How to determine the intonation of a sentence in syntactic analysis. The order of parsing a simple sentence

OFFER

Offer - this is a word or group of words that are related in meaning; from one word to another you can pose a question. A sentence expresses a complete thought.

The first word in a sentence is written with a capital letter, and a period, exclamation or question mark is placed at the end of the sentence.

Every sentence is spoken for a purpose.

According to the purpose of making sentences, there are : narrative, interrogative. incentive.

Declarative sentence - this is a sentence in which something is reported (narrated).

Interrogative sentence is a sentence in which something is asked.

Incentive offer - this is a sentence in which they encourage action, advise or ask to do something.

By intonation there are offers exclamation and non-exclamation.

Exclamatory sentence is a sentence that is pronounced with strong feeling. At the end exclamation clause an exclamation point (!) is placed.

Non-exclamatory sentence is a sentence that is pronounced calmly, without strong feeling. A period (.) or a question mark (?) is placed at the end of a non-exclamatory sentence.

The offer includes main And minor members.

Main members of the proposal - this is the subject and the predicate.

Subject - this is the main member of the sentence, which names what or whom the sentence is about. The subject answers the question who? or what? The subject is emphasized by one line.

Predicate - this is the main member of the sentence, which denotes what is said about the subject, names what the subject does. The predicate answers one of the questions: what does it do? what are they doing? what will it do? What did you do? what will he do? The predicate is emphasized by two features.

Members of the sentence

Main
Examples	Information
	Subject - the main member of the sentence, which names the one who acts, experiences some state, or has a certain characteristic. Answers the questions: Who? What?
	Predicate - the main member of a sentence that names the action, state or attribute of the subject. Answers the questions: What is he doing? What? What's happened? Who it?
The subject and predicate are the basis of the sentence.

Minor

Examples	Information
	Addition- a minor member of a sentence that denotes an object. Answers questions about indirect cases.
	Definition- a minor member of a sentence that denotes a feature of an object. Answers the questions: Which? Whose?
	Circumstance- a minor member of a sentence that denotes time, place, method of action. Answers the questions: Where? When? Where? Where? Why? For what? And How?

Offers

1. Role in language	Expresses a thought that is complete in meaning and intonation.
3. Types of sentences according to the number of grammatical bases	Simple - one stem, complex - two or more grammatical stems.
4. Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement	Narrative (contains a message); interrogative (contains a question); incentive (inducement to action).
5. Types of sentences by intonation	An exclamation, in which a thought is accompanied by a strong feeling, and a non-exclamation.
6. Types of proposals for the presence or absence of secondary members	Common (besides the main members, there are also secondary ones) and non-common (consist only of the grammatical basis).
7. Types of proposals by complexity	May be complicated by appeals, homogeneous members

Parsing offers

Syntactic parsing of a sentence is the parsing of a sentence into members and parts of speech. You can parse a complex sentence according to the proposed plan. The sample will help you correctly format a written analysis of a sentence, and the example will reveal the secrets of oral syntactic analysis.

Sentence parsing plan

1. Simple, simple, complicated by homogeneous members, or complex

2. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative or motivating.

3. By intonation: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.

4. Common or not common.

5. Determine the SUBJECT. Ask questions WHO? or WHAT? Underline the subject and determine which part of speech it is expressed in.

6. Define the PREDIC. Ask questions WHAT DOES? etc. Underline the predicate and determine which part of speech it is expressed in.

7. From the subject, ask questions to the secondary members of the sentence. Underline them and determine which parts of speech they are expressed by. Write down phrases with questions.

8. From the predicate, ask questions to the secondary members. Underline them and determine which parts of speech they are expressed by. Write down phrases with questions.

Sample sentence parsing

The sky was already breathing autumn, and the sun was shining less and less often.

This sentence is complicated First part:

(what?) sky - subject, expressed by a singular noun. h., Wed. r., nar., inanimate., 2 sk., i. P.
(what did?) breathed - predicate, expressed by the verb nes. view, 2 pages, unit. h., past vr., wed. R.
breathed (what?) in the fall - addition, expressed by a noun in singular. h., w. r., narit., inanimate., 3rd class., etc.
breathed (when?) already - a circumstance of time, expressed by an adverb

The second part:

(what?) sun - subject, expressed as a singular noun. h., Wed. r., nar., inanimate., 2 sk., i. P.
(what did it do?) shone - predicate, expressed by the verb nes. view, 1 book, unit. h., past vr., wed. R.
shone (how?) less often - a circumstance of the manner of action, expressed by an adverb
shone (when?) already - a circumstance of time, expressed by the adverb

Example of parsing a sentence

They either flew obliquely in the wind, or lay vertically on the damp grass.

This proposal is simple.

(what?) they are the subject, expressed by a plural pronoun. h., 3 l., i. P.
(what did they do?) flew - homogeneous predicate, expressed by the verb non.view, 1 sp., plural. h.. last vr..flying
(what did they do?) lay down - homogeneous predicate, expressed by the verb non.view, 1 sp., plural. h.. last vr..
flew (how?) obliquely - a circumstance of the course of action, expressed by an adverb.
flew (how?) in the wind - circumstance of the course of action, expressed by the adverb
lay down (how?) vertically - a circumstance of a course of action, expressed by an adverb
lay down (where?) on the grass - an adverbial circumstance of place, expressed by a common noun, inanimate, in singular. h., w. r., 1 fold, in v.p. with a pretext
grass (what kind?) raw - definition, expressed by an adjective in singular. h., w.r., v.p.

Parsing order simple sentence

1. Parse the sentence into members and indicate how they are expressed (first, the subject and predicate are analyzed, then the minor members related to them).

2. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, incentive, interrogative).

3. Determine the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory, non-exclamatory).

4. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence and prove that it is simple.

5. Determine the type of sentence by structure:

a) two-part or one-part (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal, nominal);

b) widespread or not widespread;

c) complete or incomplete (indicate which part of the sentence is missing);

d) complicated (indicate how it is complicated: homogeneous members, isolated members, appeal, introductory words).

6. Draw up a sentence diagram and explain punctuation marks.

Parsing samples

1) My bonfire shining in the fog(A.K. Tolstoy).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, widespread, complete, uncomplicated.

Grammar basis - the fire is shining my, expressed possessive pronoun. The predicate refers to the adverb of place in the fog expressed by a noun in the prepositional case with a preposition V.

Sentence outline At the end of a given declarative sentence there is a period.

2) At the end of January, surrounded by the first thaw, cherry trees smell good gardens (Sholokhov).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate agreed definition, expressed by a participial phrase.

Grammar basis - the gardens smell. The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is a simple verb, expressed by a verb in the indicative mood. The subject includes an agreed definition cherry expressed as an adjective. The predicate refers to the circumstance of time in the end of January, expressed by the phrase (noun + noun) in the prepositional case with a preposition V, and the circumstance of the course of action Fine expressed by an adverb.

Sentence outline At the end of a given declarative sentence there is a period; commas in the sentence highlight the participial phrase, which, although it stands before the word being defined, is isolated because it is separated from it in the sentence by other words.

Ways to emphasize sentence members

When parsing a sentence into members, standard underlines are used: one line for the subject, two lines for the predicate, a dotted line for the object, a wavy line for the definition, alternating dots and dashes for the circumstance.

In some schools, the main member of a one-part sentence is emphasized with three features, but more common is the underlining, in which the main member of a noun sentence is marked as the subject, and the main members of other one-part sentences are marked as predicates.

When emphasizing the minor members of a sentence, it is advisable to be guided by the following principles.

An isolated member of a sentence is emphasized as a single member.

Accordingly, non-isolated members should be emphasized as detailed as possible in accordance with the questions asked to them.

Designation of words and phrases that are not parts of the sentence

As is known from morphology, auxiliary parts of speech are not parts of a sentence, but during syntactic parsing certain problems can be associated with them.

Conjunctions are not members of a sentence and are not distinguished when homogeneous members are combined, but in some cases they can be part of non-uniform members of a sentence.

Firstly, these are comparative conjunctions as part of comparative phrases, for example: The surface of the bay was like a mirror.

Secondly, these are unions consisting of isolated members of a sentence, for example: Stopping often and for a long time, we got to the place only on the third day.

Prepositions also cannot act as independent members of a sentence, but they are used as part of a prepositional-case group, together with the case form, expressing a certain meaning.

Therefore, it is customary to emphasize the preposition together with the noun to which it refers. In this case, it is necessary to pay attention to cases when the preposition and noun are separated by adjectives or participles, for example: instead of older brother. In this case, it would be a mistake to emphasize the preposition together with the adjective as a modifier; the underscore should be as follows: instead of older brother.

Shape-forming particles are part of the components verb forms and are emphasized together with the verb both in contact and non-contact positions, for example: Let him call me!

Semantic (non-shape-forming) particles are not members of a sentence, however, in school practice, a negative particle is not usually emphasized as a single member of a sentence together with the word to which it refers, for example: No smoking here. I didn't really count on help.

It is permissible not to highlight both prepositions and all semantic particles.

Some teachers teach to highlight conjunctions by circling them, and prepositions by circling them with a triangle. This allocation is not generally accepted.

Introductory words and addresses are not parts of the sentence. Sometimes students enclose these components in square brackets or underline them with crosses. This is undesirable, since underlining is used only to indicate members of a sentence; It is permissible to mark these elements of the sentence by writing the words “introductory” or “address” over them.

Description of the complicating members of the sentence

When a sentence is complicated by direct speech or an inserted sentence, they are considered and described as an independent sentence, since both direct speech and an inserted sentence have their own purpose of utterance and intonation, which may not coincide with the purpose of the utterance and the intonation of the sentence itself.

So, for example, the proposal He asked indignantly: “How long will you continue to dig?!” should be analyzed as follows: the sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complete, complicated by direct speech. Direct speech is an interrogative, exclamatory, two-part, extended, complete, uncomplicated sentence.

The participial phrase complicates the sentence only if it is isolated. In this case, the description should indicate the complication not by a participial phrase, but separate definition; in brackets it is possible, but not necessarily, to indicate that it is expressed by a participial phrase.

The comparative phrase can be any member of the sentence - the predicate ( This park is like a forest), circumstance ( The rain was pouring down like buckets), addition ( Petya draws better than Anton), definition (He's almost the same as his brother). Wherein comparative turnover can be either separate or non-separated. Complication is caused only by a separate comparative phrase, and, as in the case of a participial phrase, it is necessary to indicate the complication with a separate circumstance, addition or definition.

Sentences that complicate the structure are also described as homogeneous members, introductory words and suggestions, appeals.

Sentences with homogeneous predicates present some complexity. In school and pre-university practice, it is believed that a two-part sentence in which the subject is used with several predicates is a simple sentence complicated by homogeneous predicates. In a one-component sentence, there are as many parts as there are predicates in it, with the exception of cases when the structure of the predicate contains homogeneous parts.

For example: I was offended and did not want to answer him- a simple two-part sentence with homogeneous predicates.

I felt offended and didn’t want to answer him.- difficult sentence.

I felt sad and lonely- a simple one-part (impersonal) sentence with homogeneous parts of the predicate.

One-part sentences

When analyzing one-part sentences, students often make various mistakes.

The first type of errors is associated with the need to distinguish between one-part and two-part incomplete sentences.

As already mentioned, we diagnose a definite-personal sentence by the form of the main member: the predicate in it is expressed by a verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural indicative mood (in the present and future tense), and in the imperative mood; the producer of the action is defined and can be called personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons me, you, we, you:

I walk and walk, but I can’t reach the forest.

The peculiarity of verb forms with the morphological feature of the 1st and 2nd person is that each of these forms can “serve” one single subject: a form ending in -у ( go-y) - pronoun I, form with ending -eat/-ish ( go-eat) - pronoun you, form with -em/-im ( let's go) - pronoun we, form with -ete/-ite ( let's go) - pronoun you. Forms 1 and 2 of the imperative mood also clearly indicate the person who is the producer of the action.

Because the morphological feature persons are represented by the verb only in the indicated forms, sentences of a similar meaning with a predicate-verb in the form of the past tense of the indicative mood and the conditional mood are considered two-part incomplete, for example:

He walked and walked, but never reached the forest.

In this sentence, the form of the predicate does not indicate in any way the producer of the action.

Even if it is clear from the previous context that the producer of the action is the speaker(s) or the hearer(s), sentences or parts of a complex sentence without a subject with a predicate in the past tense or in the conditional mood should be characterized as two-part incomplete, since information about the producer of the action is extracted not from the sentence itself, but from the previous context, which, in fact, is an indicator of the incompleteness of the sentence or part of it; see, for example, the second part of a complex sentence:

I would help you if I knew how.

In indefinite-personal sentences, as already mentioned, the main member is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural form (present and future tense in the indicative mood and in the imperative mood), the plural form of the past tense of the indicative mood or a similar form of the conditional mood of the verb. The producer of the action in these sentences is unknown or unimportant:

They are calling you / they called / let them call / they would call you.

Such sentences without a subject with a predicate in the indicated forms, in which the producer of the action is known from the previous context, are not indefinitely personal; see for example the second sentence in the following context:

We left the forest and tried to get our bearings. Then we walked along the path to the right.

Such sentences are also two-part incomplete.

Thus, when characterizing a sentence as a single-component definite-personal, it is necessary to remember the restrictions on the form of the predicate; when diagnosing a sentence as indefinite-personal, it is also necessary to take into account the meaning - an indication that the performer of the action is unknown.

Generalized personal one-part sentences include not all one-part sentences that report an action that can be attributed to everyone, but only those in which the predicate is expressed in the 2nd person singular form of the indicative and imperative moods or the 3rd person plural indicative form moods:

The forest is being cut down and the chips are flying.

However, in a generalized personal meaning, definitely personal sentences with the main member in the form of 1st person and impersonal sentences can be used: What we have, we don’t keep; when we lose it, we cry; If you're afraid of wolves, don't go into the forest. Nevertheless, such proposals are not usually characterized as generalized and personal.

The greatest difficulties are associated with parsing an impersonal sentence.

It is very difficult to determine the composition of the main members in sentences like We had a lot of fun going down this slide., i.e. in sentences containing a copula, a nominal part and an infinitive. There are two traditions in the analysis of such proposals.

There is an opinion that when characterizing such sentences as impersonal or two-part, it is not the sequence of components that is important (the infinitive at the beginning of the sentence or after the copula and the nominal part), but the meaning of the nominal part of the predicate.

So, if in the nominal part an adverb is used with the meaning of the state experienced by the performer of the action (fun, sad, hot, cold, etc.), then this is a one-part impersonal sentence:

It was fun going down this slide.
It was fun to ride down this slide.

If in the nominal part a word is used with the meaning of a positive or negative evaluation (good, bad, harmful, useful, etc.), then we have a two-part sentence with a subject, an expressed infinitive:

It was harmful for him to smoke.
Smoking was bad for him.

According to another linguistic tradition, the characteristics of a sentence of this type depend on the order of the words in it, and not on the meaning of the word in the nominal part. If the infinitive comes before the connective and the nominal part, then, given the relatively free order of words in the Russian language, it denotes the subject of the message and is the subject:

Smoking was bad for him.

If the infinitive follows the copula and the nominal part, then we have an impersonal sentence:

It was harmful for him to smoke.

In a relationship impersonal offers It is also necessary to note the following: not impersonal, but two-part incomplete, it is customary to consider parts of a complex sentence, the position of the subject in which is replaced by an explanatory clause or direct speech, for example:

You could hear the gate creaking a (compare: It was audible).

“I’m lost,” flashed through my head.(compare: It flashed through my head).

Such sentences without a subordinate part or direct speech lose all meaning and are not used, which is a criterion for the incompleteness of the sentence. Thus, the sentences *It was heard or *It flashed through my head cannot be understood and are not used.

Analysis plan:

• Complex.

  The number of parts in a complex complex, their boundaries (highlight grammatical bases in simple sentences).

  Means of communication between parts (indicate conjunctions and determine the meaning of a complex sentence).

  Proposal outline.

Sample parsing:

Was winter, but that's all last days stood thaw. (I. Bunin).

(Narrative, non-exclamative, complex, conjunction, compound, consists of two parts, opposition is expressed between the first and second parts, the parts are connected by an adversative conjunction But.)

Offer outline:

1 but 2.

The order of syntactic parsing of a complex sentence

Analysis plan:

Type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative or motivating).

Type of sentence according to emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

• Complex.

  Main and subordinate parts.

  What does the subordinate clause spread?

  What is the subordinate clause attached to?

  Location of the subordinate part.

  Type of subordinate part.

  Complex sentence diagram.

Sample parsing:

When she played downstairs on the piano 1, I got up And listened 2 . (A.P. Chekhov)

(Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, conjunction, complex, consists of two parts. The 2nd part is the main one, the 1st is the subordinate part, the subordinate part extends the main part and joins it with a conjunction When, the subordinate part is located before the main one, the type of subordinate part is the subordinate clause).

Offer outline:

(union when...) 1, [...] 2.

subordinate clause

Noun.. verb. union of places Verb. ex. adj. noun

Travelers saw, What They are on small clearing. (Narrative, non-vocal, complex, SPP with explanatory adjective, 1) non-distributive, two-part, complete. 2) distribution, two-part, full).

[ ____ ], (What…).

The order of syntactic parsing of a non-conjunctive complex sentence

Analysis plan:

Type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative or motivating).

Type of sentence according to emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

• Non-Union.

  Number of parts (highlight grammatical basics in simple sentences).

  Proposal outline.

Sample parsing:

The song ended 1 - the usual applause was heard 2. (I.S. Turgenev)

(Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, non-union, consists of two parts, the first part indicates the time of action of what is said in the second part, a dash is placed between the parts.)

Offer outline:

Words and phrases are the components of every sentence in writing and speaking. To construct it, you must clearly understand what the connection should be between them in order to construct a grammatically correct statement. That is why one of the important and complex topics in school curriculum Russian language is the syntactic analysis of sentences. In this analysis it is carried out full analysis all components of the utterance and the connection between them is established. In addition, determining the structure of a sentence allows you to correctly place punctuation marks in it, which is quite important for every literate person. Usually, this topic begins with the analysis of simple phrases, and after that children are taught to conduct syntactic analysis of sentences.

Rules for parsing phrases

Analyzing a specific phrase taken from context is relatively simple in the Russian syntax section. In order to produce it, they determine which of the words is the main word and which is the dependent one, and determine which part of speech each of them belongs to. Next, it is necessary to determine the syntactic relationship between these words. There are three of them in total:

• Agreement is a kind of subordinating relationship in which the gender, number and case for all elements of the phrase are determined by the main word. For example: a moving train, a flying comet, a shining sun.
• Control is also one of the types of subordinating connections; it can be strong (when the case connection of words is necessary) and weak (when the case of the dependent word is not predetermined). For example: watering flowers - watering from a watering can; liberation of the city - liberation by the army.
• Adjunction is also a subordinating type of connection, but it applies only to words that are unchangeable and not inflected by case. Such words express dependence only by meaning. For example: riding a horse, unusually sad, very scary.

An example of syntactic parsing of phrases

The syntactic analysis of the phrase should look something like this: “speaks beautifully”; the main word is “speaks”, the dependent word is “beautiful”. This connection is determined through the question: speaks (how?) beautifully. The word “says” is used in the present tense in the singular and third person. The word “beautiful” is an adverb, and therefore in this phrase it is expressed syntactic connection- adjacency.

Parsing diagram for a simple sentence

Parsing a sentence is a bit like parsing a phrase. It consists of several stages that will allow you to study the structure and relationship of all its components:

1. First of all, the purpose of uttering a single sentence is determined; they are all divided into three types: narrative, interrogative and exclamatory, or incentive. Each of them has its own sign. So, at the end of a narrative sentence telling about an event, there is a period; after the question, naturally, there is a question mark, and at the end of the incentive - an exclamation mark.
2. Next, you should highlight the grammatical basis of the sentence - subject and predicate.
3. The next stage is a description of the structure of the sentence. It can be one-part with one of the main members or two-part with a complete grammatical basis. In the first case, you additionally need to indicate what kind of sentence the nature of the grammatical basis is: verbal or denominative. And then determine whether there are secondary members in the structure of the statement, and indicate whether it is common or not. At this stage you should also indicate whether the sentence is complicated. Complications include homogeneous members, addresses, phrases and introductory words.
4. Further, the syntactic analysis of the sentence involves the analysis of all words according to their belonging to parts of speech, gender, number and case.
5. The final stage is an explanation of the punctuation marks in the sentence.

Example of parsing a simple sentence

Theory is theory, but without practice you cannot consolidate a single topic. That is why the school curriculum spends a lot of time on syntactic analysis of phrases and sentences. And for training you can take the simplest sentences. For example: “The girl was lying on the beach and listening to the surf.”

1. The sentence is declarative and non-exclamatory.
2. The main parts of the sentence: girl - subject, lay, listened - predicates.
3. This proposal is two-part, complete and widespread. Homogeneous predicates act as complications.
4. Parsing all the words of the sentence:

• “girl” - acts as the subject and is a feminine noun in the singular and nominative case;
• “lay” - in a sentence it is a predicate, refers to verbs, has a feminine gender, singular number and past tense;
• “na” is a preposition, used to connect words;
• “beach” - answers the question “where?” and is a circumstance expressed in a sentence by a masculine noun in the prepositional case and singular;
• “and” is a conjunction used to connect words;
• “listened” is the second predicate, a feminine verb in the past tense and singular;
• “surf” is an object in a sentence, refers to a noun, is masculine, singular and used in the accusative case.

Identification of sentence parts in writing

When parsing phrases and sentences, conditional underscores are used to indicate that words belong to one or another member of the sentence. So, for example, the subject is underlined with one line, the predicate with two, the definition is indicated with a wavy line, the complement with a dotted line, the circumstance with a dotted line. In order to correctly determine which member of the sentence is in front of us, we should pose a question to it from one of the parts of the grammatical basis. For example, the definition answers the questions of the adjective, the complement is determined by the questions of indirect cases, the circumstance indicates the place, time and reason and answers the questions: “where?” "where?" and why?"

Parsing a complex sentence

The procedure for parsing a complex sentence is slightly different from the above examples, and therefore should not cause any particular difficulties. However, everything must be in order, and therefore the teacher complicates the task only after the children have learned to parse simple sentences. To carry out the analysis, a complex statement is proposed that has several grammatical bases. And here you should adhere to the following scheme:

1. First, the purpose of the statement and the emotional coloring are determined.
2. Next, the grammatical bases in the sentence are highlighted.
3. The next step is to define the connection, which can be done with or without a conjunction.
4. Next, you should indicate by what connection the two grammar basics in a sentence. These can be intonation, as well as coordinating or subordinating conjunctions. And immediately conclude what the sentence is: complex, complex or non-union.
5. The next stage of analysis is parsing proposals for its parts. It is produced according to the scheme for a simple sentence.
6. At the end of the analysis, you should construct a diagram of the sentence, on which the connection of all its parts will be visible.

Connecting parts of a complex sentence

Typically, to connect parts in complex sentences conjunctions and allied words are used, which must be preceded by a comma. Such proposals are called allied. They are divided into two types:

• Compound sentences joined by conjunctions a, and, or, then, but. As a rule, both parts in such a statement are equal. For example: “The sun was shining and the clouds were floating.”
• Complex sentences that use the following conjunctions and allied words: so that, how, if, where, whither, since, although and others. In such sentences, one part always depends on the other. For example: " Sun rays will fill the room as soon as the cloud passes."