of kilometers.
In the same way, distances are measured along winding lines (Fig. 4). In this case, the “step” of the measuring compass should be taken 0.5 or 1 cm, depending on the length and degree of tortuosity of the line being measured.

To determine the length of a route on a map, a special device is used, called a curvimeter (Fig. 5), which is especially convenient for measuring winding and long lines.
The device has a wheel, which is connected by a gear system to an arrow.
When measuring distance with a curvimeter, you need to set its needle to division 99. Holding the curvimeter in a vertical position, move it along the line being measured, without lifting it from the map along the route so that the scale readings increase. Having reached the end point, count the measured distance and multiply it by the denominator of the numerical scale. (In this example, 34x25000=850000, or 8500 m)

• Accuracy of measuring distances on the map. Distance corrections for slope and tortuosity of lines.

Accuracy of determining distances on the map depends on the scale of the map, the nature of the measured lines (straight, winding), the chosen measurement method, the terrain and other factors.
The most accurate way to determine the distance on the map is in a straight line.
When measuring distances using a compass or a ruler with millimeter divisions average value measurement errors in flat areas usually do not exceed 0.7-1 mm on the map scale, which is 17.5-25 m for a map of scale 1:25000, 35-50 m for a map of scale 1:50000, 35-50 m for a map of scale 1:100000. 70-100 m.
In mountainous areas with steep slopes, errors will be greater. This is explained by the fact that when surveying a terrain, it is not the length of the lines on the Earth’s surface that is plotted on the map, but the length of the projections of these lines onto the plane.
For example, With a slope steepness of 20° (Fig. 6) and a distance on the ground of 2120 m, its projection onto the plane (distance on the map) is 2000 m, i.e. 120 m less.
It is calculated that with an inclination angle (steepness of the slope) of 20°, the resulting distance measurement result on the map should be increased by 6% (add 6 m per 100 m), with an inclination angle of 30° - by 15%, and with an angle of 40° - by 23 %.

• The simplest ways to measure areas on a map.

An approximate estimate of the size of the areas is made by eye using the squares of the kilometer grid available on the map. Each grid square of maps of scales 1:10000 - 1:50000 on the ground corresponds to 1 km2, a grid square of maps of scale 1 : 100000 - 4 km2, the square of the map grid at a scale of 1:200000 - 16 km2.
Areas are measured more accurately palette, which is a leaf transparent plastic with a grid of squares with a side of 10 mm applied to it (depending on the map scale and the required measurement accuracy).
Having applied such a palette to the measured object on the map, they first count from it the number of squares that completely fit inside the contour of the object, and then the number of squares intersected by the contour of the object. We take each of the incomplete squares as half a square. As a result of multiplying the area of ​​one square by the sum of squares, the area of ​​the object is obtained.
Using squares of scales 1:25000 and 1:50000, it is convenient to measure the areas of small areas with an officer’s ruler, which has special cutouts rectangular shape. The areas of these rectangles (in hectares) are indicated on the ruler for each gharta scale.

2. Azimuths and directional angle. Magnetic declination, convergence of meridians and direction correction.

True azimuth(Au) - horizontal angle, measured clockwise from 0° to 360° between the northern direction of the true meridian of a given point and the direction to the object (see Fig. 7).
Magnetic azimuth(Am) - horizontal angle, measured clockwise from 0e to 360° between the northern direction of the magnetic meridian of a given point and the direction to the object.
Directional angle(α; DU) - horizontal angle, measured clockwise from 0° to 360° between the northern direction of the vertical grid line of a given point and the direction to the object.
Magnetic declination(δ; Sk) - the angle between the northern direction of the true and magnetic meridians at a given point.
If the magnetic needle deviates from the true meridian to the east, then the declination is eastern (counted with a + sign); if the magnetic needle deviates to the west, then the declination is western (counted with a - sign).

3. Measuring and plotting directional angles on the map. Transition from directional angle to magnetic azimuth and back.

On the ground using a compass (compass) to measure magnetic azimuths directions, from which they then move to directional angles.
On the map on the contrary, they measure directional angles and from them they move on to magnetic azimuths of directions on the ground.

Rice. 8. Changing directional angles on the map with a protractor

Directional angles on the map are measured with a protractor or chord angle meter. Measuring directional angles with a protractor is carried out in the following sequence: the landmark at which the directional angle is measured is connected by a straight line to the standing point so that this straight line is greater than the radius of the protractor and intersects at least one vertical line of the coordinate grid; align the center of the protractor with the intersection point, as shown in Fig. 8 and count the value of the directional angle using the protractor. In our example, the directional angle from point A to point B is 274° (Fig. 8, a), and from point A to point C is 65° (Fig. 8, b).

In practice, there is often a need to determine the magnetic AM from a known directional angle ά, or, conversely, the angle ά from a known magnetic azimuth.

Transition from directional angle to magnetic azimuth and back
The transition from the directional angle to the magnetic azimuth and back is carried out when on the ground it is necessary to use a compass (compass) to find the direction whose directional angle is measured on the map, or vice versa, when it is necessary to put on the map the direction whose magnetic azimuth is measured on the ground with using a compass.
To solve this problem, it is necessary to know the deviation of the magnetic meridian of a given point from the vertical kilometer line. This value is called the direction correction (DC).

If, for example, ά = 97°12", then Am = 97°12" - (2°10"+10°15") = 84°47 " .

4. Preparation according to the data map for movement in azimuths.

Movement in azimuths- This is the main way to navigate in areas poor in landmarks, especially at night and with limited visibility.
Its essence lies in maintaining on the ground the directions specified by magnetic azimuths and the distances determined on the map between the turning points of the intended route. Directions of movement are determined using a compass, distances are measured in steps or using a speedometer.
The initial data for movement along azimuths (magnetic azimuths and distances) are determined from the map, and the time of movement is determined according to the standard and drawn up in the form of a diagram (Fig. 11) or entered into a table (Table 1). Data in this form is given to commanders who do not have topographic maps. If the commander has his own working map, then he draws up the initial data for moving along azimuths directly on the working map.
The route of movement along azimuths is chosen taking into account the terrain's passability, its protective and camouflage properties, so that in a combat situation it provides a quick and covert exit to the specified point.

Table 1

5. Compliance with standards.

Notes

Military topography

Military ecology

Military medical training

Engineering training

Fire training

Instructions

Go to the Google search engine and click on the word “Maps”, which is located at the top of the search engine.C right side you will see a map, and on the left there are two buttons: “Routes” and “My places”. Click on "Routes". Two windows “A” and “B” will appear under it, that is, the starting and ending reference points. Let’s say you are in Ufa, and you need to find out how long the road to Perm will take. In this case, enter “Ufa” in box “A”, and “Perm” in box “B”. Click on the button again under the “Routes” windows. The route will appear on the map, and under the “A” and “B” windows, how many kilometers are from one city to another, as well as how much time it takes to get there by car. If you are interested in walking walk, click on the button with the image of a pedestrian, which is located above windows “A” and “B”. The service will rebuild the route and automatically calculate distance and expected travel time.

In the event that it is necessary distance from point “A” to “B”, located in the same locality, you should proceed according to the above scheme. The only difference is that the name of the area must be supplemented with a street and, possibly, a house number separated by a comma. (For example, “A”: Moscow, Tverskaya 5 and “B”: Moscow, Tsvetnoy Boulevard, 3).

There are situations when you are interested distance between objects “directly”: through fields, forests and rivers. In this case, click on the gear icon in top corner pages. In the expanded menu that appears, select “Laboratory” Google Maps» and enable the distance measurement tool, save the changes. A ruler has appeared in the lower left corner of the map, click on it. Mark the starting point and then the end point. A red line will appear between these points on the map, and the distance will be shown in the panel on the left side.

Helpful advice

You can choose one of two units of measurement: kilometers or miles;
- by clicking on several points on the map, you can determine the distance between many points;
- if you log into the service using your profile, Google maps will remember your settings in the Google Maps Lab.

Sources:

• measure distance on a map

When going on a summer tourist trip on foot, by car or kayak, it is advisable to know in advance the distance that will need to be covered. To measure length paths, you can’t do without a map. But it’s easy to determine from the map direct distance between two objects. But what about, for example, measuring the length of a winding water route?

You will need

• Area map, compass, strip of paper, curvimeter

Instructions

Technique one: using a compass. Set a compass angle suitable for measuring length, otherwise known as its pitch. The pitch will depend on how tortuous the line to be measured is. Typically, the pitch of the compass should not exceed one centimeter.

Place one leg of the compass at the starting point of the measured path length, and place the second needle in the direction of movement. Consistently turn the compass around each of the needles (it will resemble steps along the route). The length of the proposed path will be equal to the number of such “steps” multiplied by the steps of the compass, taking into account the scale of the map. The remainder, smaller than the pitch of the compass, can be measured linearly, that is, along a straight line.

The second method involves having a regular strip of paper. Place the strip of paper on its edge and align it with the route line. Where the line bends, bend the strip of paper accordingly. After that all that remains is to measure length the resulting segment of the path along the strip, of course, again taking into account the scale of the map. This method is only suitable for measuring the length of small sections of the path.

Create a route. How to get from and to. Calculation of distances between cities by car, car. Get directions on the map from and to between cities. Create a route by car using points on the map from several points. Fuel calculator. Calculation of the route on foot or by bicycle.

Create a route by car using points and print it out. The online navigator will help you create a route, calculate the walking distance on the map, plot the route from and to, you will find out how much walking you need to walk from point A to point B or calculate the distance of the route from point A to point B, you can also plot the route through one additional point , through which your route may possibly pass. You will be able to map the route, calculate the distance and time and see the data of this route directly on the map, it will also show you the weather at the place of arrival, the fuel calculator will calculate gasoline consumption per 100 km. After clicking on the "Calculate" button, a description of the route will appear on the right, essentially a text navigator: if you selected an additional route point, the navigator will divide its sections and calculate the distance in each section, and also calculate the total distance (kilometers) from the point of departure to the point destination will also display travel time. The online navigator will show you how to get from and to by car in Moscow, St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Kazan, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk, Yekaterinburg, Perm from point A to point B. You can create a route several types, depending on the method of transportation, for example on foot, by car, by transport (bus, train, metro), by bicycle ( this method does not work well in Russia due to the lack of bicycle paths). To do this, you need to select a method from the drop-down list and you can easily get directions and find out how to get to your destination. Here you can find out how to get there by car, get directions and calculate the distance

How to get there, get directions by car to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Samara, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Voronezh, Volgograd, Saratov, Krasnodar, Tolyatti, Tyumen, Izhevsk, Barnaul, Irkutsk, Ulyanovsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Yaroslavl, Makhachkala, Tomsk , Orenburg, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Astrakhan, Ryazan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Penza, Lipetsk, Kirov, Tula, Cheboksary, Kaliningrad, Kursk, Ulan-Ude, Stavropol, Magnitogorsk, Sochi, Belgorod, Nizhny Tagil, Vladimir, Arkhangelsk, Kaluga, Surgut , Chita, Grozny, Sterlitamak, Kostroma, Petrozavodsk, Nizhnevartovsk, Yoshkar-Ola, Novorossiysk

You can calculate the distance between cities for free using our website. The distance between cities is calculated using the shortest paths. At the same time, fuel consumption is shown depending on the type and brand of the car.

The calculation can be useful in the following situations:

• planning a private vacation trip with the whole family by car or deciding optimal option route of a business trip on a business trip. The calculator will help you calculate fuel costs while traveling (we know average consumption fuel and its price);
• will help professional long-distance drivers navigate routes between cities;
• calculator options are useful for cargo senders when determining the cost of transportation services (the calculator determines the kilometer, the carrier gives the tariffs);

How to use the distance calculator?

Setting and planning a route between cities is not difficult. To do this, you will need to enter the starting point along the route in the “From” field. Created convenient way choice of cities. The arrival field for a given route is filled in similarly. After selecting cities, click the calculation button.

A map will open with a plotted route and an indication of the starting and ending points of movement and cities. They are indicated with red markers. The route by car between cities is drawn with a red line. As reference information The following data is provided on top of the map:

• estimated route length;
• travel time;
• how much fuel is required for the trip.

• what type of roads along the route;
• the route is divided into separate sections indicating the length and time of travel.

This route data can be printed and received in a convenient A4 format. If necessary, you can make adjustments to the calculation. Set the parameters you need for your trip and request a quote again.

Additional settings make it possible to make adjustments to speed calculations for each type of road surface. There is an option to select transit settlements.

A fuel calculator will be very useful. Substitute into it the parameters of the car (average fuel consumption) and the current average prices for 1 liter of fuel. This will allow you to find out the required amount of fuel and its cost.

Alternative routing methods

If you have a road atlas at hand, then you can use it to roughly determine the route on the map. A curvimeter, if available, will help determine quite approximately the distance between cities.

It will be more difficult to find out the time spent on the trip. The entire route will need to be divided into fragments with roads of the same type. Knowing the speed at which you can travel on each class of road and knowing the length of such sections, you can calculate the travel time.

Data from reference books and atlases on distances between cities can also come to the rescue. Please note that such tables usually indicate large cities.

Algorithms for calculating distances between cities

Route calculations are based on an algorithm for finding a path using the shortest principle. Distances between cities by car are determined based on satellite coordinates of settlements and roads. As a result of reading all the data on a computer, the result is given as a simulation option. When planning a long trip, don’t be lazy and take care of your backup options.

In practice, there are two main methods for calculating distances between settlements:

• exclusively on existing roads, taking into account access roads;
• in a straight line (like a bird flies - straight and free). The distance turns out to be smaller, but in practice it does not have practical significance– there are no roads along this route.

Our program is used to calculate the distance between cities along highways and roads.

Measure the corresponding segment using a ruler. It is preferable that it be made from as thin a material as possible. sheet material. If the surface on which it is spread is not flat, a tailor's meter will help. And if you don’t have a thin ruler, and if you don’t mind piercing the card, it’s convenient to use a compass for measuring, preferably with two needles. Then you can transfer it to graph paper and measure the length of the segment along it.

Roads between two points are rarely straight. A convenient device - a curvimeter - will help you measure the length of the line. To use it, first rotate the roller to align the arrow with zero. If the curvimeter is electronic, it is not necessary to set it to zero manually - just press the reset button. Holding the roller, press it to the starting point of the segment so that the mark on the body (located above the roller) points directly to this point. Then move the roller along the line until the mark is aligned with the end point. Read the testimony. Please note that some curvimeters have two scales, one of which is graduated in centimeters, and the other in inches.

Find the scale indicator on the map - it is usually located in the lower right corner. Sometimes this indicator is a piece of calibrated length, next to which it is indicated what distance it corresponds to. Measure the length of this segment with a ruler. If it turns out, for example, that it has a length of 4 centimeters, and next to it it is indicated that it corresponds to 200 meters, divide the second number by the first, and you will find out that everyone on the map corresponds to 50 meters on the ground. On some, instead of a segment, there is a ready-made phrase, which may look, for example, as follows: “There are 150 meters in one centimeter.” The scale can also be specified as a ratio the following type: 1:100000. In this case, we can calculate that a centimeter on the map corresponds to 1000 meters on the ground, since 100000/100 (centimeters in a meter) = 1000 m.

Multiply the distance measured with a ruler or curvimeter, expressed in centimeters, by the number of meters indicated on the map or calculated in one centimeter. The result will be the actual distance, expressed, respectively, in kilometers.

Any map is a miniature image of some territory. A coefficient showing how much the image is reduced in relation to real object, is called scale. Knowing it, you can determine distance By . For real existing maps on paper based scale is a fixed value. For virtual electronic cards this value changes as the magnification of the map image on the monitor screen changes.

Instructions

If yours is based, then find it, which is called a legend. Most often, it is framed. The legend must indicate the scale of the map, which will tell you, measured in distance according to this will be in reality, at . So, if the scale is 1:15000, then this means that 1 cm per map equal to 150 meters on the ground. If the map scale is 1:200000, then 1 cm laid out on it is equal to 2 km in reality

That distance, which interests you. Please note that if you want to determine how quickly you will walk or get from one house to another in or from one settlement to another, then your route will consist of straight segments. You will not move in a straight line, but along a route that runs along streets and roads.